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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Independence of the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uprisings_and_agrarian_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprisings_and_agrarian_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Uprisings and agrarian reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprisings_and_agrarian_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>List of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quezon_administration_(1935–1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quezon_administration_(1935–1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Quezon administration (1935–1944)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quezon_administration_(1935–1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmeña_administration_(1944–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmeña_administration_(1944–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Osmeña administration (1944–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmeña_administration_(1944–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roxas_administration_(May_28,_1946_–_July_4,_1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roxas_administration_(May_28,_1946_–_July_4,_1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Roxas administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roxas_administration_(May_28,_1946_–_July_4,_1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Commonwealth of the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كومنولث الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كومنولث الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunid%C3%A1_Filipina" title="Mancomunidá Filipina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mancomunidá Filipina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_spole%C4%8Denstv%C3%AD" title="Filipínské společenství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filipínské společenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunidad_de_Filipinas" title="Mancomunidad de Filipinas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mancomunidad de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_der_Philippinen" title="Commonwealth der Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commonwealth der Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunidad_Filipina" title="Mancomunidad Filipina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mancomunidad Filipina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina_Komunumo" title="Filipina Komunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipina Komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinetako_Mankomunitatea" title="Filipinetako Mankomunitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipinetako Mankomunitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" title="فیلیپین مشترک‌المنافع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپین مشترک‌المنافع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_des_Philippines" title="Commonwealth des Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commonwealth des Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancomunidade_Filipina" title="Mancomunidade Filipina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mancomunidade Filipina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="필리핀 자치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀 자치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankomunidad_ti_Filipinas" title="Mankomunidad ti Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mankomunidad ti Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persemakmuran_Filipina" title="Persemakmuran Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persemakmuran Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_delle_Filippine" title="Commonwealth delle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commonwealth delle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="חבר העמים הפיליפיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבר העמים הפיליפיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortio_Insularum_Philippinarum" title="Consortio Insularum Philippinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consortio Insularum Philippinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komanwel_Filipina" title="Komanwel Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komanwel Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenebest_van_de_Filipijnen" title="Gemenebest van de Filipijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemenebest van de Filipijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="フィリピン・コモンウェルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン・コモンウェルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Filipin" title="Wspólnota Filipin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota Filipin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_das_Filipinas" title="Comunidade das Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade das Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Содружество Филиппины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Содружество Филиппины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth of the Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Филипински комонвелт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филипински комонвелт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinien_yhteis%C3%B6" title="Filippiinien yhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinien yhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinska_samv%C3%A4ldet" title="Filippinska samväldet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filippinska samväldet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Commonwealth of the Philippines</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mancomunidad de Filipinas</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a>)</span> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Komonwelt ng Pilipinas</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>)</span> <br /></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1935–1942<br />1942–1945: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">Government-in-exile</a><br />1945–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines_(1936%E2%80%931985,_1986%E2%80%931998).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Philippine Commonwealth"><img alt="Flag of Philippine Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1912-1959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag of the United States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a><br />(1935–1946)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_(1935%E2%80%931940,_1941%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Philippine Commonwealth"><img alt="Coat of arms of Philippine Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281935%E2%80%931940%2C_1941%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">The Philippine Hymn</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="PhilippinesHymn.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/PhilippinesHymn.ogg/PhilippinesHymn.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/PhilippinesHymn.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippinesHymn.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippinesHymn.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippinesHymn.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State,_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1939 map of the Philippines"><img alt="1939 map of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg/250px-The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg/375px-The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg/500px-The_Republic_of_the_Philippines_-_land_tenancy_-_Department_of_State%2C_Map_Division_-_btv1b53196965g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8300" data-file-height="11796" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">1939 map of the Philippines</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">Unincorporated and organized</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a> (1935‍–‍1946)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">Government-in-exile</a> (1942‍–‍1945)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&params=14_35_45_N_120_58_38_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°35′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°58′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.59583°N 120.97722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.59583; 120.97722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_provision_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages_provision-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OLs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a><sup id="cite_ref-EO134_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">None official</a> <p><b>Majority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestantism</a>) </p> <b>Minority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolved</a> presidential <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> within a federal republic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">High Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1935–1937 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1937–1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1939–1942 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowes_Sayre_Sr." title="Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.">Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1942–1945 (in exile) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1935–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1944–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1935–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a> (1935‍–‍1941)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> (1945‍–‍1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a><br />(1945–1946)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a><br />(1945–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1935</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">Government-in-exile</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 12, 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Restoration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 27, 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">₱</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+08:00</span> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">PST</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281919%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands"><b>1935:</b><br />Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic"><b>1945:</b><br />Second Philippine Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Commission" title="Philippine Executive Commission"><b>1942:</b><br />Philippine Executive Commission</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Philippine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Philippine Republic"><b>1946:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">Third Philippine</span><br />Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Os%C3%ADas" title="Camilo Osías">Camilo Osías</a> was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases#Background" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a> article for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941, and February 27, 1945. Temporary capitals were <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a> from December 24, 1941;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a> from February 22, 1942;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a> from February 26;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago,_Negros_Occidental" title="Bago, Negros Occidental">Buenos Aires, Bago</a> from February 27;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroquieta" title="Oroquieta">Oroquieta</a> from March 19;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a> from March 23;</li> <li>Government-in-exile in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, in April;</li> <li>Government-in-exile in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a> from October 20, 1944.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later replaced by or redesignated as <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> as the national language.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Commonwealth of the Philippines</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Mancomunidad de Filipinas</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-PML_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PML-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <i lang="tl">Komonwelt ng Pilipinas</i><sup id="cite_ref-filname_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filname-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InaugurationDate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaide1994319_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaide1994319-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199339_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199339-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>, was at first unicameral but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> – the language of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">national language</a>, although it would be many years before its usage became general. <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> was adopted, and the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">economy</a> recovered to its pre-<a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. A <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">period of exile</a> took place during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> from 1942 to 1945, when <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japan occupied the Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>On July 4, 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the Philippines attained <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">full sovereignty</a> as provided for in Article XVIII of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#The_1935_Constitution" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1935 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_1935_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const_1935-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth",<sup id="cite_ref-Philippine_Commonwealth_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippine_Commonwealth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply as "the Commonwealth". Its official name in Spanish, the other of the Commonwealth's two official languages, was <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Commonwealth de Filipinas</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[filiˈpinas]</a></span>). The 1935 Constitution uses "the Philippines" as the country's short-form name throughout its provisions and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_1935_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const_1935-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> (1901–1935), both terms were used officially.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, Tagalog was declared to be the basis of a national language,<sup id="cite_ref-EO134_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effective after two years. The country's official name translated into Tagalog would be <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[pɪlɪˈpinas]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#Commonwealth" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines § Commonwealth</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Manuel_Quezon_LCCN2011647833_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="5517" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel Luis Quezon</a> of the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth,_23_March_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/220px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/330px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg/440px-Signing_the_Constitution_of_the_Philippine_Commonwealth%2C_23_March_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i>March 23, 1935</i>: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: <a href="/wiki/George_H._Dern" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Dern">George H. Dern</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Hawes%E2%80%93Cutting_Act" title="Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act">Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act</a> with the premise of granting <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> independence. Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it reached him for a possible signature, President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill, however, was opposed by then-Philippine Senate President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> and was also rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Senate">Philippine Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199338–39_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199338–39-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to the creation and passing of the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Constitutional Convention was convened in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on March 25, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaide1994317–318_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaide1994317–318-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 16, 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InaugurationDate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">presidential elections</a> were held. Candidates included former president <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Aglipay" title="Gregorio Aglipay">Gregorio Aglipay</a>, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila)">Legislative Building</a> in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InaugurationDate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war">Pre-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg/266px-Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg/399px-Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg/532px-Jones_Bridge_Manila_1930%27s_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Manila circa 1936-1939.</figcaption></figure> <p>The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence.<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included national defense (such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1935" title="National Defense Act of 1935">National Defense Act of 1935</a>, which organized a <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for service in the country), greater control over the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">economy</a>, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, the improvement of transportation, the promotion of local capital, and industrialization. </p><p>However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a>, and in the economy due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest and power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon,<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A proper evaluation of the policies'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what policy? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> effectiveness or failure is difficult due to the Japanese invasion and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">occupation</a> during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Military history of the Philippines during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of <span class="fn org label">the Philippines</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Historically documented states/polities</b> <p><i>(north to south)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Events/Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><b>Events</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Artifacts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Contemporary period</a> (1986–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">2000 campaign against the MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2nd People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a 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state leaders in the Philippines">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">Queen consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_of_agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Emergence of agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="List of conflicts in the Philippines">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Filipino_diet_and_health" title="Ancient Filipino diet and health">Diet and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of medicine in the Philippines">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> launched a surprise <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1942)">attack on the Philippines</a> on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a> into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Forces Far East">U.S. Army Forces Far East</a>, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a> to prevent its destruction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970390_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970390-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970392_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970392-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Bataan Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Corregidor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a> until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacsamana1990168_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacsamana1990168-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg/220px-Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg/330px-Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg/440px-Quezon_Roosevelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> visiting <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in Washington, D.C., while in exile</figcaption></figure> <p>Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the <a href="/wiki/Omni_Shoreham_Hotel" title="Omni Shoreham Hotel">Shoreham Hotel</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970415_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncilloGuerrero1970415-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This government participated in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_Council" title="Pacific War Council">Pacific War Council</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon1998p295_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon1998p295-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main general headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a> (PCA), located on the military station in <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a>, was closed down on December 24, 1941. It was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Forces when they occupied the city on January 2, 1942. Elsewhere in the country, other military posts of the PCA in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> engaged in military action against the Japanese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>, headed by President <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Resistance to the Japanese occupation</a> continued in the Philippines. This included the <i><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></i> ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they attacked both the Japanese and other non-Huk guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remnants of the Philippine Army, as well as unsurrendered Americans, also successfully fought the Japanese through <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts eventually liberated all but 12 of the 48 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199340–41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>'s army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-US-influence_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious landing">amphibious landings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> was placed on active service with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a> and re-established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">Allied liberation</a> and the post–World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199341_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199341-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">war in the Philippines</a>, the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946, with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> winning as the first president of the independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> winning as vice president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_the_Philippines">Independence of the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence of the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Independence Day (Philippines)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Republic Day (Philippines)</a></div> <p>The Commonwealth ended when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">U.S. recognized Philippine independence on</a> July 4, 1946, as scheduled.