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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Victor Chaim Lavy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">ויקטור לביא</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Israeli economist and professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/">https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Victor Chaim Lavy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>:<b>ויקטור לביא</b>) is an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. His research interests include <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">economics of education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavy belongs to the most prominent education economists in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victor Lavy earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in 1974, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1977 and 1979, respectively. Since his graduation, Lavy has continuously worked at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, first as a lecturer in economics (1979–84), then as a senior lecturer (1985–89), before becoming a professor in 1990 and being made the William Haber Professor of Economics in 1997. In parallel, Lavy worked and continues to work in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, where he was a chaired professor of economics first at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a> (2006–11) and has been holding the same position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> since 2011. Additionally, Lavy has held visiting appointments at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Performance" title="Centre for Economic Performance">Centre for Economic Performance</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. </p><p>Lavy maintains a number of academic affiliations, including with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_for_Research_in_the_Economic_Analysis_of_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau for Research in the Economic Analysis of Development (page does not exist)">Bureau for Research in the Economic Analysis of Development</a> (BREAD), where he is a board member, and <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">NBER</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">CEPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Performance" title="Centre for Economic Performance">CEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics" title="IZA Institute of Labor Economics">IZA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Growth_Centre" title="International Growth Centre">IGC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he holds positions as research fellow or associate. Moreover, Lavy is member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">AEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Economic_Society" title="Royal Economic Society">Royal Economic Society</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Labor_Economists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Labor Economists (page does not exist)">Society of Labor Economists</a>. Besides his academic career, Lavy has repeatedly worked as an economist and consultant for the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as well as for <a href="/wiki/Israel_Education_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Education Ministry">Israel's Ministry of Education</a>. Finally, he also performs editorial duties at the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal: Applied Economics</a></i> (since 2016) and at <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Economics">Labour Economics</a></i> (since 2006) and has done so in the past for <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_and_Cultural_Change" title="Economic Development and Cultural Change">Economic Development and Cultural Change</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victor Lavy's research interests include <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">economics of education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/IDEAS/RePEc" class="mw-redirect" title="IDEAS/RePEc">IDEAS/RePEc</a>, Victor Lavy belongs to the top 2% of most cited economists worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Lavy's publications are co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> and typically exploit <a href="/wiki/Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">natural experiments</a> to estimate economic outcomes such as the returns to schooling. In particular, cooperations between Lavy and Angrist of that type include Lavy's highest cited article - <i>Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Children's Academic Achievement</i>, for which Lavy and Angrist received the 2nd place at the 2000 Griliches Prize for Empirical Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_economics">Development economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the mid-1990s, Lavy performed field research on health and education in several developing countries, including <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. Analysing how the quality of healthcare in Ghana affects the health of rural children, he (together with <a href="/wiki/John_Strauss" title="John Strauss">John Strauss</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan Thomas (page does not exist)">Duncan Thomas</a> and Philippe de Vreyer) finds that making birth services and other related child programmes more widely available and improving water and sanitation infrastructure would likely strongly reduce the mortality rates of children in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study in Ghana, wherein Lavy studies the effect of introducing gradually increasing school fees, he finds that the schedule of these fees affects schoolchildren's educational choices in lower grades.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Côte d'Ivoire, Lavy, Thomas and Strauss analyse the impact of economic adjustment programmes implemented in the 1980s and find that these programmes likely adversely affected the health of Ivorians by making health care services - especially immunizations - less available as well as of poorer quality and by increasing relative food prices.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Morocco, Angrist and Lavy exploit the change of Morocco's language of instruction from French to Arabic in 1983 to estimate the returns to learning French and find that the policy substantially reduced young Moroccans' returns to schooling by deteriorating their French writing skills.