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Britania Raya - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Britania+Raya" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Britania+Raya" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi_dan_terminologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi_dan_terminologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi dan terminologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi_dan_terminologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sebelum_tahun_1707" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebelum_tahun_1707"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sebelum tahun 1707</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebelum_tahun_1707-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejak_Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1707" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejak_Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1707"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sejak Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejak_Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1707-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Topografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembagian_administratif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_administratif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pembagian administratif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_administratif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dependensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pemerintahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemerintahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pemerintahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemerintahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelimpahan_kekuasaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelimpahan_kekuasaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pelimpahan kekuasaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelimpahan_kekuasaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_luar_negeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_luar_negeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hubungan luar negeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_luar_negeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Militer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_dan_kriminalitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_dan_kriminalitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hukum dan kriminalitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_dan_kriminalitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ekonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transportasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Energi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perkotaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkotaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perkotaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkotaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelompok_etnis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelompok_etnis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kelompok etnis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelompok_etnis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Migrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendidikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Pendidikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesehatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesehatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Kesehatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesehatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kebudayaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kebudayaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sastra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sastra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sastra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Musik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seni_rupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seni_rupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Seni rupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seni_rupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfilman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfilman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Perfilman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfilman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filsafat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filsafat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Filsafat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filsafat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olahraga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olahraga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Olahraga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olahraga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Simbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Britania Raya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 298 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-298" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">298 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Британиаду – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Британиаду" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Inggr%C3%A9h" title="Keurajeuën Inggréh – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Inggréh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Британиешхо Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%80%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%89%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%9D" title="የተባበሩት የሀገር ንጉሳዊ አገዛዝ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተባበሩት የሀገር ንጉሳዊ አገዛዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uniu" title="Reino Uniu – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0e%C4%81nod_Cyner%C4%AB%C4%8Be" title="Ġeānod Cynerīċe – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ġeānod Cynerīċe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المملكة المتحدة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لمملكة لمتحدة – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمملكة لمتحدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="المملكه المتحده – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="যুক্তৰাজ্য – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যুক্তৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Reinu Xuníu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цолъараб Къиралат – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цолъараб Къиралат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaragazaxo" title="Tanaragazaxo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tanaragazaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Krall%C4%B1q" title="Birləşmiş Krallıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləşmiş Krallıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="بیرلشمیش شاهلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرلشمیش شاهلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөйөк Британия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Британия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Agung" title="Britania Agung – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Britania Agung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaoanigts_Kinireich" title="Vaoanigts Kinireich – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vaoanigts Kinireich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongt%C4%97n%C4%97_Karal%C4%ABst%C4%97" title="Jongtėnė Karalīstė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jongtėnė Karalīstė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Godang" title="Britania Godang – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Britania Godang" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyno_Unido" title="Reyno Unido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reyno Unido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікабрытанія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікабрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікабрытанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікабрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Rempug" title="Kerajaan Rempug – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kerajaan Rempug" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaeted_Kingdom" title="Yunaeted Kingdom – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yunaeted Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ယူနုဲက်တဲတ်ကိင်းဒန်းခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူနုဲက်တဲတ်ကိင်းဒန်းခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonba_Britania" title="Bonba Britania – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bonba Britania" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="যুক্তরাজ্য – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱིན་ཇི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱིན་ཇི་མཉམ་འབྲེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তিলপারাজ্য – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তিলপারাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh-Unanet" title="Rouantelezh-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%89_%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86" title="ᨕᨘᨊᨗᨈᨙᨉ ᨀᨗᨊᨁᨉᨚᨆ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨊᨗᨈᨙᨉ ᨀᨗᨊᨁᨉᨚᨆ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ехэ Британи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ехэ Британи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_Unidos_de_Gran_Britania_y_Norte_Irelandia" title="Reinos Unidos de Gran Britania y Norte Irelandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Reinos Unidos de Gran Britania y Norte Irelandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Ĭng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йоккха Британи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоккха Британи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiniusang_Gingharian" title="Hiniusang Gingharian – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hiniusang Gingharian" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Unidu" title="Reinu Unidu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Reinu Unidu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%B2" title="ᎩᎵᏏᏲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᎵᏏᏲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="شانشینی یەکگرتوو – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unitu" title="Regnu Unitu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Britaniya" title="Büyük Britaniya – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük Britaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Spojené království – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C3%B4lg%C3%B4_Britanij%C3%B4" title="Wiôlgô Britanijô – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wiôlgô Britanijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Вєлика Британїꙗ – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вєлика Британїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аслă Британи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Британи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kindom" title="United Kindom – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="United Kindom" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatnhom_M%C3%A4c%C5%8Baknhom" title="Amatnhom Mäcŋaknhom – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Amatnhom Mäcŋaknhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qraliya_Yewbiyayiye" title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Bone_kralojstwo" title="Zjadnośone kralojstwo – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zjadnośone kralojstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޔުނައިޓެޑް ކިންގްޑަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔުނައިޓެޑް ކިންގްޑަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%98" title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཀིང་ཌམ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཀིང་ཌམ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gn_Un%C3%AE" title="Régn Unî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Régn Unî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dinta_Re%C4%9Dlando" title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia" title="Suurbritannia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresuma Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Un%C3%ADu" title="Reinu Uníu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Reinu Uníu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتانیا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biritaani-Mawndi" title="Biritaani-Mawndi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Biritaani-Mawndi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistynyt_kuningaskunta" title="Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctiskuningriik" title="Ütiskuningriik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ütiskuningriik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanitu_Cokovata" title="Matanitu Cokovata – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Matanitu Cokovata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ra_Bretland" title="Stóra Bretland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stóra Bretland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B4mo-Uni" title="Reyômo-Uni – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Reyômo-Uni" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriind_Kiningrik" title="Feriind Kiningrik – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Feriind Kiningrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ream_Un%C3%AEt" title="Ream Unît – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ream Unît" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Keninkryk" title="Feriene Keninkryk – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feriene Keninkryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire_agus_Thuaisceart_%C3%89ireann" title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BC%C3%BCk_Britaniya" title="Büük Britaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Büük Britaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rw%C3%A9yonm-Ini" title="Rwéyonm-Ini – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rwéyonm-Ini" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%ACoghachd_Aonaichte" title="An Rìoghachd Aonaichte – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rìoghachd Aonaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بريتانيا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بريتانيا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavet%C3%A3_Joaju" title="Tavetã Joaju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavetã Joaju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="युनायटेड किंगडम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युनायटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%AE" title="યુનાઇટેડ કિંગડમ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુનાઇટેડ કિંગડમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_Unnaneysit" title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birtaniya" title="Birtaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Birtaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AEn-koet" title="Yîn-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yîn-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni_M%C5%8D%CA%BB%C4%AB_Hui_P%C5%AB_%CA%BBia" title="Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="הממלכה המאוחדת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87ene_kralestwo" title="Zjednoćene kralestwo – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zjednoćene kralestwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Ini" title="Wayòm Ini – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Ini" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Egyesült Királyság – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesült Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միացյալ Թագավորություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ Թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unite" title="Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyatu_Unit" title="Reyatu Unit – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Reyatu Unit" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodo%C3%A9z%C3%A8_N%C3%A0_Of%C3%BA" title="Obodoézè Nà Ofú – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Obodoézè Nà Ofú" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannapta_Umialgutiat" title="Tannapta Umialgutiat – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tannapta Umialgutiat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkaykaysa_a_Pagarian" title="Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Йоккха Британи – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоккха Британи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionita_Rejio" title="Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretland" title="Bretland – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bretland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%90%83%E1%93%90_%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%96%93%E1%93%90%E1%93%82" title="ᑯᐃᓐ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᐃᓐ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="イギリス – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitid_Kindom" title="Yunaitid Kindom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yunaitid Kindom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ritygu%27e" title="ritygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ritygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajan_Manunggal" title="Karajan Manunggal – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karajan Manunggal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="გაერთიანებული სამეფო – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაერთიანებული სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelda_Yedduklen" title="Tagelda Yedduklen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagelda Yedduklen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Британиэшхуэ – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Британиэшхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bnda%C9%A3" title="Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_A%CC%B1byintyok" title="Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_(UK)" title="United Kingdom (UK) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="United Kingdom (UK)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ұлыбритания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សហរាជាណាចក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហរាជាណាចក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%82" title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD" title="영국 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Ыджыт Бритму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыджыт Бритму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уллу Британия – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Уллу Британия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%90%DA%91_%DA%A9%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%88%D9%8E%D9%85" title="یونایٹِڑ کِنگڈَم – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یونایٹِڑ کِنگڈَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jru%C3%9Fbritannie" title="Jrußbritannie – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jrußbritannie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Keyaniya Yekbûyî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Yekbûyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ыджыд Британия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыджыд Британия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvaneth_Unys" title="Ruvaneth Unys – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ruvaneth Unys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Улуу Британия – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу Британия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniarum_regnum" title="Britanniarum regnum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Britanniarum regnum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyno_Unido" title="Reyno Unido – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Reyno Unido" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich" title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vereenegt Kinnekräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ЧӀехибритания – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀехибритания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_Unida" title="Rena Unida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena Unida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereineg_Keuninkriek" title="Vereineg Keuninkriek – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vereineg Keuninkriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Un%C3%AFo" title="Regno Unïo – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Regno Unïo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riam_Un%C3%AC" title="Riam Unì – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Riam Unì" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_Unid" title="Regn Unid – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn Unid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C9%9Bl%C9%9B%CC%81t%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Ingɛlɛ́tɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ingɛlɛ́tɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ສະຫະລາຊະອານາຈັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະລາຊະອານາຈັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97_Karalyst%C4%97" title="Jungtinė Karalystė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinė Karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelbrytaneja" title="Lelbrytaneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lelbrytaneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Apvienotā Karaliste – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apvienotā Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D1%8E_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оцю Британия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Оцю Британия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana_Mitambatra" title="Fanjakana Mitambatra – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana Mitambatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Ушымо Королевстве – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ушымо Королевстве" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABngitanga_Kotahi" title="Kīngitanga Kotahi – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kīngitanga Kotahi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritania_Rayo" title="Baritania Rayo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baritania Rayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обединето Кралство – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обединето Кралство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Их Британи – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их Британи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯢꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯢꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC" title="သဟရာဇအာဏာစကြ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သဟရာဇအာဏာစကြ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="युनायटेड किंग्डम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кого Британи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кого Британи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju_Unit" title="Renju Unit – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Renju Unit" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Ounido" title="Reino Ounido – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reino Ounido" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инебритания Мастор – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Инебритания Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بریتانیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Vretagna" title="Gran Vretagna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gran Vretagna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigt_K%C3%B6nigriek_vun_Grootbritannien_un_Noordirland" title="Vereenigt Königriek vun Grootbritannien un Noordirland – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vereenigt Königriek vun Grootbritannien un Noordirland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verienigd_Keuninkriek" title="Verienigd Keuninkriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Verienigd Keuninkriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संयुक्त अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionati_Regia" title="Unionati Regia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Unionati Regia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%B2" title="ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ta%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tótaʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tótaʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reialme Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhtistynnyh_kuningaskundu" title="Yhtistynnyh kuningaskundu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Yhtistynnyh kuningaskundu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokkummaa_Biyya_Mootii" title="Tokkummaa Biyya Mootii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tokkummaa Biyya Mootii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଜ୍ୟ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Стыр Британи – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Британи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਈਟਡ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanmetung_a_Ka-arian" title="Pisanmetung a Ka-arian – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pisanmetung a Ka-arian" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uni" title="Reino Uni – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino Uni" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%A9y%C3%B4me-Uni" title="Roéyôme-Uni – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roéyôme-Uni" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK" title="UK – Pidgin Nigeria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="UK" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Pidgin Nigeria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenichde_Keenichreich" title="Vereenichde Keenichreich – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Vereenichde Keenichreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Brytania" title="Wielka Brytania – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Brytania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_Un%C3%AC" title="Regn Unì – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Regn Unì" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="برطانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="برېتانيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتانيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukllachasqa_Qhapaq_Llaqta" title="Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Reginavel Unì" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phandlo_Thagaripen_la_Bare_Britaniyako_thai_le_Nordutne_Irlandesko" title="Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Mari" title="Britania Mari – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Britania Mari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Aun%C3%ACte" title="Regne Aunìte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regne Aunìte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великобритания – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика Брітанія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Велика Брітанія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwongereza" title="Ubwongereza – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubwongereza" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="संयुक्ताधिराज्यम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संयुक्ताधिराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Улуу Британия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Британия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennu_Unidu" title="Rennu Unidu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rennu Unidu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unitu" title="Regnu Unitu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick" title="Unitit Kinrick – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Kinrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="گڏيل بادشاھت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گڏيل بادشاھت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovttastuvvan_gonagasriika" title="Ovttastuvvan gonagasriika – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ovttastuvvan gonagasriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%E1%B9%ADanya" title="Briṭanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Briṭanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%81%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ပရိတ်ႈတဵၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ်ႁေႃၶမ်း ပရိတ်ႈတဵၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Spojené kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spojené kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برطانیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="برطانیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeno_kraljestvo_Velike_Britanije_in_Severne_Irske" title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peret%C4%81nia" title="Peretānia – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Peretānia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_kun%C3%A2g%C3%A2skodde" title="Ovtâstum kunâgâskodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ovtâstum kunâgâskodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuritani" title="Bhuritani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuritani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyada_Midowday" title="Boqortooyada Midowday – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyada Midowday" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Bashkuar" title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уједињено Краљевство – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињено Краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingriskondre" title="Ingriskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ingriskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereeniged_K%C3%B6%C3%B6nichriek_fon_Groot-Britannien_un_Noudirlound" title="Fereeniged Köönichriek fon Groot-Britannien un Noudirlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fereeniged Köönichriek fon Groot-Britannien un Noudirlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karajaan_Ngahiji" title="Karajaan Ngahiji – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karajaan Ngahiji" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Muungano" title="Ufalme wa Muungano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Muungano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielg%C5%8F_Brytanij%C5%8F" title="Wielgŏ Brytanijŏ – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wielgŏ Brytanijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_kingdom" title="United kingdom – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="United kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ಡಮ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="యునైటెడ్ కింగ్డమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునైటెడ్ కింగ్డమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Naklibur" title="Reinu Naklibur – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Reinu Naklibur" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Бритониё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бритониё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Paty%C5%9Falyk" title="Birleşen Patyşalyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birleşen Patyşalyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dy%C5%BEd%C9%99_Britanij%C9%99" title="Dyždə Britanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dyždə Britanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilit%C4%81nia" title="Pilitānia – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pilitānia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitet_Kingdom" title="Yunaitet Kingdom – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yunaitet Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k" title="Birleşik Krallık – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Krallık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiris" title="Igiris – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Igiris" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөекбритания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөекбритания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parat%C4%81ne" title="Paratāne – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Paratāne" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великобритания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%88%D9%8A%DB%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بۈيۈك بېرىتانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۈيۈك بېرىتانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика Британія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика Британія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="متحدہ مملکت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ مملکت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlashgan_Qirollik" title="Birlashgan Qirollik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birlashgan Qirollik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Un%C3%ACo" title="Regno Unìo – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno Unìo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27_Britanii" title="Sur' Britanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sur' Britanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland" title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%AAnigd_Keunienkryk" title="Verênigd Keunienkryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Verênigd Keunienkryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C3%A4n_Pebal%C3%B6l" title="Regän Pebalöl – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Regän Pebalöl" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwey%C3%A5me-Uni" title="Rweyåme-Uni – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rweyåme-Uni" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguur-Yu-Bennoo" title="Nguur-Yu-Bennoo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nguur-Yu-Bennoo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פאראייניגטע קעניגרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאראייניגטע קעניגרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dba_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan" title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinghgoz" title="Yinghgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinghgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C3%AAnigd_Konienkriek" title="Vereênigd Konienkriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vereênigd Konienkriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_Ohlangeneyo" title="Umbuso Ohlangeneyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso Ohlangeneyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q145#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang negara berdaulat. Untuk pulau yang merupakan wilayah dari negara ini, lihat <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UK" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/UK_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="UK (disambiguasi)">UK (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24155656">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><i>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Britania Raya"><img alt="A flag composed of a red cross edged in white and superimposed on a red saltire, also edged in white, superimposed on a white saltire on a blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Britania_Raya" title="Bendera Britania Raya">Bendera</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b>"<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />("Tuhan Lindungilah sang Raja")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" 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data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 (ko)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu (ms)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål (nb)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil (pt-br)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português (pt)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย (th)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська (uk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文(中国大陆) (zh-cn)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文(香港) (zh-hk)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文(臺灣) (zh-tw)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lambang_kebesaran_Britania_Raya" title="Lambang kebesaran Britania Raya">Lambang kebesaran</a>:</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_both_variants).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/375px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/500px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span><br />Digunakan sehubungan dengan Skotlandia (kanan) dan daerah lainnya (kiri)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Europe-UK_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Europe-UK_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Tampilkan bola dunia</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Europe-UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/250px-Europe-UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/375px-Europe-UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Europe-UK.svg/500px-Europe-UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta Eropa</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:United_Kingdom_(%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies)_in_the_World_(%2BAntarctica_claims).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_%28%2Boverseas_territories_and_crown_dependencies%29_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/375px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg/500px-Territorial_waters_-_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_ekonomi_eksklusif_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona ekonomi eksklusif Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">zona ekonomi eksklusif</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_di_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar kota di Britania Raya">(dan kota terbesar)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Britania_Raya&language=id&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_type:city_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_nasional" title="Bahasa nasional">Bahasa nasional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa daerah dan minoritas<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Skots" title="Bahasa Skots">Skots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dialek_Skots_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialek Skots Ulster">Skots Ulster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kernowek" title="Bahasa Kernowek">Kernowek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia">Gaelik Skotlandia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Irlandia" title="Bahasa Irlandia">Irlandia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Britania_Raya" title="Bahasa Isyarat Britania Raya">Bahasa Isyarat Britania Raya</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kelompok_etnik" title="Kelompok etnik">Kelompok etnik</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensus_Britania_Raya_2021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensus Britania Raya 2021 (halaman belum tersedia)">2021/22</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Daftar</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 83,0% <a href="/wiki/Orang_kulit_putih_di_Britania_Raya" title="Orang kulit putih di Britania Raya">Kulit putih</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 8,6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3,7% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulit_hitam_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulit hitam Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kulit hitam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2,7% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campuran_(kategori_etnisitas_Britania_Raya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campuran (kategori etnisitas Britania Raya) (halaman belum tersedia)">Campuran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2,0% <a href="/wiki/Suku_bangsa_di_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku bangsa di Britania Raya">lainnya</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agama</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (2021/22)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Daftar</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 46,5% <a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Britania_Raya#Kekristenan" title="Agama di Britania Raya">Kekristenan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 37,8% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidak_beragama_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidak beragama di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak beragama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6,0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Britania_Raya" title="Islam di Britania Raya">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1,6% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduisme_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduisme di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hinduisme</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0,8% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhisme_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhisme di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sikhisme</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0,4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhisme_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhisme di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Buddhisme</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0,4% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahudi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahudi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Yudaisme</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0,6% <a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Britania_Raya" title="Agama di Britania Raya">lainnya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5,9% tidak menyebutkan </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Britania_Raya" title="Politik Britania Raya">Pemerintahan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional#Inggris,_Skotlandia_dan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">Monarki konstitusional parlementer</a> kesatuan<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarki_Britania_Raya" title="Monarki Britania Raya">Pemimpin Monarki</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Charles III dari Britania Raya">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Britania_Raya" title="Perdana Menteri Britania Raya">Perdana Menteri</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parliament</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Tinggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Majelis Tinggi">Majelis Tinggi</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bangsawan_Britania_Raya" title="Dewan Bangsawan Britania Raya">House of Lords</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Rendah" class="mw-redirect" title="Majelis Rendah">Majelis Rendah</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat_Britania_Raya" title="Dewan Rakyat Britania Raya">House of Commons</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_Perserikatan_Kerajaan_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia_Utara" title="Pembentukan Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara">Pembentukan</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Hukum_di_Wales_1535_dan_1542" title="Undang-Undang Hukum di Wales 1535 dan 1542">Undang-Undang Hukum di Wales</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1535 dan 1542</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Mahkota" title="Persatuan Mahkota">Persatuan Mahkota</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 Maret 1603</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Persatuan" title="Perjanjian Persatuan">Perjanjian Persatuan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 Juli 1706</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Persatuan_1707" title="Undang-Undang Persatuan 1707">Undang-Undang Persatuan Inggris dan Skotlandia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 Mei 1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Persatuan_1800" title="Undang-Undang Persatuan 1800">Undang-Undang Persatuan Britania Raya dan Irlandia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 Januari 1801</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Konstitusi_Negara_Bebas_Irlandia_1922&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Konstitusi Negara Bebas Irlandia 1922 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Konstitusi Negara Bebas Irlandia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 Desember 1922</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Britania_Raya" title="Geografi Britania Raya">Luas </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total<sup id="cite_ref-ONSArea_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONSArea-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">244.376 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_luas_wilayah" title="Daftar