<sup id="cite_ref-pinas_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinas-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199343_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199343-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due to the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act" title="Bell Trade Act">Bell Trade Act</a>, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-beterano_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beterano-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprisings_and_agrarian_reform">Uprisings and agrarian reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uprisings and agrarian reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Land reform in the Philippines">Land reform in the Philippines</a></div> <p>During the Commonwealth period, <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An example of these clashes includes one initiated by <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Ramos" title="Benigno Ramos">Benigno Ramos</a> through his <i><a href="/wiki/Sakdalista" title="Sakdalista">Sakdalista</a></i> movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986140_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986140-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or <i><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a></i>, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_language">National language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the 1935 constitution, the commonwealth had two official languages: English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-official_languages_provision_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official_languages_provision-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OLs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the diverse number of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>, a provision calling for the "<i>development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects</i>" was drafted into the 1935 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, the national assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 184, creating the <i><a href="/wiki/Surian_ng_Wikang_Pambansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Surian ng Wikang Pambansa">Surián ng Wikang Pambansà</a></i> (National Language Institute). This body was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of the Philippines">ethnic groups</a>. In 1937, after deliberations, the body selected <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> as the basis for the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was made official on December 30, 1937, in an executive order which became effective two years after issuance.<sup id="cite_ref-EO134_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, the government authorized the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> to become an official language upon independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber.<sup id="cite_ref-filipinas_library_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filipinas_library-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay" title="Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> (with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-filipinas_library_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filipinas_library-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303; of these 15.7 million were counted as "<a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a>", 141.8 thousand as "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow race">Yellow</a>", 50.5 thousand as "<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed</a>", 29.1 thousand as "<a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negro</a>", 19.3 thousand as "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>", and under 1 thousand "Other".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000; there were 117,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Chinese">Chinese</a>, 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Japanese_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Japanese descent">Japanese</a>, and 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_American_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of American descent">Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was spoken by 26.3% of the population, according to the 1939 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s, became a language for the elite and in government; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocesLunaArcilla1986338-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: 4,620,685</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: 3,068,565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: 2,353,518</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>: 1,951,005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waray-Waray language">Waray</a>: 920,009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>: 621,455</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>: 573,752</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective after independence until 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was self-governing<sup id="cite_ref-Const_1935_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const_1935-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and the currency system had to be approved by the United States president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeekins199339_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeekins199339-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite maintaining ultimate sovereignty, in some ways the US Government treated the Commonwealth as a sovereign state, and the Philippines sometimes acted in a state capacity in international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, a unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayden1942_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayden1942-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioners_from_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioners from the Philippines">Resident Commissioner</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> does today). An American <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Philippines">High Commissioner</a> and an American <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Military_Advisor_to_the_Commonwealth_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines">Military Advisor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pinas_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinas-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(Philippines)" title="Field Marshal (Philippines)">Field Marshal of the Philippines</a>. After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military. </p><p>During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Congress">Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_news_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_news-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of a Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_news_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_news-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of a <a href="/wiki/Philippine_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_news_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_news-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was restored, replacing the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_news_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_news-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each president at Election Day. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#cccccc"> <th># </th> <th colspan="2">President </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th width="20%">Party </th> <th>Vice President </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#98fb98"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">November 15, 1935 </td> <td rowspan="2">August 1, 1944<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalista Party (Philippines)">Nacionalista</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#98fb98"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> </td> <td>August 1, 1944 </td> <td>May 28, 1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalista Party (Philippines)">Nacionalista</a> </td> <td><i>vacant</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#f0e68c"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> </td> <td>May 28, 1946 </td> <td>July 4, 1946<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">3</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quezon_administration_(1935–1944)"><span id="Quezon_administration_.281935.E2.80.931944.29"></span>Quezon administration (1935–1944)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quezon administration (1935–1944)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935 Quezon won the Philippines' <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_general_election" title="1935 Philippine general election">first national presidential election</a> under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Aglipay" title="Gregorio Aglipay">Gregorio Aglipay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quezon was inaugurated on November 15, 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is recognized as the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">Malolos Republic</a> in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a> filed a bill seeking instead to declare General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> as the second Philippine President, who took control over all Filipino forces after American soldiers captured President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941 presidential elections</a>, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sumulong" title="Juan Sumulong">Juan Sumulong</a> with nearly 82% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Philippines">High Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a>, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish refugees">Jewish refugees</a> fleeing <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_President_Manuel_Luis_Quezon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of President Quezon and his wife Aurora at Museo ni Quezon, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Japanese invasion of the Philippines</a> began with an <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">invasion of Batan Island</a> on December 8, 1941. When advancing Japanese forces threatened Manila, President Quezon, other senior officials of the Commonwealth government, and senior American military commanders relocated to <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor island</a>, and Manila was declared an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a>. On February 20, Quezon, his family, and senior officials of the Commonwealth government were evacuated from the island by submarine on the first leg of what came to be a relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth government in exile</a> to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon1998p295_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon1998p295-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quezon suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and spent his last years in a "<a href="/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake">cure cottage</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York" title="Saranac Lake, New York">Saranac Lake</a>, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was initially buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>. His body was later carried by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CV-37)" title="USS Princeton (CV-37)">USS <i>Princeton</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and re-interred in Manila at the <a href="/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a> in 1979, his remains were moved to <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> within the monument at the <a href="/wiki/Quezon_Memorial_Circle" title="Quezon Memorial Circle">Quezon Memorial Circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmeña_administration_(1944–1946)"><span id="Osme.C3.B1a_administration_.281944.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Osmeña administration (1944–1946)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Osmeña administration (1944–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg/130px-Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg/195px-Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg/260px-Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a>, president from 1944 to 1946 </figcaption></figure> <p>Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the Philippines the same year with General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and the liberation forces.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roxas_administration_(May_28,_1946_–_July_4,_1946)"><span id="Roxas_administration_.28May_28.2C_1946_.E2.80.93_July_4.2C_1946.29"></span>Roxas administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roxas administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg/130px-Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg/195px-Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg/260px-Manuel_Roxas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Manuel Roxas, last president of the Commonwealth</figcaption></figure> <p>Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino" title="José Avelino">José Avelino</a> as the Senate President and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eugenio Pérez">Eugenio Pérez</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives Speaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the <a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">joint session</a> of the Congress to deliver his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">state of the nation address</a>. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines were set to face and reported on his special trip to the U.S. – the approval for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, he reappeared in another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946, regarding the Philippine lands. They are the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Philippine Rehabilitation Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act" title="Bell Trade Act">Philippine Trade Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political history of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law (Philippines)</a> Philippines Organic Act (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935">Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Hawes%E2%80%93Cutting_Act" title="Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act">Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act</a> (1932)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a> of 1916, which uses "Philippines" and "Philippine Islands" interchangeably.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm">Philippine Independence Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611111931/http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm">Archived</a> June 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/73/127">73–127</a>; approved on March 24, 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York" title="Saranac Lake, New York">Saranac Lake, New York</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoces2009" class="citation news cs1">Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2009/06/11/476114/celebrating-our-freedom">"Celebrating our freedom"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Celebrating+our+freedom&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.aulast=Roces&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fopinion%2F2009%2F06%2F11%2F476114%2Fcelebrating-our-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUckung2012" class="citation news cs1">Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhcp.gov.ph/music-for-the-national-soul/">"Music for the National Soul"</a>. <i>National Historical Commission of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Music+for+the+National+Soul&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Uckung&rft.aufirst=Peter+Jaynul+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhcp.gov.ph%2Fmusic-for-the-national-soul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1938/09/05/commonwealth-act-no-382/">"Commonwealth Act No. 382"</a>. <i>Official Gazette (Philippines)</i>. September 5, 1938<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+%28Philippines%29&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Act+No.