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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the defunct conglomerate. For the current record label under Universal Music, see <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a>. For the current music publisher under Sony Music, see <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EMI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EMI (disambiguation)">EMI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style>EMI Group Limited (formerly EMI Group plc until 2007; originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries, also referred to as EMI Records or simply EMI) was a British <a href="/wiki/Transnational_corporation" title="Transnational corporation">transnational</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> founded in March 1931 in London. At the time of its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music</a> in 2012, it was the fourth largest <a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">business group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> conglomerate in the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>, and was one of the "Big Four" record companies (now the "<a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Big Three</a>"). Its labels included <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>, which are now referenced under <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music</a> due to their acquisition with the exception of Parlophone, as it is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music</a>. <table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">EMI Group Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:EMI_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EMI_logo.svg/200px-EMI_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EMI_logo.svg/300px-EMI_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EMI_logo.svg/400px-EMI_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1931; 93 years ago (1931-03-31)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 2012; 12 years ago (2012-9-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reorganization" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization">Broken up</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a> acquired by a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> comprising <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation_of_America" title="Sony Corporation of America">Sony Corporation of America</a></li> <li>The Estate of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubadala_Development_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubadala Development Company">Mubadala Development Company PJSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jynwel_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Jynwel Capital">Jynwel Capital Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackstone Group">The Blackstone Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/GSO_Capital_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="GSO Capital Partners">GSO Capital Partners LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Geffen" title="David Geffen">David Geffen</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (Currently wholly owned by and absorbed into Sony/ATV)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_Records" title="Chrysalis Records">Chrysalis Records</a> (UK artists and <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> catalogue until 2016), <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Classics" title="Virgin Classics">Virgin Classics</a>, 2CD Originals Series and EMI's Belgian, Czech/Slovak, Danish, French, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish operations (including Russian EMI partner SBA/Gala and Chinese EMI partner <a href="/wiki/Gold_Typhoon" title="Gold Typhoon">Gold Typhoon</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Note_Label_Group" title="The Blue Note Label Group">The Blue Note Label Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positiva_Records" title="Positiva Records">Positiva Records</a> amongst the bulk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Mute_Records" title="Mute Records">Mute Records</a> and Virgin Music Publishing<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Raincoat_Music" title="Blue Raincoat Music">Blue Raincoat Music</a> (parent since 2019 is Reservoir Media Management) in 2016 acquired the Chrysalis British catalogue (except 3 artists and Ramones)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records" title="Virgin EMI Records">Virgin EMI Records</a> <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records_Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Records Nashville">EMI Records Nashville</a> <a href="/wiki/Minos_EMI" title="Minos EMI">Minos EMI</a> <a href="/wiki/Studios_301" title="Studios 301">Studios 301</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality">London</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">England, United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Founding CEO Lenard John Brown Roger Faxon (Former CEO) Ruth Prior (Former CFO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">£1.072 billion (2009) $1.65 billion (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">£163 million (2009) (EMI Music)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> £135 million (2009) (<a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Firma_Capital_Partners" title="Terra Firma Capital Partners">Terra Firma Capital Partners</a> (2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a> (2011 – 28 September 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (28 September 2012 – present) (<a href="/wiki/EMI_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Group">EMI Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> (28 September 2012 – present) (<a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (7 February 2013 – present) (<a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> Ltd; renamed <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone Records Ltd.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,500 (2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universalmusic.com">universalmusic.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlophone.co.uk">parlophone.co.uk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonymusicpub.com">sonymusicpub.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> EMI was listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>, and was also once a constituent of the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a>, but faced financial problems and US$4 billion in debt, leading to its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a> in February 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Citigroup-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Citigroup's ownership was temporary, as EMI announced in November 2011 that it would sell its music arm to <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> for $1.9 billion and its publishing business to a <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV</a> consortium for around $2.2 billion. Other members of the Sony consortium include the estate of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>–owned <a href="/wiki/Mubadala_Development_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubadala Development Company">Mubadala Development Company</a>. EMI's locations in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada were all disassembled to repay debt, but the primary head office located outside those countries is still functional.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> EMI Music Publishing is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a>, the music publishing division of <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> which bought another 70% stake in EMI Music Publishing.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Electronics_research_and_development">2 Electronics research and development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Television">2.1 Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Blumlein_and_radar">2.2 Blumlein and radar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Photomultipliers">2.3 Photomultipliers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Computers_and_CT_scanner">2.4 Computers and CT scanner</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Emihus">2.5 Emihus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Music">3 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Aftermath_of_demerger_from_Thorn">3.1 Aftermath of demerger from Thorn</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Terra_Firma_takeover">3.2 Terra Firma takeover</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Citigroup_ownership">3.3 Citigroup ownership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sony/Universal/Warner_sale">3.4 Sony/Universal/Warner sale</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Operations">4 Operations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Entertainment_and_Leisure">4.1 Entertainment and Leisure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Film,_Theatre_and_Television">4.1.1 Film, Theatre and Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#EMI_Leisure">4.1.2 EMI Leisure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hotels_and_restaurants">4.1.3 Hotels and restaurants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#EMI_Music">4.2 EMI Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Labels_under_the_EMI_banner">4.2.1 Labels under the EMI banner</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Past_and_present_EMI_musicians">4.2.2 Past and present EMI musicians</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#EMI_Music_Publishing">4.3 EMI Music Publishing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Criticism">5 Criticism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#CD_price_fixing">5.1 CD price fixing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emi_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emi_building.jpg/220px-Emi_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emi_building.jpg/220px-Emi_building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emi_building.jpg/330px-Emi_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emi_building.jpg/440px-Emi_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>EMI's former building in London. The building is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music UK</a>.