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Lavy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alderman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Alderman (page does not exist)">Harold Alderman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jere_R._Behrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jere R. Behrman">Jere R. Behrman</a> and Rekha Menon investigate the impact of child health (proxied by nutrition) on school enrollment and find the effect of child health to be three times as large as conventional estimates in the literature suggest when child health is taken to be exogenous instead of being the result of households' decision.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent work, Lavy, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hanushek" title="Eric Hanushek">Eric Hanushek</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohtaro_Hitomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohtaro Hitomi (page does not exist)">Kohtaro Hitomi</a> study how school quality in Egypt affects the dropout rates of students, with regard to which they find that - student ability and achievement held constant - students are much less likely to remain in school if they attend a low-quality school.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_of_education">Economics of education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economics of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1990s, the focus of Lavy's work has shifted towards the economics of education, including the study of determinants of student achievement and the evaluation of means to increase student achievement. In his most-cited study, Lavy (with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a>) uses the application of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides%27_rule" title="Maimonides' rule">Maimonides' rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish school">Jewish schools</a> to estimate the effect of class size on student achievement in a quasi-<a href="/wiki/Regression_discontinuity_design" title="Regression discontinuity design">regression discontinuity design</a> and finds that class size reductions significantly and substantially increase the student achievements of fourth and fifth graders, though not of third graders.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important educational input studied by Lavy (with Angrist) are classroom computers and their use for computer-aided instruction (in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>); however, Lavy and Angrist conclude that the introduction of computer-aided instruction didn't improve education in a way that translated into higher student test scores.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance-based_incentive_schemes_for_teachers_and_students">Performance-based incentive schemes for teachers and students</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance-based incentive schemes for teachers and students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another substantial body of Lavy's work on education economics concerns the effect of financial incentives for teachers and students on learning outcomes. With regard to performance-based incentives for teachers, Lavy finds evidence in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> that offering teachers group performance incentives is much more cost effective in terms of improving student performance than providing schools with additional conventional resources.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in an evaluation of the impact of individual cash bonuses for teachers for improving their students' performance in matriculation exams in Israel, Lavy finds them to significantly improve test attendance, conditional pass rates and mean test scores, an effect that is likely due to more appropriate teaching methods, improved after-school teaching, and teachers being more responsive to students' needs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his research on performance-based teacher pay, Lavy has offered guidelines for the implementation of corresponding schemes in education systems, including close monitoring of teachers to prevent cheating, the importance of attainable goals, the restriction of incentives to a few "winners", and the alignment of individual and school level performance incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Lavy and Angrist have also conducted research on the effect of cash incentives for students on these students' performance in matriculation exams; while they found that the incentives induced girls to devote more time to exam preparation and thereby improved their certification rates, it was completely ineffective for boys.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_and_education">Immigration and education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immigration and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lavy has also studied the emigration of Jews to Israel and the impact of their arrival on educational outcomes. For example, exploiting the sudden emigration of 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a> through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a> in 1991, Lavy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Gould&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Gould (page does not exist)">Eric Gould</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Paserman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniele Paserman (page does not exist)">Daniele Paserman</a> find that the quality of immigrants' early school environment in Israel considerably affected high school dropout and class repetition rates as well as matriculation certification rates.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study with Gould and Paserman, Lavy studies the sudden arrival of Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in Israel after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1991 and finds that the presence of immigrants negatively affected the long-term educational outcomes of natives by decreasing their matriculation certification rates.