negara menurut luas wilayah">ke-78</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Daratan<sup id="cite_ref-ONSLandArea_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONSLandArea-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">242.741 km<sup>2</sup> (93.723 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Perkiraan 2022</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase neutral"><img alt="Increase neutral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 67.596.281<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_jumlah_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut jumlah penduduk">ke-22</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Sensus Penduduk 2021/22</div></th><td class="infobox-data">66.940.559<sup id="cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2021/22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_England_and_Wales_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_England_and_Wales-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_Northern_Ireland_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Northern_Ireland-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_Scotland_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Scotland-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">279/km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_kepadatan_penduduk" title="Daftar negara menurut kepadatan penduduk">ke-51</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Keseimbangan_kemampuan_berbelanja" title="Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja">KKB</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4,029 triliun<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UK-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(KKB)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)">ke-9</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $58.880<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UK-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(KKB)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB)">ke-27</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Produk_domestik_bruto" title="Produk domestik bruto">PDB</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3,495 triliun<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UK-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)">ke-6</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $51.075<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UK-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)_per_kapita" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal) per kapita">ke-21</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Koefisien_Gini" title="Koefisien Gini">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▼</span> 35,4<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:orange">sedang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">IPM</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kenaikan"><img alt="Kenaikan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0,940<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">sangat tinggi</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Daftar negara menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">ke-15</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">Mata uang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Greenwich" title="Waktu Greenwich">GMT</a><br />(<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+0</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Waktu_Musim_Panas_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waktu Musim Panas Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">BST</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kalender" title="Kalender">Format tanggal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi">AD</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arah_lalu_lintas" title="Arah lalu lintas">Lajur kemudi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kiri<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kode_telepon_negara_di_dunia" title="Daftar kode telepon negara di dunia">Kode telepon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomor_telepon_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomor telepon di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">+44</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kode ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ranah_Internet_tingkat_teratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah Internet tingkat teratas">Ranah Internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below mergedtoprow noprint"><div class="none" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%; line-height:normal;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_country&action=edit&section=top&editintro=Templat:Infobox/editintro2"><span style="color:#3464c9"><b>Sunting kotak info</b></span></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country" title="Templat:Infobox country"><span style="display:inline-text;color:#3464c9">Lihat</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_country" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox country"><span style="color:#3464c9">Bicara</span></a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Bantuan penggunaan templat ini</figcaption></figure> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Britania Raya</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan nama resmi <b>Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau secara informal dikenal dengan nama <b>Inggris Raya</b>, adalah negara di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Barat_Laut" title="Eropa Barat Laut">Eropa Barat Laut</a>, terletak di lepas pantai <a href="/wiki/Eropa_daratan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa daratan">Eropa daratan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara ini terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di negara Britania Raya terdapat <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a>, bagian timur laut <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia">Pulau Irlandia</a>, dan sebagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pulau_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pulau di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">pulau-pulau berukuran kecil</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Britania" title="Kepulauan Britania">Kepulauan Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irlandia Utara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbatasan_Britania_Raya_dengan_Republik_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbatasan Britania Raya dengan Republik Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">berbatasan di darat</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a>; selebihnya, Britania Raya dikelilingi oleh <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selat_Inggris" title="Selat Inggris">Selat Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Keltik" title="Laut Keltik">Laut Keltik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Irlandia" title="Laut Irlandia">Laut Irlandia</a>. Luas total Britania Raya adalah 94.354 mil persegi (244.376 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-ONSArea_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONSArea-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan populasi yang diperkirakan hampir menyentuh 67,6 juta jiwa per tahun 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1707, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Inggris" title="Kerajaan Inggris">Kerajaan Inggris</a> (di dalamnya terdapat <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Skotlandia" title="Kerajaan Skotlandia">Kerajaan Skotlandia</a> memutuskan untuk bersatu melalui <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Persatuan" title="Perjanjian Persatuan">Perjanjian Persatuan</a> sehingga menciptakan negara baru bernama <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Britania Raya">Kerajaan Britania Raya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Persatuan_1800" title="Undang-Undang Persatuan 1800">Undang-Undang Persatuan 1800</a> menjadikan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Irlandia" title="Kerajaan Irlandia">Kerajaan Irlandia</a> sebagai bagian dari Kerajaan Britania Raya sehingga menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia">Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia</a> yang efektif sejak tahun 1801. Sebagian besar Pulau Irlandia pada akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Pemisahan_diri" title="Pemisahan diri">memisahkan diri</a> dari Britania Raya pada tahun 1922 dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Negara_Bebas_Irlandia" title="Negara Bebas Irlandia">Negara Bebas Irlandia</a>, maka dari itu diresmikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Nama_Monarki_dan_Parlemen_1927&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Nama Monarki dan Parlemen 1927 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Nama Monarki dan Parlemen 1927</a> sehingga negara ini memiliki nama baru, Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara, yang masih digunakan sampai sekarang. </p><p>Britania Raya merupakan negara <a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi">industri</a> pertama dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekuatan_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekuatan utama (halaman belum tersedia)">kekuatan utama</a> dunia selama sebagian besar abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, terutama selama zaman "<a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>" yang dimulai dari tahun 1815 hingga 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada puncak kejayaan di tahun 1920-an, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania_Raya" title="Imperium Britania Raya">Imperium Britania Raya</a> menguasai hampir seperempat luas daratan dan populasi Bumi, dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Daftar_kekaisaran_terbesar#Kekaisaran_pada_puncak_kejayaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar kekaisaran terbesar">kekaisaran terbesar dalam sejarah</a>. Namun, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Britania_Raya_selama_Perang_Dunia_Pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Britania Raya selama Perang Dunia Pertama (halaman belum tersedia)">keterlibatannya dalam Perang Dunia Pertama</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Britania_Raya_selama_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Britania Raya selama Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> telah melemahkan kekuatan ekonomi Britania Raya ditambah gelombang <a href="/wiki/Dekolonisasi" title="Dekolonisasi">dekolonisasi</a> yang menyeruak ke seluruh dunia mengakibatkan sebagian besar jajahan Britania Raya memerdekakan diri.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengaruh Britania Raya dapat diamati dalam sistem hukum dan politik di banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_yang_memperoleh_kemerdekaan_dari_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara yang memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">bekas jajahannya</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">budaya Britania Raya</a> masih berpengaruh secara global, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Dunia_berbahasa_Inggris" title="Dunia berbahasa Inggris">dalam bidang bahasa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastra_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastra Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">sastra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">musik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olahraga_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olahraga di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">olahraga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Bahasa Inggris</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bahasa_menurut_jumlah_penutur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_menurut_jumlah_penutur_asli" title="Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur asli">bahasa asli ketiga yang paling banyak dituturkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britania Raya adalah negara <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">monarki konstitusional</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_parlementer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demokrasi parlementer">demokrasi parlementer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya memiliki tiga yurisdiksi berbeda; <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">Inggris dan Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Skotlandia" title="Hukum Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Irlandia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 1998, Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara memikiki pemerintahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolusi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolusi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">terdevolusi</a> dan badan legislatifnya masing-masing sedangkan Inggris dipemerintahi langsung oleh Pemerintah Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibu kota sekaligus kota terbesar di Britania Raya (juga merupakan ibu kota dari negara konstituen Inggris) adalah <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, sebuah metropolis dunia dengan populasi metropolitan lebih dari 14 juta jiwa. Kota <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> adalah ibu kota masing-masing untuk negara konstituen Skotlandia, Wales, dan Irlandia Utara. Kota besar lainnya yang belum disebutkan yaitu <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. </p><p>Britania Raya adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara_maju" title="Negara maju">negara maju</a> dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_PDB_(nominal)" title="Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)">ekonomi terbesar keenam menurut produk domestik bruto (PDB) nominal</a>. Negara ini diakui sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">negara pemilik nuklir</a>, dan berada di peringkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_menurut_anggaran_militer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara menurut anggaran militer (halaman belum tersedia)">keempat dunia dalam anggaran militer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya telah menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggota_permanen_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggota permanen Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (halaman belum tersedia)">anggota permanen</a> <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Dewan Keamanan PBB</a> sejak pertama kali dibentuk pada tahun 1946. Negara ini adalah anggota dari <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa">Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Eropa" title="Majelis Eropa">Majelis Eropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Komprehensif_dan_Progresif_untuk_Kemitraan_Trans-Pasifik" title="Perjanjian Komprehensif dan Progresif untuk Kemitraan Trans-Pasifik">CPTPP</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi_dan_terminologi">Etimologi dan terminologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi dan terminologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi dan terminologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Terminologi_Kepulauan_Britania" title="Terminologi Kepulauan Britania">Terminologi Kepulauan Britania</a></div> <p>Nama <i>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</i> diperkenalkan pada tahun 1927 dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Penamaan_Kerajaan_dan_Parlemen_1927&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Penamaan Kerajaan dan Parlemen 1927 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Penamaan Kerajaan dan Parlemen</a>. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa kemerdekaan <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Negara_Bebas_Irlandia" title="Negara Bebas Irlandia">Negara Bebas Irlandia</a>, yang mengakibatkan terpecahnya Irlandia pada tahun 1922, meninggalkan <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> sebagai satu-satunya bagian <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia">Pulau Irlandia</a> yang masih berada di bawah kekuasaan Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya, menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1800 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1800</a>, yang menyatukan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Britania Raya">Kerajaan Britania Raya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Irlandia" title="Kerajaan Irlandia">Kerajaan Irlandia</a> pada tahun 1801, nama resminya adalah <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Bersatu_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia">Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia</a>. Britania Raya sebelum tahun 1801 kadang-kadang disebut sebagai "Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam Pasal 1 Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1927 dinyatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> "bersatu menjadi satu kerajaan bernama Britania Raya."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>catatan 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah "kerajaan bersatu" digunakan secara tidak resmi abad ke-18 untuk menjelaskan negara baru, tetapi hanya secara resmi, saat penyatuan Irlandia pada tahun 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uk_map_home_nations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uk_map_home_nations.png/200px-Uk_map_home_nations.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uk_map_home_nations.png/300px-Uk_map_home_nations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uk_map_home_nations.png/400px-Uk_map_home_nations.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Peta Britania Raya; Inggris (merah), Wales (kuning), Skotlandia (biru), dan Irlandia Utara (hijau).</figcaption></figure> <p>Meskipun Britania Raya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat">negara berdaulat</a> mencakup Inggris, Skotlandia, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> dan (yang kontroversial) Irlandia Utara, tetapi Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara memiliki pemerintahan sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-citizenship_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizenship-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situs resmi Perdana Menteri Britania Raya menggunakan istilah "negara dalam negara" untuk menggambarkan Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-page823_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page823-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a>, nama yang digunakan "bisa menjadi kontroversial, dengan pilihan yang sering kali mengungkapkan preferensi politik seseorang."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah lainnya yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan status Irlandia Utara adalah "region" dan "provinsi".<sup id="cite_ref-alphabeticalNI_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabeticalNI-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-placeApart_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-placeApart-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Great Britain</i> atau Britania Raya juga sering disebut sebagai <i>Britain</i>. Sumber-sumber pemerintah Britania Raya acapkali menggunakan istilah ini sebagai bentuk singkat untuk Britania Raya, sementara media massa pada umumnya juga menggunakan istilah tersebut, namun hal ini menunjukkan bahwa istilah "Britania Raya" itu hanya mengacu pada pulau utama yang meliputi Inggris, Skotlandia dan Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagaimanapun juga, di negara-negara lain, istilah <i>Great Britain</i> lebih umum digunakan, terutama di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, istilah <i>Great Britain</i> ini dianggap sebagai sinonim untuk "<i>United Kingdom</i>" (Kerajaan Bersatu").<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, tim Olimpiade <i>United Kingdom</i> juga berlaga di bawah nama <i>Great Britain</i> atau "Tim GB".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Team_GB_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team_GB-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>GB</i> dan <i>GBR</i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Internasional_untuk_Standardisasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi Internasional untuk Standardisasi">kode negara standar</a> untuk Britania Raya (lihat <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2:GB</a>), dan akibatnya sering digunakan oleh organisasi internasional untuk merujuk ke Kerajaan Bersatu. </p><p>Pada tahun 2006, desain baru paspor Britania Raya mulai digunakan. Halaman pertama paspor tersebut menampilkan bentuk panjang nama negara dalam bahasa Inggris, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">Wales</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia">Gaelik Skotlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam bahasa Wales, bentuk panjang nama negara adalah "Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon", dengan "Teyrnas Unedig" digunakan sebagai nama pendek di situs resmi pemerintah.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan dalam bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia, bentuk panjangnya adalah "Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainne Mòire is Èireann a Tuath" dan bentuk pendeknya "Rìoghachd Aonaichte". </p><p>Kata sifat <i>British</i> umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk pada hal yang berhubungan dengan Britania Raya. Istilah ini tidak memiliki konotasi hukum yang pasti, namun istilah ini digunakan secara umum untuk merujuk pada kewarganegaraan Britania dan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan nasionalitas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah <i>"British"</i> digunakan secara berbeda untuk menggambarkan identitas nasional warga Britania, atau untuk mengidentifikasi diri sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Orang_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Britania">orang Britania</a>", atau sebagai orang Inggris, Skotlandia, Wales, Irlandia Utara, Irlandia,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau keduanya.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam bahasa Indonesia istilah <i>United Kingdom</i> diterjemahkan menjadi "Kerajaan Bersatu", "Persatuan Kerajaan", atau "Perserikatan Kerajaan". Untuk membedakan dengan <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>, maka ketika menyebut negara ini, digunakan nama Britania Raya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Inggris" title="Sejarah Inggris">Sejarah Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Skotlandia" title="Sejarah Skotlandia">Sejarah Skotlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Wales" title="Sejarah Wales">Sejarah Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Irlandia" title="Sejarah Irlandia">Sejarah Irlandia</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Pembentukan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Pembentukan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Pembentukan Britania Raya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebelum_tahun_1707">Sebelum tahun 1707</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sebelum tahun 1707" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sebelum tahun 1707"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/200px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/300px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/400px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, didirikan kira-kira tahun 2500 SM.</figcaption></figure> <p>Permukiman manusia modern yang kelak akan menjadi Britania Raya sudah terbentuk sejak sekitar 30.000 tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir <a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" title="Prasejarah">zaman prasejarah</a>, populasi di wilayah ini diperkirakan telah terbentuk. Periode ini dinamakan dengan masa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelts_Insular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelts Insular (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelts Insular</a>, yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Briton" title="Briton">Britania Britonik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaelik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaelik (halaman belum tersedia)">Irlandia Gaelik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Romawi_di_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Romawi di Britania">Penaklukan oleh Romawi</a> yang dimulai pada tahun 43 SM diikuti oleh invasi pemukim <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> ke wilayah yang kelak akan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar wilayah yang dihuni oleh Anglo-Saxon disatukan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Inggris" title="Kerajaan Inggris">Kerajaan Inggris</a> pada abad ke-10.<sup id="cite_ref-Short_Athelstan_biography_on_the_BBC_History_website_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short_Athelstan_biography_on_the_BBC_History_website-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia">Gaelik</a> di <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> barat laut (yang terhubung ke Irlandia di timur laut dan secara tradisional telah terjadi <a href="/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi">migrasi</a> dari sana pada abad ke-5)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bersatu dengan bangsa <a href="/wiki/Pict" title="Pict">Pict</a> dan kemudian membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Skotlandia" title="Kerajaan Skotlandia">Kerajaan Skotlandia</a> pada abad ke-9.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dewangga_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewangga Bayeux">Tapestri Bayeux</a> menggambarkan tentang <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Hastings" title="Pertempuran Hastings">Pertempuran Hastings</a> dan peristiwa yang menjadi penyebabnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1066, bangsa <a href="/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia">Normandia</a> menyerang Inggris dan setelah <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Normandia_di_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Normandia di Inggris">penaklukannya</a>, Normandia berhasil merebut sebagian besar Wales, menaklukkan sebagian besar Irlandia dan membentuk permukiman di Skotlandia, yang membawa masing-masing negara tersebut ke periode baru <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">feodalisme</a> yang berdasarkan model <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prancis_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prancis Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Prancis Utara</a> dan kebudayaan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Norman" title="Bahasa Norman">Normandia-Prancis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kedatangan bangsa <a href="/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia">Normandia</a> ini membawa pengaruh besar, namun pada akhirnya tetap mampu berasimilasi dengan kebudayaan lokal di masing-masing negara.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raja Inggris pada abad pertengahan berhasil menaklukkan Wales namun upayanya untuk menaklukkan Skotlandia mengalami kegagalan. Setelah itu, Skotlandia tetap mempertahankan kemerdekaannya, meskipun sering berkonflik dengan Inggris. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarki_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarki Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Monarki Inggris</a>, dalam upayanya untuk merebut koloni Prancis, juga sering kali terlibat konflik dengan <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, terutama dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Seratus_Tahun" title="Perang Seratus Tahun">Perang Seratus Tahun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memasuki periode modern awal, Inggris dihadapkan pada konflik agama sebagai akibat <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Inggris" title="Reformasi Inggris">reformasi</a> dan diperkenalkannya gereja <a href="/wiki/Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestan">Protestan</a> di masing-masing negara.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales sepenuhnya di klaim sebagai bagian dari Kerajaan Inggris,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Tudors_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Tudors-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Irlandia ditetapkan sebagai kerajaan dalam persatuan personal dengan Kerajaan Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilayah milik bangsa Gaelik Katolik yang merdeka disita oleh Kerajaan Inggris dan diberikan kepada pemukim Protestan dari Inggris dan Skotlandia, yang selanjutnya membentuk Irlandia Utara.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1603, Kerajaan Inggris, Skotlandia dan Irlandia bersatu dalam penyatuan personal saat <a href="/wiki/James_I_dari_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="James I dari Inggris">James VI, Raja Skotlandia</a>, mewarisi mahkota <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Inggris" title="Kerajaan Inggris">Kerajaan Inggris</a> dan Irlandia. James kemudian memindahkan istananya dari <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> ke <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Meskipun demikian, setiap negara tetap menjadi entitas politik yang terpisah dan mempertahankan lembaga politik yang juga terpisah.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Ross,_2002_p._56_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Ross,_2002_p._56-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J._Hearn,_2002_p._104_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Hearn,_2002_p._104-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada pertengahan abad ke-17, ketiga kerajaan terlibat dalam serangkaian perang berkelanjutan (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Inggris" title="Perang Saudara Inggris">Perang Saudara Inggris</a>) yang menyebabkan tergulingnya <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a> dan terbentuknya negara <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">republik kesatuan</a> berumur pendek bernama <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Inggris" title="Persemakmuran Inggris">Persemakmuran Inggris, Skotlandia dan Irlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun monarki berhasil dipulihkan kembali, hal ini menandai (dengan meletusnya <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Agung" title="Revolusi Agung">Revolusi Agung</a> pada tahun 1688) bahwa sama seperti monarki-monarki Eropa lainnya, <a href="/wiki/Monarki_mutlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki mutlak">monarki mutlak</a> tidak akan menang. Konstitusi Britania kemudian dikembangkan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">monarki konstitusional</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">sistem parlementer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama periode ini, terutama di Inggris, berkembangnya kekuatan <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Laut Britania Raya">angkatan laut</a> mendorong dilakukannya <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Penjelajahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Penjelajahan">penjelajahan seberang lautan</a> untuk menjajah dan mendirikan koloni, terutama di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> (lihat <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejak_Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1707">Sejak Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sejak Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejak Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Treaty_of_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Kesatuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Kesatuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Kesatuan</a> yang menyebabkan terbentuknya Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tanggal 1 Mei 1707, Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya terbentuk sebagai hasil penyatuan politik <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Inggris" title="Kerajaan Inggris">Kerajaan Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Kesatuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Kesatuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Kesatuan</a> yang disetujui pada tanggal 22 Juli 1706. Perjanjian ini kemudian disahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Inggris" title="Parlemen Inggris">Parlemen Inggris</a> dan Skotlandia dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1707</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada abad ke-18, Britania Raya memainkan peran penting dalam mengembangkan ide-ide Barat, terutama yang berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">sistem parlementer</a> dan menghasilkan kontribusi yang signifikan dalam bidang sastra, seni, dan ilmu pengetahuan.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania (terutama Inggris) memelopori <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a> yang mengubah perekonomian negara serta memicu berkembangnya <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>. Selama periode ini, Britania Raya, seperti negara-negara besar lainnya, terlibat dalam eksploitasi <a href="/wiki/Kolonialisme" title="Kolonialisme">kolonial</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan">perdagangan budak</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantik" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantik">Atlantik</a>, meskipun dengan disahkannya Undang-Undang Perdagangan Budak pada tahun 1807 Britania juga berperan penting dalam memerangi perdagangan budak.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koloni di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> telah menjadi fokus utama kegiatan kolonial Britania. Dengan kekalahan mereka dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat">Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat</a>, ambisi kolonial Britania berpaling ke wilayah lain, terutama ke <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1800, saat perang masih berkecamuk dengan <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, Parlemen Britania Raya dan Irlandia mengesahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1800 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Kesatuan</a> yang menyatukan dua kerajaan tersebut dan menciptakan Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia pada tanggal 1 Januari 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a bloody battle. Horses and infantry fight or lie on grass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/250px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/375px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/500px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Waterloo" title="Pertempuran Waterloo">Pertempuran Waterloo</a> menandai akhir dari <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_era_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan era Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a> dan dimulainya <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah kekalahan Prancis dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Revolusi_Prancis" title="Perang Revolusi Prancis">Perang Revolusi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_era_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan era Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a> (1792-1815), Britania Raya mulai muncul sebagai kekuatan angkatan laut dan ekonomi utama yang tak tertandingi di dunia pada abad ke-19 (dengan <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> yang menjadi kota terbesar di dunia sejak tahun 1830).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menjadi yang tak tertandingi di lautan, Inggris selanjutnya mengadopsi peran sebagai polisi global, yang kemudian dikenal dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periode ini juga menjadi momen pertumbuhan ekonomi, kolonial dan industri yang pesat bagi Britania Raya. Britania Raya (dengan Inggris sebagai kekuatan utama) digambarkan sebagai "bengkel dunia",<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a> tumbuh sebagai <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> terbesar yang mencakup <a href="/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemaharajaan Britania">India</a>, sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, dan wilayah lainnya. Bersamaan dengan kontrol tidak resmi yang dimilikinya, posisi dominan Britania Raya dalam perdagangan dunia ini berarti bahwa secara efektif Britania Raya bisa mengendalikan perekonomian banyak negara, seperti <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, di dalam negeri terjadi pergeseran ke kebijakan <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_bebas" title="Perdagangan bebas">perdagangan bebas</a> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i>. Negara ini mengalami peningkatan populasi yang besar selama abad tersebut, yang disertai dengan terjadinya gelombang <a href="/wiki/Urbanisasi" title="Urbanisasi">urbanisasi</a> besar-besaran, terutama ke <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. Hal ini pada akhirnya menyebabkan munculnya tekanan sosial dan ekonomi yang signifikan.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir abad ke-20, negara-negara lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> mulai menyalib dominasi industri Britania Raya di kancah internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of two dozen men in military uniforms and metal helmets sitting or standing in a muddy trench." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg/220px-Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg/330px-Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg/440px-Royal_Irish_Rifles_ration_party_Somme_July_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Infanteri Tentara Irlandia selama <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Somme" title="Pertempuran Somme">Pertempuran Somme</a>. Lebih dari 885.000 tentara Britania Raya gugur di medan perang dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya, bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> dan (setelah tahun 1917) <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> adalah beberapa negara-negara besar yang menentang <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Imperium Jerman</a> dan sekutunya dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> (1914-1918).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya berkembang pesat hingga memiliki lebih dari lima juta tentara,<sup id="cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westwell&Cove-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan melibatkan banyak <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">negara-negara imperiumnya</a> beserta beberapa daerah di Eropa. Hal ini menjadikannya sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_Barat_Terdepan_(Perang_Dunia_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara Barat Terdepan (Perang Dunia I) (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara Barat Terdepan</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>. Britania Raya mengakhiri Perang Dunia I dengan kehilangan sekitar dua setengah juta jiwa dan utang nasional yang besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westwell&Cove-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah perang, Britania Raya menerima mandat <a href="/wiki/Liga_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Liga Bangsa-Bangsa">Liga Bangsa-Bangsa</a> atas bekas jajahan Jerman dan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Utsmaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah">Utsmaniyah</a>. Hal ini membuat Imperium Britania semakin luas, mencakup seperlima dari luas total bumi dan seperempat dari total populasi dunia pada saat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Munculnya <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme_Irlandia" title="Nasionalisme Irlandia">Nasionalisme Irlandia</a> dan konflik yang terjadi selama tahun 1920-an mengakibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembagian_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembagian Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">terpecahnya Irlandia</a> pada tahun 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai hasilnya, <a href="/wiki/Negara_Bebas_Irlandia" title="Negara Bebas Irlandia">Negara Bebas Irlandia</a> yang merdeka dengan status domini terbentuk pada tahun 1922, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> tetap memilih untuk menjadi bagian Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-CAIN_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAIN-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Era <a href="/wiki/Depresi_Besar" title="Depresi Besar">Depresi Besar</a> (1929-1932) terjadi ketika Britania Raya belum pulih sepenuhnya dari dampak peperangan dan menyebabkan munculnya kesusahan serta kerusuhan politik dan sosial di berbagai kota di Britania.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britania Raya adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Blok_Sekutu_(Perang_Dunia_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)">negara Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II</a> dan ikut serta dalam deklarasi pembentukan <a href="/wiki/PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="PBB">PBB</a>. Setelah kekalahan sekutu Eropanya dalam tahun pertama perang, Britania Raya melanjutkan laga melawan Jerman, terutama dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Britania">Pertempuran Britania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Atlantik" title="Pertempuran Atlantik">Pertempuran Atlantik</a>. Setelah kemenangannya, Britania Raya menjadi salah satu dari Tiga Kekuatan Besar yang bertemu untuk perencanaan dunia pasca-perang dunia. Perang ini meninggalkan Britania Raya dalam keterpurukan. Keuangan negara runtuh. <a href="/wiki/Rencana_Marshall" title="Rencana Marshall">Bantuan Marshall</a> dan pinjaman dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>-lah yang membantu Britania Raya dalam proses menuju pemulihan setelah Perang Dunia II.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_British_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the world. Canada, the eastern United States, countries in east Africa, India, most of Australasia, and some other countries are highlighted in pink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/250px-The_British_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/375px-The_British_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Empire.png/500px-The_British_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Wilayah yang pada suatu masa pernah menjadi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania</a> ditandai dengan garis bawah merah.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Partai_Buruh_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)">Partai Buruh</a> yang berkuasa pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dunia segera memulai program perubahan radikal, yang menghasilkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kehidupan masyarakat Britania selama dekade berikutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di dalam negeri, industri-industri penting dan utilitas publik dinasionalisasi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_Kesejahteraan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara Kesejahteraan (halaman belum tersedia)">Negara Kesejahteraan</a> dibentuk, dan <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Health Service">Layanan Kesehatan Nasional</a> didirikan untuk mengelola kesehatan publik.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menanggapi munculnya nasionalisme lokal, pemerintahan Partai Buruh menanggapinya dengan menerapkan kebijakan <a href="/wiki/Dekolonisasi" title="Dekolonisasi">dekolonisasi</a> negara-negara jajahan. Proses ini dimulai dengan pemberian kemerdekaan pada <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> pada tahun 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama tiga dekade berikutnya, sebagian besar negara-negara Imperium Britania yang diberi kemerdekaan dan menjadi negara berdaulat bergabung menjadi <a href="/wiki/Negara-Negara_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-Negara Persemakmuran">Negara-Negara Persemakmuran</a>. </p><p>Meskipun peran politik Britania di kancah internasional menurun pasca terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Krisis_Suez" title="Krisis Suez">Krisis Suez</a> pada tahun 1956, Britania Raya tetap menjadi salah satu dari lima negara anggota tetap <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Keamanan PBB">Dewan Keamanan PBB</a> dan merupakan negara ketiga yang mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a> (dengan bom atom pertama diuji pada tahun 1952). Penyebaran internasional <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> juga menunjukkan pengaruhnya yang masih [atau pernah] dominan di dunia, terutama dalam bidang sastra dan budaya. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1960-an, <a href="/wiki/Budaya_populer" title="Budaya populer">budaya populernya</a> juga berkembang dan memengaruhi dunia. Akibat kekurangan tenaga kerja pada tahun 1950, Pemerintah Britania menggalakkan dilakukannya <a href="/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi">migrasi</a> besar-besaran dari <a href="/wiki/Negara-Negara_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-Negara Persemakmuran">Negara-Negara Persemakmuran</a>. Hal ini menjadikan Britania sebagai negara multi-etnis selama dekade selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1973, Britania Raya bergabung dengan Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa (MEE), dan ketika MEE berganti nama menjadi <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> pada tahun 1992, Britania Raya mencatatkan diri sebagai salah satu dari 12 negara pendirinya. Pada akhir 1960-an dan seterusnya, di Irlandia Utara merebak kekerasan komunal dan paramiliter (juga memengaruhi bagian lain dari Britania Raya dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a>). Peristiwa ini secara konvensional dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. Peristiwa ini pada umumnya dianggap telah berakhir seiring dengan ditandatanganinya <a href="/wiki/Persetujuan_Belfast" title="Persetujuan Belfast">Persetujuan Belfast</a> pada tahun 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hope_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hope-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah periode lambatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemerosotan industri pada tahun 1970-an, Pemerintah Konservatif tahun 1980-an memulai kebijakan radikal deregulasi, khususnya dalam sektor <a href="/wiki/Finansial" class="mw-redirect" title="Finansial">keuangan</a>, pasar tenaga kerja yang fleksibel, penjualan perusahaan-perusahaan negara (<a href="/wiki/Privatisasi" title="Privatisasi">privatisasi</a>), dan penarikan pajak kepada orang asing.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 1984, dibantu dengan ditemukannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minyak_Laut_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minyak Laut Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Minyak Laut Utara</a>, Britania Raya mengalami era pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir abad ke-20 terjadi perubahan besar dalam Pemerintahan Britania Raya dengan pembentukan pemerintahan nasional bagi Irlandia Utara, Wales dan Skotlandia setelah dilakukannya <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> pralegislatif,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta penggabungan secara hukum pada <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Eropa_tentang_Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</a>. Pada tahun 2000-an, terdapat kontroversi yang berlangsung di dalam negeri mengenai invasi militer Britania Raya ke luar negeri, khususnya ke <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Irak_2003" title="Invasi Irak 2003">Irak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Afganistan" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Perang Afganistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Geografi_Britania_Raya" title="Geografi Britania Raya">Geografi Britania Raya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topografi">Topografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Topografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Topografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uk_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of United Kingdom showing hilly regions to north and west, and flattest region in the south-east." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/170px-Uk_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/255px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg/340px-Uk_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption>Topografi Britania Raya</figcaption></figure> <p>Luas total dari Britania Raya adalah sekitar 243.610 kilometer persegi (94.060 sq mi). Negara ini menempati bagian utama dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Britania" title="Kepulauan Britania">Kepulauan Britania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a>, seperenam dari <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia">Pulau Irlandia</a> di barat laut dan beberapa pulau-pulau kecil yang mengelilinginya. Britania Raya terletak di antara <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a>. Pantai tenggaranya berjarak sekitar 35 kilometer (22 mi) dari pantai utara <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, yang dipisahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Selat_Inggris" title="Selat Inggris">Selat Inggris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1993, 10% dari luas total kawasan Britania terdiri dari hutan, 46% digunakan sebagai kawasan padang rumput untuk kepentingan <a href="/wiki/Peternakan" title="Peternakan">peternakan</a>, sedangkan 25%-nya digunakan untuk tujuan <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Observatorium_Kerajaan" title="Observatorium Kerajaan">Observatorium Kerajaan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> merupakan titik pusat dari <a href="/wiki/Meridian_utama" title="Meridian utama">Meridian Utama</a>. </p><p>Britania Raya terletak di antara 49° sampai 61° <a href="/wiki/Lintang_utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintang utara">lintang utara</a>, dan 9° BB sampai 2° BT. <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> berbagi perbatasan darat sepanjang 360-kilometer (224 mi) dengan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Garis_pantai" class="mw-redirect" title="Garis pantai">garis pantai</a> sepanjang 17.820 kilometer (11.073 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara ini dihubungkan ke <a href="/wiki/Benua_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Benua Eropa">benua Eropa</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Terowongan_Channel" title="Terowongan Channel">Terowongan Channel</a>, terowongan bawah laut sepanjang 50 kilometer (31 mi) (38 kilometer (24 mi) di bawah laut). Terowongan ini merupakan terowongan bawah laut terpanjang di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> menempati separuh lebih dari total luas Britania Raya, dengan luas sekitar 130.395 kilometer persegi (50.350 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a> Inggris terdiri dari dataran rendah,<sup id="cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan kawasan pegunungan berada di barat laut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_Tees-Exe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis Tees-Exe (halaman belum tersedia)">garis Tees-Exe</a>, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergunungan_Cumbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergunungan Cumbria (halaman belum tersedia)">Pergunungan Cumbria</a> di sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Danau_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau District">Danau District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Batu_kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Batu kapur">bukit kapur</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak District (halaman belum tersedia)">Puncak District</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exmoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exmoor (halaman belum tersedia)">Exmoor</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>. Sungai-sungai dan muara utama di Inggris adalah <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Thames" title="Sungai Thames">Sungai Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Severn" title="Sungai Severn">Sungai Severn</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humber (halaman belum tersedia)">Humber</a>. Gunung tertinggi di Inggris adalah gunung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scafell_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scafell Pike (halaman belum tersedia)">Scafell Pike</a> (978 meter (3.209 ft)) yang berlokasi di <a href="/wiki/Danau_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau District">Danau District</a>. Sungai utamanya adalah Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe dan Mersey.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:BenNevis2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of Ben Nevis in the distance, fronted by rolling plains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BenNevis2005.jpg/220px-BenNevis2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BenNevis2005.jpg/330px-BenNevis2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BenNevis2005.jpg/440px-BenNevis2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> di <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> adalah puncak tertinggi di Kepulauan Britania.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> menempati kurang lebih sepertiga dari total luas Britania Raya, dengan luas 78.772 kilometer persegi (30.410 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk pulau-pulau yang jumlahnya hampir delapan ratus pulau,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terutama di sebelah barat dan utara dari daratan utama Britania. Pulau-pulau ini di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. Topografi Skotlandia agak menonjol karena adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesar_Batas_Dataran_Tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sesar Batas Dataran Tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sesar Batas Dataran Tinggi</a> (<i>Highland Boundary Fault</i>), sebuah <a href="/wiki/Sesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesar">sesar</a> patahan geologi yang membentang dari <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Arran" title="Pulau Arran">Pulau Arran</a> di bagian barat hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a> di sebelah timur.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garis sesar ini juga memisahkan Skotlandia menjadi dua wilayah yang saling berbeda, yaitu dataran tinggi di utara dan barat dan dataran rendah di bagian selatan dan timur. Wilayah dataran tinggi topografinya lebih kasar dan mencakup sebagian besar tanah pegunungan Skotlandia, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> (1.343 meter (4.406 ft)), yang merupakan puncak tertinggi di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Kepulauan Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan wilayah dataran rendah topografinya lebih rata, terutama yang berada di kawasan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firth_of_Clyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firth of Clyde (halaman belum tersedia)">Firth of Clyde</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Belt (halaman belum tersedia)">Central Belt</a>, dan di sinilah terletak sebagian besar penduduk Skotlandia, termasuk kota terbesar, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, dan ibu kota serta pusat pemerintahan Skotlandia, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> menempati kurang lebih sepersepuluh dari luas total Britania Raya, dengan luas sekitar 20.779 kilometer persegi (8.020 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topografi Wales sebagian besar bergunung-gunung, cuma kawasan <a href="/wiki/Wales_Selatan" title="Wales Selatan">Wales Selatan</a> yang kurang gunungnya dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Wales_Utara" title="Wales Utara">Wales Utara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wales_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wales Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Tengah</a>. Kawasan kependudukan dan perindustrian utama terletak di Wales Selatan, yang meliputi kota-kota di pesisir pantai seperti <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Newport" title="Newport">Newport</a>, serta juga kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales_Valleys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Wales Valleys (halaman belum tersedia)">South Wales Valleys</a> di sebelah utara kota-kota tersebut. Gunung-gunung tertinggi di Wales berada di <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>, termasuk gunung <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">bahasa Wales</a>: <span lang="cy"><i>Yr Wyddfa</i></span>), dengan ketinggian sekitar 1.085 meter (3.560 ft) dan merupakan puncak tertinggi di Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat 14 (atau 15) gunung di Wales yang tingginya mencapai 3.000 kaki (914 m). Gunung-gunung ini secara kolektif dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_3000s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welsh 3000s (halaman belum tersedia)">Welsh 3000s</a>. Wales memiliki garis pantai sepanjang lebih dari 1.200 km (750 mil). Terdapat beberapa pulau yang lokasinya berdekatan dengan daratan Wales; yang terbesar adalah <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> (<i>Ynys Môn</i>) di barat laut. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> hanya menempati 14.160 kilometer persegi (5.470 sq mi) dari luas total Britania Raya dan sebagian besar topografinya terdiri dari perbukitan. Kawasan ini juga mencakup danau <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a> (388 kilometer persegi (150 sq mi)), yang merupakan danau terbesar di Britania Raya dan Pulau Irlandia.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puncak tertinggi di Irlandia Utara adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slieve_Donard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slieve Donard (halaman belum tersedia)">Slieve Donard</a> pada ketinggian 852 meter (2.795 ft) di <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Mourne" title="Pegunungan Mourne">Pegunungan Mourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Iklim di Britania Raya</a></div> <p>Britania Raya memiliki iklim subtropis, dengan curah hujan berlimpah sepanjang tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suhunya bervariasi, menyesuaikan dengan musim tetapi suhunya jarang turun di bawah −11 °C (12 °F) atau melampaui 35 °C (95 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angin pada umumnya datang dari arah barat daya, sering kali membawa cuaca yang sedang dan lembap dari <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bagian timur merupakan wilayah yang paling kering karena terlindung dari angin ini. Arus Atlantik yang dihangatkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arus_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arus Gulf (halaman belum tersedia)">Arus Gulf</a> menghantarkan cuaca <a href="/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin">musim dingin</a> yang sedang, terutama di wilayah bagian barat, di mana musim dinginnya pada umumnya lembap, khususnya di dataran tinggi. <a href="/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas">Musim panas</a> paling panas terjadi di bagian tenggara Inggris yang lokasinya paling dekat dengan benua Eropa, sedangkan yang paling sejuk terdapat di wilayah bagian utara. Salju padat biasanya turun pada musim dingin dan awal <a href="/wiki/Musim_semi" title="Musim semi">musim semi</a> di dataran tinggi, namun jarang sekali salju padat yang turun di wilayah yang bukan dataran tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembagian_administratif">Pembagian administratif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian administratif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian administratif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png/220px-Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png/330px-Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png/440px-Map_of_the_administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="4179" /></a><figcaption>Unit administratif Britania Raya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Masing-masing negara di Britania Raya memiliki sistem administratif dan demarkasi geografis tersendiri. Kebanyakan sudah terbentuk sebelum berdirinya Britania Raya. Akibatnya, tidak ada strata umum unit administratif yang secara resmi digunakan di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampai abad ke-19, dilakukan sejumlah perubahan kecil menyangkut peraturan tersebut, namun perubahan ini tidak berlaku secara seragam pada pemerintahan daerah di Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara.<sup id="cite_ref-barlow_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barlow-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unit-unit <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_daerah" title="Pemerintahan daerah">pemerintahan daerah</a> di Inggris sangat kompleks, dengan pendistribusian fungsi yang bervariasi sesuai dengan peraturan daerah setempat. Undang-undang mengenai pemerintahan daerah di Inggris ditetapkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen Britania Raya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Britania_Raya" title="Pemerintah Britania Raya">Pemerintah Britania Raya</a> karena Inggris tidak memiliki parlemen yang berdiri sendiri. Sub-divisi tingkat atas di Inggris terdiri dari sembilan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di Inggris">region kantor pemerintahan</a> atau disebut juga dengan region kantor pemerintahan Uni Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satu region, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Otoritas_London_Raya" title="Otoritas London Raya">London Raya</a>, telah melakukan pemilihan umum wali kota dan majelis langsung sejak tahun 2000 setelah dilakukannya <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> pada tahun 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada awalnya dimaksudkan bahwa region lain juga akan diberi hak untuk melakukan pemilihan langsung atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_regional_(Inggris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis regional (Inggris) (halaman belum tersedia)">majelis regional</a> mereka, namun adanya penolakan dari majelis di <a href="/wiki/Inggris_Timur_Laut" title="Inggris Timur Laut">Inggris Timur Laut</a> dalam referendum tahun 2004 membuat rencana ini berhenti diajukan.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemerintahan daerah tingkat dua di Inggris terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> dan distrik atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otoritas_kesatuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otoritas kesatuan (halaman belum tersedia)">otoritas kesatuan</a> serta <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> yang terdiri dari 32 <a href="/wiki/Borough_London" title="Borough London">borough London</a>. Anggota dewan dipilih dengan sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_suara_terbanyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan suara terbanyak (halaman belum tersedia)">pemilihan suara terbanyak</a> (<i>first-past-the-post voting</i>) dengan anggota tunggal atau melalui sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_suara_kelompok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan suara kelompok (halaman belum tersedia)">pemilihan suara kelompok</a> (<i>multi-member plurality</i>) dengan banyak anggota.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintahan daerah di Skotlandia terbagi atas 32 sub-divisi, dengan luas dan populasi yang bervariasi. Kota-kota seperti <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> memiliki dewan pemerintahan yang terpisah, begitu juga dengan wilayah yang berada dalam otoritas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Dataran_Tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Dataran Tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Dataran Tinggi</a> (<i>Highland Council</i>) yang mencakup sepertiga dari luas total Skotlandia dan lebih dari 200.000 jiwa penduduk. Kekuasaan dalam pemerintahan lokal dipegang oleh anggota dewan terpilih, di mana saat ini terdapat 1.222 anggota dewan,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan masing-masingnya dibayar dengan gaji paruh-waktu. Pemilihan umum dilakukan dengan sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_suara_tunggal_berpindah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan suara tunggal berpindah (halaman belum tersedia)">pemilihan suara tunggal berpindah</a> (<i>single transferable vote</i>) dengan banyak anggota yang memilih tiga atau empat anggota dewan. Setiap dewan memilih seorang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provost (halaman belum tersedia)">Provost</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Ketua" title="Ketua">Convenor</a> untuk memimpin sidang dewan dan bertindak sebagai wakil daerahnya. Anggota dewan tunduk pada kode etik yang ditetapkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Standar_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Standar Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisi Standar Skotlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asosiasi perwakilan pemerintahan daerah untuk Skotlandia adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Otoritas_Lokal_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Otoritas Lokal Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Konvensi Otoritas Lokal Skotlandia</a> (<i>Convention of Scottish Local Authorities</i>, COSLA).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintahan daerah di Wales terdiri dari 22 otoritas kesatuan (<i>unitary authorities</i>). Otoritas ini termasuk kota <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Newport" title="Newport">Newport</a> yang memiliki kewenangan tersendiri atas otoritas mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemilihan umum diadakan setiap empat tahun sekali dengan menggunakan sistem <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_suara_terbanyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan suara terbanyak (halaman belum tersedia)">pemilihan suara terbanyak</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemilihan terakhir dilangsungkan pada bulan Mei 2008. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asosiasi_Pemerintahan_Daerah_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asosiasi Pemerintahan Daerah Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Asosiasi Pemerintahan Daerah Wales</a> (<i>Welsh Local Government Association</i>) mewakili kepentingan otoritas lokal di Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintah daerah di Irlandia Utara, sejak tahun 1973, terdiri dari 26 distrik, masing-masing anggota dewannya dipilih melalui sistem <i>single transferable vote</i>. Kekuasaan mereka terbatas pada layanan-layanan seperti pengelolaan sampah, [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] pengawasan anjing liar, serta memelihara taman dan pemakaman.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tanggal 13 Maret 2008, eksekutif menyetujui proposal pembentukan 11 dewan baru untuk menggantikan sistem yang lama.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_umum" title="Pemilihan umum">Pemilihan umum</a> lokal berikutnya ditunda sampai tahun 2011 untuk memfasilitasi pembentukan sistem yang baru ini.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependensi">Dependensi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Dependensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dependensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Reef_Cayman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Pemandangan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Karibia" title="Laut Karibia">Laut Karibia</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cayman" title="Kepulauan Cayman">Kepulauan Cayman</a>, salah satu <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a></div> <p>Britania Raya memiliki kedaulatan atas tujuh belas wilayah yang tidak membentuk bagian dari Britania Raya: empat belas <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fco14Terr_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fco14Terr-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tiga <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a> (<i>Crown Dependencies</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keempat belas Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya tersebut adalah: <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Antarktika_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Antarktika Britania">Wilayah Antarktika Britania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samudra_Hindia_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania">Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Virgin_Britania_Raya" title="Kepulauan Virgin Britania Raya">Kepulauan Virgin Britania Raya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cayman" title="Kepulauan Cayman">Kepulauan Cayman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Falkland" title="Kepulauan Falkland">Kepulauan Falkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_dan_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension dan Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension dan Tristan da Cunha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Turks_dan_Caicos" title="Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos">Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Pitcairn" title="Kepulauan Pitcairn">Kepulauan Pitcairn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Selatan_dan_Kepulauan_Sandwich_Selatan" title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan">Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Kawasan Pangkalan Berdaulat di Siprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klaim Britania atas <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a> tidak diakui secara universal.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara keseluruhan, Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania ini mencakup luas sekitar 667.018 mil persegi (1.727.570 km<sup>2</sup>) dan jumlah penduduk sekitar 260.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilayah-wilayah ini adalah sisa-sisa dari <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a> dan beberapa wilayah telah secara khusus memilih untuk tetap menjadi bagian dari Britania Raya (Bermuda pada tahun 1995 dan Gibraltar pada tahun 2002). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a> Britania Raya adalah wilayah-wilayah yang dimiliki oleh <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Britania Raya">Kerajaan Britania Raya</a>, berkebalikan dengan Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania yang dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilayah-wilayah ini terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Channel" title="Kepulauan Channel">Kepulauan Channel</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailiwicks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailiwicks (halaman belum tersedia)">Bailiwicks</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> yang terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Selat_Inggris" title="Selat Inggris">Selat Inggris</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a> di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Irlandia" title="Laut Irlandia">Laut Irlandia</a>. Secara yurisdiksi dan administratif, wilayah-wilayah ini bukanlah bagian dari Britania Raya ataupun <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>, meskipun Pemerintah Britania memiliki kewenangan atas <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">hubungan internasional</a> dan pertahanan nasional mereka. Pemerintah Britania juga memiliki kewenangan untuk menerapkan peraturan dan UU atas nama Britania Raya. Kekuasaan untuk mengesahkan UU yang melibatkan pulau-pulau tersebut terletak pada majelis legislatif di masing-masing pulau, dengan persetujuan dari Kerajaan (Dewan Privy, atau, seorang Letnan-Gubernur untuk hal-hal tertentu di Pulau Man).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 2005, masing-masing Dependensi Mahkota ini memiliki seorang <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdana Menteri">Perdana Menteri</a> yang bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kepala_Pemerintahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Pemerintahan">Kepala Pemerintahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Politik_Britania_Raya" title="Politik Britania Raya">Politik Britania Raya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monarki_Britania_Raya" title="Monarki Britania Raya">Monarki Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles,_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_(cropped)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg/170px-Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg/255px-Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg/340px-Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales_in_2021_%28cropped%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Charles III dari Britania Raya">Charles III</a>, Raja Britania Raya dan <a href="/wiki/Alam_Persemakmuran" title="Alam Persemakmuran">alam Persemakmuran</a> lainnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">negara kesatuan</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">monarki konstitusional</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Charles III dari Britania Raya">Raja Charles III</a> merupakan kepala negara Britania Raya dan juga 15 <a href="/wiki/Negara-Negara_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-Negara Persemakmuran">Negara-Negara Persemakmuran</a> lainnya. Kerajaan memiliki "hak untuk mengkonsultasikan, hak untuk menganjurkan dan hak untuk memperingatkan."<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konstitusi Britania Raya bersifat tidak terkode (<i>uncodified constitution</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang merupakan salah satu dari tiga negara di dunia yang menggunakan sistem ini.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>catatan 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh sebab itu, <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Britania_Raya" title="Konstitusi Britania Raya">konstitusi Britania Raya</a> sebagian besar terdiri dari sumber tertulis yang berbeda-beda, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Undang-undang">undang-undang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preseden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preseden (halaman belum tersedia)">preseden</a> ketetapan hakim, serta perjanjian internasional dan konvensi konstitusional. Karena tidak adanya perbedaan teknis antara undang-undang biasa dengan "undang-undang konstitusional", <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen Britania Raya</a> dapat melakukan "reformasi konstitusi" hanya dengan mengesahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akta_Parlemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akta Parlemen (halaman belum tersedia)">Akta Parlemen</a>, dan dengan demikian memiliki kekuasaan untuk mengubah atau menghapus hampir semua unsur tertulis ataupun yang tidak tertulis dalam konstitusi. Namun, tidak ada parlemen yang boleh mengesahkan undang-undang yang tidak bisa diubah oleh parlemen pada masa depan.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemerintahan">Pemerintahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pemerintahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemerintahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kabinet_Britania_Raya" title="Kabinet Britania Raya">Kabinet Britania Raya</a></div> <p>Britania Raya memiliki sistem pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlementer" title="Sistem parlementer">parlementer</a> yang berlandaskan pada <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Westminster" title="Sistem Westminster">sistem Westminster</a> yang telah ditiru di seluruh dunia sebagai warisan dari <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>. Parlemen Britania Raya yang bersidang di <a href="/wiki/Istana_Westminster" title="Istana Westminster">Istana Westminster</a> terdiri dari dua kamar (dewan), yaitu Dewan Rakyat (<i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a></i>) yang beranggotakan anggota terpilih, dan Dewan Pertuanan (<i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></i>) yang beranggotakan anggota terlantik. Setiap Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU) yang disahkan membutuhkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persetujuan_Kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persetujuan Kerajaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Persetujuan Kerajaan</a> (<i>Royal Assent</i>) supaya bisa menjadi undang-undang baru. </p><p>Posisi <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Perdana_Menteri_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar Perdana Menteri Britania Raya">Perdana Menteri</a> selaku <a href="/wiki/Kepala_Pemerintahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Pemerintahan">Kepala Pemerintahan</a> Britania Raya,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dipegang oleh seorang anggota parlemen yang mampu meraih kepercayaan dari mayoritas anggota <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a></i>. Biasanya yang memperoleh kepercayaan ini adalah pemimpin partai politik terbesar di kamar (dewan) itu. <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdana Menteri">Perdana Menteri</a> beserta kabinetnya dilantik secara resmi oleh Ratu untuk membentuk Pemerintahan Baginda (<i>Her Majesty’s Government</i>). Namun, sebenarnya Perdana Menterilah yang memilih menteri-menterinya, dan secara konvensional Ratu menghormati pilihan Perdana Menteri tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-npm_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npm-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large sand-coloured building of Gothic design beside brown river and road bridge. The building has several large towers, including large clock-tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg/220px-Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg/330px-Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg/440px-Westminster_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istana_Westminster" title="Istana Westminster">Istana Westminster</a>, tempat bersidang dua dewan kamar Parlemen Britania Raya.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kabinet_Britania_Raya" title="Kabinet Britania Raya">Anggota kabinet</a> lazimnya dipilih dari kalangan anggota partai Perdana Menteri di kedua kamar, kebanyakan berasal dari Dewan Rakyat, yang harus mereka pertanggungjawabkan. Kekuasaan eksekutif dijalankan oleh Perdana Menteri dan Kabinet, mereka semua disumpah di hadapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Privy_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Privy Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Privy Britania Raya</a> (<i>Privy Council of the United Kingdom</i>), dan dinobatkan menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menteri_Mahkota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menteri Mahkota (halaman belum tersedia)">Menteri Mahkota</a> (<i>Ministers of the Crown</i>). <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Rt. Hon. David Cameron</a>, pemimpin <a href="/wiki/Partai_Konservatif_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)">Partai Konservatif</a>, memegang jabatan Perdana Menteri, Bendahara Agung dan Menteri Pelayanan Sipil sejak 11 Mei 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk pemilihan anggota Dewan Rakyat, Britania Raya saat ini terbagi menjadi 650 daerah pemilihan.<sup id="cite_ref-Elections_and_voting_—_UK_Parliament_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elections_and_voting_—_UK_Parliament-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masing-masing daerah pemilihan memilih seorang anggota parlemen dengan cara "pluralitas sederhana (<i>simple plurality voting system</i>). Pemilihan umum diadakan oleh Kerajaan atas nasihat dari Perdana Menteri. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akta_Parlemen_1911_dan_1949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akta Parlemen 1911 dan 1949 (halaman belum tersedia)">Akta Parlemen 1911 dan 1949</a> mewajibkan pemilu baru diadakan dengan waktu tidak lebih lima tahun berselang dari pemilu sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Parliament_Acts_—_UK_Parliament_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Parliament_Acts_—_UK_Parliament-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiga partai politik utama di Britania Raya adalah <a href="/wiki/Partai_Konservatif_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)">Partai Konservatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partai_Buruh_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)">Partai Buruh</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Liberal_Demokratis_(Britania_Raya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Liberal Demokratis (Britania Raya) (halaman belum tersedia)">Liberal Demokratis</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_Umum_Britania_Raya_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemilihan Umum Britania Raya 2010">Pemilihan Umum Britania Raya 2010</a>, tiga partai tersebut berhasil memenangkan 622 dari 650 kursi di <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat_Britania_Raya" title="Dewan Rakyat Britania Raya">Dewan Rakyat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan rincian: 621 kursi diperoleh dari pemilu, dan satu kursi berasal dari hasil pemilu kecil yang tertunda di Thirsk dan Malton.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kursi-kursi yang selebihnya diraih oleh partai-partai kecil yang hanya bertanding di kawasan tertentu saja, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Partai_Nasional_Skotlandia" title="Partai Nasional Skotlandia">Partai Nasional Skotlandia</a> (hanya di Skotlandia), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaid_Cymru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaid Cymru (halaman belum tersedia)">Plaid Cymru</a> (hanya di Wales), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Buruh_dan_Demokratis_Sosial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Buruh dan Demokratis Sosial (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Buruh dan Demokratis Sosial</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Kesatuan_Demokratis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Kesatuan Demokratis (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Kesatuan Demokratis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Kesatuan_Ulster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Kesatuan Ulster (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Kesatuan Ulster</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> (hanya di Irlandia Utara, namun Sinn Féin juga bertanding dalam Pemilu di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a>). Sesuai dengan kebijakan partai, tidak ada anggota parlemen terpilih dari partai Sinn Féin yang pernah menghadiri Dewan Rakyat untuk berbicara atas nama daerah pemilihan mereka karena anggota parlemen diharuskan untuk mengambil sumpah setia kepada Ratu (yang mana hal ini ditentang oleh Sinn Féin). Meskipun demikian, para anggota parlemen yang berasal dari Sinn Féin (saat ini berjumlah lima orang) masih diperkenankan untuk mempergunakan fasilitas kantor yang tersedia di <a href="/wiki/Westminster" class="mw-disambig" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> sejak tahun 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk pemilihan <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Eropa" title="Parlemen Eropa">Parlemen Eropa</a>, Britania Raya saat ini diwakili oleh 72 anggota parlemen yang terpilih di 12 daerah pemilihan multi-anggota.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelimpahan_kekuasaan">Pelimpahan kekuasaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pelimpahan kekuasaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelimpahan kekuasaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Modern one-story building with grass on roof and large sculpted grass area in front. Behind are residential buildings in a mixture of styles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/220px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/330px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg/440px-Scotland_Parliament_Holyrood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Gedung Parlemen Skotlandia di <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> adalah kediaman resmi dari <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Skotlandia" title="Parlemen Skotlandia">Parlemen Skotlandia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> masing-masing memiliki pemerintahan atau badan <a href="/wiki/Eksekutif" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksekutif">eksekutif</a> tersendiri yang dipimpin oleh seorang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menteri_Pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menteri Pertama (halaman belum tersedia)">Menteri Pertama</a> (<i>First Minister</i>) (atau, dalam kasus Irlandia Utara, dwi-kekuasaan; Menteri Pertama dan Wakil Menteri Pertama), dan badan legislatif <a href="/wiki/Unikameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unikameral">unikameral</a> (sistem satu kamar atau eka-dewan). <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> sebagai negara terbesar di Britania Raya tidak memiliki badan eksekutif atau legislatif tersendiri, sebaliknya fungsi-fungsi tersebut dipikul secara langsung oleh Kerajaan dan <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen Britania Raya</a>. Situasi ini telah menimbulkan persoalan menyangkut hakikat bahwa anggota parlemen dari Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara dapat melakukan pemungutan suara atas permasalahan yang berkenaan dengan Inggris yang ditangani oleh delegasi badan legislatif negara masing-masing.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintah dan Parlemen Skotlandia memiliki wewenang yang luas atas setiap hal yang secara spesifik tidak dikhususkan untuk menjadi wewenang dari Parlemen Britania Raya, termasuk masalah pendidikan, kesehatan, undang-undang Skotlandia dan pemerintah daerah.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam pemilu 2011, Partai Nasional Skotlandia (SNP) memenangkan mayoritas suara di Parlemen Skotlandia dan pemimpinnya, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>, terpilih menjadi <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Pertama_Skotlandia" title="Menteri Pertama Skotlandia">Menteri Pertama Skotlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintah_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintah Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemerintah Wales</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Nasional_untuk_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Nasional untuk Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Majelis Nasional untuk Wales</a> (<i>National Assembly for Wales</i>) memiliki kekuasaan yang lebih terbatas dibanding dengan yang diserahkan ke Skotlandia.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun setelah disahkannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akta_Majelis_Nasional_untuk_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akta Majelis Nasional untuk Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Akta Majelis</a> pada tahun 2006, majelis dapat membuat undang-undang dalam bidang-bidang tertentu tanpa harus meminta persetujuan dari Westminster. Dalam pemilu 2011, <a href="/wiki/Partai_Buruh_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)">Partai Buruh</a> yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carwyn_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carwyn Jones (halaman belum tersedia)">Carwyn Jones</a> berhasil memenangkan suara mayoritas.<sup id="cite_ref-IcWales_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IcWales-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badan-badan eksekutif dan legislatif di Irlandia Utara memiliki wewenang yang setara dengan yang diserahkan kepada Skotlandia. Badan eksekutifnya dipimpin oleh dua orang, masing-masingnya mewakili Majelis Kesatuan dan Nasionalis. Untuk saat ini, jabatan tersebut dipegang oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Robinson_(politisi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Robinson (politisi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Robinson</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_Kesatuan_Demokratis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai Kesatuan Demokratis (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai Kesatuan Demokratis</a>) sebagai Menteri Pertama dan <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>) sebagai Wakil Menteri Pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-northernireland1_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northernireland1-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britania Raya tidak memiliki undang-undang tertulis dan konstitusi lainnya yang mengatur mengenai pelimpahan kekuasaan ke Skotlandia, Wales atau Irlandia Utara. Di bawah doktrin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_parlemen_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedaulatan parlemen di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">kedaulatan Parlemen</a>, Parlemen Britania Raya secara teori memiliki kewenangan untuk menghapuskan Parlemen Skotlandia, Majelis Wales atau Majelis Irlandia Utara.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1972, <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen Britania Raya</a> secara sepihak membekukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlemen_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlemen Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Parlemen Irlandia Utara</a>, menetapkan preseden yang relevan dengan tata cara pelimpahan kekuasaan.