</figcaption></figure> Electric and Musical Industries Ltd was formed in March 1931 by the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" title="Gramophone Company">Gramophone Company</a>, with its "<a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice_(British_record_label)" title="His Master's Voice (British record label)">His Master's Voice</a>" record label, firms that have a history extending back to the origins of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded sound</a>. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording and playback equipment. The company's gramophone manufacturing led to 40 years of success with larger-scale <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. In October 1979, EMI merged with <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries" title="Thorn Electrical Industries">Thorn Electrical Industries</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Thorn_EMI" title="Thorn EMI">Thorn EMI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On 16 August 1996, Thorn EMI shareholders voted in favour of demerging Thorn from EMI again: the company became EMI Group plc, and the electronics and rentals divisions were divested as <a href="/wiki/Thorn_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorn plc">Thorn plc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The company broke up in 2012. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Electronics_research_and_development">Electronics research and development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electronics research and development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Television" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1934, an EMI research team led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shoenberg" title="Isaac Shoenberg">Isaac Shoenberg</a> developed the electronic <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">Marconi-EMI system</a> for television broadcasting, which quickly replaced <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">Baird's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">electro-mechanical system</a> following its introduction in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, EMI resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC. The commercial television <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> companies also used them alongside cameras made by <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a>. Their best-remembered piece of broadcast television equipment was the <a href="/wiki/EMI_2001" title="EMI 2001">EMI 2001</a> colour television camera, which became the mainstay of much of the British television industry from the end of the 1960s until the early 1990s. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, and EMI left this area of product manufacture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blumlein_and_radar">Blumlein and radar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blumlein and radar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> EMI engineer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a> received a patent for the invention of <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a> in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-stereo-15">[15]</a> He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental <a href="/wiki/H2S_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="H2S radar">H2S radar</a> set. During and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EMI_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Laboratories">EMI Laboratories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Hillingdon" title="Hayes, Hillingdon">Hayes, Hillingdon</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> equipment (including the receiver section of the British Army's GL-II anti-aircraft fire-control radar), microwave devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">reflex klystron</a> oscillator (having played a crucial role in the development of early production types following on from the British Admiralty Signal School's pioneering NR89, the so-called "Sutton tube"), electro-optic devices such as infra-red image converters, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">guided missiles</a> employing analogue computers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photomultipliers">Photomultipliers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photomultipliers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultipliers</a>. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, then later became the independent concern Electron Tubes Ltd. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers_and_CT_scanner">Computers and CT scanner</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computers and CT scanner" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The EMI Electronic Business Machine, a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">valve</a> and magnetic <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">drum memory</a> computer, was built in the 1950s to process the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a> payroll.<a href="#cite_note-computerconservationsociety-16-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-thinkingmachine-2010-17">[17]</a> In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/EMIDEC_1100" title="EMIDEC 1100">EMIDEC 1100</a>, the UK's first commercially available all-<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> computer, was developed at EMI's <a href="/wiki/Central_Research_Laboratories" title="Central Research Laboratories">Central Research Laboratories</a> in Hayes under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a>, an electrical engineer at EMI.<a href="#cite_note-thinkingmachine-2010-17">[17]</a> In the early 1970s, with financial support by the UK <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Security" title="Department of Health and Social Security">Department of Health and Social Security</a> as well as EMI research investment,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Hounsfield developed the first <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scanner</a>, a device which revolutionised <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>. In 1973, EMI was awarded a prestigious <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Awards for Enterprise">Queen's Award for Technological Innovation</a> for what was then called the EMI scanner;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> in 1979, Hounsfield won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> for his accomplishment.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After brief, but brilliant, success in the medical imaging field, EMI's manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies, notably Thorn (see <a href="/wiki/Thorn_EMI" title="Thorn EMI">Thorn EMI</a>). Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley and Wells. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head,_1950_(7649950230).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emitron television camera"><noscript><img alt="Emitron television camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg/120px-EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg/120px-EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg" data-alt="Emitron television camera" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg/180px-EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg/240px-EMI_CPS_Emitron_Camera_Head%2C_1950_%287649950230%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emitron television camera</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H2S_Radar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="H2S radar display set"><noscript><img alt="H2S radar display set" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H2S_Radar.jpg/120px-H2S_Radar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H2S_Radar.jpg/120px-H2S_Radar.jpg" data-alt="H2S radar display set" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H2S_Radar.jpg/250px-H2S_Radar.