+382&rft.date=1938-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1938%2F09%2F05%2Fcommonwealth-act-no-382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official_languages_provision-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_provision_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_languages_provision_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OLs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OLs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2003" class="citation book cs1">Mair, Christian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyYkxBmiA7AC&q=%22official%20language%22%20philippine%20commonwealth%20english&pg=PA480"><i>The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. <span class="nowrap">479–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0876-2"><bdi>978-90-420-0876-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+English+as+a+world+language%3A+new+horizons+in+postcolonial+cultural+studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0876-2&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxyYkxBmiA7AC%26q%3D%2522official%2520language%2522%2520philippine%2520commonwealth%2520english%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_M._Thompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Roger M. 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Presidential Museum and Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003065655/https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/6UsbO9Te3XvO5ZNBvGKXy8WMFTwT-AxSZsNiHXlcysVda9STjbmt5G0xXwTZBmM0GA">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/download/1133">the original</a> on August 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Elementary+Education&rft.atitle=Balangkas+at+Layunin+ng+Pamahalaang+Komonwelt&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrmds.deped.gov.ph%2Fdownload%2F1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InaugurationDate-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InaugurationDate_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssc.edu.ph/centennial%20website/SSC%201930-1939.htm"><i>Timeline 1930–1939</i></a>, St. Scholastica's College, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090405083845/http://www.ssc.edu.ph/centennial%20website/SSC%201930-1939.htm">archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeline+1930%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=St.+Scholastica%27s+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2520website%2FSSC%25201930-1939.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGin_Ooi2004">Gin Ooi 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=15+november&pg=PA387">387</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaide1994319-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaide1994319_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaide1994">Zaide 1994</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1935" class="citation cs2">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (November 14, 1935), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14980">"Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines"</a>, <i>The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937</i>, Santa Barbara: University of California, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101045033/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14980">archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2009</span>, <q>This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proclamation+2148+on+the+Establishment+of+the+Commonwealth+of+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency+Project%2C+the+Commonwealth+Road%2C+consecrated+on+October+23%2C+1937&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1935-11-14&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D14980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2011" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&pg=PA204"><i>Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974640-8"><bdi>978-0-19-974640-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004959/http://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430221645/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp">archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Decade+of+American+Foreign+Policy+1941%E2%80%931949+Interim+Meeting+of+Foreign+Ministers&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Yale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fdecade19.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D1EFF3D58107A93C4A8178AD95F418385F9">"The Philippine Commonwealth"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 16, 1935, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228061049/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D1EFF3D58107A93C4A8178AD95F418385F9">archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+Commonwealth&rft.date=1935-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60D1EFF3D58107A93C4A8178AD95F418385F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226203438/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/9-others/72-philippine-autonomy-act-jones-law.html"><i>Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)</i></a>, The corpus juris, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/9-others/72-philippine-autonomy-act-jones-law.html">the original</a> on February 26, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Autonomy+Act+%28Jones+Law%29&rft.pub=The+corpus+juris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2F9-others%2F72-philippine-autonomy-act-jones-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The national language was only made an official language upon independence, in 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-influence-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-influence_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23717/Philippines">"Philippines, The period of U.S. influence"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205150116/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23717/Philippines">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippines%2C+The+period+of+U.S.+influence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-23717%2FPhilippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039248/Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act">"Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044428/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039248/Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tydings-McDuffie+Act&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9073977%2FTydings-McDuffie-Act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm">"Text of the Tydings-McDuffie Act"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balitang+Beterano%3A+Facts+about+Philippine+Independence&rft.pub=Philippine+Headline+News+Online&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsflash.org%2F2004%2F02%2Ftl%2Ftl012375.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010133830/http://www.asia.msu.edu/seasia/Philippines/History/hist_AmerColony.html">"Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901–1941)"</a>. <i>Windows on Asia</i>. MSU. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0901-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0901-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&q=spanish+language+Philippine+commonwealth&pg=PA61"><i>Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027248916" title="Special:BookSources/9789027248916"><bdi>9789027248916</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=President+Roxas+on+First+State+of+the+Nation+Address%2C+June+3%2C+1946+%7C+GOVPH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F06%2F03%2Fpresident-roxas-on-first-state-of-the-nation-address-june-3-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette</a></i>, vol. 42, July 1946, pp. <span class="nowrap">1625–</span>1628</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Gazette&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1625-%3C%2Fspan%3E1628&rft.date=1946-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/06/21/message-of-president-roxas-to-the-second-congress-on-urging-ratification-of-executive-agreement-with-the-usa-june-21-1946/">"Message of President Roxas to the Second Congress on urging ratification of Executive Agreement with the USA, June 21, 1946"</a>. Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. June 21, 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092433/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/06/21/message-of-president-roxas-to-the-second-congress-on-urging-ratification-of-executive-agreement-with-the-usa-june-21-1946/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+of+President+Roxas+to+the+Second+Congress+on+urging+ratification+of+Executive+Agreement+with+the+USA%2C+June+21%2C+1946&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1946-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1946%2F06%2F21%2Fmessage-of-president-roxas-to-the-second-congress-on-urging-ratification-of-executive-agreement-with-the-usa-june-21-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cROcGAAACAAJ"><i>Philippine Legislature, 100 Years</i></a>, Philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers, 2000, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9"><bdi>971-92245-0-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Legislature%2C+100+Years&rft.pub=Philippine+Historical+Association%2C+New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=971-92245-0-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcROcGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncilloGuerrero1970" class="citation cs2">Agoncillo, Teodoro A; Guerrero, Milagros (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwMAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Filipino People</i></a>, Malaya Books<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Malaya+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A&rft.au=Guerrero%2C+Milagros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVTwMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo2001" class="citation cs2">——— (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhdxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines 1941–1945</i></a>, vol. 1, Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-274-1"><bdi>978-971-542-274-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fateful+Years%3A+Japan%27s+Adventure+in+the+Philippines+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-542-274-1&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhdxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGin_Ooi2004" class="citation cs2">Gin Ooi, Keat (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC"><i>Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Gin+Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1942" class="citation cs2">Hayden, Joseph Ralston (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOUBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Philippines, a Study in National Development</i></a>, Macmillan<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%2C+a+Study+in+National+Development&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Ralston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOUBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsamana1990" class="citation cs2">Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb53AAAACAAJ"><i>Philippine History and Government</i></a>, Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-06-1894-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-06-1894-6"><bdi>971-06-1894-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-06-1894-6&rft.aulast=Lacsamana&rft.aufirst=Leodivico+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWb53AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocesLunaArcilla1986" class="citation cs2">Roces; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr; Arcilla, Reynaldo (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TI9GHAAACAAJ"><i>RR Philippine almanac: book of facts</i></a>, Ramon Roces y Pardo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RR+Philippine+almanac%3A+book+of+facts&rft.pub=Ramon+Roces+y+Pardo&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Roces&rft.au=Luna%2C+Juan+Luis+Z+Jr&rft.au=Arcilla%2C+Reynaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTI9GHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekins1993" class="citation cs2">Seekins, Donald M. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippinescount00dola_0/page/n36">"Historical Setting"</a>, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippinescount00dola_0"><i>Philippines: A Country Study</i></a> (4th ed.), Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>63, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0748-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0748-8"><bdi>0-8444-0748-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8444-0748-8&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippinescount00dola_0%2Fpage%2Fn36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1998" class="citation cs2">Weir, Fraser (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094147/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/.index.html">"American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/.index.html"><i>A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw5.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Colony+and+Philippine+Commonwealth+1901%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=A+Centennial+History+of+Philippine+Independence%2C+1898%E2%80%931998&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ualberta.ca%2F~vmitchel%2Ffw5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1994" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M (1994), <i>The Philippines: A Unique Nation</i>, All-Nations, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-642-071-4"><bdi>971-642-071-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-Nations&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-642-071-4&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212161414/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=MCH000000004"><i>The Present Government of the Philippines</i></a> (book), Filipiniana, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=MCH000000004">the original</a> on February 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Filipiniana&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2FArtifactView.do%3FartifactID%3DMCH000000004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>, detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307051759/http://www.houseofdavid.ca/frnlus.htm"><i>Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines</i></a>, House of David, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/frnlus.htm">the original</a> on March 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+and+Divergent+Aspects+of+British+Rule+in+the+Raj%2C+French+Rule+in+Indochina%2C+Dutch+Rule+in+the+Netherlands+East+Indies+%28Indonesia%29%2C+and+American+Rule+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=House+of+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houseofdavid.ca%2Ffrnlus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/philippines/01_polity.php"><i>Philippines: Polity Style: 1897–2009</i></a>, Archontology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+Polity+Style%3A+1897%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Archontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fphilippines%2F01_polity.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028163326/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-commonwealth-of-the-philippines/"><i>The Commonwealth of the Philippines</i></a>, Government, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-commonwealth-of-the-philippines/">the original</a> on October 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fthe-commonwealth-of-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_of_the_United_States310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Zone</a>) (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subdivisions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles598" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles598" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> 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