CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Christian burial - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"20e750c4-4368-48b9-8e54-7435a89ca44a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Christian_burial","wgTitle":"Christian burial","wgCurRevisionId":1255306897,"wgRevisionId":1255306897,"wgArticleId":4306829,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference","Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Christian worship and liturgy", "Death customs","Christianity and death","Sacramentals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Christian_burial","wgRelevantArticleId":4306829,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q780261","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="841"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg/800px-Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="561"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg/640px-Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="449"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Christian burial - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_burial"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_burial"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Christian_burial rootpage-Christian_burial skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christian+burial" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christian+burial" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Christian+burial" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Christian+burial" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and antecedents of Christian burial rites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and antecedents of Christian burial rites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_historical_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_historical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early historical evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_historical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The wake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Absolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offertory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offertory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Offertory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offertory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Catholic_burial_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Catholic_burial_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Western Catholic burial ritual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_Catholic_burial_ritual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western Catholic burial ritual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_Catholic_burial_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conveyance_of_the_body_to_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conveyance_of_the_body_to_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conveyance of the body to the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conveyance_of_the_body_to_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony_in_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony_in_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ceremony in the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony_in_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Prayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_for_the_Dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_for_the_Dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Mass for the Dead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_for_the_Dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolution_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolution_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Absolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolution_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony_by_the_graveside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony_by_the_graveside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ceremony by the graveside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony_by_the_graveside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_fees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_fees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Burial fees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_fees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protestant burials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protestant_burials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protestant burials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protestant_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheran_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lutheran funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anglican funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodist_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Methodist funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_and_Byzantine_Catholic_burial_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_and_Byzantine_Catholic_burial_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic burial ritual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_and_Byzantine_Catholic_burial_ritual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic burial ritual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_and_Byzantine_Catholic_burial_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ablutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ablutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ablutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ablutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conveyance_of_the_Body_to_the_Church_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conveyance_of_the_Body_to_the_Church_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conveyance of the Body to the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conveyance_of_the_Body_to_the_Church_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony_in_the_Church_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony_in_the_Church_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ceremony in the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony_in_the_Church_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divine_Liturgy_for_the_departed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_Liturgy_for_the_departed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Divine Liturgy for the departed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_Liturgy_for_the_departed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Funeral service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremony_at_the_graveside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony_at_the_graveside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ceremony at the graveside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony_at_the_graveside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mourning_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mourning_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mourning period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mourning_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecration_of_a_Cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration_of_a_Cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Consecration of a Cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration_of_a_Cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_confraternities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_confraternities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burial confraternities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_confraternities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian burial</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="دفن مسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفن مسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchliche_Bestattung" title="Kirchliche Bestattung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirchliche Bestattung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemakaman_Kristen" title="Pemakaman Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemakaman Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenaze_(Hristiyanl%C4%B1k)" title="Cenaze (Hristiyanlık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cenaze (Hristiyanlık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q780261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Christian_burial" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christian_burial"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Christian_burial"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Christian_burial" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Christian_burial" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&oldid=1255306897" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Christian_burial&id=1255306897&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristian_burial"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristian_burial"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Christian_burial&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q780261" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious funeral practice</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg/250px-Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg/375px-Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg/500px-Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground">Ascension Parish Burial Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Christian burial</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> of a deceased person with specifically Christian rites; typically, in <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated ground">consecrated ground</a>. Until recent times <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> generally objected to <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and practiced inhumation almost exclusively. Today this opposition has all but vanished among <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> alike, and this is rapidly becoming more common, although <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> still mostly forbid cremation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites">History and antecedents of Christian burial rites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and antecedents of Christian burial rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_historical_evidence">Early historical evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early historical evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/250px-9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/375px-9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg/500px-9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d%27oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Fourth-century Christian burial depicted in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a> of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greeks and Romans practiced both <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_practices" title="Roman funerary practices">Roman funerary practices</a> distinctly favoring cremation by the time Christianity arose during the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> only ever buried their dead. Even <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> himself is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> as performing burial: "And [God] buried him (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>) in