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">H2S radar display set</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emi1010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First commercially available CT scanner made by EMI"><noscript><img alt="First commercially available CT scanner made by EMI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Emi1010.jpg/120px-Emi1010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Emi1010.jpg/120px-Emi1010.jpg" data-alt="First commercially available CT scanner made by EMI" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Emi1010.jpg/180px-Emi1010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Emi1010.jpg/240px-Emi1010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First commercially available CT scanner made by EMI</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="EMI photomultiplier tubes"><noscript><img alt="EMI photomultiplier tubes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg/120px-9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="994"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg/120px-9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg" data-alt="EMI photomultiplier tubes" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg/180px-9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg/240px-9781a_emi_lielbritanija.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">EMI photomultiplier tubes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="EMI tape recorder"><noscript><img alt="EMI tape recorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG/120px-EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="1892"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 86px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG/120px-EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG" data-alt="EMI tape recorder" data-width="120" data-height="86" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG/180px-EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG/240px-EMI_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">EMI tape recorder</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emihus">Emihus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emihus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Emihus Electronics, based in <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a>, Scotland, was owned 51% by <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a>, of California, US, and 49% by EMI. It manufactured <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">integrated circuits</a>, electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held <a href="/wiki/Calculators" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculators">calculators</a> under the Gemini name.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established its subsidiary operations and branch offices in a number of many other countries inside and outside of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Europe,_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" title="Europe, the Middle East and Africa">Europe, the Middle East and Africa</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Gramophone's (later EMI's) Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries dominated the popular music industries in those countries across the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region from the 1920s until the 1960s, when other locally owned labels (such as <a href="/wiki/Festival_Records_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival Records (Australia)">Festival Records</a>) began to challenge the near monopoly of EMI. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMI's temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, some of which have been released on CD since 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Honest_Jon%27s_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest Jon's Records">Honest Jon's Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MasseyH-24">[24]</a> During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Elgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Elgar">Sir Edward Elgar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>, among many others. During this time EMI appointed its first <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> managers. These included <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>, who later brought <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a> (including Columbia's subsidiary label <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>) in 1931, the new Anglo-American group was incorporated as Electric & Musical Industries Limited. At this point, the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> had a majority shareholding in the new company due to RCA purchasing the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> in 1929. Victor owned 50% of the British affiliated Gramophone Company, giving RCA chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> a seat on the EMI board. However, EMI was subsequently forced to sell Columbia USA due to anti-trust action taken by its American competitors. By this time the record industry had been hit hard by the Depression and in 1934 a much-diminished Columbia USA was purchased for just US$70,500 by ARC-BRC (<a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Record Corporation</a>–Brunswick Record Company), which also acquired the <a href="/wiki/OKeh" class="mw-redirect" title="OKeh">OKeh</a> label. RCA sold its stake in EMI in 1935, but due to its 1929 takeover of Victor, RCA retained the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">North and South American</a> rights to the "<a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a>" trademark. In 1938, ARC-Brunswick was taken over by <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, which then sold the American Brunswick label to American <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a>, which along with its other properties, <a href="/wiki/Vocalion_Records" title="Vocalion Records">Vocalion Records</a> and Aeolian Vocalion Records, used it as a subsidiary budget label afterward. CBS then operated Columbia as its flagship label in both the United States and Canada. EMI retained the rights to the Columbia name in most other territories including the UK, Australia and New Zealand. It continued to operate the label with moderate success until 1973, when it was retired and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> imprint, making records with the Columbia Records label manufactured outside North America between 1972 and 1992 rare. In 1990, following a series of major takeovers that saw CBS Records acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a> of Japan, EMI sold its remaining rights to the Columbia name to Sony and the label is now operated exclusively throughout the world by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> Entertainment; the exception being Japan, where the trade mark is owned by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Music Entertainment">Columbia Music Entertainment</a>. EMI released its first <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LPs</a> in 1952 and its first stereophonic recordings in 1955 (first on reel-to-reel tape and then LPs, beginning in 1958). In 1957, to replace the loss of its long-established licensing arrangements with <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor Records">RCA Victor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> (Columbia USA cut its ties with EMI in 1951), EMI entered the American market by acquiring 96% of the stock for <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> USA. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatles_ad_1965.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beatles_ad_1965.JPG/160px-Beatles_ad_1965.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beatles_ad_1965.JPG/160px-Beatles_ad_1965.JPG" data-width="160" data-height="228" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beatles_ad_1965.JPG/240px-Beatles_ad_1965.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beatles_ad_1965.JPG/320px-Beatles_ad_1965.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trade ad of congratulations to the Beatles for their 1964 Grammys.</figcaption></figure> From 1960 to 1995, their "EMI House" corporate headquarters was located at 20 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Square" title="Manchester Square">Manchester Square</a> London, England, the stairwell from which was featured on the cover of the Beatles' <a href="/wiki/Please_Please_Me" title="Please Please Me">Please Please Me</a> album. In addition, an unused shot from the Please Please Me photo session, featuring the boys in short hair and cleancut attire, was used for the cover of the Beatles' first double-disc greatest-hits compilation entitled <a href="/wiki/1962%E2%80%931966" title="1962–1966">1962–1966</a> (also known as "The Red Album"). In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Angus_McBean" title="Angus McBean">Angus McBean</a> took a matching group photograph featuring the boys in long hair and beards to contrast with the earlier cleancut image to show that the boys could have appeal across a wide range of audiences. This photo was originally intended for the Get Back album which later was entitled <a href="/wiki/Let_It_Be_(album)" title="Let It Be (album)">Let It Be</a>. The photo was used instead for the cover of the Beatles' second greatest-hits double-disc compilation entitled <a href="/wiki/1967%E2%80%931970" title="1967–1970">1967–1970</a> (also known as "The Blue Album"). (The two compilations were released in 1973.) EMI's classical artists of the period were largely limited to the prestigious British and European orchestras, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Choir_of_King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Choir of King's College, Cambridge">Choir of King's College, Cambridge</a>. During the era of the long-playing record (LP), very few American and Canadian orchestras had their principal recording contracts with EMI, one notable exception being that