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantity-quality_trade-off_for_children">Quantity-quality trade-off for children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quantity-quality trade-off for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with Joshua Angrist and Analia Schlosser, Lavy exploits widespread parental preferences for mixed sibling compositions and ethnic differences therein in Israel to assess the relationship between household fertility and children's education; they don't find any evidence for a trade-off between quantity and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peer_effects_in_education">Peer effects in education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peer effects in education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, Lavy has studied the role of gender and ability <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peer effects</a> in education in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. With regard to gender peer effects in Israeli elementary, middle and high schools, Lavy and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analia_Schlosser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analia Schlosser (page does not exist)">Analia Schlosser</a> find that increasing the proportion of girls in a class improves male and female pupils' cognitive outcomes by decreasing classroom disruption and violence, improving inter-student and student-teacher relationships, and decreasing teachers' fatigue, though the change in composition in itself doesn't affect individual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to ability peer effects, Lavy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olmo_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmo Silva (page does not exist)">Olmo Silva</a> and Felix Weinhardt find that bad peers in English schools tend to drag down all their classmates' performance, but that good peers only benefit girls but not boys.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This result is largely replicated in Israel, where Lavy, Schlosser and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Paserman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniele Paserman (page does not exist)">Daniele Paserman</a> study the effect of the proportion of low achievers in a class on their peers and find again a negative impact of bad peers on their classmates, especially on classmates who are low achievers themselves, mostly by disrupting teachers' teaching, deteriorating inter-student and student-teacher relationships, and making violence and classroom disruptions more likely to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/">Personal webpage of Victor Lavy on the website of the University of Warwick. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.economics.huji.ac.il/people/victor-lavy">Personal webpage of Victor Lavy on the website of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.edu.html#authors">Lavy ranks 5th among the economists listed on IDEAS/RePEc in the field of education. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/people/victor_lavy">Profile of Victor Lavy at NBER. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theigc.org/person/victor-lavy/">Profile of Victor Lavy at IGC. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/victor_lavy_cv_7_2017.pdf">Curriculum vitae of Victor Lavy from the University of Warwick. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.economics.huji.ac.il/people/victor-lavy">Personal profile of Victor Lavy on the website of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html#pla111">Ranking of economists at IDEAS/RePEc. Retrieved February 20th, 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/qje/115.3.iii">"Announcement of the Winners of the Griliches Prize in Empirical Economics"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>115</b> (3): iii. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2F115.3.iii">10.1093/qje/115.3.iii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+the+Winners+of+the+Griliches+Prize+in+Empirical+Economics&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=iii&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqje%2F115.3.iii&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqje%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fqje%2F115.3.iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavyStraussThomasde_Vreyer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor; Strauss, John; Thomas, Duncan; de Vreyer, Philippe (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/eee/jhecon/v15y1996i3p333-357.html">"Quality of health care, survival and health outcomes in Ghana"</a>. <i>Journal of Health Economics</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 333–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-6296%2895%2900021-6">10.1016/0167-6296(95)00021-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10159445">10159445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Economics&rft.atitle=Quality+of+health+care%2C+survival+and+health+outcomes+in+Ghana&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-357&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-6296%2895%2900021-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10159445&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Strauss%2C+John&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Duncan&rft.au=de+Vreyer%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Feee%2Fjhecon%2Fv15y1996i3p333-357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/eee/deveco/v51y1996i2p291-314.html">"School supply constraints and children's educational outcomes in rural Ghana"</a>. <i>Journal of Development Economics</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 291–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3878%2896%2900416-6">10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00416-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Economics&rft.atitle=School+supply+constraints+and+children%27s+educational+outcomes+in+rural+Ghana&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-314&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-3878%2896%2900416-6&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Feee%2Fdeveco%2Fv51y1996i2p291-314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasLavyStrauss1996" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Duncan; Lavy, Victor; Strauss, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/eee/pubeco/v61y1996i2p155-192.html">"Public policy and anthropometric outcomes in the Cote d'Ivoire"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 155–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-2727%2895%2901530-2">10.1016/0047-2727(95)01530-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F160565">10419/160565</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Public+policy+and+anthropometric+outcomes+in+the+Cote+d%27Ivoire&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-192&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F160565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0047-2727%2895%2901530-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft.au=Strauss%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Feee%2Fpubeco%2Fv61y1996i2p155-192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngristLavy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Angrist, Joshua D.; Lavy, Victor (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ucp/jlabec/v15y1997i1ps48-76.html">"The