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam praktiknya, ada kemungkinan bahwa Parlemen Britania Raya akan menghapuskan segala hal yang berkaitan dengan pelimpahan kekuasaan ini mengingat kendala politik yang diciptakan oleh hasil referendum yang masih belum jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kendala politik yang timbul berkenaan dengan pelimpahan kekuasaan pada Irlandia Utara lebih besar ketimbang Wales dan Skotlandia, mengingat bahwa pelimpahan kekuasaan ke Irlandia Utara juga bersandar pada perjanjian internasional yang disetujui bersama <a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Irlandia" title="Pemerintah Irlandia">Pemerintah Irlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_luar_negeri">Hubungan luar negeri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Hubungan luar negeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hubungan luar negeri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Perdana Menteri Britania Raya, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, dan Presiden Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidang_Umum_G-20_Toronto_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidang Umum G-20 Toronto 2010 (halaman belum tersedia)">Sidang Umum G-20 Toronto 2010</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya adalah salah satu anggota tetap <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Keamanan PBB">Dewan Keamanan PBB</a>, anggota <a href="/wiki/Negara-Negara_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-Negara Persemakmuran">Negara-Negara Persemakmuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Eropa" title="Majelis Eropa">Majelis Eropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>. Britania Raya memiliki “Hubungan Istimewa” dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menjalin kemitraan yang erat dengan <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">entente cordiale</a></i>) dalam pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a>. Britania Raya juga berhubungan erat dengan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a> dalam hal berbagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perjalanan_Umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perjalanan Umum (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perjalanan Umum</a> (<i>Common Travel Area</i>) dan banyak warga negara Irlandia yang menjadi anggota Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, Britania Raya juga berhubungan erat dengan <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> sejak disahkannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Windsor_(1386&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Windsor (1386 (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Windsor</a> pada tahun 1386. Hubungan ini merupakan hubungan internasional tertua di dunia yang masih tetap bertahan hingga saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekutu erat Britania lainnya termasuk negara-negara Uni Eropa lainnya dan negara-negara anggota NATO, Persemakmuran, serta <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>. Keberadaan dan pengaruh global Britania Raya diperluas lagi melalui hubungan perdagangan, investasi asing, <a href="/wiki/Bantuan_Pembangunan_Resmi" title="Bantuan Pembangunan Resmi">bantuan pembangunan resmi</a> dan angkatan bersenjata.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militer">Militer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Militer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Militer"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya">Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HMS_Daring_D32_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg/150px-HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg/225px-HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg/300px-HMS_Daring_D32_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Challenger_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Challenger_II.jpg/150px-Challenger_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Challenger_II.jpg/225px-Challenger_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Challenger_II.jpg/300px-Challenger_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg/150px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg/225px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg/300px-Eurofighter_Typhoon_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghancur_Tipe_45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghancur Tipe 45 (halaman belum tersedia)">Penghancur Tipe 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurofighter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurofighter (halaman belum tersedia)">Eurofighter</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Militer Britania Raya secara resmi dikenal sebagai Angkatan Bersenjata Yang Mulia (<i>Her Majesty's Armed Forces</i>). Namun, juga dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya">Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya</a> atau Angkatan Bersenjata Mahkota (<i>Armed Forces of the Crown</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angkatan Bersenjata ini mencakup Angkatan Laut atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Service (halaman belum tersedia)">Naval Service</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Marinir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Marinir (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Marinir</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Fleet Auxiliary (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a>), Angkatan Darat Britania (<a href="/wiki/British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army">British Army</a>), serta Angkatan Udara Kerajaan (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua pasukan-pasukan ini dikelola oleh <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pertahanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Pertahanan">Kementerian Pertahanan</a> dan dikendalikan oleh Dewan Pertahanan, serta dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretaris_Negara_untuk_Pertahanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretaris Negara untuk Pertahanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekretaris Negara untuk Pertahanan</a>. Komandan Kepala untuk Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya adalah <a href="/wiki/Monarki_Britania_Raya" title="Monarki Britania Raya">Monarki Britania Raya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Speaker_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaker-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yaitu <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Charles III dari Britania Raya">Raja Charles III</a>, yang mana kepada ialah para pasukan angkatan bersenjata bersumpah setia. </p><p>Secara historis, Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya telah memainkan peran kunci dalam membangun <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a> sebagai kekuatan yang dominan di dunia. Angkatan Bersenjata ini telah terlibat dalam sejumlah perang besar yang melibatkan kekuatan dunia lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Perang_Tujuh_Tahun" title="Perang Tujuh Tahun">Perang Tujuh Tahun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_era_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan era Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Krimea" title="Perang Krimea">Perang Krimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Berulang kali mencapai kejayaan, Britania Raya telah <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Wina" title="Kongres Wina">memengaruhi peristiwa dunia</a> dengan kebijakannya dan muncul sebagai kekuatan militer dan ekonomi terkemuka di dunia. Meskipun Imperium Britania telah runtuh, Britania Raya tetap menjadi kekuatan besar dunia dan Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya adalah salah satu angkatan bersenjata terbesar dan paling berteknologi canggih di dunia. </p><p>Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya bertanggung jawab untuk melindungi Britania Raya dan wilayah-wilayah seberang lautnya, mempromosikan kepentingan keamanan Britania Raya ke penjuru dunia, serta mendukung upaya-upaya perdamaian internasional. Angkatan Bersenjata ini berpartisipasi secara aktif dalam operasi-operasi gabungan internasional seperti <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Perjanjian Pertahanan Lima Negara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RIMPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RIMPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">RIMPAC</a>, dan sebagainya. <a href="/wiki/Garnisun" title="Garnisun">Garnisun</a> dan berbagai fasilitas militer didirikan di <a href="/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension">Pulau Ascension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Falkland" title="Kepulauan Falkland">Kepulauan Falkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Facilities_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facilities-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut berbagai sumber, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> dan Kementerian Pertahanan, Britania Raya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_menurut_pengeluaran_militer" title="Daftar negara menurut pengeluaran militer">pengeluaran militer tertinggi keempat di dunia</a>. Jumlah anggaran militer saat ini menghabiskan sekitar sekitar 2,3% - 2,6% dari total PDB nasional.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> adalah salah satu dari tiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_laut_air-biru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angkatan laut air-biru (halaman belum tersedia)">angkatan laut air-biru</a> (<i>blue-water navy</i>) yang terkemuka di dunia, dua negara lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angkatan laut ini bertanggung jawab untuk melindungi Penangkal Nuklir Britania (<i>UKs Nuclear Deterrent</i>) melalui empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_Selam_Kelas_Vanguard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal Selam Kelas Vanguard (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapal Selam Kelas Vanguard</a>. Royal Navy mengoperasikan sejumlah besar armada kapal, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kapal_induk" title="Kapal induk">kapal induk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_perang_amfibi" title="Kapal perang amfibi">kapal perang amfibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landing_Platform_Dock" title="Landing Platform Dock">Landing Platform Dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_selam_nuklir" title="Kapal selam nuklir">kapal selam nuklir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_perusak_berpeluru_kendali" title="Kapal perusak berpeluru kendali">kapal perusak berpeluru kendali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">fregat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine-countermeasure_vessel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine-countermeasure vessel (halaman belum tersedia)">mine-countermeasure vessel</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kapal_patroli" title="Kapal patroli">kapal patroli</a>. Dalam waktu dekat, dua kapal induk baru, yaitu <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(R09)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Prince of Wales (R09) (halaman belum tersedia)">HMS Prince of Wales</a> juga akan melayani Royal Navy. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasukan_Khusus_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasukan Khusus Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasukan Khusus Britania Raya</a> (<i>United Kingdom Special Forces</i>), seperti <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a>, menyediakan pasukan-pasukan yang cepat tanggap dan terlatih dalam mengatasi masalah-masalah <a href="/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme">terorisme</a>, perbatasan, maritim, dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_amfibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang amfibi">operasi amfibi</a>. Seringkali kerahasiaan atau taktik terselubung dibutuhkan dalam pasukan ini. </p><p>Kebijakan pertahanan baru-baru ini menyatakan asumsi bahwa perlunya menyertakan gabungan pasukan koalisi dalam "operasi yang paling mendesak".<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan mengesampingkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Palliser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Palliser (halaman belum tersedia)">intervensi di Sierra Leone</a>, operasi militer Britania Raya di <a href="/wiki/Perang_Bosnia" title="Perang Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Afganistan" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Perang Afganistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Irak_2003" title="Invasi Irak 2003">Irak</a>, dan terakhir, <a href="/wiki/Intervensi_militer_di_Libya_2011" title="Intervensi militer di Libya 2011">Libya</a>, telah menggunakan pendekatan ini. Perang terakhir di mana militer Britania Raya berjuang sendiri adalah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Falklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Falklands">Perang Falklands</a> pada tahun 1982, dan pada saat itu kemenangan berpihak kepada mereka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_dan_kriminalitas">Hukum dan kriminalitas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum dan kriminalitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum dan kriminalitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">Hukum Inggris</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/220px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/330px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg/440px-Royal_courts_of_justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Courts_of_Justice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Courts of Justice (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Courts of Justice</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya tidak memiliki sistem hukum tunggal karena negara ini terbentuk oleh kesatuan negara-negara yang telah merdeka terlebih dahulu. Selain itu, dalam Pasal 19 dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Kesatuan_1706&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Kesatuan 1706 (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Kesatuan 1706</a>, dinyatakan bahwa negara menjamin kesinambungan perwujudan sistem hukum Skotlandia yang terpisah.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saat ini, Britania Raya memiliki tiga <a href="/wiki/Sistem_hukum_di_dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">sistem hukum</a> yang berbeda, yaitu: <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">Hukum Inggris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum Irlandia Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Skotlandia" title="Hukum Skotlandia">Hukum Skotlandia</a>. Perubahan konstitusi baru-baru ini menyebabkan lahirnya <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Britania_Raya" title="Mahkamah Agung Britania Raya">Mahkamah Agung Britania Raya</a> (<i>Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</i>) baru yang menggantikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungsi_yudisial_House_of_Lords&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungsi yudisial House of Lords (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Banding House of Lords</a> (<i>Appellate Committee of the House of Lords</i>) sejak bulan Oktober 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Komite_Yudisial_Dewan_Privi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komite Yudisial Dewan Privi">Komite Yudisial Dewan Privi</a> (<i>Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</i>) yang terdiri dari para anggota-anggota di <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung" title="Mahkamah Agung">Mahkamah Agung</a>, merupakan pengadilan banding tertinggi bagi beberapa negara-negara Persemakmuran merdeka, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">Hukum Inggris</a> berlaku di Inggris dan Wales, dan hukum Irlandia Utara berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip hukum umum (<i>common law</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esensi dari hukum umum ini adalah bahwa hukum ini harus tunduk pada undang-undang Britania Raya. Pengadilan-pengadilan di Inggris dan Wales dikepalai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Senior_Inggris_dan_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Senior Inggris dan Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengadilan Senior</a> (<i>Senior Courts</i>) yang terdiri dari Pengadilan Banding (<i>Court of Appeal</i>), Pengadilan Tinggi (<i>High Court</i>, untuk kasus-kasus perdata) dan Pengadilan Mahkota (<i>Crown Court</i>, untuk kasus-kasus pidana). Mahkamah Agung merupakan pengadilan tertinggi untuk kasus-kasus banding baik pidana maupun perdata di Inggris, Wales, dan Irlandia Utara, dan keputusan-keputusan yang dibuatnya mengikat semua pengadilan lain dalam yurisdiksi yang sama, dan sering kali memiliki efek persuasif di yurisdiksi yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg/170px-High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg/255px-High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg/340px-High_Court_of_Justiciary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Justiciary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Court of Justiciary (halaman belum tersedia)">High Court of Justiciary</a> – pengadilan pidana tertinggi untuk <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Skotlandia berlandaskan pada Hukum Skotlandia, sebuah sistem hibrid yang berasaskan pada prinsip hukum umum dan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_sipil_(sistem_hukum)" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum sipil</a> (<i>civil law</i>). Pengadilan-pengadilan utamanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Pengadilan_Sesi" title="Pengadilan Sesi">Pengadilan Sesi</a> (<i>Sessions Court</i>) untuk kasus-kasus perdata,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Pengadilan Tinggi Penjabat (<i>High Court of Justiciary</i>) untuk kasus-kasus pidana.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahkamah Agung Britania Raya berfungsi sebagai pengadilan banding tertinggi untuk kasus-kasus perdata di bawah hukum Skotlandia.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengadilan Sheriff (<i>Sheriff Court</i>) menangani kasus-kasus perdata dan pidana, termasuk mengadakan persidangan pidana berjuri yang dikenal sebagai <i>sheriff solemn court</i>, ataupun pengadilan sheriff tanpa juri tanpa (<i>sheriff summary court</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem hukum Skotlandia ini unik karena memiliki tiga putusan dalam persidangan kasus pidana, yaitu: “bersalah”, “tidak bersalah” ataupun “tidak terbukti”. Putusan “tidak bersalah” dan “tidak terbukti” menyebabkan pembebasan tanpa kemungkinan dilakukannya sidang ulangan.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut data dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik_Kriminalitas_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistik Kriminalitas Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Statistik Kriminalitas Britania Raya</a>, kriminalitas di Inggris dan Wales meningkat pada periode antara tahun 1981 dan 1995, meskipun telah terjadi penurunan secara keseluruhan dari 48% dalam <a href="/wiki/Kriminalitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriminalitas">kriminalitas</a> pada periode 1995-2007/2008.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Populasi penghuni penjara di Inggris dan Wales juga meningkat hampir dua kali lipat pada periode yang sama menjadi lebih dari 80.000 narapidana, menjadikan Inggris dan Wales sebagai negara dengan peringkat tertinggi jumlah narapidananya di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Barat" title="Eropa Barat">Eropa Barat</a> dengan rasio 147 napi per 100.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layanan Penjara Baginda (<i>Her Majesty's Prison Service</i>), yang bertanggung jawab kepada Kementerian Kehakiman, mengelola sebagian besar penjara di Inggris dan Wales. Kriminalitas di Skotlandia sebaliknya turun hingga ke tingkat terendah dalam 32 tahun terakhir pada tahun 2009/2010 (turun sepuluh persen).<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada saat yang sama populasi penjara Skotlandia dihuni oleh sekitar 8.000 tahanan,<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di mana hal ini jauh di atas kapasitas desain penjara di Skotlandia.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layanan_Penjara_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layanan Penjara Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Layanan Penjara Skotlandia</a>, yang bertanggung jawab kepada Sekretaris Kabinet untuk Kehakiman, bertugas mengelola penjara-penjara di Skotlandia. Pada tahun 2006 sebuah laporan yang diterbitkan oleh <i>Surveillance Studies Network</i> menyatakan bahwa Britania Raya memiliki tingkat penjagaan penjara tertinggi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara industri Barat lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Britania_Raya" title="Ekonomi Britania Raya">Ekonomi Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Canary_Wharf_at_night,_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg/300px-Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg/450px-Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg/600px-Canary_Wharf_at_night%2C_from_Shadwell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (bersama <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>) adalah pusat keuangan terbesar di dunia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasar" title="Ekonomi pasar">ekonomi pasar</a> yang diatur sebagian.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Nilai_tukar" title="Nilai tukar">nilai tukar</a> pasar, saat ini Britania Raya merupakan negara dengan ekonomi terbesar keenam di dunia dan terbesar kedua di Eropa setelah <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GDP_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> yang dikepalai oleh <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Menteri_Keuangan_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar Menteri Keuangan Britania Raya">Menteri Keuangan Britania Raya</a>, bertanggung jawab untuk mengembangkan dan melaksanakan <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_ekonomi" title="Kebijakan ekonomi">kebijakan ekonomi</a> dan keuangan Pemerintah Britania Raya. <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Bank_sentral" title="Bank sentral">bank sentral</a> Britania yang bertanggung untuk mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">mata uang</a> negara, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>. Bank di Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara tetap diberi hak untuk mengeluarkan uang kertas sendiri, dengan catatan harus tetap menyimpan cadangan uang kertas Bank of England dalam jumlah yang cukup. Pound sterling adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadangan_mata_uang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadangan mata uang (halaman belum tersedia)">cadangan mata uang</a> terbesar ketiga di dunia (setelah dolar AS dan Euro).<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keterlibatan Kerajaan dalam ekonomi dilaksanakan oleh Kanselir Perbendaharaan (Chancellor of the Exchequer). Sejak tahun 1997, jabatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Kebijakan_Moneter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Kebijakan Moneter (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Kebijakan Moneter</a> Bank of England dipimpin oleh gubernur Bank of England dan bertanggung jawab untuk menetapkan <a href="/wiki/Suku_bunga" title="Suku bunga">suku bunga</a> pada tingkat yang diperlukan untuk mencapai target inflasi ekonomi keseluruhan yang ditetapkan oleh Canselor setiap tahunnya.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sektor jasa Britania Raya menyumbangkan sekitar 73% dari total PDB.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> adalah salah satu dari tiga "pusat komando" <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_internasional" title="Perdagangan internasional">perekonomian global</a> (bersama <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serta menjadi pusat keuangan terbesar di dunia (bersama New York).<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Financial_Centres_7_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Financial_Centres_7-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mastercard_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mastercard-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London juga merupakan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_menurut_PDB" title="Daftar kota menurut PDB">kota dengan PDB terbesar di Eropa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_city_GDP_rankings_2008-2025_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_city_GDP_rankings_2008-2025-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di samping itu, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> juga menjadi salah satu pusat keuangan terbesar di Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sektor pariwisata sangat berperan penting dalam perekonomian Britania Raya, di mana lebih dari 27 juta <a href="/wiki/Wisatawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisatawan">wisatawan</a> mengunjungi Britania Raya pada tahun 2004. Negara ini berada di peringkat keenam dalam tujuan wisata di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London juga tercatat telah menarik jumlah wisatawan yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan kota manapun di dunia. Pada tahun 2006, kota ini dikunjungi oleh sekitar 15.6 juta wisatawan, jauh di atas <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> di tempat kedua (10.4 juta kunjungan) dan Paris di tempat ketiga (9.7 juta).<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sektor <a href="/wiki/Industri_kreatif" title="Industri kreatif">industri kreatif</a> menyumbangkan 7% GVA pada tahun 2005 dan rata-rata tumbuh sekitar 6% per tahun antara tahun 1997 dan 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg/220px-Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg/330px-Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg/440px-Qantas_a380_vh-oqa_takeoff_heathrow_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> memiliki sayap dan mesin yang dirakit di Britania Raya.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a> berawal dari Britania Raya,<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang mula-mula berpusat pada industri tekstil, kemudian diikuti oleh industri berat yang lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Pembuatan_kapal" title="Pembuatan kapal">pembuatan kapal</a>, pertambangan batubara, dan pembuatan baja.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a> juga turut menciptakan pasar luar negeri bagi produk-produk Britania, yang memungkinkan Britania untuk mendominasi perdagangan internasional pada abad ke-19. Namun, setelah negara-negara lain juga berindustri, ditambah dengan kemerosotan ekonomi setelah dua perang dunia, Britania Raya mulai kehilangan keunggulan kompetitifnya. Industri-industri berat mengalami penurunan sepanjang abad ke-20. Meskipun demikian, manufaktur tetap menjadi bagian penting dari perekonomian walaupun hanya menyumbangkan 16,7% bagi pendapatan nasional pada tahun 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industri otomotif merupakan sebuah bidang yang penting dalam sektor <a href="/wiki/Manufaktur" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufaktur">manufaktur</a> di Britania Raya, mempekerjakan lebih dari 800.000 orang, dengan omzet sekitar 52 £ miliar, dan menghasilkan ekspor sekitar £26.6 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industri kedirgantaraan di Britania Raya industri nasional terbesar kedua (atau ketiga, tergantung pada metode pengukurannya) dan memiliki omzet tahunan sekitar £ 20 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asd_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ads_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ads-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industri kimia dan farmasi juga berperan penting dalam perekonomian Britania Raya. Industri ini memiliki pangsa pasar tertinggi ketiga di dunia (setelah Amerika Serikat dan Jepang).<sup id="cite_ref-pharmsectorbis_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmsectorbis-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada kuartal terakhir tahun 2008, ekonomi Britania Raya mengalami <a href="/wiki/Krisis_ekonomi_2008" title="Krisis ekonomi 2008">resesi</a> untuk pertama kalinya sejak tahun 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angka <a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">pengangguran</a> meningkat dari 5,2% pada bulan Mei 2008 menjadi 7,6% pada Mei 2009, dan pada bulan Januari 2012, tingkat pengangguran untuk golongan yang berusia antara 18 sampai 24 tahun meningkat dari 11,9% menjadi 22,5%, yang mana ini merupakan angka tertinggi sejak pencatatan dimulai pada tahun 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total utang pemerintah Britania Raya naik dari 44,4% dari total <a href="/wiki/PDB" class="mw-redirect" title="PDB">PDB</a> pada tahun 2007 menjadi 82,9% pada tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Garis_kemiskinan" title="Garis kemiskinan">Garis kemiskinan</a> di Britania Raya umumnya ditetapkan sekitar 60% dari pendapatan rumah tangga rata-rata.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>catatan 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2007-2008, kurang lebih 13,5 juta orang, atau 22% dari total populasi, hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. Hal ini bermakna bahwa angka kemiskinan relatif di Britania Raya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan semua (kecuali empat) negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun yang sama, sebanyak 4,0 juta anak-anak, yaitu sekitar 31% dari total populasi anak-anak di Britania Raya, tinggal di rumah tangga yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan ini (setelah memperhitungkan biaya perumahan). Angka ini mengalami penurunan sebanyak 400.000 anak sejak tahun 1998-1999.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya juga tercatat mengimpor 40% dari total persediaan makanannya.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi">Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Britania Raya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:326px;max-width:326px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/150px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/225px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/300px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/168px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/252px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/336px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Inggris dan Skotlandia adalah pemimpin dari <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_ilmiah" title="Revolusi ilmiah">Revolusi Ilmiah</a> dari abad ke-17,<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Britania Raya kemudian memelopori <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a> pada abad ke-18,<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan terus memproduksi para ilmuwan dan insinyur yang berperan besar dalam menciptakan penemuan-penemuan penting.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilmuwan terpenting dari abad ke-17 dan 18 termasuk <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, yang menemukan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_gerak_Newton" title="Hukum gerak Newton">hukum gerak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a>. Teorinya ini dipandang sebagai kunci dari ilmu pengetahuan modern.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sementara dari abad ke-19 tercatat nama <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, dengan teori evolusi melalui <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a> nya yang sangat fundamental bagi perkembangan biologi modern, dan <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, yang merumuskan <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Maxwell" title="Persamaan Maxwell">teori elektromagnetik</a> klasik, dan yang terbaru; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, yang mencetuskan teori utama dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi_kuantum" title="Gravitasi kuantum">gravitasi kuantum</a> dan investigasi <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hitam" title="Lubang hitam">lubang hitam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penemuan ilmiah penting oleh <a href="/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan">ilmuwan</a> Britania Raya dari abad ke-18 termasuk <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari abad ke-20: <a href="/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin">penisilin</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan struktur <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, dan banyak lagi penemuan-penemuan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penemuan mesin-mesin penting oleh orang-orang dari Britania pada abad ke-18 antara lain <a href="/wiki/Lokomotif_uap" title="Lokomotif uap">lokomotif uap</a>, yang dikembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Vivian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Vivian (halaman belum tersedia)">Andrew Vivian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dari abad ke-19 ada <a href="/wiki/Motor_listrik" title="Motor listrik">motor listrik</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampu_pijar" title="Lampu pijar">bola lampu pijar</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Swan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Swan (halaman belum tersedia)">Joseph Swan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan telepon praktis pertama yang dipatenkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>catatan 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-20, sistem pertelevisian pertama ditemukan oleh oleh <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesin_jet" title="Mesin jet">mesin jet</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a>, dasar dari komputer modern oleh <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian ilmiah dan pengembangan sangat penting di universitas-universitas di Britania Raya, dengan membangun banyak taman ilmu pengetahuan untuk memfasilitasi produksi dan kerja sama dengan industri.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antara tahun 2004 dan 2008, Britania Raya menghasilkan 7% dari keseluruhan karya ilmiah di dunia penelitian (tertinggi ketiga di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat dan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>), serta memperoleh 8% dari pangsa kutipan ilmiah (tertinggi kedua di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat).<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurnal-jurnal ilmiah yang diproduksi di Britania Raya antara lain: <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" title="BMJ">British Medical Journal</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportasi">Transportasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi di Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Terminal_5_at_London_Heathrow_Airport%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_London_Heathrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Udara London Heathrow">Bandar Udara London Heathrow</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Bandar_udara_tersibuk_di_dunia_menurut_lalu_lintas_penumpang_internasional" title="Bandar udara tersibuk di dunia menurut lalu lintas penumpang internasional">bandar udara tersibuk di dunia</a> berdasarkan lalu lintas penumpang internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-airport_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airport-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sistem <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a> di Britania Raya dilengkapi dengan rangkaian jalan raya radial sepanjang 29.145 mil (46.904 km), rangkaian jalan tol sepanjang 2.173 mil (3.497 km) dan jalan raya beraspal sepanjang 213.750 mil (344.000 km).<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2009, tercatat ada total 34 juta kendaraan yang berlisensi di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaringan kereta api nasional (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Rail (halaman belum tersedia)">National Rail</a></i>) melayani rute sepanjang 10.072 mil (16.116 km) di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a> dan 189 mil (303 km) rute di Irlandia Utara, mengangkut lebih dari 18.000 penumpang dan dilalui oleh sekitar 1.000 kereta barang setiap harinya.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada rencana untuk membangun jalur berkecepatan tinggi baru menjelang tahun 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tempo antara bulan Oktober 2009 hingga September 2010, semua bandar udara di Britania Raya menangani total 211,4 juta penumpang.<sup id="cite_ref-caastats_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caastats-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada periode itu, tiga <a href="/wiki/Bandar_udara" title="Bandar udara">bandar udara</a> yang terbesar adalah <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_London_Heathrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Udara London Heathrow">Heathrow</a> (65,6 juta penumpang), <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_London_Gatwick" title="Bandar Udara London Gatwick">Gatwick</a> (31,5 juta penumpang) dan <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_London_Stansted" title="Bandar Udara London Stansted">Stansted</a> (18,9 juta penumpang).<sup id="cite_ref-caastats_278-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caastats-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bandar Udara London Heathrow yang terletak sekitar 24 kilometer (15 mi) di sebelah barat ibu kota London, adalah bandar udara dengan jumlah penumpang internasional terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_274-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-airport_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airport-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di samping itu, bandar udara ini juga menjadi hab utama dari maskapai <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMI" title="BMI">BMI</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic_Airways" title="Virgin Atlantic Airways">Virgin Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energi">Energi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Energi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Energi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg/220px-Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg/330px-Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg/440px-Oil_platform_in_the_North_SeaPros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah platform minyak Britania Raya di Laut Utara.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 2006, Britania Raya menjadi konsumen <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> kesembilan terbesar dan produsen energi ke-15 terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2007, Britania mencatat total output energi sebanyak 9,5 kuadriliun <a href="/wiki/BTU" class="mw-redirect" title="BTU">BTU</a>, yang terdiri dari minyak bumi (38%), gas alam (36%), <a href="/wiki/Batubara" title="Batubara">batubara</a> (13%), nuklir (11%) dan energi terbarukan lainnya (2%).<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoverview-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2009, Britania memproduksi 1,5 juta barel dan memproduksi 1,7 juta barel minyak perhari.<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoil_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoil-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Produksi minyak bumi negara saat ini mengalami penurunan, dan Britania telah menjadi importir bersih minyak sejak tahun 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoil_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoil-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, Britania Raya memiliki cadangan minyak mentah terbukti kurang lebih sebanyak 3,1 miliar barel; yang terbesar dibandingkan dengan negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoil_282-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoil-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2009, Britania Raya merupakan penghasil <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a> terbesar di Uni Eropa, dan terbesar ke-13 di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-eiagas_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiagas-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, produksi gas alam Britania juga mengalami penurunan dan negara ini menjadi importir gas alam sejak tahun 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-eiagas_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiagas-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2009, Britania Raya tercatat memproduksi sekitar 19,7 juta ton dan mengkonsumsi kurang lebih 60,2 juta ton batubara.<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoverview-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahun 2005, Britania memiliki cadangan batubara terbukti sebanyak 171 juta ton.<sup id="cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiaoverview-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diperkirakan bahwa negara ini mampu menghasilkan sebanyak 7 miliar hingga 16 miliar ton batubara di kawasan-kawasan daratan yang berpotensi dilakukannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasifikasi_batubara_bawah_tanah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gasifikasi batubara bawah tanah (halaman belum tersedia)">gasifikasi batubara bawah tanah</a> (<i>underground coal gasification, UCG</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_2_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_2-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan konsumsi batubara di Britania Raya saat ini, jumlah sebanyak itu akan mencukupi untuk keseluruhan konsumsi negara selama 200 hingga 400 tahun mendatang.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_3_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_3-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya juga menjadi lokasi bagi sejumlah perusahaan-perusahaan energi besar, termasuk dua dari enam perusahan minyak dan gas "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supermayor (halaman belum tersedia)">supermayor</a>" – <a href="/wiki/BP" class="mw-redirect" title="BP">BP</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Shell_(perusahaan)" title="Shell (perusahaan)">Royal Dutch Shell</a> – serta <a href="/wiki/BG_Group" title="BG Group">BG Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Demografi Britania Raya</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:UKpop2010.svg&lang=id" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UKpop2010.svg/langid-300px-UKpop2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UKpop2010.svg/langid-450px-UKpop2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UKpop2010.svg/langid-600px-UKpop2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Piramida penduduk Britania Raya pada tahun 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus">Sensus</a> penduduk dijalankan serentak di seluruh wilayah Britania Raya setiap sepuluh tahun sekali.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i> (Kantor Statistik Nasional) bertanggung jawab dalam mengumpulkan data untuk Inggris dan Wales. Sedangkan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Register_Office_for_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Register Office for Scotland (halaman belum tersedia)">General Register Office for Scotland</a></i> (Kantor Pendaftaran Umum Skotlandia) dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a></i> (Statistik dan Badan Penelitian Irlandia Utara) bertanggung jawab untuk melakukan sensus di negara masing-masing.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Sensus_Britania_Raya_2001" title="Sensus Britania Raya 2001">sensus tahun 2001</a>, jumlah penduduk Britania Raya adalah 58.789.194 jiwa; menjadi yang terbanyak ketiga di Uni Eropa, terbanyak kelima di Persemakmuran dan terbanyak ke-21 di dunia. Pada pertengahan tahun 2010, jumlah penduduk Britania Raya diperkirakan telah meningkat menjadi 62.262.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tahun 2010 juga menjadi tahun ketiga di mana pertumbuhan penduduk alami memberikan kontribusi yang lebih dibandingkan dengan migrasi internasional terhadap komposisi penduduk Britania.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antara tahun 2001 sampai 2010, rata-rata peningkatan tahunan jumlah penduduk Britania adalah sekitar 0,6 persen. Hal ini sebanding dengan rata-rata peningkatan jumlah penduduk pada periode 1991-2001 (0,3 persen) dan pada periode 1981-1991 (0,2 persen).<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertengahan 2007, diperkirakan bahwa untuk pertama kalinya, jumlah penduduk Britania Raya yang berusia pensiun lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan jumlah penduduk anak-anak yang berusia di bawah 16 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diperkirakan bahwa jumlah penduduk yang berusia 100 tahun ke atas akan meningkat tajam hingga mencapai 626.000 jiwa menjelang tahun 2080.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jumlah penduduk Inggris pada pertengahan tahun 2008 diperkirakan sebanyak 51,44 juta jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inggris merupakan salah satu negara yang paling padat penduduknya di dunia, dengan kepadatan 383 jiwa penduduk per kilometer persegi pada pertengahan tahun 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-2003density_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003density-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di mana konsentrasi penduduk terbesar terdapat di London dan kawasan <a href="/wiki/Inggris_Tenggara" title="Inggris Tenggara">Inggris Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada pertengahan 2010, total populasi di Skotlandia diperkirakan sebanyak 5,22  juta jiwa, Wales 3,01 juta dan Irlandia Utara 1,80 juta jiwa,<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan kepadatan penduduk yang jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan Inggris. Dibandingkan dengan Inggris yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk 383 jiwa per kilometer persegi (990/sq mi), kepadatan penduduk Wales pada pertengahan tahun 2003 hanya 142/km<sup>2</sup> (370/sq mi), Irlandia Utara 125/km<sup>2</sup> (320/sq mi) dan Skotlandia 65/km<sup>2</sup> (170/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-2003density_293-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003density-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam hal persentase, Irlandia Utara tercatat memiliki pertumbuhan penduduk tercepat di Britania Raya selama empat tahun berturut-turut sampai pertengahan 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2010_290-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2009, rata-rata <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_kesuburan_total" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingkat kesuburan total">tingkat kesuburan total</a> (TKT) di seluruh Britania Raya adalah 1,94 anak per wanita.