of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a>, especially during the tenure of <a href="/wiki/William_Steinberg" title="William Steinberg">William Steinberg</a>. From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, the company enjoyed huge success in the <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> field under the management of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Lockwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joseph Lockwood">Sir Joseph Lockwood</a>. The strong combination of EMI and its subsidiary labels (including <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice_(British_record_label)" title="His Master's Voice (British record label)">His Master's Voice</a>, Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>) along with a roster of stellar groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> along with hit solo performers such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nat_%27King%27_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat 'King' Cole">Nat 'King' Cole</a>, made EMI the best-known and most successful recording company in the world at that time. In 1967, while shifting their focus on pop and rock music roster to Columbia and Parlophone, EMI converted HMV solely to a <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a> label exclusively. For the emerging <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> genre including <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, who had debuted on Columbia, EMI established a new subsidiary label, <a href="/wiki/Harvest_Records" title="Harvest Records">Harvest Records</a>, two years later. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_RockArt,_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG/220px-Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG/220px-Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG/330px-Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG/440px-Museum_RockArt%2C_Queen_grootste_hits.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gold and silver discs issued by EMI in 1982 for <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Queen_album)" title="Greatest Hits (Queen album)">Greatest Hits</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1971, Electric & Musical Industries changed its name to EMI Ltd. and on 1 January 1973 EMI phased out most of its heritage labels and replacing them with the EMI imprint. On 1 July 1973 the Gramophone Company subsidiary (The Gramophone Co. Ltd.) was renamed EMI Records Ltd as well, and in 1978, EMI launched <a href="/wiki/EMI_America_Records" title="EMI America Records">EMI America Records</a> as its second label in the United States after Capitol. EMI Music Worldwide was also formed in 1978 with <a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Menon" title="Bhaskar Menon">Bhaskar Menon</a> as chairman and CEO. In February 1979, EMI Ltd acquired <a href="/wiki/United_Artists_Records" title="United Artists Records">United Artists Records</a> and with it their subsidiary labels <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Records" title="Liberty Records">Liberty Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Records" title="Imperial Records">Imperial Records</a>. Eight months later, <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries" title="Thorn Electrical Industries">Thorn Electrical Industries</a> merged with EMI Ltd. to form <a href="/wiki/Thorn_EMI" title="Thorn EMI">Thorn EMI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Sometime in the late 1980s, EMI America merged with sister label <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Records" title="Manhattan Records">Manhattan Records</a>, founded in 1984,<a href="#cite_note-New_Grove-26">[26]</a> becoming EMI Manhattan and eventually EMI USA when Capitol absorbed it in 1989. Also in 1989, Thorn EMI bought a 50% interest in <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_Records" title="Chrysalis Records">Chrysalis Records</a>, completing the buyout two years later. Six months after completing the buyout of Chrysalis, Thorn EMI bought <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a> from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> in one of its highest-profile and most expensive acquisitions in record music history. In 1992, Thorn EMI entered the Christian music market by acquiring <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Records" title="Sparrow Records">Sparrow Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_demerger_from_Thorn">Aftermath of demerger from Thorn</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath of demerger from Thorn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to the increasing divergence of business models, Thorn EMI shareholders voted in favour of demerger proposals on 16 August 1996. The resulting media company was now known as EMI Group PLC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1997, EMI Records USA was folded into both Virgin and Capitol.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Since the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records_(China)" title="Pathé Records (China)">Pathé Records</a> label headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China had been published under the EMI banner<a href="#cite_note-Xinhuanet-30">[30]</a> and since then, EMI had also been the dominant label in the <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">cantopop</a> market throughout <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a> until the genre's decline in the mid-1980s. Between the years 2004–2006, EMI then completely and totally divested itself from the <a href="/wiki/C-pop" title="C-pop">c-pop</a> market, and after that, all Hong Kong music artists previously associated with EMI had their music published by <a href="/wiki/Gold_Label" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Label">Gold Label</a>, a concern unaffiliated with EMI and with which EMI did not yet hold any interest. On 21 November 2000, <a href="/wiki/Streamwaves" title="Streamwaves">Streamwaves</a> and EMI signed a deal licensing EMI's catalogue in a digital format for their online streaming music service. This was the first time EMI had licensed any of its catalogue to a streaming music website.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Pop star <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a> signed a six-album deal in 2002 paying him over £80 million ($157 million), which was not only the biggest recording contract in British music history at the time, but also the second biggest in music history<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> behind that of Michael Jackson. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple Records</a>, the record label representing <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, launched a suit against EMI for non-payment of royalties on 15 December 2005. The suit alleged that EMI had withheld $50 million from the record label; however, an EMI spokesman noted that audits of record label accounts are not that unusual, confirming at least two hundred such audits performed on the label, but that these audits rarely result in legal action.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A legal settlement was announced on 12 April 2007 and terms were undisclosed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 2 April 2007, EMI announced it would be releasing its music in <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>-free formats. These were to be issued in <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> format, which gave higher quality for the same <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bitrate</a> compared with the ubiquitous MP3 format. The music would be distributed via Apple's <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> (under the iTunes Plus category).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Tracks were to cost $1.29/€1.29/£0.99. Legacy tracks with <a href="/wiki/FairPlay" title="FairPlay">FairPlay</a> DRM would still be available for $0.99/€0.99/£0.79 – albeit with lower quality sound and DRM restrictions still in place. Users would be able to 'upgrade' the EMI tracks that they had already bought for $0.30/€0.30/£0.20. Albums were also to be available at the same price as their lower quality, DRM counterparts and music videos from EMI would also be DRM-free. The higher-quality, DRM-free files became available worldwide on iTunes on 30 May 2007, and were expected to appear on other music download services soon thereafter. Following this decision, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> also announced sales of DRM-free music (which was described as an experiment).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In May 2006, EMI attempted to buy <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>, which would have reduced the world's four largest record companies (<a href="/wiki/Big_four_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Big four record labels">Big Four</a>) to three; however, the bid was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Warner Music Group launched a <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man_defense" title="Pac-Man defense">Pac-Man defense</a>, offering to buy EMI. EMI rejected the $4.6 billion offer.