the depression in the land of Moab, opposite Beth Peor. No man knows the place that he was buried, even to this day." (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 34:6). Similarly, early Christians used only burial, as can be demonstrated from the direct testimony of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the stress laid upon the analogy between the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">resurrection of the body</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Christ</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:42&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:42</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the light of the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> of the body as well as of Jewish tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the burial of the mortal remains of the Christian dead has always been regarded as an act of religious import. It is surrounded at all times with some measure of religious ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known with regard to the burial of the dead in the early Christian centuries. Early Christians did practice the use of an <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> to store the skeletal remains of those saints at rest in Christ. This practice likely came from the use of the same among <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Jews</a>. Other early Christians likely followed the national customs of the people among whom they lived, as long as they were not directly <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">St. Jerome</a>, in his account of the death of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">St. Paul the Hermit</a>, speaks of the singing of hymns and psalms while the body is carried to the grave as an observance belonging to ancient Christian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several historical writings indicate that in the fourth and fifth centuries, the offering of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice#Sacrifice_in_Christianity" title="Sacrifice">Eucharist</a> was an essential feature in the last solemn rites. These writings include: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">St. Gregory of Nyssa</a>’s detailed description of the <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Macrina_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Macrina the Younger">St. Macrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>’s references to his mother <a href="/wiki/Monica_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monica of Hippo">St. Monica</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a></i> (Book VII), and the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">Celestial Hierarchy</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius the Areopagite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the earliest detailed account of funeral ceremonial which has been preserved to us is to be found in the Spanish <i>Ordinals</i> of the latter part of the seventh century. Recorded in the writing is a description of "the Order of what the clerics of any city ought to do when their bishop falls into a mortal sickness."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It details the steps of ringing church bells, reciting psalms, and cleaning and dressing the body. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg/220px-Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>15th-century monastic funeral procession entering <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St. Paul's Cathedral">Old St. Paul's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The coffin is covered by a blue and gold <a href="/wiki/Pall_(funeral)" title="Pall (funeral)">pall</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> is being dug in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, the Christian Church opposed the practice of cremation by its members. While involving no necessary contradiction of any article of faith,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is opposed alike to ancient <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> and to the usages (<i><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxis (Eastern Orthodoxy)">praxis</a></i>) of antiquity. Burial was always preferred as <a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">the method of disposition inherited from Judaism</a> and the example of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus'</a> burial in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">tomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devlin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During times of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a>, pagan authorities erroneously thought they could destroy the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>' hope of resurrection by cremating their remains. Though the church always taught that the destruction of the earthly remains posed no threat to the bodily resurrection,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Christians risked their lives to prevent this <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">desecration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the saints. Furthermore, the bodies of Christians were considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctified</a> by <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the reception of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, and thus were to be treated with dignity and respect, as befits a "<a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#3:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 3:16–17</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#6:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">6:19</a>). In reaction against the Christian opposition to cremation some have deliberately instructed that their remains be cremated as a public profession of irreligion and materialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Devlin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival of cremation in modern times has prompted a revision of this opposition by many Christian churches, though some groups continue to discourage the practice, provided there is no intent of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> a practice arose among the aristocracy that when a nobleman was killed in battle far from home, the body would be defleshed by boiling or some such other method, and his bones transported back to his estate for burial. In response, in the year 1300, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> promulgated a law which excommunicated <i>ipso facto</i> anyone who disembowelled bodies of the dead or boiled them to separate the flesh from the bones, for the purpose of transportation for burial in their native land. He further decreed that bodies which had been so treated were to be denied Christian burial.<sup id="cite_ref-Devlin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_wake">The wake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The wake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)" title="Wake (ceremony)">Wake (ceremony)</a></div> <p>The custom of <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">watching</a> by the dead (the wake) is an ancient practice probably derived from the similar Jewish custom of a pious vigil over the remains. Its origins are not entirely known. This was a Christian observance, attended with the chanting of psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic orders</a>, the custom was practiced in a desire to perform religious duties and was seen as beneficial. By appointing relays of monks to succeed one another, orderly provision was made that the corpse would never be left without prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among secular persons, these nocturnal meetings were sometimes an occasion of grave abuses, especially in the matter of eating and drinking. The following is found in the Anglo-Saxon canons of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric" title="Ælfric">Ælfric</a>, addressed to the clergy:<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Ye shall not rejoice on account of men deceased nor attend on the corpse unless ye be thereto invited. When ye are thereto invited then forbid ye the heathen songs (<i>haethenan sangas</i>) of the laymen and their loud cachinnations; nor eat ye nor drink where the corpse lieth therein, lest ye be imitators of the heathenism which they there commit.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian ritual</a> (eighth or ninth century), which Magistretti pronounces to be derived from Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the funeral is broken up into stages: at the house of the deceased, on the way to the church, at the church, from the church to the grave, and at the grave side. But it is also clear that there was originally something of the nature of a wake (<i>vigilioe</i>) consisting in the chanting of the whole <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> beside the dead man at his home.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolution">Absolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Absolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a> became common in the second half of the eleventh century. It involves laying a form of absolution upon the breast of the deceased. This is enjoined in the monastic constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Archbishop Lanfranc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, a leaden cross etched with a few words was used for this purpose. Many such crosses have been recovered in opening tombs belonging to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offertory">Offertory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offertory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medieval ritual also included an <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">offertory</a> in the funeral of well known and distinguished people. Generous offerings were made in money, and <a href="/wiki/Gift_in_kind" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift in kind">in kind</a>, in the hope of benefiting the soul of the deceased. It was also usual to lead his war-horse up the church fully accoutered and to present it to the priest at the altar rails. It would later be redeemed by a money payment.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Catholic_burial_ritual">Western Catholic burial ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western Catholic burial ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_funeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic funeral">Roman Catholic funeral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_pohreb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Anna_pohreb.jpg/220px-Anna_pohreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Anna_pohreb.jpg/330px-Anna_pohreb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Anna_pohreb.jpg/440px-Anna_pohreb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a>, Queen consort of England, 1394</figcaption></figure> <p>The various <a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Roman Catholic Church</a> religious observances surrounding mortal remains can be divided into three stages. The following three stages assume, however, that the full funeral rites are celebrated, including the Funeral (Requiem) Mass, which, since it is a Mass, must be celebrated by a priest. If a Catholic deacon celebrates, the Funeral Mass does not occur, however, a Memorial Mass may be said later for the deceased. The deacon leads the prayer services at the home and the funeral home, blesses the remains at the church during another prayer service, and then leads the prayers of final commendation at the graveside. In an increasing number of cases where there are not enough priests and deacons, lay people will lead prayers in the home of the deceased, the Vigil for the Deceased at the church, and also prayers at the graveside (the only funeral service which requires an ordained priest is the Requiem Mass itself). If the traditional three-part funeral rites are celebrated, they proceed as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conveyance_of_the_body_to_the_church">Conveyance of the body to the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conveyance of the body to the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-John_Hughes_burial_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(archbishop)" title="John Hughes (archbishop)">John Hughes</a> prepared for burial, <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Old_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, New York">St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, New York</a>, 1864.