Effect of a Change in Language of Instruction on the Returns to Schooling in Morocco"</a>. <i>Journal of Labor Economics</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 48–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F209856">10.1086/209856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+a+Change+in+Language+of+Instruction+on+the+Returns+to+Schooling+in+Morocco&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-76&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F209856&rft.aulast=Angrist&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fucp%2Fjlabec%2Fv15y1997i1ps48-76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldermanBehrmanLavyMenon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Alderman, Harold; Behrman, Jere R.; Lavy, Victor; Menon, Rekha (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/uwp/jhriss/v36y2001i1p185-205.html">"Child Health and School Enrollment: A Longitudinal Analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Resources</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 185–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3069675">10.2307/3069675</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069675">3069675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=Child+Health+and+School+Enrollment%3A+A+Longitudinal+Analysis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-205&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3069675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3069675%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Behrman%2C+Jere+R.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft.au=Menon%2C+Rekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fuwp%2Fjhriss%2Fv36y2001i1p185-205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanushekLavyHitomi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hanushek, Eric A.; Lavy, Victor; Hitomi, Kohtaro (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/529446">"Do Students Care about School Quality? Determinants of Dropout Behavior in Developing Countries"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Capital</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 69–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F529446">10.1086/529446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Capital&rft.atitle=Do+Students+Care+about+School+Quality%3F+Determinants+of+Dropout+Behavior+in+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-105&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F529446&rft.aulast=Hanushek&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft.au=Hitomi%2C+Kohtaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F529446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngristLavy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Angrist, Joshua D.; Lavy, Victor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/oup/qjecon/v114y1999i2p533-575..html">"Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Scholastic Achievement"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>114</b> (2): 533–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355399556061">10.1162/003355399556061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Using+Maimonides%27+Rule+to+Estimate+the+Effect+of+Class+Size+on+Scholastic+Achievement&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=533-575&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F003355399556061&rft.aulast=Angrist&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Foup%2Fqjecon%2Fv114y1999i2p533-575..html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngristLavy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Angrist, Joshua; Lavy, Victor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ecj/econjl/v112y2002i482p735-765.html">"New Evidence on Classroom Computers and Pupil Learning"</a>. <i>Economic Journal</i>. <b>112</b> (482): 735–765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0297.00068">10.1111/1468-0297.00068</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F21222">10419/21222</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+on+Classroom+Computers+and+Pupil+Learning&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=482&rft.pages=735-765&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F21222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0297.00068&rft.aulast=Angrist&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fecj%2Feconjl%2Fv112y2002i482p735-765.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i6p1286-1317.html">"Evaluating the Effect of Teachers' Group Performance Incentives on Pupil Achievement"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>110</b> (6): 1286–1317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F342810">10.1086/342810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+Effect+of+Teachers%27+Group+Performance+Incentives+on+Pupil+Achievement&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1286-1317&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F342810&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fucp%2Fjpolec%2Fv110y2002i6p1286-1317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i5p1979-2011.html">"Performance Pay and Teachers' Effort, Productivity, and Grading Ethics"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>99</b> (5): 1979–2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.99.5.1979">10.1257/aer.99.5.1979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Performance+Pay+and+Teachers%27+Effort%2C+Productivity%2C+and+Grading+Ethics&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1979-2011&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.99.5.1979&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Faea%2Faecrev%2Fv99y2009i5p1979-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ795876.pdf">"Using Performance-Based Pay to Improve the Quality of Teachers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Future of Children</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 87–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffoc.2007.0007">10.1353/foc.2007.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407924">17407924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+Children&rft.atitle=Using+Performance-Based+Pay+to+Improve+the+Quality+of+Teachers&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-109&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffoc.2007.0007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17407924&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ795876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i6p1286-1317.html">"Evaluating the Effect of Teachers' Group Performance Incentives on Pupil Achievement"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>110</b> (6): 1286–1317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F342810">10.1086/342810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+Effect+of+Teachers%27+Group+Performance+Incentives+on+Pupil+Achievement&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1286-1317&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F342810&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fucp%2Fjpolec%2Fv110y2002i6p1286-1317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouldLavyPaserman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, E. D.; Lavy, V.; Paserman, M. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1162/0033553041382193">"Immigrating to Opportunity: Estimating the Effect of School Quality Using a Natural Experiment on Ethiopians in Israel"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>119</b> (2): 489–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F0033553041382193">10.1162/0033553041382193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Immigrating+to+Opportunity%3A+Estimating+the+Effect+of+School+Quality+Using+a+Natural+Experiment+on+Ethiopians+in+Israel&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=489-526&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F0033553041382193&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+V.&rft.au=Paserman%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqje%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1162%2F0033553041382193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouldLavyPaserman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, Eric D.; Lavy, Victor; Paserman, M. Daniele (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ecj/econjl/v119y2009i540p1243-1269.html">"Does Immigration Affect the Long-Term Educational Outcomes of Natives? Quasi-Experimental Evidence"</a>. <i>Economic Journal</i>. <b>119</b> (540): 1243–1269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02271.x">10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02271.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F33288">10419/33288</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Does+Immigration+Affect+the+Long-Term+Educational+Outcomes+of+Natives%3F+Quasi-Experimental+Evidence&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=540&rft.pages=1243-1269&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F33288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02271.x&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft.au=Paserman%2C+M.+Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fecj%2Feconjl%2Fv119y2009i540p1243-1269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngristLavySchlosser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Angrist, Joshua; Lavy, Victor; Schlosser, Analia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ucp/jlabec/v28y2010i4p773-824.html">"Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children"</a>. <i>Journal of Labor Economics</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 773–824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F653830">10.1086/653830</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F61947">1721.1/61947</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=Multiple+Experiments+for+the+Causal+Link+between+the+Quantity+and+Quality+of+Children&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=773-824&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F61947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F653830&rft.aulast=Angrist&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Lavy%2C+Victor&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Analia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fucp%2Fjlabec%2Fv28y2010i4p773-824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavySchlosser2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor; Schlosser, Analia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/aea/aejapp/v3y2011i2p1-33.html">"Mechanisms and Impacts of Gender Peer Effects at School"</a>. <i>American Economic Journal: Applied Economics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.3.2.1">10.1257/app.3.2.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Applied+Economics&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+and+Impacts+of+Gender+Peer+Effects+at+School&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fapp.3.2.1&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Analia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Faea%2Faejapp%2Fv3y2011i2p1-33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavySilvaWeinhardt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor; Silva, Olmo; Weinhardt, Felix (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/ucp/jlabec/doi10.1086-663592.html">"The Good, the Bad, and the Average: Evidence on Ability Peer Effects in Schools"</a>. <i>Journal of Labor Economics</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 367–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F663592">10.1086/663592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Good%2C+the+Bad%2C+and+the+Average%3A+Evidence+on+Ability+Peer+Effects+in+Schools&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-414&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F663592&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Silva%2C+Olmo&rft.au=Weinhardt%2C+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fucp%2Fjlabec%2Fdoi10.1086-663592.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavyPasermanSchlosser2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lavy, Victor; Paserman, M. Daniele; Schlosser, Analia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02463.x/abstract">"Inside the Black Box of Ability Peer Effects: Evidence from Variation in the Proportion of Low Achievers in the Classroom"</a>. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>122</b> (559): 208–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2011.02463.x">10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02463.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Black+Box+of+Ability+Peer+Effects%3A+Evidence+from+Variation+in+the+Proportion+of+Low+Achievers+in+the+Classroom&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=559&rft.pages=208-237&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2011.02463.x&rft.aulast=Lavy&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Paserman%2C+M.+Daniele&rft.au=Schlosser%2C+Analia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2011.02463.x%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Lavy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Lavy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/vlavy/">Personal webpage of Victor Lavy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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