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terra_Firma_takeover">Terra Firma takeover</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terra Firma takeover" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After a decline in the British market share from 16% to 9%, and the announcement that it had sustained a loss of £260 million in 2006/2007,<a href="#cite_note-bbc_profile-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_jobs-40">[40]</a> in August 2007 EMI was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Terra_Firma_Capital_Partners" title="Terra Firma Capital Partners">Terra Firma Capital Partners</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_profile-39">[39]</a> for £4.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Following the transition, several artists including <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a> left EMI, while other artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> had left ahead of the takeover.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_profile-39">[39]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> signed a one-album deal with <a href="/wiki/Interscope_Records" title="Interscope Records">Interscope Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> outside its contract with EMI, which expired in February 2008,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and then in July 2008 signed a new long-term deal with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Terra Firma takeover was also reported to have been the catalyst behind a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> filed by <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> over unpaid royalties.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In January 2011 Pink Floyd signed a new global agreement with EMI.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hands" title="Guy Hands">Guy Hands</a>, CEO of Terra Firma Capital Partners, came to EMI with restructuring plans to cut between 1,500 and 2,000 jobs<a href="#cite_note-bbc_jobs-40">[40]</a> and to reduce costs by £200 million a year. As a result, the UK chief executive <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wadsworth_(music_executive)" title="Tony Wadsworth (music executive)">Tony Wadsworth</a> left EMI after 25 years in January 2008. The cuts were planned to take effect over the year 2008, and would affect up to a third of EMI's 5,500 staff.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_jobs-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars" title="Thirty Seconds to Mars">Thirty Seconds to Mars</a> tried to exit their contract with EMI following the layoff of its staff and due to unpaid royalties, prompting the label to file a lawsuit for $30 million citing breach of contract.<a href="#cite_note-kreps-47">[47]</a> The suit was later settled following a defence based on a contract case involving actress <a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> decades before.<a href="#cite_note-soars-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Leto" title="Jared Leto">Jared Leto</a> explained, "The California Appeals Court ruled that no service contract in California is valid after seven years, and it became known as the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Law" title="De Havilland Law">De Havilland Law</a> after she used it to get out of her contract with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-soars-48">[48]</a> Many industry watchers viewed the suit as a punitive harassment meant to scare other musicians.<a href="#cite_note-kreps-47">[47]</a> The band's troubles with the label resonate through their third studio album <a href="/wiki/This_Is_War" title="This Is War">This Is War</a> (2009) and were the subject of the 2012 documentary <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(film)" title="Artifact (film)">Artifact</a>. In 2008, EMI withdrew from the South-East Asian market entirely, forcing its large roster of acts to search out contracts with other unaffiliated labels. As a result, the South-East Asian market was the only region in the world where EMI was not in operation, although the record label continued to operate in Hong Kong and Indonesia (which was named Arka Music Indonesia).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Chinese and Taiwanese operation of EMI as well as the Hong Kong branch of Gold Label, was sold to Typhoon Group and reformed as <a href="/wiki/Gold_Typhoon" title="Gold Typhoon">Gold Typhoon</a>. The Philippine branch of EMI changed its name to <a href="/wiki/PolyEast_Records" title="PolyEast Records">PolyEast Records</a>, and was a joint venture between EMI itself and Pied Piper Records Corporation. The physical audio and video products of the label have been distributed in South-East Asia by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> since December 2008, while new EMI releases in China and Taiwan, were distributed under Gold Typhoon which was previously known as EMI Music China and EMI Music Taiwan, respectively. Meanwhile, the Korean branch of EMI (known as EMI Korea Limited) had its physical releases distributed by Warner Music Korea. <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Japan" title="EMI Music Japan">EMI Music Japan</a>, the Japanese EMI branch, remains unchanged from the reflection of <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>'s divestiture to the business by EMI buying the whole branch way back July 2007, making it a full subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In July 2009, there were reports that EMI would not sell CDs to <a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">independent album retailers</a> in a bid to cut costs,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> but in fact only a handful of small physical retailers were affected.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citigroup_ownership">Citigroup ownership</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citigroup ownership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In February 2010, EMI Group reported pre-tax losses of £1.75 billion for the year ended March 2009, including <a href="/wiki/Revaluation_of_fixed_assets" title="Revaluation of fixed assets">write-downs</a> on the value of its music catalogue.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Going_concern" title="Going concern">going concern</a> warning on the holding company's accounts regarding an ability to remain solvent.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Citigroup (which held $4 billion in debt) took 100% ownership of EMI Group from <a href="/wiki/Terra_Firma_Capital_Partners" title="Terra Firma Capital Partners">Terra Firma Capital Partners</a> on 1 February 2011, writing off £2.2 billion of debt<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and reducing EMI's debt load by 65%.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The group was put up for sale and final bids were due by 5 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sony/Universal/Warner_sale">Sony/Universal/Warner sale</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sony/Universal/Warner sale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 12 November 2011, it was announced that EMI would sell its recorded music operations to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (UMG) for £1.2 billion ($1.9 billion) and its music publishing operations to <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a>-for $2.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Among the other companies that had competed for the recorded music business was <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/IMPALA_Independent_Music_Companies_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="IMPALA Independent Music Companies Association">IMPALA</a> has said that it would fight the merger.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In March 2012, the European Union opened an investigation into Universal's purchase of EMI's recorded music division<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and had asked rivals and consumer groups whether the deal will result in higher prices and shut out competitors.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On 21 September 2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in both Europe and the United States by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> respectively. The European Commission approved the deal, however, under the condition that the merged company divest itself of one third of its total operations to other companies with a proven track record in the music industry. To comply with this condition, UMG divested <a href="/wiki/V2_Records" title="V2 Records">V2 Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parlophone_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlophone Records">Parlophone Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_Records" title="Sanctuary Records">Sanctuary Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_Records" title="Chrysalis Records">Chrysalis Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mute_Records" title="Mute Records">Mute Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Classics" title="Virgin Classics">Virgin Classics</a>, the 2CD Originals Series and EMI's <a href="/wiki/EMI%27s_European_regional_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI's European regional labels">regional labels in most of Europe</a>. These labels were operated separately under the name "Parlophone Label Group", pending their sale. Universal would, however, retain its ownership of the Beatles' library (moved to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Calderstone_Productions" title="Calderstone Productions">Calderstone Productions</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>' Chrysalis recordings (moved to the <a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a> label).