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first stage involves the parish priest and other clergy going to the house of the deceased. One cleric carries the cross and another carries a vessel of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>. Before the coffin is removed from the house it is sprinkled with the holy water. The priest, with his assistants, says the psalm <i><a href="/wiki/Psalm_130" title="Psalm 130">De profundis</a></i> with the antiphon <i>Si iniquitates</i>. Then the procession sets out for the church. The cross-bearer goes first, followed by members of the clergy carrying lighted candles. The priest walks immediately before the coffin, and the friends of the deceased and others walk behind it.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note that in the vast majority of cases none of the above will happen. The priest or deacon will go to the house without procession, or lay people will lead the prayers in the presence of the body if clergy are not available. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG/220px-Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG/330px-Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG/440px-Canterbury_Cathedral_072_Funeral_Procession_from_Healing_window.JPG 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession from the "Healing Window" at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As they leave the house, the priest intones the antiphon <i>Exsultabunt Domino</i>, and then the psalm <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Miserere</a> is recited or chanted in alternate verses by the cantors and clergy. On reaching the church the antiphon <i>Exsultabunt</i> is repeated. As the body is placed "in the middle of the church," the responsorial <i>Subvenite</i> is recited.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once again, this seldom happens. The coffin is brought to the church by the undertaker in a hearse. It may arrive the evening before, for a Vigil in the church, or it may arrive on the day of the funeral before the service. </p><p>Historical precedence provides that if the corpse is a layman, the feet are to be turned towards the altar. If the corpse is a priest, then the position is reversed, the head being towards the altar. The earliest reference to this is in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Burchard" title="Johann Burchard">Johann Burchard</a>'s "Diary". Burchard was the master of ceremonies to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A little-known custom also exists that both before the altar and in the grave, the feet of all Christians should be pointed to the East. This custom is alluded to by <a href="/wiki/Hildebert" title="Hildebert">Bishop Hildebert</a> at the beginning of the twelfth century,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its symbolism is discussed by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand" title="Guillaume Durand">Guillaume Durand</a>. "A man ought so to be buried", he says, "that while his head lies to the West his feet are turned to the East…"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For clergy, however, the idea seems to be that the bishop (or priest) in death should occupy the same position in the church as during life, facing his people who he taught and blessed in Christ's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, facing the east is scarcely ever observed today, but appears to have been a common custom in the early middle ages. Post-conversion cemeteries can be distinguished in England from their pre-conversion counterparts from the orientation and direction of inhumation burials. Such an example can be seen in the Chamberlain's Barn cemetery near <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a> - around 650 CE, graves were increasingly organised into rows, facing west, and grave furnishings (commonly associated with pagan burial practices) decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_in_the_church">Ceremony in the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceremony in the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg/220px-Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg/330px-Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg/440px-Folio_199v_-_A_Funeral_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>A Funeral Service, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a></i>, Folio 199v. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9" title="Musée Condé">Musée Condé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Oise" title="Chantilly, Oise">Chantilly</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second stage is a cycle of <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a>, the funeral <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">Mass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a>. In the Tridentine Rite, candles are lit around the coffin, and they are allowed to burn throughout this stage. In the post-Vatican II rite there are no candles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prayers">Prayers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prayers offered are the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Dead" title="Office of the Dead">Office of the Dead</a>. Throughout the prayers, certain omissions are made. For example, each psalm ends with <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem aeternam</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">Gloria Patri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_for_the_Dead">Mass for the Dead</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mass for the Dead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a></div> <p>As in the case of the Office, the Mass for the Dead (<i>Missa de Requiem</i>) is chiefly distinguished from ordinary Masses by certain omissions. Some of these may be due to the fact that this Mass was formerly regarded as supplementary to the Mass of the day. In other cases it preserves the tradition of a more primitive age. The suppression of the Alleluia, Gloria in excelsis, and the Gloria Patri seems to point to a sense of the incongruity of joyful themes in the presence of God's searching and inscrutable judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Christian ages, however, it would seem that the Alleluia, especially in the East, was regarded as especially appropriate to funerals,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Christians rejoiced that the deceased was now closer to God than they were themselves. </p><p>During the Mass it used to be customary to distribute candles to the congregation. These were lit during the Gospel, during the latter part of the Holy Sacrifice from the Elevation to the Communion, and during the absolution which follows the Mass. As already remarked the association of lights with Christian funerals is very ancient, and liturgists here recognize a symbolical reference to baptism whereby Christians are made the children of Light, as well as a concrete reminder of the oft repeated prayer <i>et lux perpetua luceat eis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, giving candles to the congregation is hardly ever done.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the ordinary form of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a>) the order of choice for liturgical colors is white, or violet, or black. It is recommended that the coffin be covered by a white <a href="/wiki/Pall_(funeral)" title="Pall (funeral)">pall</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Extraordinary Form</a> of the Roman Rite, the funeral Mass is a <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a>. In a Requiem Mass the priest always wears black vestments, and the pall is black. There are also slightly different ceremonies of the Mass and slightly different texts. When the deceased is a baptised child under the age of reason the priest wears white vestments as a symbol of the innocence of the deceased and the attendant belief that the child will immediately be received into heaven without the need to endure purgatory. The liturgical books for the extraordinary form have never prescribed a particular Mass for the funeral of such children, but the custom is that the votive Mass of the Angels is said. </p><p>The funeral Mass is sometimes called the "Mass of Christian Burial", "Mass of the Resurrection", or "Memorial Mass", but these terms are not found in the Order of Christian Funerals, which is the official book in the ordinary form of the Church, and should be discouraged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolution_2">Absolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Absolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Absolution_of_the_dead" title="Absolution of the dead">Absolution of the dead</a></div> <p>The absolution of the dead was removed from the ordinary form of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, and replaced with the Final Commendation and Farewell, when the new Order of Christian Funerals was promulgated following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. However, the absolution of the dead remains part of the funeral service of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>. </p><p>The absolution of the dead is a series of prayers for pardon that are said over the body of a deceased Catholic following a <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a> and before burial. The absolution of the dead does not forgive sins or confer the sacramental <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Sacrament of Penance</a>. Rather, it is a series of prayers to God that the person's soul will not have to suffer the temporal punishment in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> due for sins which were forgiven during the person's life. </p><p>During the absolution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Libera_me,_Domine" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera me, Domine">Libera me, Domine</a></i> is sung while the priest incenses the coffin and sprinkles it with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>. The prayer for absolution is said by the priest, and then the <i><a href="/wiki/In_paradisum" title="In paradisum">In paradisum</a></i> is sung while the body is carried from the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_by_the_graveside">Ceremony by the graveside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ceremony by the graveside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_at_Ornans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Burial_at_Ornans.jpg/250px-Burial_at_Ornans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Burial_at_Ornans.jpg/375px-Burial_at_Ornans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Burial_at_Ornans.jpg/500px-Burial_at_Ornans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Burial_at_Ornans" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial at Ornans">Burial at Ornans</a></i> (1850, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the absolution, the body is carried to the grave. The tomb or burial plot is then blessed, if it has not been blessed previously. A grave newly dug in an already consecrated cemetery is considered blessed, and requires no further consecration. However, a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> erected above ground or even a brick chamber beneath the surface is regarded as needing blessing when used for the first time. This blessing is short and consists only of a single prayer after which the body is again sprinkled with holy water and incensed. Apart from this, the service at the graveside is very brief.