<sup id="cite_ref-Fertility2008_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fertility2008-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun angka kelahiran yang meningkat memberikan kontribusi dalam pertumbuhan penduduk, namun angkanya masih jauh di bawah puncak "ledakan kelahiran", yaitu 2,95 anak per wanita pada tahun 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-Boseley_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boseley-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang berada di bawah tingkat penggantian 2,1, tetapi lebih tinggi dari rekor terendah yang tercatat pada tahun 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Fertility2008_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fertility2008-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, Skotlandia memiliki TKT terendah, yaitu hanya 1,75 anak per wanita. Di atasnya ada Wales (1,98), Inggris (2,00) dan Irlandia Utara (2,06).<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perkotaan">Perkotaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Perkotaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perkotaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keempat negara di Britania Raya masing-masingnya memiliki ibu kota, yaitu: <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> (Irlandia Utara), <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> (Wales), <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (Skotlandia) dan <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (Inggris). London juga merupakan ibu kota dari Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_136-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">Kawasan perkotaan</a> terbesar di Britania Raya adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <table class="navbox" width="97%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.2em; font-size:120%;"><span style="font-size:smaller; float: left; margin-left:0.75em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya" title="Templat:Kawasan perkotaan terbesar di Britania Raya"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kawasan perkotaan terbesar di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div></span> <span style="font-size:smaller; float: right; margin-right:0.75em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya" title="Templat:Kawasan perkotaan terbesar di Britania Raya"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kawasan perkotaan terbesar di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kawasan_perkotaan_terbesar_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div></span> Kawasan perkotaan terbesar <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small><a href="/wiki/Sensus_Britania_Raya_2001" title="Sensus Britania Raya 2001">Sensus 2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">Peringkat</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">Kawasan perkotaan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan"> Pop.</a> </th> <th>Permukiman utama </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">Peringkat</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">Kawasan perkotaan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan"> Pop.</a> </th> <th>Permukiman utama </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:London_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya"><img alt="Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_from_above.jpg/135px-London_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_from_above.jpg/203px-London_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/London_from_above.jpg/270px-London_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_London_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya</a><br /> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands"><img alt="Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg/135px-Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg/203px-Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg/270px-Birmingham_Skyline_from_Bartley_Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_West_Midlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands</a> </p> </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_London_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan London Raya</a></b></td> <td align="left">8.278.251</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Bristol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Bristol (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Bristol</a></b></td> <td align="left">551.066</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester,_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya"><img alt="Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg/135px-Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg/203px-Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg/270px-Aerial_photograph_of_Manchester%2C_Salford_and_Trafford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Manchester_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya</a><br /> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Leedsnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire"><img alt="Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Leedsnight.jpg/135px-Leedsnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Leedsnight.jpg/203px-Leedsnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Leedsnight.jpg/270px-Leedsnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="636" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Perkotaan_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire">Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_West_Midlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan West Midlands</a></b></td> <td align="left">2.284.093</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton (halaman belum tersedia)">Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton</a></b></td> <td align="left">461.181</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Manchester_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Manchester Raya</a></b></td> <td align="left">2.240.230</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Portsmouth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Portsmouth (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Portsmouth</a></b></td> <td align="left">442.252</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Perkotaan_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire">Kawasan Perkotaan West Yorkshire</a></b></td> <td align="left">1.499.465</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Leicester (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Leicester</a></b></td> <td align="left">441.213</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Raya" title="Glasgow Raya">Glasgow Raya</a></b></td> <td align="left">1.199.629</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></td> <td align="left">420.893</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyneside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyneside (halaman belum tersedia)">Tyneside</a></b></td> <td align="left">879.996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konurbasi_South_East_Dorset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konurbasi South East Dorset (halaman belum tersedia)">Konurbasi South East Dorset</a></b></td> <td align="left">383.713</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Liverpool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Liverpool (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Liverpool</a></b></td> <td align="left">816.216</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Reading/Wokingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Reading/Wokingham (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Reading/Wokingham</a></b></td> <td align="left">369.804</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Nottingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Nottingham (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Nottingham</a></b></td> <td align="left">666.358</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teesside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teesside (halaman belum tersedia)">Teesside</a></b></td> <td align="left">365.323</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Sheffield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Sheffield (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Sheffield</a></b></td> <td align="left">640.720</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_The_Potteries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan The Potteries (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan The Potteries</a></b></td> <td align="left">362.403</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Belfast_Metropolitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Belfast Metropolitan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Belfast Metropolitan</a></b></td> <td align="left">579.554</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Perkotaan_Coventry/Bedworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Perkotaan Coventry/Bedworth (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Perkotaan Coventry/Bedworth</a></b></td> <td align="left">336.452</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelompok_etnis">Kelompok etnis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Kelompok etnis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelompok etnis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:0.9em; border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:140px;">Kelompok etnis</th> <th>Populasi</th> <th>% total* </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kulit putih Britania</td> <td>50.366.497</td> <td>85,67% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kulit putih lainnya</td> <td>3.096.169</td> <td>5,27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1.053.411</td> <td>1,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>977.285</td> <td>1,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a></td> <td>691.232</td> <td>1,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ras campuran</td> <td>677.117</td> <td>1,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kulit hitam Karibia</td> <td><span style="display:none">&0000000000565876.000000</span>565.876</td> <td>1,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kulit hitam Afrika</td> <td>485.277</td> <td>0,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>283.063</td> <td>0,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia lainnya (non-Tionghoa)</td> <td>247.644</td> <td>0,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></td> <td>247.403</td> <td>0,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lain-lain</td> <td>230.615</td> <td>0,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kulit hitam lainnya</td> <td>97.585</td> <td>0,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span style="font-size:90%;">* Persentase dari total populasi berdasarkan sensus 2001</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Secara historis, orang pribumi Britania dianggap sebagai keturunan dari berbagai kelompok etnis yang telah menetap di sana sebelum abad ke-11, yaitu bangsa <a href="/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt">Kelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romawi" class="mw-disambig" title="Romawi">Romawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a>, Norse dan <a href="/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia">Normandia</a>. Ada juga teori yang menyatakan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Orang_Wales" title="Orang Wales">orang Wales</a> merupakan kelompok etnis tertua di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studi genetik baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 50 persen gen bangsa Inggris mengandung <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> Y <a href="/wiki/Orang-orang_Jermanik" title="Orang-orang Jermanik">Jermanik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun analisis genetik terbaru lainnya juga menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 75 persen nenek moyang bangsa Inggris modern telah tiba di Kepulauan Britania sejak 6.200 tahun yang lalu, yaitu pada awal <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Neolitikum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Neolitikum">Zaman Neolitikum</a> atau Zaman Batu Britania. Ditemukan juga bahwa orang Britania (<i>British</i>) pada umumnya "berbagi" nenek moyang yang sama dengan orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque">Basque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britania Raya memiliki sejarah mengenai migrasi pendatang nonkulit putih dalam skala kecil. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> tercatat sebagai kota dengan populasi <a href="/wiki/Kulit_hitam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulit hitam">kulit hitam</a> tertua di negara ini, yang terjadi sejak tahun 1730-an dan setelahnya,<sup id="cite_ref-Costello_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costello-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga komunitas <a href="/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa">Tionghoa</a> tertua di Eropa, yaitu sejak kedatangan pelaut Tiongkok pada abad ke-19.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinese_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinese-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1950, diperkirakan sekitar 20.000 penduduk nonkulit putih menetap di Britania Raya, sebagian besarnya merupakan kelahiran asing (lahir di luar Britania Raya).<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak tahun 1945, <a href="/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi">migrasi</a> besar-besaran dari Afrika, <a href="/wiki/Karibia" title="Karibia">Karibia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> telah menjadi warisan hubungan yang dijalinkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>. Migrasi dari negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa yang baru di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Tengah" title="Eropa Tengah">Eropa Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Timur</a> sejak tahun 2004 menyebabkan pertumbuhan kelompok-kelompok ini semakin beragam. Namun sejak tahun 2008, banyak <a href="/wiki/Imigran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imigran">imigran</a> yang kembali ke negara asalnya, maka jumlah konkret dari kelompok-kelompok ini tidak dapat diketahui lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/Sensus_Britania_Raya_2001" title="Sensus Britania Raya 2001">2001</a>, sekitar 92,1% populasi Britania Raya mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kulit_putih" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulit putih">kulit putih</a>, jadi hanya 7,9% penduduk Britania yang mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai ras campuran atau etnis <a href="/wiki/Minoritas" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minoritas">minoritas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keragaman etnis ini bervariasi secara signifikan di seluruh Britania. Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 30,4% penduduk London,<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 37,4% penduduk <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bukan berasal dari kulit putih pada bulan Juni 2005, sedangkan kurang dari 5% penduduk <a href="/wiki/Inggris_Timur_Laut" title="Inggris Timur Laut">Inggris Timur Laut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inggris_Baratdaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inggris Baratdaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Baratdaya</a> dan Wales merupakan etnis minoritas menurut sensus tahun 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2011, 26,5% siswa sekolah dasar dan 22,2% siswa sekolah menengah yang belajar di sekolah negeri di Inggris berasal dari keluarga minoritas.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Anglospeak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Anglospeak.svg/400px-Anglospeak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Anglospeak.svg/600px-Anglospeak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Anglospeak.svg/800px-Anglospeak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Persebaran <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>. Negara-negara dengan warna biru tua memiliki mayoritas penutur asli bahasa Inggris; biru muda menjadikan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa resmi tetapi bukan bahasa utama. Bahasa Inggris juga merupakan salah satu <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Resmi_Uni_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Resmi Uni Eropa">Bahasa Resmi Uni Eropa</a><sup id="cite_ref-EUlang_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUlang-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="PBB">PBB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya tidak memiliki bahasa resmi secara <i>de jure</i>, namun bahasa lisan yang paling meluas dan diakui secara <i>de facto</i> sudah pasti adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> (<i>British English</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-direct.gov.uk_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-direct.gov.uk-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thecommonwealth.org_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecommonwealth.org-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Germanik_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Germanik Barat">Bahasa Jermanik Barat</a> diturunkan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggris kuno">bahasa Inggris kuno</a> dan menyerap banyak kata pinjaman dari bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norse kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Norse kuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Norman" title="Bahasa Norman">Norman Prancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunani_kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Bahasa Inggris telah menyebar ke seluruh dunia, awalnya karena pengaruh Imperium Britania dan kemudian turut didukung oleh dominasi budaya Amerika Serikat dan telah menjadi bahasa bisnis internasional utama serta bahasa kedua yang paling banyak dituturkan di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/200px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/300px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/400px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Rambu-rambu dwi-bahasa di Cardiff, Wales.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ada empat <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Keltik" title="Rumpun bahasa Keltik">bahasa Kelt</a> yang digunakan di Britania Raya: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Irlandia" title="Bahasa Irlandia">Irlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia">Gaelik Skotlandia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kernowek" title="Bahasa Kernowek">Kernowek</a>. Tiga yang pertama diakui sebagai bahasa daerah atau bahasa minoritas yang dikenakan perlindungan dan promosi di bawah hukum Eropa yang relevan, sementara Kernowek diakui tetapi tidak secara khusus dilindungi. Dalam Sensus tahun 2001 lebih dari seperlima (21%) penduduk Wales mengatakan bahwa mereka bisa berbahasa Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jumlah ini meningkat dari sensus tahun 1991 (18%).<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 200.000 penutur bahasa Wales menetap di Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sensus yang sama di Irlandia Utara, sekitar 167.487 orang (10,4%) menyatakan bahwa mereka memiliki "sedikit pengetahuan tentang bahasa Irlandia", sebagian besarnya adalah penduduk nasionalis (terutama penganut Katolik). Lebih dari 92.000 orang di Skotlandia (2% dari populasi) memiliki sedikit kemampuan dalam menuturkan bahasa Gaelik, termasuk 72% dari mereka yang tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Hebrides_Luar" title="Hebrides Luar">Hebrides Luar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jumlah sekolah-sekolah yang diajarkan bahasa Wales, Gaelik Skotlandia dan Irlandia meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di antara penduduk keturunan emigran yang masih menuturkan bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia berada di Kanada (terutama <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Cape_Breton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Cape Breton (halaman belum tersedia)">Pulau Cape Breton</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2010_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2010-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan penutur bahasa Wales di <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch2006_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch2006-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Skots" title="Bahasa Skots">Bahasa Skots</a>, bahasa yang diturunkan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Inggris Pertengahan">bahasa Inggris Pertengahan</a>, telah mendapat pengakuan di tingkat regional, begitu juga dengan <a href="/wiki/Dialek-dialek_Skots_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialek-dialek Skots Ulster">bahasa Ulster</a> di Irlandia Utara, namun tanpa komitmen khusus untuk melindungi atau mempromosikan bahasa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di seluruh Britania Raya, para siswa pada umumnya diwajibkan untuk mempelajari bahasa kedua, hingga usia 14 tahun di Inggris,<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 16 tahun di Skotlandia. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">Bahasa Prancis</a> dan Jerman merupakan dua bahasa kedua yang paling populer di Inggris dan Skotlandia. Di Wales, semua siswa yang berusia 16 tahun ke bawah diajarkan mata-mata pelajaran dalam bahasa Wales ataupun mempelajari bahasa Wales sebagai bahasa kedua.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Britania_Raya" title="Agama di Britania Raya">Agama di Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey,_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg/170px-West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg/255px-West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg/340px-West_Side_of_Westminster_Abbey%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1406999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> digunakan untuk upacara kemahkotaan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Britania Raya">Kerajaan Britania Raya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agama <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a> telah mendominasi kehidupan keagamaan di Britania Raya selama lebih dari 1.400 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun mayoritas penduduk masih mengaku sebagai umat Kristiani dalam banyak survei, tingkat kehadiran umat di gereja-gereja secara teratur menurun drastis sejak pertengahan abad ke-20.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan para imigran telah ikut memberikan kontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan agama lain, terutama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini menyebabkan beberapa komentator menyebut penduduk Britania Raya sebagai masyarakat dengan "multi-iman",<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme">sekuler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascakristen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascakristen (halaman belum tersedia)">pascakristen</a>. </p><p>Berdasarkan sensus 2001, 71.6% dari responden mengakui bahwa mereka adalah umat Kristiani, dan agama terbesar berikutnya adalah Islam (2,8%), <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> (1,0%), <a href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> (0,6%), <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> (0.3%) dan agama lainnya (0,3%).<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 15% dari responden menyatakan bahwa mereka <a href="/wiki/Atheis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheis">tidak beragama</a>, dan 7% lainnya tidak menyebutkan agama mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah survei yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tearfund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tearfund (halaman belum tersedia)">Tearfund</a> menemukan bahwa hanya satu dari sepuluh penduduk Britania Raya yang benar-benar datang ke gereja setiap minggu.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Inggris" title="Gereja Inggris">Gereja Inggris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglikan">Anglikan</a>) adalah <a href="/wiki/Agama_resmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama resmi">gereja resmi</a> di Inggris.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gereja ini masih mempertahankan perwakilannya di <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen Britania Raya</a> dan Ratu Britania merupakan gubernur agungnya.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Skotlandia, <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Skotlandia" title="Gereja Skotlandia">Gereja Skotlandia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Presbiterian" title="Gereja Presbiterian">Presbiterian</a> diakui sebagai gereja nasional. Gereja Skotlandia tidak tunduk pada kontrol negara dan Ratu cuma menjadi anggota biasa di <a href="/wiki/Gereja" title="Gereja">gereja</a> ini yang diwajibkan untuk bersumpah agar "memelihara dan melestarikan agama <a href="/wiki/Protestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestan">Protestan</a> dan Pemerintahan Gereja Presbiterian" selama masa kekuasaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gereja di Wales telah ‘dibubarkan’ tetapi masih tergolong dalam <a href="/wiki/Komuni_Anglikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Komuni Anglikan">Komuni Anglikan</a>. Gereja Irlandia (Anglikan) juga dibubarkan pada tahun 1870 setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembagian_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembagian Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">terpecahnya Irlandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun tidak ada data konkret dari hasil sensus 2001 mengenai penganut Kristen, Ceri Peach memperkirakan bahwa 62% dari total penganut Kristen di Britania Raya adalah Anglikan, 13,5% <a href="/wiki/Katolik_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolik Roma">Katolik Roma</a>, 6% Presbiterian, 3,4% Metodis, dan sejumlah kecil denominasi dari penganut Protestan lainnya dan <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Ortodoks">Gereja Ortodoks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrasi">Migrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Migrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Migrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/300px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/450px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png/600px-United_Kingdom_foreign_born_population_by_country_of_birth.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Perkiraan populasi asing di Britania Raya menurut negara kelahirannya, April 2007 – Maret 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Britania Raya telah menerima gelombang <a href="/wiki/Migrasi" title="Migrasi">migrasi</a> yang berturut-turut tanpa henti. Musibah <a href="/wiki/Wabah_Kelaparan_Besar" title="Wabah Kelaparan Besar">Wabah Kelaparan Besar</a> menyebabkan kedatangan imigran asal Irlandia secara berbondong-bondong ke Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebih dari 120.000 veteran <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> menetap di Britania setelah Perang Dunia II karena tidak dapat kembali ke tanah air mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-20, terjadi migrasi secara besar-besaran dari koloni-koloni Imperium Britania, terutama disebabkan oleh kekurangan tenaga kerja pasca Perang Dunia II. Sebagian besar imigran ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Karibia" title="Karibia">Karibia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2010, terdapat sekitar 7 juta penduduk kelahiran asing di Britania Raya; 11,3% dari total penduduk. Dari jumlah tersebut, sebanyak 4,76 juta (7,7%) lahir di luar Uni Eropa dan 2,24 juta (3,6%) lahir di negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proporsi penduduk kelahiran asing di Britania Raya masih sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan beberapa negara Eropa lainnya,<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun migrasi inilah yang telah berkontribusi besar dalam meningkatkan jumlah populasi di Britania Raya antara tahun 1991 hingga 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data dari <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> (ONS) menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 2,3 juta imigran pindah ke Britania Raya pada periode 1991-2006.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2008, diprediksi bahwa migrasi akan menambah jumlah penduduk Britania sebanyak 7 juta jiwa menjelang tahun 2031,<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun perkiraan ini juga diperdebatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ONS melaporkan bahwa migrasi bersih dari tahun 2009 ke 2010 naik sebanyak 21 persen, atau sekitar 239.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2011 angka ini meningkat lagi sebanyak 251.000 jiwa, di mana ditemukan bahwa terjadi sebanyak 589.000 imigrasi, dan 338.000 <a href="/wiki/Emigrasi" title="Emigrasi">emigrasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Migration_Statistics_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migration_Statistics-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>195.046 warga negara asing menjadi warga negara Britania pada tahun 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-home_office_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home_office-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedangkan pada 1999 hanya sebanyak 54.902.<sup id="cite_ref-home_office_357-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home_office-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah rekor baru tercipta pada tahun 2010, di mana sebanyak 241.192 WNA diberi hak sebagai penduduk tetap, di antaranya 51 persen berasal dari Asia dan 27 persen dari Afrika.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut statistik resmi yang dirilis pada tahun 2011, 25,1 persen dari bayi yang lahir di Inggris dan Wales pada tahun 2010 lahir dari ibu yang lahir di luar Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:British_expats_countrymap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/300px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/450px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_expats_countrymap.svg/600px-British_expats_countrymap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Perkiraan jumlah warga negara Britania yang tinggal di luar negeri menurut negara, 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sekurang-kurangnya 5,5 juta kelahiran Britania Raya menetap di luar negeri,<sup id="cite_ref-BritsAbroad_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritsAbroad-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> empat besar negara yang menjadi tujuan warga negara Britania adalah <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritsAbroad_361-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritsAbroad-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penduduk Britania melakukan emigrasi besar-besaran ke luar negeri pada abad ke-19. Antara tahun 1815 sampai 1930, sekitar 11,4 juta orang pindah keluar Britania dan 11,4 juta lainnya keluar Irlandia. Pada akhir abad ke-20, diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 300 juta orang keturunan Britania dan Irlandia menetap secara permanen di berbagai belahan dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penduduk di negara-negara Uni Eropa, tidak terkecuali penduduk Britania Raya, memiliki hak untuk tinggal dan bekerja di negara anggota UE manapun.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya menerapkan pembatasan sementara untuk warga <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> yang bergabung dengan Uni Eropa pada bulan Januari 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Policy Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Migration Policy Institute</a> untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komisi_Kesetaraan_dan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komisi Kesetaraan dan Hak Asasi Manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Komisi Kesetaraan dan Hak Asasi Manusia</a> menemukan bahwa antara bulan Mei 2004 dan September 2009, sekitar 1,5 juta pekerja bermigrasi dari negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa yang baru ke Britania Raya; dua-pertiganya berasal dari Polandia, namun kemudian banyak yang kembali ke tanah airnya.<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krisis_ekonomi_2008" title="Krisis ekonomi 2008">Resesi pada akhir 2000-an</a> mengurangi intensitas <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Polandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Polandia">warga Polandia</a> yang bermigrasi ke Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2009, untuk pertama kalinya, lebih banyak penduduk dari negara-negara Uni Eropa lainnya yang meninggalkan Britania Raya daripada yang tiba.<sup id="cite_ref-A8_leaving_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A8_leaving-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2011, 13% dari total emigrasi ke Britania Raya berasal dari penduduk di negara-negara anggota UE yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-Migration_Statistics_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migration_Statistics-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintah Britania Raya telah memperkenalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_imigrasi_berbasis_poin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem imigrasi berbasis poin (halaman belum tersedia)">sistem imigrasi berbasis poin</a> untuk imigrasi yang berasal dari luar <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Ekonomi Eropa">Kawasan Ekonomi Eropa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Juni 2010, pemerintah koalisi Konservatif-Liberal Demokratis menerapkan pembatasan imigrasi dari luar Uni Eropa hanya sebanyak 24.000 imigran.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebijakan ini menimbulkan perdebatan di dalam koalisi: sekretaris bisnis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vince_Cable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vince Cable (halaman belum tersedia)">Vince Cable</a> berpendapat bahwa hal ini justru akan merugikan sektor bisnis Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Pendidikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendidikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan di Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:All_souls_college_oxford_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/All_souls_college_oxford_university.jpg/220px-All_souls_college_oxford_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/All_souls_college_oxford_university.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Oxford" title="Universitas Oxford">Universitas Oxford</a>, yang didirikan sejak tahun 1096<span class="noprint">; 927 tahun lalu</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1096</span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OxHist_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHist-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setiap negara di Britania Raya memiliki sistem pendidikan tersendiri. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan di Inggris</a> merupakan tanggung jawab dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretaris_Negara_untuk_Pendidikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretaris Negara untuk Pendidikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekretaris Negara untuk Pendidikan</a>, sedangkan pengelolaan harian dan pembiayaan sekolah-sekolah negeri merupakan kewajiban dari pemerintah daerah yang bersangkutan.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem pendidikan universal diperkenalkan di seluruh Inggris dan Wales untuk jenjang pendidikan dasar pada tahun 1870, diikuti oleh pendidikan menengah pada tahun 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pendidikan diwajibkan bagi penduduk yang berusia 5 hingga 16 tahun (15 tahun bagi yang lahir pada akhir Juli atau Agustus). Mayoritas anak-anak dididik di sekolah-sekolah negeri, hanya sebagian kecil saja dari sekolah-sekolah tersebut yang memilih siswa berdasarkan kemampuan <a href="/wiki/Akademik" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademik">akademik</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_negeri" class="mw-disambig" title="Sekolah negeri">Sekolah negeri</a> yang diperbolehkan untuk memilih siswa berdasarkan kemampuan akademik mampu mencapai prestasi yang sebanding dengan sekolah swasta yang paling selektif sekalipun; dua dari dua puluh sekolah unggul berdasarkan kriteria GSCE pada tahun 2006 adalah sekolah menengah negeri. Meskipun jumlahnya menurun, namun jumlah anak-anak yang menghadiri sekolah swasta di Inggris meningkat lebih dari 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patut dicatat bahwa lebih dari setengah jumlah mahasiswa di dua universitas terkemuka; Cambridge dan Oxford berasal dari sekolah negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inggris memiliki beberapa <a href="/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas">universitas</a> yang menjadi universitas terbaik di dunia. Di antaranya adalah <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Cambridge" title="Universitas Cambridge">Universitas Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Oxford" title="Universitas Oxford">Universitas Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> dan <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College London">University College London</a>. Universitas-universitas ini merupakan universitas teratas di dunia berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Peringkat_Universitas_Dunia_THE-QS" class="mw-redirect" title="Peringkat Universitas Dunia THE-QS">peringkat yang dirilis oleh THE-QS</a> pada tahun 2010, dengan Cambridge yang menempati posisi pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajian_Sains_dan_Matematika_Internasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajian Sains dan Matematika Internasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Kajian Sains dan Matematika Internasional</a> (TIMSS) menempatkan para pelajar Inggris di posisi ke-7 dalam matematika dan di posisi ke-6 untuk sains di seluruh dunia. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pelajar Inggris mengungguli pelajar di negara-negara Eropa lainnya, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> dan negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast,_Lanyon_building,_May_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg/220px-Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg/440px-Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast%2C_Lanyon_building%2C_May_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_Belfast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queen's University Belfast (halaman belum tersedia)">Queen's University Belfast</a>, dibangun pada tahun 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan di Skotlandia</a> adalah tanggung jawab dari Sekretaris Kabinet untuk Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Seumur Hidup (<i>Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning</i>), sedangkan pengelolaan harian dan pembiayaan sekolah-sekolah negeri merupakan kewajiban dari pemerintah daerah yang bersangkutan. Dua lembaga publik nondepartemen memainkan peranan penting dalam pendidikan Skotlandia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otoritas_Kualifikasi_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otoritas Kualifikasi Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Otoritas Kualifikasi Skotlandia</a> (<i>Scottish Qualifications Authority</i>) bertanggung jawab atas pembangunan, akreditasi, penilaian dan sertifikasi kelayakan selain <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a> yang diberikan oleh sekolah menengah, sekolah tingkat atas institusi-institusi sejenis.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Learning_and_Teaching_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning and Teaching Scotland (halaman belum tersedia)">Learning and Teaching Scotland</a> bertugas untuk memberikan nasihat, sumber daya dan pengembangan staf untuk komunitas pendidikan untuk mempromosikan pengembangan kurikulum dan menciptakan budaya inovasi, cita-cita, dan keunggulan.<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skotlandia pertama kali mengesahkan kebijakan pendidikan wajib pada tahun 1496.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proporsi anak-anak yang menghadiri sekolah swasta di Skotlandia hanya sekitar 4%, namun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir jumlah tersebut berangsur-angsur meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelajar di Skotlandia yang menghadiri universitas di Skotlandia tidak membayar uang kuliah ataupun biaya wisuda, karena biaya-biaya tersebut dihapuskan pada pada tahun 2001 dan 2008 masing-masingnya.<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan di Irlandia Utara</a> merupakan tanggung jawab dari Menteri Pendidikan dan Menteri Pekerjaan dan Pembelajaran, sedangkan tanggung jawab pada tingkat lokal dikelola oleh lima dewan pendidikan dan perpustakaan yang meliputi wilayah geografis yang berbeda. Dewan Kurikulum, Pemeriksaan dan Penilaian (<i>Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment</i>, CCEA) adalah badan yang bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan saran kepada pemerintah mengenai apa yang harus diajarkan di sekolah, memantau, serta memberikan kualifikasi pada sekolah-sekolah di Irlandia Utara.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintah Wales bertanggung jawab atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan di Wales</a>. Sebagian besar pelajar di Wales diajarkan sebagian atau seluruhnya mata pelajaran dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">bahasa Wales</a>, pembelajaran dalam bahasa Wales diwajibkan untuk semua siswa hingga usia 16 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rencana untuk meningkatkan jumlah sekolah menengah berbahasa Wales turut dilakukan sejalan dengan kebijakan untuk membentuk masyarakat Wales yang dwi-bahasa sepenuhnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesehatan">Kesehatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Kesehatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kesehatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg/220px-Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg/330px-Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg/440px-Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital_NHS_Trust_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1301846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (halaman belum tersedia)">Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital</a>, salah satu rumah sakit <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sektor kesehatan di Britania Raya juga dilimpahkan kepada setiap negara yang memiliki institusi-institusi kesehatan tersendiri, baik yang didanai oleh pemerintah, swasta, maupun pengobatan alternatif, holistik, dan pelengkap. Kesehatan publik disediakan bagi semua warga negara dan penduduk tetap Britania Raya secara percuma, namun tetap dibayar melalui pajak umum. <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia</a> (WHO) pada tahun 2000 menempatkan Britania Raya di peringkat ke-15 terbaik di Eropa dan ke-18 di dunia dalam hal penyediaan layanan kesehatan publik.<sup id="cite_ref-Who2000_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who2000-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badan-badan pengawas kesehatan diorganisasikan secara menyeluruh, misalnya Dewan Pengobatan Umum, Dewan Keperawatan dan Kebidanan, dan badan-badan nonpemerintah seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal College (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal College</a>. Namun, tanggung jawab politik dan operasional dalam bidang kesehatan terletak pada empat badan <a href="/wiki/Eksekutif" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksekutif">eksekutif</a> negara; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">kesehatan di Inggris</a> adalah tanggung jawab dari Pemerintah Inggris, kesehatan di Irlandia Utara adalah tanggung jawab dari Eksekutif Irlandia Utara; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">kesehatan di Skotlandia</a> adalah tanggung jawab Pemerintah Skotlandia, dan kesehatan di Wales adalah tanggung jawab dari Pemerintah Wales. Oleh sebab itu, setiap <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Health Service">Layanan Kesehatan Nasional</a> (<i>National Health Service</i>, NHS) memiliki kebijakan dan prioritas yang berbeda-beda, sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan yang kentara sesama mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak tahun 1979, pengeluaran negara untuk sektor kesehatan berusaha ditingkatkan secara signifikan supaya sebanding dengan dengan rata-rata anggaran kesehatan Uni Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya menghabiskan sekitar 8,4 persen dari total PDB nya untuk anggaran kesehatan; 0,5% di bawah rata-rata <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_untuk_Kerjasama_dan_Pengembangan_Ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi untuk Kerjasama dan Pengembangan Ekonomi">OECD</a> dan 1% di bawah rata-rata Uni Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kebudayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan Britania Raya</a></div> <p>Kebudayaan Britania Raya dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti statusnya yang sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_kepulauan" title="Negara kepulauan">negara kepulauan</a> serta sejarahnya sebagai sebuah negara demokrasi liberal barat, adidaya, dan kesatuan politik dari empat negara yang masing-masingnya memelihara unsur-unsur tradisi, adat istiadat, dan simbolisme tersendiri. Sebagai akibat dari luasnya <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium Britania</a>, pengaruh Britania terlihat dalam penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">sistem hukum</a>, dan budaya di sebagian besar bekas jajahannya, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. Pengaruh budaya Britania Raya yang begitu besar menyebabkan negara ini digambarkan sebagai negara "adidaya kebudayaan".