<a href="#cite_note-guardian-emiapproved-65">[65]</a> Universal Music Group completed its acquisition of EMI on 28 September 2012,<a href="#cite_note-mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com-66">[66]</a> followed by worldwide compliance and complete rebranding by 1 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In compliance with the conditions of the European Commission, on 22 December, Universal Music Group sold the Mute catalogue, previously property of EMI, to German-based music rights company <a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 8 February 2013, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> signed an agreement to acquire <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_Records" title="Chrysalis Records">Chrysalis Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Classics" title="Virgin Classics">Virgin Classics</a>, the 2CD Originals Series and some of EMI's <a href="/wiki/EMI%27s_European_regional_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI's European regional labels">regional labels across Europe</a> for US$765 million (£487 million).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Regulatory approval was received on 15 May.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Universal retained EMI's former European labels in Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, and Finland. Universal Music has continued to operate EMI entities it retained using the EMI name and formed <a href="/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records" title="Virgin EMI Records">Virgin EMI Records</a> as a UMG label unit in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The former EMI Records Ltd. was renamed Parlophone Records Ltd. in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> acquired Parlophone Music Group which has the rights to the old EMI Records catalogue. The Australian and New Zealand EMI Columbia catalogues, including recordings by <a href="/wiki/John_Farnham" title="John Farnham">John Farnham</a>, who went by Johnny during his time with the label, were ceded to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Australia" title="Universal Music Australia">Universal Music Australia</a>'s imprint <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Australia" title="EMI Music Australia">EMI Recorded Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_New_Zealand" title="Universal Music New Zealand">Universal Music New Zealand</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Warner Music incorporated EMI Classics and Virgin Classics into its <a href="/wiki/Warner_Classics" title="Warner Classics">Warner Classics</a> unit with the EMI Classics artist roster and catalogue absorbed into the Warner Classics label and the Virgin Classics artist roster and catalogue absorbed into the revived <a href="/wiki/Erato_Records" title="Erato Records">Erato Records</a> label.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> On 14 November 2013, EMI's Middle Eastern branch was folded into Universal Music, causing the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>'s releases in that region to be moved to Universal Music.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 30 June 2014, Universal Music Group re-established EMI's Taiwanese division, with <a href="/wiki/A-Mei" title="A-Mei">A-Mei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainie_Yang" title="Rainie Yang">Rainie Yang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_Lo" title="Show Lo">Show Lo</a> signing first to the label.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In May 2016, an independent company, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Raincoat_Music" title="Blue Raincoat Music">Blue Raincoat Music</a>, bought most of Chrysalis's British catalogue from Warner Music,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> making Chrysalis an independent label again. However, the remainder of Chrysalis's British catalogue, namely other past artists <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Ballet" title="Spandau Ballet">Spandau Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Proclaimers" title="The Proclaimers">The Proclaimers</a>, stayed with Parlophone in the UK and (excluding Ramones) <a href="/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment" title="Rhino Entertainment">Rhino Entertainment</a> in the United States. The Ramones American back catalogue remained with Island's sister label <a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">Geffen Records</a>, the successor of <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a>, which previously distributed the band's releases on <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_Records" title="Radioactive Records">Radioactive Records</a>, and is licensed to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Enterprises" title="Universal Music Enterprises">Universal Music Enterprises</a>. Additionally, the majority of Chrysalis's American catalogue also remained with <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a>, parent of Island's and Geffen's sister label Capitol Records, and is currently distributed by that label. <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a>'s only Chrysalis album with an American release, <a href="/wiki/KooKoo" title="KooKoo">KooKoo</a>, was later divested by Capitol. The European Chrysalis catalogue, including Harry's four albums, plus the rights to ten artists not originally signed to the label are owned and distributed by Blue Raincoat.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The number of initial non-Chrysalis artists was later increased to 11 after adding former EMI artists <a href="/wiki/Naked_Eyes" title="Naked Eyes">Naked Eyes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Carlisle" title="Belinda Carlisle">Belinda Carlisle</a>'s only Chrysalis album, <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_%26_a_Man" title="A Woman & a Man">A Woman & a Man</a>, had its distribution and rights outside the US reverted to CMG's Virgin Records, Carlisle's former label which was the second in her career. Also in May 2016, the history of the record label was examined in the hour-long BBC documentary EMI: The Inside Story.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 16 June 2020, Universal rebranded Virgin EMI as EMI Records, reopening the iconic label, and named Rebecca Allen, former president of Decca Records, as the new EMI's president. UMG has continued to operate Virgin as an imprint of EMI.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_Leisure">Entertainment and Leisure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Entertainment and Leisure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1964, EMI acquired <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Tower" title="Blackpool Tower">Blackpool Tower</a> from the Bickerstaffe family.<a href="#cite_note-BT41-50-83">[83]</a> In 1967, they also took over the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Gardens,_Blackpool" title="Winter Gardens, Blackpool">Winter Gardens complex in Blackpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gazette061209-84">[84]</a> In 1967, EMI acquired the Grade Organisation, the UK's largest showbusiness talent agency, for £7.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This also included the recently acquired Shipman and King chain of 32 cinemas in the <a href="/wiki/Home_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Counties">Home Counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film,_Theatre_and_Television">Film, Theatre and Television</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film, Theatre and Television" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/EMI_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Films">EMI Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Cinemas" title="ABC Cinemas">ABC Cinemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios" title="Elstree Studios">Elstree Studios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a></div> EMI Films was created in 1969 following the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">Associated British Picture Corporation</a> (ABPC). At the time ABPC owned 270 <a href="/wiki/ABC_Cinemas" title="ABC Cinemas">ABC Cinemas</a>; a half share (under the <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated British Corporation">Associated British Corporation</a> name) in the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (TV channel)">ITV</a> contractor <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a> at Shenley Road, and had recently bought <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Amalgamated" title="Anglo-Amalgamated">Anglo-Amalgamated</a>, a film studio.<a href="#cite_note-74ar-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delfont" title="Bernard Delfont">Bernard Delfont</a> of the Grade Organisation became chairman and Chief Executive.<a href="#cite_note-kine-88">[88]</a> In 1970, Delfont sold his own Bernard Delfont Organisation to EMI and the agencies were divested.<a href="#cite_note-kine-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDO-89">[89]</a> He later became Chief Executive of EMI in 1979. Their flagship cinema was the <a href="/wiki/ABC1_Shaftesbury_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC1 Shaftesbury Avenue">ABC 1 and 2 Shaftesbury Avenue</a> which was built at the old Saville Theatre in London.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1974, the Film & Theatre Corporation was split into EMI Cinemas and EMI Leisure Enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-74ar-87">[87]</a> On formation, EMI Cinemas ran 272 cinemas in the UK, including those of ABC.