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Tridentine tradition, the priest intones the antiphon "<i>I am the Resurrection and the Life</i>", after which the coffin is lowered into the grave and the <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Canticle Benedictus</a> is recited or sung. Then the antiphon is repeated again, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> is said silently, while the coffin is again sprinkled with holy water. Finally, after one or two brief responses, the following ancient prayer is said:<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Grant this mercy, O Lord, we beseech Thee, to Thy servant departed, that he may not receive in punishment the requital of his deeds who in desire did keep Thy will, and as the true faith here united him to the company of the faithful, so may Thy mercy unite him above to the choirs of angels. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The final petition made by the priest is "May his soul and the souls of all the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, the graveside ceremony and the burial is complete. </p><p>In the post-Vatican II rite, the prayers are different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_fees">Burial fees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Burial fees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In principle, there was no fee for Christian burial. According to <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a>, any faithful could be buried by the priest for free; and this has been confirmed by several <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a> during the Middle Ages, such as the Third (1179) and the Fourth (1215) Council of the Lateran. Charging money to conduct burials, bless a marriage or to celebrate any of the sacraments was considered as a crime of <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a>. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, but especially after the 11th century, a considerable part of the doctrine, as well as the Canon Law itself, accepted a rightful compensation for the work of the minister. This compensation had to be based on local "laudable customs" or on a voluntary payment,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many parishes turned these fees into a standard scale of charges. This attitude resulted above all from the desire to strengthen parish incomes, often very small especially in rural areas. Although many critics attacked these exactions, in all Christian countries burial fees were regularly perceived by the clergy. Moreover, in contexts where parishes hosted a vestry (such as in England and France), the parishioners had to pay a certain amount to the wardens for the use of the churchyard or the church itself, when the burial took place inside it. This contribution was often called the right "for breaking the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Reformation, in both Catholic and reformed areas, burial payments were standardized in tables of fees that had to be displayed at the entrance of the church or inside the sacristy. These tables registered also payments due for marriages, christenings, and, in some countries such as England, for the <a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women" title="Churching of women">churching of women</a>. The promulgation of tables of fees continues today in most of the Christian countries where there is an organized church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_burials">Protestant burials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protestant burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protestant burial services and rituals vary enormously between denominations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_funeral">Lutheran funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lutheran funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_-_International" title="Lutheran Church - International">Lutheran Church - International</a> stipulates that pastors preside over funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_funeral">Anglican funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglican funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, "Where possible the minister prepares the dying person in private, using the Preparation and Reconciliation" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a> provides a liturgy, with various parts, titled "The Burial of the Dead".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodist_funeral">Methodist funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Methodist funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methodist denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>, have funeral liturgies that emphasize "the paschal character of Christian death and connected the last rite with baptism".<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a>, in its Book of Discipline, specifies "Standing before the coffin, if the service is held in the residence, or preceding it from the entrance if the service is held in the Church", the minister recites <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#11:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 11:25</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#14:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 14:13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC2021_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC2021-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The Order for the Burial of the Dead in the Methodist <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Worship_for_Church_and_Home_(1965)" title="Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965)">Book of Worship for Church and Home</a></i> (1965) specifies that "Funeral Services of church members should be held in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a>. The casket should be placed before the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-BOW1964_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOW1964-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casket or coffin is traditionally covered with a white <a href="/wiki/Pall_(funeral)" title="Pall (funeral)">pall</a> symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a>. The official name for the liturgy in the United Methodist Church is "A Service of Death and Resurrection"; it includes the elements found in a standard liturgy celebrated on the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bradshaw2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the Entrance, Opening Prayer, <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">Old Testament Reading</a>, Psalm, New Testament Reading, Alleluia, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel Reading</a>, Sermon, Recitation of one of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">ecumenical creeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">prayers of the faithful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">offertory</a>, and celebration of the Eucharist, as well as the Commendation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commendation contains <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a>, including a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Rest" title="Eternal Rest">Eternal Rest</a> prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, "A Service of Committal" takes place in the graveyard or cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Orthodox_and_Byzantine_Catholic_burial_ritual">Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic burial ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic burial ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witte_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/220px-Witte_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/330px-Witte_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Witte_Grave.JPG/440px-Witte_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Grave of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>, an Orthodox Christian in Lazarev Cemetery.</figcaption></figure> <p>The full burial service of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> is lengthy, and there are several features unique to the Eastern Church. There are five different funeral services, depending upon the deceased's station in life: laity, children, monks, priests, and a special form served for all of the above during <a href="/wiki/Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Week</a> (Easter week). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ablutions">Ablutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ablutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an Orthodox Christian is preparing for death, the priest comes to hear the final <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> and give <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, if the dying one is conscious (<a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">Holy Unction</a> is not a part of Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>). The priest then reads the <i>Office at the Parting of the Soul from the Body</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hap_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hap-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consists of prayers and a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(hymnography)" title="Canon (hymnography)">canon</a> to encourage repentance, and help ease the soul's transition from earthly life to the hereafter. There is a special form of this service "For One who has Suffered Long". </p><p>Immediately after death, a unique memorial service, called the "First <a href="/wiki/Pannikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannikhida">Pannikhida</a>" is celebrated. After this, the <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity#Ablutions_for_the_dead" title="Ablution in Christianity">body is washed</a> and clothed for burial. Traditionally, this act of love is performed by the family and friends of the deceased (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:37" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:37</a>). </p><p>A crown (sometimes referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">phylactery</a></i>), is placed upon the dead layman's head.