<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sastra">Sastra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Sastra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sastra"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg/170px-William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg/255px-William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg/340px-William_Shakespeare_Chandos_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sastra Britania mengacu pada literatur-literatur yang berhubungan dengan Britania Raya, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a>, dan Kepulauan Channel. Sebagian besar sastra Britania ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Pada tahun 2005, sekitar 206.000 buku diterbitkan di Britania Raya, dan pada tahun 2006, negara ini menjadi negara dengan penerbitan buku terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-399"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dramawan dan penyair Inggris, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, secara luas dianggap sebagai dramawan terbesar sepanjang masa,<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tokoh lain yang sezaman dengannya seperti <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> juga diagung-agungkan sampai saat ini. Baru-baru ini, dramawan Britania seperti <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Frayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Frayn (halaman belum tersedia)">Michael Frayn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Stoppard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Stoppard (halaman belum tersedia)">Tom Stoppard</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Edgar (halaman belum tersedia)">David Edgar</a> juga terkenal karena menggabungkan unsur surealisme, realisme dan radikalisme. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jk-rowling-crop.JPG/170px-Jk-rowling-crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jk-rowling-crop.JPG/255px-Jk-rowling-crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Jk-rowling-crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Penulis Inggris terkemuka dari era pramodern antara lain <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> (abad ke-14), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Malory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Malory (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Malory</a> (abad ke-15), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> (abad ke-16), dan <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> (abad ke-17). Dari abad ke-18 tercatat nama-nama seperti <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> (pengarang <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" class="mw-disambig" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Richardson (halaman belum tersedia)">Samuel Richardson</a> yang memelopori novel modern. Sementara dari abad ke-19 ada <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, novelis gotik <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, penulis buku anak-anak <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_Bront%C3%AB" title="Keluarga Brontë">Brontë bersaudari</a>, aktivis sosial <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, naturalis <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, realis <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, penyair visionaris <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, dan penyair roman <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>. Sedangkan penulis-penulis Inggris yang berasal dari abad ke-20 antara lain: novelis fiksi ilmiah <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>; penulis cerita anak-anak klasik <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> (pencipta <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>; <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>; modernis <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>; satiris <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>; <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>; penulis novel kriminal <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> (novelis dengan karya terlaris sepanjang masa);<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a> (pencipta <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>); penyair <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a>; serta penulis fantasi <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnia">Narnia</a></i>) dan <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>). </p><p>Kontribusi Skotlandia dalam kesusasteraan Britania di antaranya penulis cerita detektif <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (pencipta <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>), sastrawan roman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, penulis cerita anak-anak <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>, petualangan epik <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> dan penyair <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>. Penulis modernis dan nasionalis terbaru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_MacDiarmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh MacDiarmid (halaman belum tersedia)">Hugh MacDiarmid</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_M._Gunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil M. Gunn (halaman belum tersedia)">Neil M. Gunn</a> berkontribusi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Renaissance Skotlandia</a>. Penulis lainnya juga termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Rankin (halaman belum tersedia)">Ian Rankin</a> dan novelis horor-komedi <a href="/wiki/Iain_Banks" title="Iain Banks">Iain Banks</a>. Ibu kota Skotlandia, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, adalah kota pertama di dunia yang dinobatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Sastra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Sastra (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota Sastra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puisi tertua Britania yang terkenal, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y_Gododdin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y Gododdin (halaman belum tersedia)">Y Gododdin</a></i>, ditulis di <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hen_Ogledd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hen Ogledd (halaman belum tersedia)">Yr Hen Ogledd</a></i> (<i>The Old North</i>), kemungkinan besar berasal dari akhir abad ke-6. Puisi ini ditulis dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cumbric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Cumbric (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Cumbric</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wales_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wales Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Wales Kuno</a> dan dikenal sebagai referensi paling awal yang berisi tentang legenda <a href="/wiki/Raja_Arthur" title="Raja Arthur">Raja Arthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ketujuh, hubungan antara Wales dan Old North hilang, dan fokus kebudayaan berbahasa-Wales bergeser ke Wales, di mana legenda Raja Arthur dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_dari_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey dari Monmouth">Geoffrey dari Monmouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyair Wales paling terkenal dari abad pertengahan termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dafydd_ap_Gwilym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dafydd ap Gwilym (halaman belum tersedia)">Dafydd ap Gwilym</a> (1320–1370), penulis puisi dengan tema alam, agama, dan terutama cinta. Ia secara luas dianggap sebagai salah satu penyair terbesar Eropa pada zamannya.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sampai akhir abad ke-19, sebagian besar literatur berbahasa Wales berada di Wales dan sebagian besar adalah mengenai prosa keagamaan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Owen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Owen (halaman belum tersedia)">Daniel Owen</a> dikreditkan sebagai novelis bahasa Wales yang pertama, yang menerbitkan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhys_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhys Lewis (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhys Lewis</a></i> pada tahun 1885. Novelis Wales terkemuka dari abad kedua puluh di antaranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Llewellyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Llewellyn (halaman belum tersedia)">Richard Llewellyn</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kate_Roberts_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kate Roberts (author) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kate Roberts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-409" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-409"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penulis dengan kebangsaan negara lain, terutama dari <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Persemakmuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara-negara Persemakmuran">negara-negara Persemakmuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, pernah menetap dan bekerja di Britania Raya. Orang-orang ini termasuk <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> dan penulis <i>British</i> kelahiran asing baru-baru ini; <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Sir Salman Rushdie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musik">Musik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Musik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Musik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/180px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/270px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/360px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> adalah salah satu grup musik paling sukses secara komersial dalam sejarah musik, menjual lebih dari satu miliar rekaman secara internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatles_sales_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatles_sales-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCartney_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartney-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Berbagai genre musik populer di Britania Raya, mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Lagu_daerah" title="Lagu daerah">musik tradisional</a> Inggris, Wales, Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara, hingga musik <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal" title="Heavy metal">heavy metal</a>. Komposer <a href="/wiki/Musik_klasik" title="Musik klasik">musik klasik</a> terkenal dari Britania Raya antara lain <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Sir Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Sir Arthur Sullivan</a> (dikenal karena bekerja sama dengan <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" class="mw-redirect" title="W. S. Gilbert">Sir W.S. Gilbert</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Britten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Britten (halaman belum tersedia)">Benjamin Britten</a> (pelopor <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> Britania modern). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Maxwell_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Maxwell Davies (halaman belum tersedia)">Sir Peter Maxwell Davies</a> adalah salah satu komposer terkenal yang masih hidup dan baru-baru ini diangkat menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Master of the Queen's Music (halaman belum tersedia)">Master of the Queen's Music</a>. Britania Raya juga menjadi lokasi dari orkestra simponi dan paduan suara terkenal di dunia seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Symphony_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra (halaman belum tersedia)">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Symphony_Chorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Symphony Chorus (halaman belum tersedia)">London Symphony Chorus</a>. Konduktor ternama termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Rattle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Rattle (halaman belum tersedia)">Sir Simon Rattle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Barbirolli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Barbirolli (halaman belum tersedia)">John Barbirolli</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Sargent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm Sargent (halaman belum tersedia)">Sir Malcolm Sargent</a>. Beberapa komposer skor film terkemuka seperti <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(komposer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barry (komposer)">John Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Mansell" title="Clint Mansell">Clint Mansell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Powell (halaman belum tersedia)">John Powell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Craig_Armstrong_(komposer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craig Armstrong (komposer) (halaman belum tersedia)">Craig Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Arnold" title="David Arnold">David Arnold</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Murphy_(komposer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Murphy (komposer) (halaman belum tersedia)">John Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monty_Norman" title="Monty Norman">Monty Norman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gregson-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Gregson-Williams (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry Gregson-Williams</a> juga berasal dari Britania Raya. <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, meskipun lahir di Jerman, adalah warga negara Britania <a href="/wiki/Naturalisasi" title="Naturalisasi">naturalisasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handel_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handel-415"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> telah mencapai sukses besar secara komersial di seluruh dunia dan merupakan komposer teater musikal produktif, karyanya telah mendominasi <a href="/wiki/Teater_West_End" title="Teater West End">Teater West End</a> selama beberapa tahun dan bahkan telah menembus Broadway di New York.<sup id="cite_ref-416" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-416"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> telah menghasilkan penjualan rekaman secara internasional lebih dari satu miliar unit dan merupakan grup musik yang paling laris dan paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah musik populer.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatles_sales_412-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatles_sales-412"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCartney_413-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartney-413"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_414-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-414"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musisi-musisi terkemuka Britania yang turut memengaruhi perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Musik_pop" title="Musik pop">musik pop</a> selama 50 tahun terakhir di antaranya: <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen" title="Queen">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, semuanya menghasilkan rekor penjualan lebih dari 200 juta keping album.<sup id="cite_ref-418" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-418"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-419" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-419"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-423" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-423"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brit_Awards" title="Brit Awards">Brit Awards</a> adalah penghargaan tahunan untuk industri musik di Britania. Beberapa musisi yang telah menerima penghargaan sebagai <i>Outstanding Contribution</i> antara lain: <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> dan <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musisi Britania baru-baru ini yang sukses secara internasional termasuk <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(grup_musik)" title="Oasis (grup musik)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muse_(grup_musik)" title="Muse (grup musik)">Muse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, dan yang terbaru, <a href="/wiki/One_Direction" title="One Direction">One Direction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah kota di Britania Raya juga terkenal karena musiknya. Musisi asal <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> telah menghasilkan singel hit nomor satu di tangga-tangga lagu internasional lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan kota manapun di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Liverpool_vs_Stavanger_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liverpool_vs_Stavanger-426"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontribusi <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> di dunia musik diakui pada tahun 2008 saat <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> menobatkannya sebagai salah satu dari tiga Kota Musik Dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seni_rupa">Seni rupa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Seni rupa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Seni rupa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni Britania Raya</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Burlington_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burlington_House.jpg/200px-Burlington_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burlington_House.jpg/300px-Burlington_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burlington_House.jpg/400px-Burlington_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burlington_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burlington House (halaman belum tersedia)">Burlington House</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejarah <a href="/wiki/Seni_rupa" title="Seni rupa">seni rupa</a> Britania Raya merupakan bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_seni_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah seni Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">sejarah seni Barat</a>. Seniman Britania yang terkenal di antaranya: romantisis <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.M.W._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M.W. Turner (halaman belum tersedia)">J.M.W. Turner</a>; pelukis potret <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a>; seniman lanskap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gainsborough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Gainsborough (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Gainsborough</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._S._Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. S. Lowry (halaman belum tersedia)">L. S. Lowry</a>; pelopor Gerakan "Seni dan Kerajinan" <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>; pelukis figuratif <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>; seniman pop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Blake_(seniman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Blake (seniman) (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Blake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hamilton_(seniman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hamilton (seniman) (halaman belum tersedia)">Richard Hamilton</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hockney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hockney (halaman belum tersedia)">David Hockney</a>; duo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_dan_George&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert dan George (halaman belum tersedia)">Gilbert dan George</a>; seniman <a href="/wiki/Seni_abstrak" title="Seni abstrak">abstrak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hodgkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Hodgkin (halaman belum tersedia)">Howard Hodgkin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seni_patung" title="Seni patung">pematung</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Gormley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Gormley (halaman belum tersedia)">Antony Gormley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anish_Kapoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anish Kapoor (halaman belum tersedia)">Anish Kapoor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>. Selama periode 1980-an dan 1990-an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saatchi_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saatchi Gallery (halaman belum tersedia)">Saatchi Gallery</a> di London membantu menarik perhatian publik terhadap kelompok seniman multi-genre yang dikenal sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seniman_Muda_Britania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seniman Muda Britania (halaman belum tersedia)">Seniman Muda Britania</a>", <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Ofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Ofili (halaman belum tersedia)">Chris Ofili</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Whiteread&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Whiteread (halaman belum tersedia)">Rachel Whiteread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wallinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wallinger (halaman belum tersedia)">Mark Wallinger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_McQueen_(seniman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve McQueen (seniman) (halaman belum tersedia)">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Taylor-Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Taylor-Wood (halaman belum tersedia)">Sam Taylor-Wood</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jake_dan_Dinos_Chapman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jake dan Dinos Chapman (halaman belum tersedia)">Chapman Bersaudara</a> adalah beberapa seniman yang menjadi anggota dari kelompok ini. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> di London adalah organisasi kunci untuk mempromosikan seni rupa Britania Raya. Sekolah-sekolah seni terkemuka di Britania Raya di antaranya <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_the_Arts_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of the Arts London (halaman belum tersedia)">University of the Arts London</a>, yang terdiri dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (halaman belum tersedia)">Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_College_of_Art_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelsea College of Art and Design (halaman belum tersedia)">Chelsea College of Art and Design</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldsmiths,_Universitas_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldsmiths, Universitas London (halaman belum tersedia)">Goldsmiths, Universitas London</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slade_School_of_Fine_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slade School of Fine Art (halaman belum tersedia)">Slade School of Fine Art</a> (bagian dari <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College London">University College London</a>); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_School_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasgow School of Art (halaman belum tersedia)">Glasgow School of Art</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_College_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal College of Art (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal College of Art</a>; dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ruskin_School_of_Drawing_and_Fine_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art (halaman belum tersedia)">The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art</a> (bagian dari Universitas Oxford). <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a> adalah pusat utama dalam pengajaran sejarah seni. Galeri seni yang terkemuka di Britania Raya termasuk: <a href="/wiki/Galeri_Nasional_London" title="Galeri Nasional London">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Portrait Gallery (London) (halaman belum tersedia)">National Portrait Gallery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tate_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tate Britain (halaman belum tersedia)">Tate Britain</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> (galeri seni modern yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia, dengan lebih dari 4,7 juta pengunjung per tahun).<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfilman">Perfilman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Perfilman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perfilman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charlie_Chaplin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/150px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/225px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlie_Chaplin.jpg/300px-Charlie_Chaplin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/142px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/213px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg/284px-KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent"><center><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>.</center></div></div></div></div> <p>Britania Raya memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap sejarah perfilman dunia. Sutradara <i>British</i> seperti <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> dan <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> adalah beberapa sutradara yang diakui sebagai sutradara paling kritis sepanjang masa,<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juga beberapa sutradara-sutradara terkemuka seperti <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-430" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-430"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak pemeran <i>British</i> yang sukses mencapai ketenaran internasional dan keberhasilan secara kritis, di antaranya: <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>, Charlie Chaplin, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>, dan banyak lagi aktris dan aktor asal Britania yang tak terhitung jumlahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-436" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-436"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-437" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-437"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-438" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-438"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-442" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-442"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa film-film terlaris sepanjang masa juga diproduksi di Britania Raya, film-film ini termasuk waralaba film dengan pendapatan tertinggi; <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Harry Potter (film)">Harry Potter</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a> di London di klaim sebagai studio film tertua di dunia yang masih tetap bertahan sampai saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun banyak yang sukses, industri perfilman di Britania Raya sering diperdebatkan mengenai identitas dan besarnya pengaruh Amerika (<a href="/wiki/Hollywood" class="mw-disambig" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>) dan Eropa. Banyak perusahaan film-film Britania yang bekerja sama dengan produser film-film Amerika, sering kali film-film tersebut juga menggunakan aktor dan aktris dari kedua negara. Pemeran <i>British</i> juga sering dilibatkan dalam film-film Hollywood. Film-film sukses Hollywood kebanyakan ceritanya juga didasarkan pada orang-orang Britania, sejarah, ataupun peristiwa di Britania Raya, film-film ini di antaranya: <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(film_1997)" title="Titanic (film 1997)"><i>Titanic</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirates of the Caribbean (halaman belum tersedia)">Pirates of the Caribbean</a></i>, dan film animasi <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> "Siklus Inggris" (<i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" class="mw-disambig" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2009, perfilman Britania Raya meraup pendapatan sekitar $ 2 miliar di seluruh dunia dengan pangsa pasar sekitar 7% secara global dan 17% di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-447"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Box-office film-film Britania menghasilkan sekitar £ 944 juta pada tahun 2009, dengan penerimaan sekitar 173 juta.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_447-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-447"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> merilis suatu hasil jajak pendapat yang dikenal dengan "seratus film Britania terbaik sepanjang masa" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=BFI_Top_100_British_films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BFI Top 100 British films (halaman belum tersedia)">BFI Top 100 British films</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-448" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-448"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajang tahunan <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a> diselenggarakan oleh <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a> dan merupakan ajang yang setara dengan <a href="/wiki/Oscar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar">Oscar</a> di Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-449" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-449"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Media"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg/150px-Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg/225px-Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg/300px-Bbc_broadcasting_house_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadcasting House (halaman belum tersedia)">Broadcasting House</a>, London, kantor pusat <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, yang didirikan pada tahun 1922, adalah lembaga penyiaran publik Britania Raya dan merupakan lembaga penyiaran tertua dan terbesar di dunia. BBC mengoperasikan sejumlah stasiun televisi dan radio di Britania Raya dan di luar negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-MediaNewsline_450-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MediaNewsline-450"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-451" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-451"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media utama lainnya di Britania Raya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=ITV_plc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ITV plc (halaman belum tersedia)">ITV plc</a>, yang mengelola 11 dari 15 stasiun televisi regional yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/ITV" title="ITV">ITV Network</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-452" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-452"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" class="mw-disambig" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a>, yang memiliki sejumlah media cetak nasional dan internasional yang populer seperti <a href="/wiki/Tabloid" title="Tabloid">tabloid</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sun (halaman belum tersedia)">The Sun</a></i> dan harian <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-453" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-453"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perusahaan ini juga memegang saham terbesar di <a href="/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sky Broadcasting">British Sky Broadcasting</a>, yaitu saluran televisi satelit Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London mendominasi sektor media di Britania Raya: surat kabar, stasiun radio dan televisi nasional bermarkas di sini, meskipun Manchester juga signifikan dalam hal pusat pers nasional. Edinburgh, Glasgow, dan Cardiff, merupakan pusat utama dari produksi surat kabar dan penyiaran di Skotlandia dan Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-455" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-455"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sektor penerbitan Britania Raya, termasuk buku, direktori dan database, jurnal, majalah dan media bisnis, surat kabar dan kantor berita, memiliki omzet gabungan sekitar £ 20 miliar dan mempekerjakan sekitar 167.000 karyawan.<sup id="cite_ref-456" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-456"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2009, diperkirakan bahwa rata-rata individu di Britania Raya menonton televisi 3,75 jam dan mendengarkan radio 2,81 jam per hari. Pada tahun yang sama, <a href="/wiki/Lembaga_Penyiaran_Publik" title="Lembaga Penyiaran Publik">Lembaga Penyiaran Publik</a> BBC menyumbangkan sekitar 28,4% dari total keseluruhan penonton televisi. Tiga saluran independen utama lainnya menyumbangkan sekitar 29,5% dan sisanya ditempati oleh saluran digital dan satelit lainnya (42,1%).<sup id="cite_ref-457" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-457"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>436<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penjualan <a href="/wiki/Surat_kabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat kabar">surat kabar</a> telah jauh merosot sejak tahun 1970-an. Pada tahun 2009, 42% dari penduduk Britania Raya dilaporkan membaca surat kabar harian nasional.<sup id="cite_ref-458" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-458"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, 82,5% dari total populasi Britania Raya adalah pengguna <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, jumlah ini merupakan yang tertinggi di antara 20 negara lainnya dan menjadi jumlah total pengguna terbesar pada tahun itu.<sup id="cite_ref-459" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-459"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>438<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filsafat">Filsafat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Filsafat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Filsafat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britania Raya terkenal dengan tradisi “<i><a href="/wiki/Empirisme" title="Empirisme">British Empiricism</a></i>”, salah satu cabang filsafat ilmu yang menyatakan bahwa semua pengetahuan yang berasal dari pengalaman manusia adalah valid, dan juga “Filsafat Skotlandia” atau ‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliran_Akal_Sehat_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliran Akal Sehat Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Aliran Akal Sehat Skotlandia</a>’ (<i>Scottish School of Common Sense</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-460" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-460"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filsuf-filsuf terkenal yang berasal dari <i>British Empiricism</i> adalah <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> dan <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. Sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dugald_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dugald Stewart (halaman belum tersedia)">Dugald Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Hamilton,_9th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (halaman belum tersedia)">William Hamilton</a> adalah filsuf utama yang mengamalkan aliran "akal sehat" Skotlandia. Dua warga Britania lainnya yang juga terkenal karena teori filsafat moral <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianisme" title="Utilitarianisme">utilitarianisme</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, dan kemudian diikuti oleh <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (dengan karangannya yang berjudul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianisme_(buku)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarianisme (buku) (halaman belum tersedia)">Utilitarianisme</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-461" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-461"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-462" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-462"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filsuf Britania terkemuka lainnya antara lain: <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lilburne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lilburne (halaman belum tersedia)">John Lilburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ockham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ockham">William Ockham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Jules Ayer">A.J. "Freddie" Ayer</a>. Filsuf kelahiran asing yang menetap di Britania termasuk <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olahraga">Olahraga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Olahraga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Olahraga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Wembley" title="Stadion Wembley">Stadion Wembley</a>, London: salah satu stadion termahal yang pernah dibangun.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Mail_-_stadium_ready_463-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Mail_-_stadium_ready-463"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cabang-cabang olahraga seperti <a href="/wiki/Sepak_bola" title="Sepak bola">sepak bola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liga_rugbi" title="Liga rugbi">liga rugbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uni_rugbi" title="Uni rugbi">uni rugbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayung" title="Dayung">dayung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinju" title="Tinju">tinju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulu_tangkis" title="Bulu tangkis">bulu tangkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kriket" title="Kriket">kriket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panahan" title="Panahan">panahan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, berasal, atau secara substansial dikembangkan di Britania Raya. Sebuah jajak pendapat pada tahun 2003 menemukan bahwa sepak bola adalah olahraga paling populer di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-464" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-464"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>443<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sebagian besar kompetisi olahraga internasional, masing-masing tim secara terpisah mewakili Inggris, Wales dan Skotlandia. Irlandia Utara biasanya bergabung dengan Republik Irlandia dan mewakili Irlandia secara keseluruhan, dengan pengecualian di <a href="/wiki/Pesta_Olahraga_Persemakmuran" title="Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran">Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran</a> dan sepak bola. Dalam konteks olahraga, tim-tim ini secara kolektif dapat disebut sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Home Nations (halaman belum tersedia)">Home Nations</a></i>. Namun ada kesempatan di mana tim olahraga tunggal diperkenankan mewakili Britania Raya, salah satunya di ajang <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade" title="Olimpiade">Olimpiade</a>, di mana <i>United Kingdom</i> diwakili oleh tim Britania Raya (<i>Great Britain team</i>). London adalah tempat diselenggarakannya <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1908" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1908">Olimpiade Musim Panas 1908</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_1948" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 1948">1948</a>, dan pada tahun <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas_2012" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012">2012</a> menjadi satu-satunya kota yang telah menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_Musim_Panas" title="Olimpiade Musim Panas">Olimpiade Musim Panas</a> sebanyak tiga kali. </p><p>Masing-masing <i>Home Nations</i> memiliki tim sepak bola, tim nasional dan sistem liga tersendiri, meskipun beberapa klub ada yang bermain di luar sistem negara mereka untuk berbagai alasan historis dan logistik. <a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Inggris" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Inggris">Tim nasional sepak bola Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Skotlandia" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Wales" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Wales">Wales</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tim_nasional_sepak_bola_Irlandia_Utara" title="Tim nasional sepak bola Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a> bersaing sebagai negara terpisah dalam kompetisi internasional. Akibatnya, Britania Raya juga tidak pernah bersaing sebagai sebuah tim dalam ajang sepak bola di Olimpiade.<sup id="cite_ref-465" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-465"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, tim sepak bola negara-negara tersebut disatukan menjadi tim Olimpiade Britania Raya oleh <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> untuk berlaga dalam <a href="/wiki/Olimpiade_London_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiade London 2012">Olimpiade London 2012</a>. Tim sepak bola Skotlandia, Wales, dan Irlandia Utara menolak untuk berpartisipasi, takut bahwa hal itu akan merusak status independen mereka, ketakutan ini dikonfirmasikan oleh presiden <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, Sepp Blatter.<sup id="cite_ref-466" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-466"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg/220px-Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg/330px-Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg/440px-Millennium_Stadium_Cardiff_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Stadium">Stadion Millennium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, dibuka saat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_Dunia_Rugbi_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala Dunia Rugbi 1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">Piala Dunia Rugbi 1999</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kriket" title="Kriket">Kriket</a> ditemukan di Inggris. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_kriket_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim kriket Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Tim kriket Inggris</a> dikelola oleh Badan Kriket Inggris dan Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-467" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-467"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan merupakan satu-satunya tim nasional di Britania Raya dengan <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">status uji</a>. Anggota tim diambil dari <i><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>-county</i> utama di Inggris dan Wales. Pemain kriket Irlandia dan Skotlandia juga diperkenankan bermain untuk tim Inggris karena tidak ada tim di Skotlandia dan Irlandia yang telah mendapatkan status uji.<sup id="cite_ref-468" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-468"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-469" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-469"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inggris (bersama Wales), Skotlandia, Irlandia (bersama Irlandia Utara) sudah pernah berkompetisi di <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_Kriket" title="Piala Dunia Kriket">Piala Dunia Kriket</a>, dan hanya Inggris yang sukses mencapai final pada tiga kesempatan. Terdapat sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejuaraan_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejuaraan County (halaman belum tersedia)">kejuaraan liga</a> profesional yang menghadirkan 17 tim yang mewakili <i>county</i> di Inggris dan satu tim mewakili Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-470" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-470"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>449<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liga_rugbi" title="Liga rugbi">Liga rugbi</a> adalah olahraga yang juga populer di beberapa daerah di Britania Raya. Cabang ini berasal dari Huddersfield dan secara umum juga dimainkan di Irlandia Utara.<sup id="cite_ref-471" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-471"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah tim tunggal bernama 'Great Britain Lions' yang mewakili Britania Raya berkompetisi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piala_Dunia_Liga_Rugbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piala Dunia Liga Rugbi (halaman belum tersedia)">Piala Dunia Liga Rugbi</a> dan pertandingan uji coba. Namun peraturan ini berubah pada tahun 2008. Akibatnya, saat ini Inggris, Skotlandia, dan Irlandia masing-masingnya berkompetisi sebagai negara terpisah.<sup id="cite_ref-472" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-472"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>451<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britania Raya masih tetap dipertahankan sebagai tim nasional saat tur melawan Australia, Selandia Baru, dan Prancis. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_super&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga super (halaman belum tersedia)">Liga super</a> adalah tingkat tertinggi dari liga rugbi profesional di Britania Raya dan Eropa. Liga ini terdiri dari 11 tim yang mewakili Irlandia Utara, 1 dari London, 1 dari Wales dan 1 dari Prancis. <a href="/wiki/Kejuaraan_Enam_Negara" title="Kejuaraan Enam Negara">Kejuaraan Enam Negara</a>, yang diikuti oleh empat negara <i>Home Nations</i> beserta <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> dan Prancis, merupakan turnamen <a href="/wiki/Uni_rugbi" title="Uni rugbi">uni rugbi</a> inernasional utama di belahan bumi utara. Badan keolahragaan Inggris, Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara mengelola pertandingan secara terpisah. Masing-masing negara memiliki tim internasional peringkat atas.