<a href="#cite_note-74ar-87">[87]</a> Following EMI's merger with <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries" title="Thorn Electrical Industries">Thorn Electrical Industries</a> in 1979, EMI's film division was renamed Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment. In April 1986, Thorn EMI sold its film production and distribution arm (Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment), home video (<a href="/wiki/Thorn_EMI#Thorn_EMI's_film_and_video_interests" title="Thorn EMI">Thorn EMI Video</a>), and cinema (ABC Cinemas) operations to businessman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Bond (businessman)">Alan Bond</a>. Bond, in turn, sold it to <a href="/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc." title="The Cannon Group, Inc.">The Cannon Group</a> a week later.<a href="#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EMI_Leisure">EMI Leisure</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: EMI Leisure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> EMI Leisure Enterprises was formed in April 1974 and controlled Blackpool Tower; EMI's 16 squash clubs and five bowling alleys; discotheques; 23 licensed premises and other amusement interests. It began developing new leisure businesses, including <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Marina" title="Brighton Marina">Brighton Marina</a> and golf activities with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Aldenham" title="Aldenham">Aldenham</a> Golf Club.<a href="#cite_note-74ar-87">[87]</a> In April 1977 they acquired the <a href="/wiki/Empire_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (cinema)">Empire Ballroom and Cinema</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a> in London and in September 1977 acquired Bailey Leisure Services Limited which they renamed EMI Dancing which provided the group with dance halls, cabaret clubs and discotheques around the UK.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> By the late 1970s, the leisure business contributed 15% of group revenues.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> In 1978, EMI acquired the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Theatre" title="Prince Edward Theatre">Prince Edward Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> It also owned two other theatres in London as well as theatres in the rest of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-THF-93">[93]</a> Following the merger with Thorn, part of EMI's leisure interests were sold to <a href="/wiki/Trust_House_Forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust House Forte">Trust House Forte</a> in November 1980 for £16 million.<a href="#cite_note-THF-93">[93]</a> Lord Delfont became chairman and chief executive of THF's leisure division.<a href="#cite_note-THF-93">[93]</a> EMI Social Centres chain of bingo halls remained with Thorn EMI.<a href="#cite_note-THF-93">[93]</a> The Winter Gardens in Blackpool were sold in 1983 to <a href="/wiki/First_Leisure_Corporation" title="First Leisure Corporation">First Leisure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gazette061209-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hotels_and_restaurants">Hotels and restaurants</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hotels and restaurants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1972, EMI Hotels won a bidding war against <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Purina" title="Ralston Purina">Ralston Purina</a> to buy the Golden Egg group from the Kaye brothers for £14 million, which included a stake in <a href="/wiki/Angus_Steakhouse" title="Angus Steakhouse">Angus Steakhouse</a> restaurants<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and the Selfridge Hotel, which opened in July 1973.<a href="#cite_note-74ar-87">[87]</a> In June 1977, EMI acquired the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hotel,_London" title="Tower Hotel, London">Tower Hotel, London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> At the end of 1978, they owned four other hotels: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horseguards_Hotel" title="Royal Horseguards Hotel">Royal Horseguards Hotel</a>; Royal Angus; Royal Trafalgar; and Royal Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> As well as Angus Steakhouse, their restaurants also included <a href="/wiki/Wimpy_(restaurant)" title="Wimpy (restaurant)">Wimpy Bars</a>, Picnic Basket and Tennessee Pancake Houses.<a href="#cite_note-78ar-92">[92]</a> Following the merger with Thorn, seven hotels and 12 Angus Steakhouse restaurants were sold in July 1980 for £23 million to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle" title="Scottish & Newcastle">Scottish & Newcastle Breweries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-THF-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EMI_Music">EMI Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: EMI Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labels_under_the_EMI_banner">Labels under the EMI banner</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Labels under the EMI banner" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_EMI_labels" title="List of EMI labels">List of EMI labels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_and_present_EMI_musicians">Past and present EMI musicians</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Past and present EMI musicians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_EMI_artists" title="List of EMI artists">List of EMI artists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EMI_Music_Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: EMI Music Publishing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a></div> As well as the well-known record label the group also owned EMI Music Publishing, which was the largest <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">music publisher</a> in the world. EMI Music Publishing has[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] won the <a href="/wiki/Music_Week" title="Music Week">Music Week</a> Award for Publisher of the Year every year for over 10 years; in 2009, for the first time in history the award was shared jointly with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> As is often[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the case in the music industry, the publishing arm and record label are very separate businesses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] EMI administered the publishing rights of over 1.3 million songs, headlined by <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> catalog, <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Keys" title="Alicia Keys">Alicia Keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">P!nk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharrell_Williams" title="Pharrell Williams">Pharrell Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a>. EMI's music publishing operations were sold to a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> in 2012; <a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG</a> acquired the music publishing libraries of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Music" title="Virgin Music">Virgin Music</a> (which EMI held) and <a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a> UK (which Sony/ATV held).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD_price_fixing">CD price fixing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CD price fixing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD_price_fixing" title="CD price fixing">CD price fixing</a></div> Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as <a href="/wiki/Resale_price_maintenance" title="Resale price maintenance">minimum advertised pricing</a> to artificially inflate prices of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> in order to end price wars by discounters such as <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a> in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-100">[100]</a> A settlement in 2002 included the music publishers and distributors; <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">Bertelsmann Music Group</a>, EMI and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music</a>. In restitution for <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a>, they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a> to public and non-profit groups; however, they admitted no wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-101">[101]</a> It is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-100">[100]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Internet_Freedom_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Freedom Day">Internet Freedom Day</a> in January 2013, EMI evoked controversy after the removal of Martin Luther King Jr's "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech from <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> due to a copyright violation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathé Records (Hong Kong)">Pathé Records</a> (Baak Doi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Archive_Trust" title="EMI Archive Trust">EMI Archive Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Christian_Music_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Christian Music Group">EMI Christian Music Group</a> (EMI CMG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Films">EMI Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Songbook_Series" title="EMI Songbook Series">EMI Songbook Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Televisa_Music" title="EMI Televisa Music">EMI Televisa Music</a>/Capitol Latin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fifield" title="Jim Fifield">Jim Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="HMV Group">The HMV Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterstones" title="Waterstones">Waterstone's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_Music_International" title="Picture Music International">Picture Music International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EMI_artists" title="List of EMI artists">List of EMI artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EMI_labels" title="List of EMI labels">List of EMI labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_record_labels" title="Lists of record labels">Lists of record labels</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606062844/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1930-1949/">"1930–1949 – EMI Music"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1930-1949/">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1930%E2%80%931949+%E2%80%93+EMI+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emimusic.