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consists of a strip of paper upon which the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> is written, and sometimes an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deesis</a> is printed on it as well. A small <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> or the deceased's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> is placed in the right hand; or, alternately, a cross. A <a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">prayer rope</a> may be placed in his left hand. If the deceased served in the military or held some other high office, he or she may be dressed in his or her uniform. If a man had been <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">Reader</a>, he will be vested in a <a href="/wiki/Sticharion" title="Sticharion">sticharion</a>. If he had been <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a> he will be vested in his <a href="/wiki/Sticharion" title="Sticharion">sticharion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orarion" title="Orarion">orarion</a>. A deceased <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> is vested in <a href="/wiki/Sticharion" title="Sticharion">sticharion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orarion" title="Orarion">orarion</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a> is placed in his right hand. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>'s body is prepared by one of his brethren in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. He will be clothed in his <a href="/wiki/Monastic_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic habit">monastic habit</a> and a prayer rope placed in his hands. If he was a <a href="/wiki/Stavrophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavrophore">Stavrophore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Megaloschema" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaloschema">Megaloschema</a>-monk he will be wrapped in his <a href="/wiki/Mandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandyas">mandyas</a> (cloak), from which two strips will be cut. These strips are wound around the body, so that they cross over the breast, the waist and the legs, thus symbolising not only the <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Swaddling_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaddling bands">swaddling bands</a> in which Jesus was wrapped as a baby, since the death of the body is considered to be a birth for the soul into new life.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">klobuk</a> will be placed backwards over his head so that the <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a> covers his face. Nuns are similarly arrayed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG/250px-Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG/375px-Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG/500px-Christodoulos_adieu.4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Christodoulos_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens">Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens</a> laid in his coffin. His <i><a href="/wiki/Paterissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterissa">paterissa</a></i> can be seen to the right, but the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABr" title="Aër">Aër</a> has not yet been laid over his face.</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of a deceased <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> is prepared by the clergy, and is anointed with oil. He is then clothed in his full Eucharistic <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a> (however, if he was a <a href="/wiki/Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">hieromonk</a> he will usually be clothed in his monastic habit and be vested only in his <a href="/wiki/Epitrachelion" title="Epitrachelion">epitrachelion</a> [stole] and <a href="/wiki/Epimanikia" title="Epimanikia">epimanikia</a> [cuffs]). His face is covered with an <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABr" title="Aër">Aër</a>, the liturgical <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a> with which the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Mysteries">Holy Mysteries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice (cup)">chalice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diskos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskos">paten</a>) are covered during the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. Also a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> is laid upon his breast (a similar practice was found in the West in the early Spanish <i>Ordinal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> dies, he is vested by the clergy in his full episcopal vestments, including <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>. As each vestment is placed on him, a <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a> swings the censer and reads the vesting prayers, exactly as was done for him when he served the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. After the vesting the bishop is set upright in a chair and the <a href="/wiki/Dikirion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikirion">dikirion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trikirion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikirion">trikirion</a> (candlesticks used by a bishop to bless the people) are placed in his hands as the clergy chant <i>Eis polla eti, Despota!</i> for the final time. He is then placed in his coffin. In ancient times, and still in some places, the bishop is not placed in a coffin, but remains seated in a chair, and is even buried in a sitting position. This custom was taken from the burial customs of the Byzantine Emperors. </p><p>After the clothing of the deceased, the priest sprinkles the <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> on all four sides, and the deceased is placed in the coffin. Then the wake begins immediately. Often, an Orthodox casket will have a solid lid which is removable. The lid, with a large cross on it, is often placed outside the front door of the house as a sign that the house is in mourning, and to invite all who pass by to pray for the deceased and give comfort to the bereaved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wake">Wake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Orthodox Christians the wake consists of continuous reading of the <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> aloud, interrupted only by the occasional serving of <a href="/wiki/Panikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Panikhida">Panikhidas</a> (brief memorial services). Anyone is allowed to read, and the family and friends will often take turns reading the psalms throughout the night up until it is time to take the body to the church. </p><p>If the deceased was a priest or bishop the reading is done by the higher clergy (bishops, priests and deacons) and instead of reading the Psalter, they read from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a>. If there are not enough clergy to read continuously, the laity may read the Psalter at times clergy are unavailable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conveyance_of_the_Body_to_the_Church_2">Conveyance of the Body to the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conveyance of the Body to the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a final Panikhida at the house of the deceased, the body is brought to the church in a procession headed by the cross and <a href="/wiki/Khorugv" title="Khorugv">banners</a>. The priest or deacon walks in front of the coffin with the censer. During the procession all sing the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a>. Bells may be rung during the procession, though they are not required by the <a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">rubrics</a>. </p><p>Once the procession arrives at the church, the coffin is placed either in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> or, if the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> is large enough it is placed there. Four candlestands are placed around the coffin, forming a cross. The priest censes around the coffin and begins a Panikhida. Then, the reading of the Psalter continues until the beginning of the services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_in_the_Church_2">Ceremony in the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ceremony in the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg/250px-Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg/375px-Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg/500px-Orthodox_funeral_service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Monastic funeral service for <a href="/wiki/Megaloschema" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaloschema">Schema</a>-<a href="/wiki/Archmandrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Archmandrite">Archmandrite</a> Anastasi (Popov).</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the service, upon a table close to the coffin stands a dish containing <a href="/wiki/Kolyva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolyva">kolyva</a>, made of wheat—symbolic of the grain which falling to the ground dies and brings forth much fruit (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#12:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 12:24</a>)—and honey—symbolic of the sweetness of the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Kingdom">Heavenly Kingdom</a>. A taper is placed in the kolyva and is lit during the service. </p><p>In the Orthodox funeral, the coffin is usually open in church<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (unlike the West, where it is usually closed), and the lower part of the coffin is covered with a <a href="/wiki/Pall_(casket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall (casket)">funeral pall</a>. The lid of the casket may be left outside the church door, as an invitation to all who pass by to enter and join in the funeral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divine_Liturgy_for_the_departed">Divine Liturgy for the departed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Divine Liturgy for the departed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some Slavic traditions, <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> takes place as usual, with the addition of special hymns for the departed. There are also special <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> readings for the dead, which vary according to the day of the week on which the funeral is served. There will also be a special <a href="/wiki/Ektenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ektenia">ektenia</a> (litany) for the departed, and at the end another <a href="/wiki/Panikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Panikhida">Panikhida</a> will be served around the coffin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funeral_service">Funeral service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Funeral service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The funeral will usually begin immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(liturgy)" title="Dismissal (liturgy)">dismissal</a> of the Divine Liturgy. The funeral service is called in Greek, <i><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_(Orthodox)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial service (Orthodox)">Pannychis</a></i>, meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a></i>, and it originally lasted through the entire night and into the next morning. Today, it has been considerably shortened, but it may still last around two and a half hours. </p><p>Throughout the entire service, everyone holds lighted candles, and the <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a> is swung by the deacon or priest throughout much of the service. </p><p>Because death is not defeat for a faithful Christian, the <a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a> is sung as part of the service, with special funeral verses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg/220px-OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg/330px-OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg/440px-OrthodoxCrossingCeremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cross_procession" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross procession">Cross procession</a> during the burial of an Orthodox priest in <a href="/wiki/Sretensky_Monastery_(Moscow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sretensky Monastery (Moscow)">Sretensky Monastery (Moscow)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As mentioned above, there are five different funeral services, all of which have different outlines: </p> <ul><li><b>Laymen</b>—This is the most common form of funeral; it is used for all adult members of the laity and for lower clergy and deacons. It is the form detailed below.