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class="skin-default"> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_main_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1" class="views_slideshow_cycle_main views_slideshow_main"><div id="views_slideshow_cycle_teaser_section_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame views_slideshow_cycle_teaser_section"> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_0" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-1 views-row-first views-row-odd" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_0'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div id="node-286844" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/fast-24">FAST '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/fast25_logo_green_600x240_1.png" width="600" height="240" alt="FAST '25 Logo" title="FAST '25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>FAST '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>February 25–27, 2025 <br>Santa Clara, CA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast25" class="call-to-action">Register Now</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/fast-24" rel="tag" title="FAST '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about FAST '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_1" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-2 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-even" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_1'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-246408" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-marquee/srecon-americas">SREcon25 Americas</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/srecon_americas_horizontal_500.png" width="500" height="178" alt="" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>SREcon25 Americas</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>March 25–27, 2025 <br>Santa Clara, CA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/srecon25americas" class="call-to-action">Register Now</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-marquee/srecon-americas" rel="tag" title="SREcon25 Americas">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about SREcon25 Americas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_2" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-3 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-odd" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_2'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-286950" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/nsdi-24">NSDI '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/nsdi25_logo_red_500x241.png" width="500" height="241" alt="NSDI '25, April 28–30, 2025, Philadelphia, PA, USA" title="NSDI '25, April 28–30, 2025, Philadelphia, PA, USA" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>NSDI '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>April 28–30, 2025 <br>Philadelphia, PA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi25" class="call-to-action">Register Now</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/nsdi-24" rel="tag" title="NSDI '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about NSDI '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_3" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-4 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-even" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_3'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-305389" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/pepr-25">PEPR '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/pepr25_logo_wordmark_ol.png" width="500" height="208" alt="PEPR '25 Logo" title="PEPR '25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>PEPR '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>June 9–10, 2025 <br>Santa Clara, CA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/pepr25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/pepr-25" rel="tag" title="PEPR '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about PEPR '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_4" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-5 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-odd" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_4'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-301043" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/osdi-25">OSDI '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/osdi25_logo_purple_ol_510x270.png" width="510" height="270" alt="OSDI 25 Logo" title="OSDI 25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>OSDI '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>July 7–9, 2025 <br>Boston, MA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/osdi-25" rel="tag" title="OSDI '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about OSDI '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_5" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-6 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-even" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_5'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-250380" class="node node-conference-marquee node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-marquee/atc23">USENIX ATC '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/atc25_logo_wordmark_blue_500.png" width="500" height="250" alt="USENIX ATC '25 Logo" title="USENIX ATC '25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>USENIX ATC '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>July 7–9, 2025 <br>Boston, MA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-marquee/atc23" rel="tag" title="USENIX ATC '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about USENIX ATC '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_6" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-7 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-odd" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_6'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-288948" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/soups-2023">SOUPS 2025</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/soups2024_logo_2.png" width="380" height="403" alt="SOUPS 2024 Logo" title="SOUPS 2024 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>SOUPS 2025</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>August 10–12, 2025 <br>Seattle, WA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2025" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/soups-2023" rel="tag" title="SOUPS 2025">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about SOUPS 2025</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_7" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-8 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-even" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_7'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-295090" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/woot-24">WOOT '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/woot25_logo_wordmark_red_500.png" width="500" height="260" alt="WOOT '25 Logo" title="WOOT '25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>WOOT '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>August 11–12, 2025 <br>Seattle, WA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/woot-24" rel="tag" title="WOOT '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about WOOT '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_8" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-9 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-odd" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_8'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-304912" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/vehiclesec-25">VehicleSec '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/vehiclesec25_logo_wordmark_red_600x135.png" width="600" height="135" alt="VehicleSec '25 Logo" title="VehicleSec '25 Logo" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>VehicleSec '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>August 11–12, 2025 <br>Seattle, WA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/vehiclesec25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/vehiclesec-25" rel="tag" title="VehicleSec '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about VehicleSec '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_9" class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row views_slideshow_cycle_slide views_slideshow_slide views-row-10 views_slideshow_cycle_hidden views-row-last views-row-even" aria-labelledby='views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_9'> <div class="views-slideshow-cycle-main-frame-row-item views-row views-row-0 views-row-odd"> <div id="node-266271" class="node node-conference-marquee node-promoted node-teaser view-mode-teaser view-mode-teaser--node view-mode-teaser--node--conference_marquee clearfix"> <h2><a href="/conference-carousel/usenix-security-21">USENIX Security '25</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field field-name-field-cm-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><img src="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/sec25_wordmark_stacked_yellow_400x164_1.png" width="400" height="164" alt="34th USENIX Security Symposium, August 13–15, 2025, Seattle, WA, USA" title="34th USENIX Security Symposium, August 13–15, 2025, Seattle, WA, USA" /></div></div></div></div><div class="conference-marquee-col"><div class="field-pseudo-field field-pseudo-field--node-title"><h3>USENIX Security '25</h3> </div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-blurb field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><p>August 13–15, 2025 <br>Seattle, WA, USA</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cm-call-to-action field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity25" class="call-to-action">Learn More</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/conference-carousel/usenix-security-21" rel="tag" title="USENIX Security '25">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about USENIX Security '25</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-slideshow-controls-bottom clearfix"> <div id="widget_pager_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1" class="views-slideshow-pager-fields widget_pager widget_pager_bottom views_slideshow_pager_field"> <div id="views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_0" class="views-slideshow-pager-field-item views_slideshow_pager_field_item views-row-odd views-row-first" aria-controls="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_0"> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_1" class="views-slideshow-pager-field-item views_slideshow_pager_field_item views-row-even" aria-controls="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_1"> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_2" class="views-slideshow-pager-field-item views_slideshow_pager_field_item views-row-odd" aria-controls="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_2"> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_3" class="views-slideshow-pager-field-item views_slideshow_pager_field_item views-row-even" aria-controls="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_3"> </div> <div id="views_slideshow_pager_field_item_bottom_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_4" class="views-slideshow-pager-field-item views_slideshow_pager_field_item views-row-odd" aria-controls="views_slideshow_cycle_div_usenix_conference_marquee-block_1_4"> </div> <div 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