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F1930-1949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2012" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (17 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/18/business/media/sony-plans-major-layoffs-of-emi-work-force.html">"Sony Plans Major Cuts in EMI Jobs"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sony+Plans+Major+Cuts+in+EMI+Jobs&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fsony-plans-major-layoffs-of-emi-work-force.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2013" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (8 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/warner-music-group-buys-emi-assets-for-765-million/">"Warner Music Group buys EMI Assets for $765 Million"</a>. The New York Times. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/emi-music-records-strong-improvement-in-full-year-operating-performance/">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=records+strong+improvement+in+full-year+operating+performance&rft.pub=EMI+Music&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emimusic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Femi-music-records-strong-improvement-in-full-year-operating-performance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429144012/http://www.emimusic.com/about/reports/">"EMI reports"</a>. EMI Music. 31 March 2009. 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Retrieved 13 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Week&rft.atitle=Too+close+to+call+in+publishing+battle&rft.date=2009-04-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweek.com%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D2%26storycode%3D1037577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxborough2012" class="citation news cs1">Roxborough, Scott (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bmg-buys-virgin-famous-music-406080">"BMG Buys Virgin, Famous Music Catalog From Sony/ATV"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=BMG+Buys+Virgin%2C+Famous+Music+Catalog+From+Sony%2FATV&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Roxborough&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fbmg-buys-virgin-famous-music-406080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Labaton2000" class="citation news cs1">Stephen Labaton (11 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/11/business/5-music-companies-settle-federal-case-on-cd-price-fixing.html">"5 Music Companies Settle Federal Case on CD Price-Fixing"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=5+Music+Companies+Settle+Federal+Case+on+CD+Price-Fixing&rft.date=2000-05-11&rft.au=Stephen+Labaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F05%2F11%2Fbusiness%2F5-music-companies-settle-federal-case-on-cd-price-fixing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday-101"><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lieberman2002" class="citation news cs1">David Lieberman (30 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2002-09-30-cd-settlement_x.htm">"5 Music Companies Settle Federal Case on CD Price-Fixing"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=5+Music+Companies+Settle+Federal+Case+on+CD+Price-Fixing&rft.date=2002-09-30&rft.au=David+Lieberman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2F2002-09-30-cd-settlement_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/web/martin-luther-king-i-have-a-dream-censorship-internet-freedom-day/">"MLK's 'I Have a Dream' speech censored on Internet Freedom Day"</a>. Digital Trends. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=MLK%27s+%27I+Have+a+Dream%27+speech+censored+on+Internet+Freedom+Day&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fweb%2Fmartin-luther-king-i-have-a-dream-censorship-internet-freedom-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEMI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>International Directory of Company Histories, St. James Press.</li> <li>Joshua R. Wueller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2293412">Mergers of Majors: Applying the Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry</a>, 7 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 589, 597–604 (2013) (describing Terra Firma's purchase of EMI, Citigroup's seizure of the company, and the subsequent break-up, sale, and antitrust scrutiny surrounding the music company).</li> <li>Peter Martland, Since Records Began: EMI, the first hundred years. Batsford (London) 1997. 359pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6207-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-6207-8">0-7134-6207-8</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=EMI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalmusic.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506221209/http://www.theinsoundfromwayout.com/">Official website (Australia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emiarchivetrust.org/">EMI Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/a8f3eb19-05db-4895-b1d2-7ec911022a5e">EMI Group</a> publishing catalog at <a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510121837/http://emimusicpub.com/">EMI Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emisessions.com/">EMI Sessions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221320/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/">History of EMI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middx.net/photopost/g779-employers-2c-businesses-and-industry.html">Pages of pictures of the EMI/HMV websites in Hayes Middlesex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/007573">Documents and clippings about EMI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%8A" title="إي إم آي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إي إم آي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ایمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87" title="ইএমআই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইএমআই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98_%D0%95%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B9" title="И Ем Ай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="И Ем Ай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Group" title="EMI Group – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="EMI Group" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_(muzika_eldonejo)" title="EMI (muzika eldonejo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="EMI (muzika eldonejo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="ئی‌ام‌آی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ئی‌ام‌آی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Group" title="EMI Group – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="EMI Group" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Music" title="EMI Music – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="EMI Music" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_(hudobn%C3%A9_vydavate%C4%BEstvo)" title="EMI (hudobné vydavateľstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="EMI (hudobné vydavateľstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD" title="อีเอ็มไอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีเอ็มไอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI" title="EMI – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="EMI" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dd5c8cc7b-9xx9w","wgBackendResponseTime":410,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.319","walltime":"1.588","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8448,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":215591,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17310,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":348046,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1318.718 1 -total"," 44.93% 592.549 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.74% 220.706 45 Template:Cite_news"," 16.21% 213.800 29 Template:Cite_web"," 10.85% 143.080 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 9.99% 131.801 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.60% 113.442 1 Template:FT_30_constituents"," 8.57% 112.957 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.23% 82.213 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.11% 80.549 1 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