</li> <li><b>Children</b>—Because young children are generally not held to be morally responsible for their sins, the funeral for a child has none of the usual penitential elements, or prayers for the forgiveness of the sins of the deceased.</li> <li><b>Monks</b>—The burial of monks and nuns differs in a number of respects, most noticeably that there is no <a href="/wiki/Canon_(hymnography)" title="Canon (hymnography)">canon</a>, but rather special <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a> are chanted in all the <a href="/wiki/Eight_tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight tones">eight tones</a> in succession, as if recalling the monastic's participation in the whole life of the Church. This funeral is used for all <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> monks, and for <a href="/wiki/Hierodeacon" title="Hierodeacon">hierodeacons</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">hieromonks</a> (priest-monks) are buried using the monastic ritual.</li> <li><b>Priests</b>—When bishops and priests are buried, their funeral is different from those of laymen or monks (a hieromonk may be buried either as a monk or as a priest). Because of their important role as <a href="/wiki/Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preachers">preachers</a> of the Word, the funeral for priests has numerous Gospel readings in it. These are usually read from the Gospel Book which has been placed in the coffin.</li> <li><b>Paschal</b>—Because of the joy and extraordinary grace of the <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Paschal</a> season, any funeral performed during <a href="/wiki/Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Week</a> (Easter week) is remarkably different from that served at any other time of year. In place of the mournful melodies and penitential nature of the normal funeral services, joyful paschal hymns are chanted. There is also a special paschal funeral for children.</li></ul> <p>Important features of the funeral service are as follows: </p> <dl><dt>Psalm 118</dt></dl> <p>Right at the beginning of the funeral, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_119" title="Psalm 119">Psalm 118</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> numbering; <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>: Psalm 119) is chanted. In the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> this is known as the 17th <a href="/wiki/Kathisma" title="Kathisma">Kathisma</a>, and is the longest <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalm</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The psalm is divided into three sections, called Stases, the first two of which is followed by a brief <a href="/wiki/Ektenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ektenia">Ektenia</a> (litany) for the Dead. Each verse of the Psalm is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>. The refrain at the first and third stases is "Alleluia", the refrain for the second stasis is "Have mercy upon Thy servant." The Kathisma is followed by a set of hymns called the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evlogitaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evlogitaria (page does not exist)">Evlogitaria</a></i>, which is based upon a similar <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Paschal</a> hymn chanted during the Easter season and on Sunday. Thus the themes of prayer for God's mercy and of the <a href="/wiki/General_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="General Resurrection">General Resurrection</a> are tied together. </p> <dl><dt>Kontakion</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a> of the Dead is one of the most moving portions of the service. It is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Ikhos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhos">Ikhos</a>, another hymn which follows it. During the funeral it takes place after the Sixth Ode of the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(hymnography)" title="Canon (hymnography)">Canon</a>. It is also chanted during <a href="/wiki/Panikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Panikhida">panikhidas</a> (memorial services) which are conducted both before and after the funeral: </p> <blockquote><p><b>Kontakion:</b> With the saints give rest, O Christ, to the soul of Thy servant where there is neither sickness, nor sorrow, nor sighing, but life everlasting.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p><b>Ikhos:</b> Thou alone art immortal, who hast created and fashioned man. But we are mortal formed of the earth, and unto earth shall we return, as Thou who madest me didst command and say unto us: Thou art dust, and to dust shalt thou return. Whither, also, all we mortals wend our way, making as a funeral dirge the song: Alleluia! Alleluia! Alleluia!</p></blockquote> <p>The Russian melody for this Kontakion was famously sung during the funeral scene in the movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(film)" title="Doctor Zhivago (film)">Doctor Zhivago</a></i>. </p> <dl><dt>Hymns of St. John Damascene</dt></dl> <p>After the canon, the choir chants <a href="/wiki/Stichera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichera">stichera</a> that were composed by St. <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">tradition</a>, Saint John composed these hymns to help one of the brethren in his monastery as he grieved for a family member. There are eight stichera, each composed in one of the tones of the <a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a>. These hymns are also chanted on Friday evenings and Saturday mornings throughout the year, since Saturday is a day set aside for general commemoration of the departed. </p> <dl><dt>Absolution</dt></dl> <p>At the end of the funeral service, the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual father">spiritual father</a> of the deceased will read the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Absolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Absolution">Prayer of Absolution</a>, which is printed on a separate piece of paper. After the prayer, he will roll the paper up and place it in the deceased's hand. </p> <dl><dt>Last kiss</dt></dl> <p>Symbolic farewell is taken of the deceased by a "last kiss", during which the faithful come forward and give a last <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">kiss of peace</a> to the departed. Though traditions vary, often they will kiss the phylactory on the deceased's forehead and the icon or cross in his hand. During this time, the choir chants moving hymns which are intended to assist the mourners as they work through their grief and love for the deceased. </p> <dl><dt>Memory Eternal</dt></dl> <p>After the last kiss, the choir chants, "<a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a>" (Slavonic: <i>Vyechnaya pamyat</i>) three times, to a slow and solemn melody. If the deceased has a <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shroud</a>, it is pulled over the face of the deceased. Finally, the coffin is closed. In some traditions, the priest will sprinkle a little earth on the remains, in the shape of a cross, before closing the coffin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony_at_the_graveside">Ceremony at the graveside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ceremony at the graveside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg/220px-Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg/330px-Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg/440px-Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>An Orthodox priest being carried to the cemetery on the shoulders of his brother priests.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Crucession" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucession">procession</a> forms, with the cross and <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banners</a> going from the church to the cemetery. This procession is similar to the one during which the body was taken to the church. If the deceased is a priest, instead of singing the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a>, the clergy chant the <a href="/wiki/Irmos" title="Irmos">Irmoi</a> of the "Great Canon" written by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Crete" title="Andrew of Crete">St. Andrew of Crete</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Tolling of bells</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a></div> <p>During the procession, the bells are tolled. In the Russian tradition, the funeral toll is called <i>Perebor</i>. Each individual bell is struck once, from the smallest to the largest, in a slow, steady peal. After that, all of the bells are struck together at the same time. Striking the bells from the smallest to the largest symbolizes the stages of a person's life from birth to death; the final striking of all the bells together symbolizes the end of this earthly life. </p> <dl><dt>Committal</dt></dl> <p>Upon arriving at the grave, the Panikhida is again chanted. </p><p>The coffin may be sealed with nails. Traditionally there are four nails, reminiscent of the nails with which Christ was affixed to the Cross. </p><p>As the body is lowered into the grave, the choir chants: </p> <blockquote><p>Open wide, O earth, and receive him (her) that was fashioned from thee by the hand of God aforetime, and who returneth again unto Thee that gave him (her) birth. That which was made according to his image the Creator hath received unto himself; do thou receive back that which is thine own.</p></blockquote> <p>Then the priest takes a shovelful of dirt and makes the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign of the Cross">Sign of the Cross</a> with it in the grave, saying: </p> <blockquote><p>The earth is the Lord's and the fullness thereof.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop-Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bishop-Syria.jpg/220px-Bishop-Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bishop-Syria.jpg/330px-Bishop-Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bishop-Syria.jpg/440px-Bishop-Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Syrian bishop seated in state at his funeral (ca. 1945).</figcaption></figure> <p>If the deceased received the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mystery">Sacred Mystery</a> (Sacrament) of <a href="/wiki/Unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Unction">Unction</a>, the priest will pour some of the consecrated oil on the coffin (in some places, this is done at the funeral, immediately before the coffin is closed). The priest then pours the ashes from the censer into the open grave, after which the family and friends fill in the grave as the choir chants hymns. </p><p>Orthodox Christians are buried facing east; that is to say, with their feet to the east. When a cross is placed at the grave, it is not normally placed at the head of the grave, but at the foot, so that as the faithful stand at the grave and pray facing the cross, they will be facing east, in the traditional Orthodox manner. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> era, bishops were buried sitting upright in a chair, a practice that is still observed in some places. After the remains were lowered into the ground, the bishop's <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a> would be removed, and his monastic <a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">klobuk</a> placed on his head so that the <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a> covered his face. </p><p>In the Orthodox Church, it is only permitted to celebrate a funeral for a person who is a member of the Orthodox Church in good standing. Generally speaking, funerals are not permitted for persons who have committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, or who will be voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>. In cases where the local authorities impose cremation, such as for reasons of public health, this is no obstacle to an Orthodox funeral. For those persons for whom a funeral is not allowed, the most that may be done is the chanting of the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> as the body is being carried to the cemetery. </p><p>The Orthodox burial rite is discussed in several sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Hap_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hap-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mourning_period">Mourning period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mourning period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodox Christians do not consider death to be an end, but a beginning. However, sorrow at the separation from a loved one is natural to the human condition. In Orthodox theology, Jesus' weeping for his friend <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a> is understood as a manifestation of the fullness of his humanity (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#11:35" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 11:35</a>). But Christians are taught not to grieve "even as others which have no hope" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Thessalonians#4:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 4:13</a>). In the light of the Resurrection, the death of a believer is not considered to be a tragedy but a triumph. Both the funeral and the memorial services feature the singing of "<a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a>" many times. </p><p>The first traditional mourning period of Orthodox Christians lasts for forty days. During this period, certain days are considered to have special significance: the third day (on which the funeral is usually held), the ninth day, and the fortieth day. Of these three days, the fortieth is the most important, because it is believed that on that day the soul undergoes the <a href="/wiki/Particular_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Judgment">Particular Judgment</a>, which will determine the state of the soul until its reunification with the <a href="/wiki/Glorified_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorified body">glorified body</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>. </p><p>For close relatives, the mourning period usually lasts for a year. During this period <a href="/wiki/Panikhida" class="mw-redirect" title="Panikhida">Panikhidas</a> (memorial services) are served to pray for the repose of the soul of the deceased and to comfort their loved ones. </p><p>Normally, after forty days, memorials are taking place at three months, six months, nine months (terms corresponding to the Holy Trinity), at a year and in each subsequent year on the anniversary of death, for seven years in a row. It is a common practice for the friends and family to request a memorial at least on the deceased's anniversary of death. The first anniversary is almost universally celebrated, and many families will continue to request annual memorials on every anniversary of death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offerings">Offerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is customary for <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">almsgiving</a> to be done in the name of a departed person. This not only honors their memory, but is believed to also be of spiritual benefit to them. </p><p>The departed are also commemorated regularly during the <a href="/wiki/Proskomedie" class="mw-redirect" title="Proskomedie">Proskomedie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. The name of the departed is given to the priest, who then removes a particle of bread from the <a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">prosphoron</a> (loaf of bread) offered for the Liturgy. In the Russian usage, there is a separate prosphoron for the departed, from which these memorial particles are taken. After the <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a>, these particles are placed in the <a href="/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice (cup)">chalice</a>, and the church teaches that the departed benefit spiritually from this action more than any other on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecration_of_a_Cemetery">Consecration of a Cemetery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consecration of a Cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Orthodox Church there is a ritual for the "Consecration of a Cemetery", found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Slavonic</a>: <i>Trebnik</i>). A large cross is erected in the center of the cemetery. The ritual begins with the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Blessing_of_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Blessing of Waters">Lesser Blessing of Waters</a>. Then the cross and the entire property are consecrated with prayers, incense and the sprinkling of holy water. </p><p>Persons for whom a funeral service may not be chanted (see paragraphs above) may not be buried in a consecrated cemetery without the blessing of the local bishop. </p><p>If it is not possible to bury an Orthodox Christian in a consecrated cemetery, the individual grave may be consecrated, using the rite called the "Blessing of a Grave".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_confraternities">Burial confraternities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Burial confraternities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even from the period of the catacombs such associations seem to have existed among the Christians and they no doubt imitated to some extent in their organization the pagan collegia for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Middle Ages the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> to a very large extent were burial confraternities; at any rate the seemly carrying out of the funeral rites at the death of any of their members together with a provision of Masses for his soul form an almost invariable feature in the constitutions of such guilds.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But still more directly to the purpose we find certain organizations formed to carry out the burial of the dead and friendless as a work of charity. The most celebrated of these was the "Misericordia" of Florence, believed to have been instituted in 1244 by Pier Bossi, and surviving to the present day. It is an organization which associates in this work of mercy the members of all ranks of society. Their self-imposed task is not limited to escorting the dead to their last resting-place, but they discharge the functions of an ambulance corps, dealing with accidents as they occur and carrying the sick to the hospitals. When on duty until recently the members wore a hood which completely disguised them.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>De Corona</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a></i> [P.L.], II, 92, 795); cf. Minucius Felix, <i>Octavius</i>, xi (P.L., III, 266)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.xi.lv.html"><i>De Animâ</i>, LV</a>; <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_civitate_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="De civitate Dei">De civitate Dei</a></i>, I, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thurston, Herbert (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03071a.htm">"Christian Burial"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. III. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Burial&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03071a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> 1:21; 12:12; <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> 38:16; <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 12:39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devlin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devlin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devlin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devlin_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin1908" class="citation cs2">Devlin, William (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04481c.htm">"Cremation"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. IV, New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cremation&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04481c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Marcus Minucius Felix</a>, <i>Octavius</i> (P.L., III, 362)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boniface VIII, <i>Extrav. Comm.</i>, Lib. III, Tit. vi, c. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1840" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1840), <i>Ancient Laws and Institutes of England</i>, London: George E. Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode, p. 448</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Laws+and+Institutes+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=George+E.+Eyre+and+Andrew+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magistretti, <i>Manuale Ambrosianum</i>, Milan, 1905, I, 67 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magistretti, ib., I, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston" class="citation cs2">Thurston, Herbert, <i>Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln</i>, p. 219</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+St.+Hugh+of+Lincoln&rft.pages=219&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildebert of Tours, <i>Sermones</i> (P.L., CLXXI, 896)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillaume Durand, <i>Rationale divinorum officiorum</i>, VII, 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2011" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Martin (2011). <i>The Oxford Handbok of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology</i>. pp. 280–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbok+of+Anglo-Saxon+Archaeology&rft.pages=280-81&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Ceriani" title="Antonio Maria Ceriani">Antonio Maria Ceriani</a>, <i>Circa obligationem Officii Defunctorum</i>, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalhofer1912" class="citation cs2">Thalhofer, Valentin (1912), <i>Handbuch der Katholischen Liturgik, etc.</i>, vol. II, Freiburg, p. 529, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000IUXNYM">B000IUXNYM</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Katholischen+Liturgik%2C+etc.&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pages=529&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000IUXNYM%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Thalhofer&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Alfred Nothum, <i>La rémunération du travail inhérent aux fonctions spirituelles et la simonie de droit divin</i>, Roma, Libreria Editrice dell'Università Gregoriana, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas W. Laqueur, <i>The Work of the Dead. A cultural history of mortal remains</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2015, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/2dd65e00-9688-4351-8bdc-a3bf83abb8e9/downloads/CONSTITUTION%20AND%20BY-LAWS%20(amended%202022)%20(1).pdf?ver=1712329440735"><i>The Constitution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_-_International" title="Lutheran Church - International">Lutheran Church - International</a>. 2022. p. 2-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church+-+International&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimg1.wsimg.com%2Fblobby%2Fgo%2F2dd65e00-9688-4351-8bdc-a3bf83abb8e9%2Fdownloads%2FCONSTITUTION%2520AND%2520BY-LAWS%2520%28amended%25202022%29%2520%281%29.pdf%3Fver%3D1712329440735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/death-and-dying/funeral">"Funeral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of England">The Church of England</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funeral&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fdeath-and-dying%2Ffuneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcp2019.anglicanchurch.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/35-Burial-of-the-Dead.pdf"><i>The Burial of the Dead</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burial+of+the+Dead&rft.pub=Anglican+Church+in+North+America&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcp2019.anglicanchurch.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2F35-Burial-of-the-Dead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradshaw2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw2013_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw2013_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, Paul F. (2013). <i>New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship</i>. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0334049326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0334049326"><bdi>978-0334049326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+SCM+Dictionary+of+Liturgy+and+Worship&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Hymns+Ancient+and+Modern+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0334049326&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC2021-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC2021_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Methodist Protestant Discipine</i>. Board of Publication, The Methodist Protestant Church. 2020. p. 109-115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Protestant+Discipine&rft.pages=109-115&rft.pub=Board+of+Publication%2C+The+Methodist+Protestant+Church&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOW1964-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOW1964_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ"><i>The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church</i></a>. Methodist Publishing House. 1964. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Worship+for+Church+and+Home%3A+With+Orders+of+Worship%2C+Services+for+the+Administration+of+the+Sacraments+and+Other+Aids+to+Worship+According+to+the+Usages+of+the+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkw6vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/a-service-of-death-and-resurrection">"A Service of Death and Resurrection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discipleship_Ministries" title="Discipleship Ministries">Discipleship Ministries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Service+of+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.pub=Discipleship+Ministries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fresources%2Fa-service-of-death-and-resurrection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (2016). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1532606014" title="Special:BookSources/978-1532606014"><bdi>978-1532606014</bdi></a>. <q>Specific prayers, including commendations ("we entrust him/her to your boundless love and eternal care"), are a part of ministry following death. The funeral "Service of Death and Resurrection" includes remembrance of the deceased in the Eucharistic prayer—ending with the words "to all these, grant your peace. Let perpetual light shine upon them." The commendation asks God to "receive N. into the arms of your mercy. Raise N. up with all your people." The committal requests that God "grant N. entrance into your light and joy" or to "receive...your servant N., and grant that [he/she] increase in knowledge and love of you." One prayer suggests a gradual process of purification and growth after death—"fulfill in N. your purpose that reaches beyond time and death. Lead N. from strength to strength, and fit N. .for love and service in your Kingdom."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1532606014&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/a-service-of-committal">"A Service of Committal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discipleship_Ministries" title="Discipleship Ministries">Discipleship Ministries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Service+of+Committal&rft.pub=Discipleship+Ministries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fresources%2Fa-service-of-committal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hap-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hap_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hap_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHapgood1922" class="citation cs2">Hapgood, Isabel (1922), <i>Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (2nd Edition)</i>, Englewood, N.J.: Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, pp. 360, ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Book+of+the+Holy+Orthodox-Catholic+Apostolic+Church+%282nd+Edition%29&rft.place=Englewood%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=360%2C+ff&rft.pub=Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hapgood&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Nun_of_the_Orthodox_Church" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">A Nun of the Orthodox Church, "Let's Talk About Death", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/death_talk.aspx"><i>The Shepherd</i></a>, vol. XVI, No. 2 (November, 1995), pp. 2–4, 24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Talk+About+Death&rft.btitle=The+Shepherd&rft.pages=2-4%2C+24&rft.au=A+Nun+of+the+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fdeath%2Fdeath_talk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">"A Question About Open Coffins", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/opencoffins.aspx"><i>The Shepherd</i></a>, vol. XVI, No. 9 (June, 1996), pp. 6–7, 13–16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Question+About+Open+Coffins&rft.btitle=The+Shepherd&rft.pages=6-7%2C+13-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fdeath%2Fopencoffins.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoar1647" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Goar" title="Jacques Goar">Goar, Jacques</a> (1647), <i>Euchologion sive Rituale Graecorum complectens ritus et ordines divinae liturgiae</i>, Paris, pp. 423 sqq</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euchologion+sive+Rituale+Graecorum+complectens+ritus+et+ordines+divinae+liturgiae&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=423+sqq&rft.date=1647&rft.aulast=Goar&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al. Dmitrieoski (1895–1901), Kiev</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, <i>Dialogues</i> IV: 57, 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeraphim_(Rose)1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_Rose" title="Seraphim Rose">Seraphim (Rose), Hieromonk</a> (1980), <i>The Soul After Death</i>, Platina, Calif.: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood (published 1995), pp. 190–193, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/093863514X" title="Special:BookSources/093863514X"><bdi>093863514X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+After+Death&rft.place=Platina%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=190-193&rft.pub=Saint+Herman+of+Alaska+Brotherhood&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=093863514X&rft.aulast=Seraphim+%28Rose%29&rft.aufirst=Hieromonk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusneb.ru/">"НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека"</a>. <i>rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rusneb.ru+-+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%AD%D0%91+-+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusneb.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+burial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/death_talk.aspx">Let's Talk About Death</a> by a Nun of the Orthodox Church</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://singaporefuneralservice.sg/christian-funeral-services">Christian Funeral Rituals</a> by Funeral Services Singapore</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&oldid=1255306897">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&oldid=1255306897</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_worship_and_liturgy" title="Category:Christian worship and liturgy">Christian worship and liturgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Death customs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_and_death" title="Category:Christianity and death">Christianity and death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacramentals" title="Category:Sacramentals">Sacramentals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_without_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_without_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 06:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_burial&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-cdgvc","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.367","walltime":"0.490","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2292,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":40857,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1081,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85441,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 348.876 1 -total"," 26.95% 94.025 1 Template:Catholic"," 19.17% 66.895 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.55% 36.813 2 Template:Pagetype"," 10.12% 35.305 9 Template:Citation"," 9.86% 34.412 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.33% 29.075 1 Template:Fix"," 7.88% 27.506 5 Template:Main"," 7.50% 26.166 7 Template:Cite_book"," 5.71% 19.922 2 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.187","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6477121,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-5cd8865b95-vg8lg","timestamp":"20241126170433","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christian burial","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_burial","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q780261","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q780261","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-07T12:14:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T06:42:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Ascension-Parish-Burial-Ground-Cambridge.jpg","headline":"Funeral in Christian traditions"}</script> </body> </html>