<sup id="cite_ref-473" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-473"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara <i>Home Nations</i> yang berhasil mengalahkan tiga negara <i>Home Nations</i> lainnya dalam kompetisi tersebut dianugerahi gelar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple Crown (halaman belum tersedia)">Triple Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-474" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-474"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG/220px-Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG/330px-Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG/440px-Court_1_Nadal_2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kejuaraan_Wimbledon" title="Kejuaraan Wimbledon">Kejuaraan Wimbledon</a>, salah satu turnamen <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Slam (tenis)">Grand Slam</a> yang digelar di <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon, London</a> setiap bulan Juni atau Juli.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabang <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a> lapangan rumput berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> dan pertama kali dimainkan antara tahun 1859 dan 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-475" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-475"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kejuaraan_Wimbledon" title="Kejuaraan Wimbledon">Kejuaraan Wimbledon</a> adalah ajang kompetisi tenis internasional yang diselenggarakan di <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon" class="mw-disambig" title="Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Selatan" title="London Selatan">London Selatan</a> setiap musim panas dan dianggap sebagai acara paling bergengsi dalam kalender tenis global. <a href="/wiki/Biliar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliar">Biliar</a> adalah salah satu cabang olahraga ekspor yang populer di Britania Raya. Kejuaraan dunia untuk cabang ini diselenggarakan setiap tahun di <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-476" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-476"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>455<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Irlandia Utara, <a href="/wiki/Sepak_bola_Gaelik" title="Sepak bola Gaelik">sepak bola Gaelik</a> dan hurling adalah dua olahraga yang populer, baik dari segi tim dan penonton.<sup id="cite_ref-CJSHurl_477-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJSHurl-477"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>456<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinty (halaman belum tersedia)">shinty</a> (atau <i>camanachd</i>) adalah cabang olahraga sangat populer di dataran tinggi Skotlandia.<sup id="cite_ref-478" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-478"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>457<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pacuan_kuda_thoroughbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacuan kuda thoroughbred">Pacuan kuda thoroughbred</a> diadakan pertama kali pada masa pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_dari_Inggris" title="Charles II dari Inggris">Charles II dari Inggris</a> sebagai "olahraga raja", dan juga sangat populer di Britania Raya dan di dunia pacuan kuda dengan pertandingan-pertandingan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand National (halaman belum tersedia)">Grand National</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epsom_Derby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epsom Derby (halaman belum tersedia)">Epsom Derby</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ascot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Ascot (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Ascot</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_National_Hunt_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheltenham National Hunt Festival (halaman belum tersedia)">Cheltenham National Hunt Festival</a> (termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_Gold_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup (halaman belum tersedia)">Cheltenham Gold Cup</a>). Britania Raya telah terbukti sukses secara internasional dalam cabang <a href="/wiki/Dayung" title="Dayung">dayung</a>. <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, yang lahir di Skotlandia adalah cabang olahraga paling populer keenam di Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-479" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-479"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapangan golf tertua di dunia berlokasi di Musselburgh Links' Old Golf Course.<sup id="cite_ref-480" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-480"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>459<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britania Raya sangat erat kaitannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Olahraga_otomotif" title="Olahraga otomotif">olahraga otomotif</a>. Banyak tim dan pembalap di <a href="/wiki/Formula_Satu" title="Formula Satu">Formula Satu</a> yang berbasis di negara ini, dan para pembalap dari Britania Raya telah memenangkan gelar juara dunia lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan negara manapun. Britania Raya menjadi tuan rumah F1 Grand Prix pertama pada tahun 1950 di <a href="/wiki/Sirkuit_Silverstone" title="Sirkuit Silverstone">Sirkuit Silverstone</a>. Sirkuit ini saat ini menjadi lokasi digelarnya <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Britania" title="Grand Prix Britania">Grand Prix Britania</a> yang diadakan setiap tahun pada bulan Juli. Negara ini juga menjadi tuan rumah dari <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a> dan memiliki kejuaraan balap mobil turing sendiri, yaitu <a href="/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship" title="British Touring Car Championship">British Touring Car Championship</a> (BTCC).<sup id="cite_ref-481" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-481"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>460<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbol">Simbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Simbol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbol"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Britannia-Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/170px-Britannia-Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/255px-Britannia-Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/340px-Britannia-Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Patung <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>. Britannia adalah <a href="/wiki/Personifikasi_nasional" title="Personifikasi nasional">personifikasi nasional</a> Britania Raya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bendera kebangsaan Britania Raya bernama <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> (juga disebut dengan Union Jack). Bendera ini pertama kali diciptakan pada tahun 1606 dengan kombinasi dari <a href="/wiki/Bendera_Inggris" title="Bendera Inggris">Bendera Inggris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bendera_Skotlandia" title="Bendera Skotlandia">Bendera Skotlandia</a>, dan diperbarui pada tahun 1801 dengan penambahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendera_Saint_Patrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendera Saint Patrick (halaman belum tersedia)">Bendera Saint Patrick</a> Irlandia. Wales tidak terwakili dalam Union Flag karena Wales telah ditaklukkan dan dianeksasi oleh Inggris sebelum terbentuknya Britania Raya. Namun, kemungkinan untuk mendesain ulang Union Flag dan menyertakan keterwakilan Wales masih dipertimbangkan.<sup id="cite_ref-482" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-482"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>461<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a> Britania Raya adalah "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" (Tuhan Selamatkan Raja), namun kata "King" (Raja) diganti dengan “Queen” (Ratu) apabila takhta dipegang oleh seorang wanita. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Personifikasi_nasional" title="Personifikasi nasional">personifikasi nasional</a> Britania Raya, yang berasal dari era pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Britania_Romawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Britania Romawi">Britania Romawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-483" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-483"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britannia dilambangkan sebagai seorang wanita muda dengan rambut cokelat atau emas yang mengenakan <a href="/wiki/Helm_Korinthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Helm Korinthos">helm Korinthos</a> dan jubah putih. Dia memegang sebatang trisula <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> dan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Perisai" title="Perisai">perisai</a> bergambar Union Flag. Tekadang ia juga dideskripsikan sedang menunggangi seekor singa. Sejak kejayaan Imperium Britania, Britannia juga dikaitkan dengan penguasaan lautan, seperti yang diperdengarkan dalam lagu patriotik <a href="/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!" title="Rule, Britannia!">Rule, Britannia!</a>. Sampai tahun 2008, simbol singa digambarkan bersama Britannia pada koin lima puluh pence Britania, dan satu lagi memakai mahkota di belakang koin 10 pence. Singa juga digunakan sebagai lambang pada bendera nonseremonial <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Darat Britania Raya">Angkatan Darat Britania Raya</a>. Anjing <a href="/wiki/Bulldog" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulldog">bulldog</a> kadang-kadang digunakan pula oleh beberapa pihak sebagai simbol Britania Raya dan dikaitkan dengan perjuangan <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> dalam menentang <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-484" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-484"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>463<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Britania_Raya" title="Portal:Britania Raya">Portal Britania Raya </a></span></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandingan dengan Pasal 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Kesatuan_1800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1800 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Kesatuan 1800</a>, di sana tertulis:<i>Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia disatukan menjadi satu Kerajaan dengan nama "Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selain: Selandia Baru, Israel, dan <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pada tahun 2007-2008, jumlah ini dihitung menjadi £ 115 per minggu untuk orang dewasa lajang tanpa anak tanggungan, £ 199 per minggu untuk pasangan tanpa anak, £ 195 per minggu untuk dewasa lajang dengan dua anak yang berusia di bawah 14 tahun, dan £ 279 per minggu untuk pasangan dengan dua anak yang berusia di bawah 14 tahun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Graham Bell lahir dan besar di Skotlandia, dan menemukan telepon saat masih berkewarganegaraan Britania. Dia tidak menjadi Warga Negara Amerika sampai tahun 1882</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><i>Negara dan Bangsa Jilid 5: Eropa</i>. Jakarta: Widyadara. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9798087046" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 979-8087-04-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negara+dan+Bangsa+Jilid+5%3A+Eropa&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Widyadara&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"God Save the King" adalah Lagu Kebangsaan berdasarkan kebiasaan, bukan undang-undang, dan tidak ada versi resmi. Hanya verse pertama yang biasanya dinyanyikan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kata <i>King, he, him, his</i>, digunakan untuk saat ini, akan digantikan dengan <i>Queen, she, her</i> ketika penguasanya berganti menjadi perempuan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skots, Skots Ulster, Wales, Kernowek, Gaelik Skotlandia dan Irlandia digolongkan sebagai bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_daerah" title="Bahasa daerah">daerah</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_minoritas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa minoritas (halaman belum tersedia)">minoritas</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piagam_Eropa_untuk_Bahasa_Daerah_atau_Minoritas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piagam Eropa untuk Bahasa Daerah atau Minoritas (halaman belum tersedia)">Piagam Eropa untuk Bahasa Daerah atau Minoritas</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Eropa" title="Majelis Eropa">Majelis Eropa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reglang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reglang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini mencakup kewajiban tertentu untuk mempromosikan bahasa-bahasa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lihat juga <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_di_Britania_Raya" title="Bahasa di Britania Raya">Bahasa di Britania Raya</a>. Bahasa Wales memiliki status resmi <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> di Wales, serta dalam penyediaan layanan pemerintah nasional yang disediakan untuk Wales.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2021/22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2021/22_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sensus di Skotlandia diselenggarakan setahun kemudian setelah di Inggris, Wales dan Irlandia Utara dikarenakan pandemi COVID-19. Sehingga, data ditampilkan berasal dari tahun berbeda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meskipun Britania Raya secara tradisi dipandang sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">negara kesatuan</a>, deskripsi alternatif Britania Raya sebagai "negara persatuan", dikemukakan oleh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernon_Bogdanor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernon Bogdanor (halaman belum tersedia)">Vernon Bogdanor</a>, dan lainnya,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah menjadi semakin berpengaruh sejak adopsi devolusi pada tahun 1990-an.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara persatuan dianggap berbeda dari negara kesatuan dalam hal ini sementara ia mempertahankan otoritas pusat ia juga mengakui otoritas hak historis dan infrastruktur di bagian-bagian pembentuknya.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSArea-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONSArea_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONSArea_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water'. Tidak termasuk <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONSLandArea-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONSLandArea_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'. Tidak termasuk <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya">Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beberapa negara devolusi, Dependensi Mahkota dan Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya mengedarkan uang kertas atau mata uang sterling-nya sendiri, atau menggunakan mata uang negara lain. Lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_mata_uang_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar mata uang Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar mata uang Britania Raya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juga digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a>. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_waktu_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona waktu di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona waktu di Britania Raya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemerintah Britania Raya menggunakan format <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a>, <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr> untuk tanggal dan waktu yang dapat dibaca mesin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penulisan_tanggal_dan_waktu_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penulisan tanggal dan waktu di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Penulisan tanggal dan waktu di Britania Raya</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kecuali dua wilayah seberang laut: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samudra_Hindia_Britania_Raya" title="Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania Raya">Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania Raya</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomor_telepon_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomor telepon di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Tidak termasuk sebagian besar wilayah seberang laut</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domain <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> juga disediakan untuk Britania Raya, tetapi jarang digunakan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berbeda-beda penggunaan. The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u">Guardian</a></i> dan <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places-and-people">Telegraph</a></i> menggunakan Britain sebagai sinonim dari United Kingdom (negara Britania Raya). Beberapa pihak lebih memilih menggunakan Britain sebagai kependekan dari <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#great-britain">pedoman penamaan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Digital_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Digital Service (halaman belum tersedia)">Government Digital Service</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kantor_Kabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantor Kabinet">Kantor Kabinet</a> Britania Raya untuk keperluan dalam situs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gov.uk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gov.uk (halaman belum tersedia)">gov.uk</a> merekomendasikan: "Utamakan penyebutan UK dan United Kingdom daripada Britain dan British (UK business, UK foreign policy, ambassador dan high commissioner). Namun British embassy, bukan UK embassy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en"><i>United Kingdom</i></span>, disingkat <i>UK</i>, terkadang juga disebut <i>Britain</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en"><i>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a>, bukan bagian dari Britania Raya.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britania Raya tidak memiliki konstitusi yang terkodifikasi melainkan konstitusi tidak tertulis yang berbentuk Undang-Undang Parlemen, keputusan majelis, tradisi, dan konvensi.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem">"National Anthem"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=National+Anthem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fnational-anthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reglang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reglang_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2Ftreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FCL%3DENG%26NT%3D148%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014121/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+on+GOV.UK+%E2%80%93+Content+design%3A+planning%2C+writing+and+managing+content+%E2%80%93+Guidance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fcontent-design%2Fwelsh-language-on-gov-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>; <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014119/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme">"Welsh language scheme"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+scheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fdepartment-for-transport%2Fabout%2Fwelsh-language-scheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>; <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802010917/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme">"Welsh language scheme"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+scheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fhome-office%2Fabout%2Fwelsh-language-scheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_England_and_Wales_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/3/filter-outputs/2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93">"Ethnic group"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F3%2Ffilter-outputs%2F2c225a7b-0b5a-4a56-825e-2d6df1c6be93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_-_Northern_Ireland_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx">"MS-B01 Ethnic group"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a></i>. 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=MS-B01+Ethnic+group&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_-_Scotland_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1">"Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fsearch-the-census%23%2Flocation%2Ftopics%2Flist%3Ftopic%3DEthnic%2520group%2C%2520national%2520identity%2C%2520language%2520and%2520religion%26categoryId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_England_and_Wales_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS031/editions/2021/versions/4/filter-outputs/0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744">"Religion (detailed)"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Religion+%28detailed%29&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS031%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F4%2Ffilter-outputs%2F0ec10f6a-4f46-4655-b634-57e540601744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_religion_-_Northern_Ireland_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx">"MS-B21 Religion - full detail"</a>. <i>Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</i>. 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=MS-B21+Religion+-+full+detail&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b21.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bradbury, Jonathan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19"><i>Constitutional Policy and Territorial Politics in the UK: Volume 1: Union and Devolution 1997–2012</i></a>. Policy Press. hlm. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-5292-0588-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-5292-0588-6">978-1-5292-0588-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Policy+and+Territorial+Politics+in+the+UK%3A+Volume+1%3A+Union+and+Devolution+1997%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5292-0588-6&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3QWEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2BUK%2Bunitary%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leith, Murray Stewart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39"><i>Political Discourse and National Identity in Scotland</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 39. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7486-8862-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7486-8862-3">978-0-7486-8862-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Discourse+and+National+Identity+in+Scotland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8862-3&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Murray+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPeBvAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DUk%2B%252522unitary%2Bstate%252522%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tully, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47"><i>Multinational Democracies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 47. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-80473-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-80473-8">978-0-521-80473-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Democracies&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80473-8&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Alain-G.&rft.au=Tully%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0ahE2fTxS0C%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2BUK%2Bunitary%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>; <cite class="citation book">Bogdanor, Vernon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEEgDsCYmbQC&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA18">"Devolution: the Constitutional Aspects"</a>. Dalam Beatson, Jack. <i>Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles</i>. Oxford: Hart Publishing. hlm. 18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-901362-84-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-901362-84-8">978-1-901362-84-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devolution%3A+the+Constitutional+Aspects&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Reform+in+the+United+Kingdom%3A+Practice+and+Principles&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-901362-84-8&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYEEgDsCYmbQC%26q%3D%252522union%2Bstate%252522%2BUK%2Bunitary%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONS_Open_Geography_Portal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONS Open Geography Portal (halaman belum tersedia)">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. Office for National Statistics. 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+for+Administrative+Areas+%28December+2023%29+in+the+UK&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland">"Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Estimates+of+the+population+for+the+UK%2C+England%2C+Wales%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_England_and_Wales-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_England_and_Wales_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021unroundeddata">"Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021, unrounded data"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 2 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Population+and+household+estimates%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021%2C+unrounded+data&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fbulletins%2Fpopulationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021unroundeddata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Northern_Ireland-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_Northern_Ireland_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census">"2021 Census"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (halaman belum tersedia)">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=2021+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus%2F2021-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census_-_population_-_Scotland-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_-_population_-_Scotland_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/">"Quality Assurance report – Unrounded population estimates and ethnic group, national identity, language and religion topic data"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i>. 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Quality+Assurance+report+%E2%80%93+Unrounded+population+estimates+and+ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion+topic+data&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2F2022-results%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-quality-assurance-reports%2Fquality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.UK-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UK_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></i>. 16 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D112%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm">"Income inequality"</a>. <i>OECD Data</i>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD+Data&rft.atitle=Income+inequality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Finequality%2Fincome-inequality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-standards-for-government/date-times-and-time-stamps-standard">"Formatting dates and times in data"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gov.uk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gov.uk (halaman belum tersedia)">gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of the United Kingdom (halaman belum tersedia)">HM Government</a>. 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Formatting+dates+and+times+in+data&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fopen-standards-for-government%2Fdate-times-and-time-stamps-standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines">"Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 9 November 2023. 10.2 Definitions. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>usually shortened to United Kingdom ... The abbreviation is UK or U.K.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Toponymic+guidelines+for+map+and+other+editors%2C+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=10.2+Definitions&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Ftoponymic-guidelines%2Ftoponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082418/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom">"United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 12 February 2024. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUnited-Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. <i>Open Geography Portal</i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">versi asli</a> tanggal 9 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223902/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain">"Definition of Great Britain in English"</a>. Oxford University Press. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Great+Britain+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FGreat-Britain%3Fq%3DGreat%2BBritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mathias, P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse"><i>The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-26672-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-26672-7">978-0-415-26672-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Industrial+Nation%3A+the+Economic+History+of+Britain%2C+1700%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26672-7&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstindustrialn00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>; <cite class="citation book">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial"><i>Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-465-02328-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-465-02328-8">978-0-465-02328-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02328-8&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_A._McDougall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter A. McDougall (halaman belum tersedia)">McDougall, Walter A.</a> (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712124130/https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155">"20th-century international relations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20th-century+international+relations&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2F20th-century-international-relations-2085155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refOHBEv4" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_M._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith M. Brown (halaman belum tersedia)">Brown, Judith</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC"><i>The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-924679-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-924679-3">978-0-19-924679-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924679-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpSvK3An3hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refLouis2006" class="citation book">Louis, Wm. Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84511-347-6">978-1-84511-347-6</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez+and+Decolonization&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refAbernethy2000" class="citation book">Abernethy, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC"><i>The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-09314-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-300-09314-8">978-0-300-09314-8</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Global+Dominance%2C+European+Overseas+Empires+1415%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09314-8&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DennqNS1EOuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 2023. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/">versi asli</a> tanggal 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Finsights%2Fethnologue200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution"><i>What is the UK Constitution?</i></a>, The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution">versi asli</a> tanggal 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+UK+Constitution%3F&rft.pub=The+Constitution+Unit+of+UCL&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fconstitution-unit%2Fwhat-uk-constitution%2Fwhat-uk-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx">The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> 4 June 2019 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved 17 July 2013; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">"United Kingdom"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">Diarsipkan</a> 9 January 2021 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA <i>The World Factbook</i>. Retrieved 17 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dewart, Megan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ"><i>The Scottish Legal System</i></a>. UK: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomsbury_Academic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloomsbury Academic (halaman belum tersedia)">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. hlm. 57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-5265-0633-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-5265-0633-7">978-1-5265-0633-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>The laws and legal institutions of Scotland and of England and Wales were not merged by the Union of 1707. Thus, they remain separate 'law areas', with separate court systems (as does Northern Ireland), and it is necessary to distinguish Scots law and English law (and Northern Irish law).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Legal+System&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5265-0633-7&rft.aulast=Dewart&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW_EtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>; <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521180341/https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/">"The justice system and the constitution"</a>. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>The United Kingdom has three separate legal systems; one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins and the fact that both Scotland and Ireland, and later Northern Ireland, retained their own legal systems and traditions under the Acts of Union 1707 and 1800.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+justice+system+and+the+constitution&rft.pub=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fabout-the-judiciary%2Four-justice-system%2Fjud-acc-ind%2Fjustice-sys-and-constitution%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520United%2520Kingdom%2520has%2520three%2Cof%2520Union%25201707%2520and%25201800.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"</a>. United Kingdom Government. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations">versi asli</a> tanggal 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devolution+of+powers+to+Scotland%2C+Wales+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fdevolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland%23devolved-administrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>; <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm">"Country Overviews: United Kingdom"</a>. Transport Research Knowledge Centre. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Overviews%3A+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Transport+Research+Knowledge+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport-research.info%2Fweb%2Fcountryprofiles%2Fuk.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001220232/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20">"IISS Military Balance 2021"</a>. <i>The Military Balance</i>. <b>121</b> (1): 23–29. January 2021. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04597222.2021.1868791">10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.atitle=IISS+Military+Balance+2021&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-29&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04597222.2021.1868791&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F04597222.2021.1868791%3FjournalCode%3Dtmib20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">da Silva, Diego Lopes; Tian, Nan; Béraud-Sudreau, Lucie; Marksteiner, Alexandra; Liang, Xiao (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425064753/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021">Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021</a> (fact sheet). <a href="/wiki/SIPRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SIPRI">SIPRI</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55163%2FDZJD8826">10.55163/DZJD8826</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021">versi asli</a> tanggal 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2021&rft.pub=SIPRI&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55163%2FDZJD8826&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Diego+Lopes&rft.au=Tian%2C+Nan&rft.au=B%C3%A9raud-Sudreau%2C+Lucie&rft.au=Marksteiner%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Liang%2C+Xiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fpublications%2F2022%2Fsipri-fact-sheets%2Ftrends-world-military-expenditure-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cottrell, P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott"><i>The Irish Civil War 1922–23</i></a>. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott/page/n85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84603-270-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84603-270-9">1-84603-270-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Civil+War+1922%E2%80%9323&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-84603-270-9&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishcivilwar00cott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">"Acts of Union 1707"</a>. UK Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Union+1707&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf">"Making the Act of Union 1707"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+the+Act+of+Union+1707&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fvli%2FvisitingHolyrood%2Funion_exhibition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm">"England – Profile"</a>. BBC. 10 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=England+%E2%80%93+Profile&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F7327029.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023116/http://www.history.org.uk/resources/he_resource_730_9.html">"The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707"</a>. Historical Association. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.uk/resources/he_resource_730_9.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+in+1707&rft.pub=Historical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fhe_resource_730_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">"Treaty of Union, 1706"</a>. Scots History Online. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Union%2C+1706&rft.pub=Scots+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotshistoryonline.co.uk%2Funion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barnett, Hilaire; Jago, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Constitutional & Administrative Law</i></a> (edisi ke-8th). Abingdon: Routledge. hlm. 165. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-56301-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-56301-7">978-0-415-56301-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+%26+Administrative+Law&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56301-7&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Hilaire&rft.au=Jago%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYc1tSYonrQC%26pg%3DPA165%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07">"History of Great Britain (from 1707) author=Gascoigne, Bamber"</a>. History World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Great+Britain+%28from+1707%29+author%3DGascoigne%2C+Bamber&rft.pub=History+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dab07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanpa_pipa" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gPkDAQAAIAAJ&q=England,+wales,+Scotland,+%22Northern+Ireland%22+%22countries+of+the+united+kingdom%22&dq=England,+wales,+Scotland,+%22Northern+Ireland%22+%22countries+of+the+united+kingdom%22&hl=en&ei=-NTfTcyxF9SZhQejmqDJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA">Population Trends, Issues 75–82, p.38</a>, 1994, UK Office of Population Censuses and Surveys</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citizenship-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citizenship_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2u8rD6F-yg0C&pg=PA7&dq=scotland+England+wales+%22a+country%22+and+national+identity&hl=en&ei=pBjZTayKC8698gPy1JCEBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=scotland%20England%20wales%20%22a%20country%22%20and%20national%20identity&f=false">Life in the United Kingdom: a journey to citizenship, p7</a>, United Kingdom Home Office, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780113413133" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-11-341313-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page823-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-page823_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>page823</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whyte, John last2= FitzGerald (1991). <i>Interpreting Northern Ireland</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-827380-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-827380-6">978-0-19-827380-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827380-6&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=John+last2%3D+FitzGerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first2=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last2=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanpa_pipa" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabeticalNI-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabeticalNI_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen. (2000). <i>An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict</i>. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7734-7711-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7734-7711-7">978-0-7734-7711-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Alphabetical+Listing+of+Word%2C+Name+and+Place+in+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Living+Language+of+Conflict&rft.place=Lampeter&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-7711-7&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Seamus%3B+Dawson%2C+Helen.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-placeApart-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-placeApart_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Murphy, Dervla (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeapart0000murp"><i>A Place Apart</i></a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-14-005030-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-14-005030-1">978-0-14-005030-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+Apart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-14-005030-1&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Dervla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaceapart0000murp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html">"Guardian Unlimited Style Guide"</a>. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guardian+Unlimited+Style+Guide&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fstyleguide%2Fpage%2F0%2C%2C184840%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g">"BBC style guide (Great Britain)"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+style+guide+%28Great+Britain%29&rft.date=2002-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fradio_newsroom%2F1099593.stm%23g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517">"Key facts about the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Government, citizens and rights</i>. HM Government. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government%2C+citizens+and+rights&rft.atitle=Key+facts+about+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FGovernmentcitizensandrights%2FLivingintheUK%2FDG_10012517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Great+Britain">"Definition of GREAT BRITAIN"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+GREAT+BRITAIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGreat%2BBritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Oxford American Dictionary: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/great-britain">"Great Britain"</a>. International Olympic Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Britain&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fgreat-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Team_GB-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Team_GB_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191220/http://www.olympics.org.uk/teamgb/about/">"Team GB – Our Greatest Team"</a>. British Olympic Association. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympics.org.uk/teamgb/about/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+GB+%E2%80%93+Our+Greatest+Team&rft.pub=British+Olympic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympics.org.uk%2Fteamgb%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jack, Ian (11 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/dec/11/ian-jack-saddened-by-scotland-going-gaelic">"Why I'm saddened by Scotland going Gaelic"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+saddened+by+Scotland+going+Gaelic&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fdec%2F11%2Fian-jack-saddened-by-scotland-going-gaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/browse/citizenship">"Citizenship and living in the UK - GOV.UK"</a>. <i>www.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+living+in+the+UK+-+GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fcitizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36&dq=%22The+adjective+'British'+is+used+in+common+speech%22#v=onepage&q=%22The%20adjective%20'British'%20is%20used%20in%20common%20speech%22&f=false"><i>Constitutional and administrative law</i></a>. <b>1</b> (edisi ke-14th). Harlow: Pearson Longman. hlm. 36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4058-1207-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4058-1207-8">978-1-4058-1207-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+and+administrative+law&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1207-8&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Anthony+Wilfred&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Keith+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHT_GS2zgN5QC%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3D%2522The%2Badjective%2B%27British%27%2Bis%2Bused%2Bin%2Bcommon%2Bspeech%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522The%2520adjective%2520%27British%27%2520is%2520used%2520in%2520common%2520speech%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?"</a>. <i>Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010</i>. ARK – Access Research Knowledge. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Life+and+Times+Survey+2010&rft.atitle=Which+of+these+best+describes+the+way+you+think+of+yourself%3F&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Fnilt%2F2010%2FCommunity_Relations%2FNINATID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schrijver, Frans (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275&dq=scotland+England+wales+country+and+UK+national+identity#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. hlm. 275–277. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-5629-428-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-5629-428-1">978-90-5629-428-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalism+after+regionalisation%3A+Spain%2C+France+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=275-277&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-428-1&rft.au=Schrijver%2C+Frans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Du8gZklxHTMUC%26pg%3DPA275%26dq%3Dscotland%2BEngland%2Bwales%2Bcountry%2Band%2BUK%2Bnational%2Bidentity%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm">"Ancient skeleton was 'even older'</a>". <i>BBC News</i>. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128"><i>Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016">973</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85109-440-0">978-1-85109-440-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=973&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.au=Koch%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis00koch_128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Davies_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Davies (historian) (halaman belum tersedia)">Davies, John</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Jenkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel Jenkins (halaman belum tersedia)">Jenkins, Nigel</a>; Baines, Menna; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peredur_Lynch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peredur Lynch (halaman belum tersedia)">Lynch, Peredur I.</a>, ed. (2008). <i>The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]]</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. hlm. 915. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7083-1953-6">978-0-7083-1953-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales%5D%5D&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=915&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short_Athelstan_biography_on_the_BBC_History_website-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Short_Athelstan_biography_on_the_BBC_History_website_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml">"BBC - History - Athelstan"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+History+-+Athelstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fathelstan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mackie, J.D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0"><i>A History of Scotland</i></a>. London: Penguin. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18">18</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-14-013649-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-14-013649-4">978-0-14-013649-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013649-4&rft.au=Mackie%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofscotlan00mack_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Ewan (1999). <i>Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots</i>. Edinburgh: Canongate. hlm. 8–15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-86241-874-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-86241-874-7">0-86241-874-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sea-kings%3A+The+First+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=8-15&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-86241-874-7&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Ewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haigh, Christopher (1990). <i>The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 30. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-39552-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-39552-6">978-0-521-39552-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39552-6&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ganshof, F.L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5"><i>Feudalism</i></a>. University of Toronto. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8020-7158-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8020-7158-3">978-0-8020-7158-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudalism&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3&rft.au=Ganshof%2C+F.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeudalism0000gans_j4b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chibnall, Marjorie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debateonnormanco0000marj"><i>The debate on the Norman Conquest</i></a>. Manchester University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debateonnormanco0000marj/page/115">115</a>–122. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7190-4913-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7190-4913-2">978-0-7190-4913-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+debate+on+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.pages=115-122&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4913-2&rft.au=Chibnall%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebateonnormanco0000marj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml">"The Hundred Years War"</a>. BBC History.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland">The Reformation in England and Scotland</a> dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period">Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Tudors-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Tudors_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml">"British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors"</a>. BBC History. 5 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+History+in+Depth+%E2%80%93+Wales+under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Ftudors%2Fwales_tudors_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicholls, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich"><i>A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich/page/171">171</a>–172. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-631-19334-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-631-19334-0">978-0-631-19334-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+British+Isles%2C+1529%E2%80%931603%3A+The+two+kingdoms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19334-0&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernb0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Canny, Nicholas P. (2003). <i>Making Ireland British, 1580–1650</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 189–200. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-925905-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-925905-2">978-0-19-925905-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Ireland+British%2C+1580%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=189-200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925905-2&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Ross,_2002_p._56-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D._Ross,_2002_p._56_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, D. (2002). <i>Chronology of Scottish History</i>. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1855343800" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85534-380-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Hearn,_2002_p._104-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J._Hearn,_2002_p._104_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearn, J. (2002). <i>Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1902930169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-902930-16-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars">English Civil Wars</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/scotland/01_laws.php">"Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660"</a>. Archontology.org. 14 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+and+the+Commonwealth%3A+1651%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Archontology.org&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fscotland%2F01_laws.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lodge, Richard (2007) [1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC"><i>The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)</i></a>. Read Books. hlm. 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4067-0897-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4067-0897-4">978-1-4067-0897-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+%E2%80%93+From+the+Restoration+to+the+Death+of+William+III+%281660%E2%80%931702%29&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBSpvBxGyqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118040146/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy"</a>. <i>Royal Navy History</i>. Institute of Naval History. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy+History&rft.atitle=Tudor+Period+and+the+Birth+of+a+Regular+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.org%2Flib%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refOHBEv1" class="citation book">Canny, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=eQHSivGzEEMC"><i>The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-924676-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-924676-9">0-19-924676-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924676-9&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DeQHSivGzEEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707"</a>. UK Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Union+with+Scotland+1707&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fcitizenship%2Frise_parliament%2Fdocs%2Farticles_union.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">"Acts of Union 1707"</a>. UK Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Union+1707&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">"Treaty (act) of Union 1706"</a>. Scottish History online. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+%28act%29+of+Union+1706&rft.pub=Scottish+History+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotshistoryonline.co.uk%2Funion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>ferguson</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loosemore, Jo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml">Sailing against slavery</a>. BBC Devon. 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73"><i>The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad</i></a>. p.73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yH4MBFc?url=http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act">"The Act of Union"</a>. Act of Union Virtual Library. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Act+of+Union&rft.pub=Act+of+Union+Virtual+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actofunion.ac.uk%2Factofunion.htm%23act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). <i>Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective</i>. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/2760515885" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-7605-1588-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, L. (2004). <i>Navies in Modern World History</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1861892020" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-86189-202-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC"><i>The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</i></a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 332. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-924678-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-924678-5">0-19-924678-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924678-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">The Workshop of the World</a>. BBC History. Retrieved 11 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book">Porter, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC"><i>The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</i></a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-924678-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-924678-5">0-19-924678-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-924678-5&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refMarshall" class="citation book">Marshall, P.J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 156–57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-00254-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-00254-0">0-521-00254-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=156-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-00254-0&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tompson, Richard S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63&dq=britain+19th+century+widening+franchise#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8160-4474-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8160-4474-0">978-0-8160-4474-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH5kcJqmXk2oC%26pg%3DPA63%26dq%3Dbritain%2B19th%2Bcentury%2Bwidening%2Bfranchise%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hosch, William L. (2009). <i>World War I: People, Politics, and Power</i>. America at War. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. hlm. 21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-61530-048-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-61530-048-8">978-1-61530-048-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=America+at+War&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-048-8&rft.au=Hosch%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, John (1988). <i>Britain and the First World War</i>. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780044451099" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-04-445109-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westwell&Cove-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westwell&Cove_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). <i>History of World War I, Volume 3</i>. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 and 705. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0761472312" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7614-7231-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, J. (1988). <i>Britain and the First World War</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0044451091" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-04-445109-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAIN-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAIN_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921"</a>. CAIN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Irish+Treaty%2C+6+December+1921&rft.pub=CAIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fdocs%2Fait1921.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). <i>Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0415037190" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-03719-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. 28 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britain+to+make+its+final+payment+on+World+War+II+loan+from+U.S.&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F28iht-nazi.4042453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Francis, Martin (1997). <i>Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain</i>. Manchester University Press. hlm. 225–233. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7190-4833-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7190-4833-3">978-0-7190-4833-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+policies+under+Labour%2C+1945%E2%80%931951%3A+Building+a+new+Britain&rft.pages=225-233&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4833-3&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lee, Stephen J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees"><i>Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995</i></a>. London; New York: Routledge. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees/page/173">173</a>–199. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-13103-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-13103-2">978-0-415-13103-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+political+history%2C+1914%E2%80%931995&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=173-199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13103-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsbritishpo00lees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Larres, Klaus (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118&dq=labour+government+1945+independence+for+india#v=onepage&q=labour%20government%201945%20independence%20for%20india&f=false"><i>A companion to Europe since 1945</i></a>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. hlm. 118. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4051-0612-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4051-0612-2">978-1-4051-0612-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Europe+since+1945&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0612-2&rft.aulast=Larres&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7D66_9YOof4C%26pg%3DPA118%26dq%3Dlabour%2Bgovernment%2B1945%2Bindependence%2Bfor%2Bindia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dlabour%2520government%25201945%2520independence%2520for%2520india%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Julios, Christina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84&dq=government+policy+in+post+war+britain+brought+people+from+the+commonwealth+to+create+a+multiethnic+society#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse</i></a>. Studies in migration and diaspora. Aldershot: Ashgate. hlm. 84. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7546-7158-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7546-7158-9">978-0-7546-7158-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+British+identity%3A+English+language%2C+migrants%2C+and+public+discourse&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Studies+in+migration+and+diaspora&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7158-9&rft.aulast=Julios&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Ds3RQ4dsFEkoC%26pg%3DPA84%26dq%3Dgovernment%2Bpolicy%2Bin%2Bpost%2Bwar%2Bbritain%2Bbrought%2Bpeople%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bcommonwealth%2Bto%2Bcreate%2Ba%2Bmultiethnic%2Bsociety%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aughey, Arthur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh"><i>The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement</i></a>. London: Routledge. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-32788-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-32788-6">978-0-415-32788-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Northern+Ireland%3A+Beyond+the+Belfast+Agreement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32788-6&rft.aulast=Aughey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsnorthern00augh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hope-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hope_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." <cite class="citation book">Holland, Jack (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl"><i>Hope against history: The course of conflict in Northern Ireland</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8050-6087-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8050-6087-4">978-0-8050-6087-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+against+history%3A+The+course+of+conflict+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4&rft.au=Holland%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopeagainsthisto00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, Marianne (2007). <i>The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.</i> University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1846310652" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84631-065-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dorey, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishpoliticss0000dore"><i>British politics since 1945</i></a>. Making contemporary Britain. Oxford: Blackwell. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishpoliticss0000dore/page/164">164</a>–223. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-631-19075-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-631-19075-2">978-0-631-19075-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+politics+since+1945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Making+contemporary+Britain&rft.pages=164-223&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19075-2&rft.aulast=Dorey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishpoliticss0000dore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf"><i>Applied Economics</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-11th). Harlow: Financial Times Press. hlm. 6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-273-70822-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-273-70822-3">978-0-273-70822-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Military+action+alone+will+not+save+Libya&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa6d31ca2-5e22-11e0-b1d8-00144feab49a.html%23axzz1MN2vkt7a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_136-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html">"United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlapedia-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlapedia_137-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm">"United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online"</a>. Atlapedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Atlapedia+Online&rft.pub=Atlapedia.com&rft.au=Latimer+Clarke+Corporation+Pty+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlapedia.com%2Fonline%2Fcountries%2Funitedki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Neal, Clare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749">"How long is the UK coastline?"</a>. British Cartographic Society. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Facts&rft.pub=Scotland+Online+Gateway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.org%2Fabout%2Ffact-file%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Winter, Jon (19 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301063015/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to--scottish-islands-754070.html">"The complete guide to Scottish Islands"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+complete+guide+to+Scottish+Islands&rft.date=2001-05-19&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fuk%2Fthe-complete-guide-to--scottish-islands-754070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html">"Overview of Highland Boundary Fault"</a>. <i>Gazetteer for Scotland</i>. University of Edinburgh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Highland+Boundary+Fault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturefirst7728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yAqrmVy?url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp">"Ben Nevis Weather"</a>. Ben Nevis Weather. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+Nevis+Weather&rft.pub=Ben+Nevis+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bennevisweather.co.uk%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm">"Profile: Wales"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Wales&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F6233450.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm">"Geography of Northern Ireland"</a>. University of Ulster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=University+of+Ulster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fni%2Fgeog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yAsDB9c?url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/">"UK climate summaries"</a>. Met Office. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+climate+summaries&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Salkeld, Luke (8 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2070541/UK-weather-Snow-gales-blizzards-arctic-conditions-leave-Britain-shivering.html">"Snow News"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2070541/UK-weather-Snow-gales-blizzards-arctic-conditions-leave-Britain-shivering.html">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2070541/UK-weather-Snow-gales-blizzards-arctic-conditions-leave-Britain-shivering.html</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2070541%2FUK-weather-Snow-gales-blizzards-arctic-conditions-leave-Britain-shivering.html&rft.atitle=Snow+News&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Salkeld&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2070541%2FUK-weather-Snow-gales-blizzards-arctic-conditions-leave-Britain-shivering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Hapus pranala luar di parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#param_has_ext_link" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf">"Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UN Statistics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5lhCIacyi?url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ninth+UN+Conference+on+the+standardization+of+Geographical+Names&rft.pub=UN+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2007&rft.au=United+Nations+Economic+and+Social+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F9th-uncsgn-docs%2Freport%2520of%25209th%2520uncsgn%2520n0750902%2520en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barlow-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barlow_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barlow, I.M. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+London+government&rft.pub=Greater+London+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Flondon-life%2Fcity-government%2Fhistory.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sherman, Jill; Norfolk, Andrew (5 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece">"Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>The Government is now expected to tear up its twelve-year-old plan to create eight or nine regional assemblies in England to mirror devolution in Scotland and Wales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Prescott%27s+dream+in+tatters+as+North+East+rejects+assembly&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Norfolk%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle503255.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195001/http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/39780">"Local Authority Elections"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Authority+Elections&rft.pub=Local+Government+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lga.gov.uk%2Flga%2Faio%2F39780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5xJnMrHvK?url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf">"STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Political Studies Association. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STV+in+Scotland%3A+Local+Government+Elections+2007&rft.pub=Political+Studies+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.ac.uk%2F2007%2Fpps%2FBennie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethical Standards in Public Life framework: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211075152/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Government/local-government/ethical-standards">"Ethical Standards in Public Life"</a>. The Scottish Government. 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Convention of Scottish Local Authorities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft.pub=Convention+of+Scottish+Local+Authorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosla.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fdecision-making-cosla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530004428/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en">"Local Authorities"</a>. The Welsh Assembly Government. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Authorities&rft.pub=The+Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Flocalgovernment%2Flocalauthorities%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68e5BBagx?url=http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/how_do_i_vote/voting_systems/local_government_elections_i3.aspx">"Local government elections in Wales"</a>. The Electoral Commission. 2008. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NI+local+government+set+for+shake-up&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft.aulast=Devenport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4449092.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm">"Foster announces the future shape of local government"</a> (Siaran pers). Northern Ireland Executive. 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foster+announces+the+future+shape+of+local+government&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Executive&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernireland.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fnews-doe%2Fnews-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernireland.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fnews-doe%2Fnews-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nio.gov.uk/local-government-elections-to-be-aligned-with-review-of-public-administration/media-detail.htm?newsID=15153">"Local Government elections to be aligned with review of public administration"</a> (Siaran pers). Northern Ireland Office. 25 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001004119/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/">"Country profiles"</a>. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 21 February 2008. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profiles&rft.pub=Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Ftravel-advice-by-country%2Fcountry-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Committee Office, House of Commons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5604.htm">"House of Commons – Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+%E2%80%93+Crown+Dependencies+%E2%80%93+Justice+Committee&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.au=The+Committee+Office%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200910%2Fcmselect%2Fcmjust%2F56%2F5604.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902092534/http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International+Relations/Profile+of+Jersey.htm">"Profile of Jersey"</a>. States of Jersey. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>. <q>The legislature passes primary legislation, which requires approval by The Queen in Council, and enacts subordinate legislation in many areas without any requirement for Royal Sanction and under powers conferred by primary legislation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+Jersey&rft.pub=States+of+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FChiefMinister%2FInternational%2BRelations%2FProfile%2Bof%2BJersey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212734/http://www.gov.im/lib/news/cso/chiefministertom.xml">"Chief Minister to meet Channel Islands counterparts - Isle of Man Public Services -"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 16 Jan 2013. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+the+UK+Legal+System&rft.pub=University+of+Kent+at+Canterbury&rft.au=Sarah+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llrx.com%2Ffeatures%2Fuk2.htm%23UK%2520Legal%2520System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6yA8K?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm">"Official UK Parliament web page on parliamentary sovereignty"</a>. UK Parliament. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+UK+Parliament+web+page+on+parliamentary+sovereignty&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Flaws%2Fsovereignty.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet"</a>. <i>Public services all in one place</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directgov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directgov (halaman belum tersedia)">Directgov</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+services+all+in+one+place&rft.atitle=The+Government%2C+Prime+Minister+and+Cabinet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirect.gov.uk%2Fen%2FGovernmentcitizensandrights%2FUKgovernment%2FCentralgovernmentandthemonarchy%2FDG_073444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npm-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npm_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6245682.stm">"Brown is UK's new prime minister"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elections+and+voting+%E2%80%93+UK+Parliament&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Felections-and-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Parliament_Acts_—_UK_Parliament-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Parliament_Acts_—_UK_Parliament_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/parliamentacts/">"The Parliament Acts – UK Parliament"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5uEjlAYbB?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/parliamentacts/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Election+Database&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsd.uib.no%2Feuropean_election_database%2Fcountry%2Fuk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wainwright, Martin (28 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/may/28/general-election-2010-conservatives">"Thirsk and Malton: Conservatives take final seat in parliament"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Aerospace+Industry+Survey+%E2%80%93+2010&rft.pub=ADS+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adsgroup.org.uk%2Fcommunity%2Fdms%2Fdownload.asp%3FtxtPageLinkDocPK%3D23948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pharmsectorbis-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pharmsectorbis_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135622/http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/business-sectors/biotechnology-pharmaceuticals-and-healthcare/pharmaceutical">"The Pharmaceutical sector in the UK"</a>. Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pharmaceutical+sector+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Department+for+Business%2C+Innovation+%26+Skills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.gov.uk%2Fpolicies%2Fbusiness-sectors%2Fbiotechnology-pharmaceuticals-and-healthcare%2Fpharmaceutical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/%40dh/%40en/%40ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_113133.pdf">"Ministerial Industry Strategy Group – Pharmaceutical Industry: Competitiveness and Performance Indicators"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerial+Industry+Strategy+Group+%E2%80%93+Pharmaceutical+Industry%3A+Competitiveness+and+Performance+Indicators&rft.pub=Department+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dh.gov.uk%2Fprod_consum_dh%2Fgroups%2Fdh_digitalassets%2F%40dh%2F%40en%2F%40ps%2Fdocuments%2Fdigitalasset%2Fdh_113133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7846266.stm">"UK in recession as economy slides"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+in+recession+as+economy+slides&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7846266.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/15/uk-youth-unemployment-at-its-highest-in-two-decades-22.5">"UK youth unemployment at its highest in two decades: 22.5%"</a>. <i>MercoPress</i>. 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MercoPress&rft.atitle=UK+youth+unemployment+at+its+highest+in+two+decades%3A+22.5%25&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2012%2F03%2F15%2Fuk-youth-unemployment-at-its-highest-in-two-decades-22.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Groom, Brian (19 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/32a8c8c0-23b4-11e0-8bb1-00144feab49a.html">"UK youth unemployment reaches record"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=UK+youth+unemployment+reaches+record&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.au=Groom%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F32a8c8c0-23b4-11e0-8bb1-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-229711">"Release: EU Government Debt and Deficit returns"</a>. Office for National Statistics. March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release%3A+EU+Government+Debt+and+Deficit+returns&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html%3Fedition%3Dtcm%253A77-229711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713230703/http://www.poverty.org.uk/01/index.shtml">"United Kingdom: Numbers in low income"</a>. The Poverty Site. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poverty.org.uk/01/index.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Numbers+in+low+income&rft.pub=The+Poverty+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poverty.org.uk%2F01%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622201606/http://www.poverty.org.uk/16/index.shtml">"United Kingdom: Children in low income households"</a>. The Poverty Site. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poverty.org.uk/16/index.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Children+in+low+income+households&rft.pub=The+Poverty+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poverty.org.uk%2F16%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7982056.stm">"Warning of food price hike crisis"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Warning+of+food+price+hike+crisis&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F7982056.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), <i>Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0521348048" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-34804-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). <i>Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/474197910">474197910</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burtt, E.A. (2003) [1924].<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207&dq=newton+foundation+of+modern+science&hl=en&ei=bZL_TdzJIc698gPC1pyqCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science</i></a>. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0486425517" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-42551-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatt, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hatt,+Scientists+and+Their+Discoveries&hl=En&ei=udT_Teb0LcKE-wbM1NDeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Scientists and Their Discoveries</i></a>. London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/023753195X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-237-53195-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jungnickel, C.; McCormmach, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eiDoN-rg8I8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Henry+Cavendish&hl=En&src=bmrr&ei=s8T_Tb_lDc2q-gbe3cyNAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Henry%20Cavendish&f=false"><i>Cavendish</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0871692201" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87169-220-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945: Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zbLPNl0x?url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1945%3A+Sir+Alexander+Fleming%2C+Ernst+B.+Chain%2C+Sir+Howard+Florey&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1945%2Ffleming-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatt, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hatt,+Scientists+and+Their+Discoveries&hl=En&ei=udT_Teb0LcKE-wbM1NDeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Scientists and Their Discoveries</i></a>. London: Evans Brothers. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/023753195X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-237-53195-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, I. (2010). <i>Remarkable Engineers: From Riquet to Shannon</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–6. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0521731658" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-73165-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bova, Ben (2002) [1932]. <i>The Story of Light</i>. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781402200090" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4022-0009-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zbRVYsAo?url=http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html">"Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922)"</a>. Scottish Science Hall of Fame. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/alexander-graham-bell/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+%281847%E2%80%931922%29&rft.pub=Scottish+Science+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nls.uk%2Fscientists%2Fbiographies%2Falexander-graham-bell%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml">"John Logie Baird (1888–1946)"</a>. BBC History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zbSBRsV4?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Logie+Baird+%281888%E2%80%931946%29&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbaird_logie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&pg=PA121&dq=Frank+Whittle+Alan+Turing+Tim+Berners-Lee&hl=En&ei=Ftn_TazNKs70-gb-99zgAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Frank%20Whittle%20Alan%20Turing%20Tim%20Berners-Lee&f=false"><i>Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1598843028" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59884-302-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). <i>Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0415100151" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-10015-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/Influencing_Policy/Reports/2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf">"Knowledge, networks and nations: scientific collaborations in the twenty-first century"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Royal Society. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zdOvXsEt?url=http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/Influencing_Policy/Reports/2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knowledge%2C+networks+and+nations%3A+scientific+collaborations+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FRoyal_Society_Content%2FInfluencing_Policy%2FReports%2F2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McCook, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zcLYYyjt?url=http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm">"Is peer review broken?"</a>. <i>Reprinted from the Scientist 20(2) 26, 2006</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reprinted+from+the+Scientist+20%282%29+26%2C+2006&rft.atitle=Is+peer+review+broken%3F&rft.au=McCook%2C+Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaia.pge.utexas.edu%2FGood%2FMaterials%2Fscientist_02_28_2006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc1-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_274-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_274-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm">"Heathrow 'needs a third runway<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Heathrow+%27needs+a+third+runway%27&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7472432.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airport-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-airport_275-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-airport_275-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf">"Statistics: Top 30 World airports"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Siaran pers). Airports Council International. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Top+30+World+airports&rft.pub=Airports+Council+International&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci.aero%2Faci%2Faci%2Ffile%2FPress%2520Releases%2F2008%2FTOP30_International%2520Passengers_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5v0ol5E61?url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/tsgb/latest/tsgb2010vehicles.pdf">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2010"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Department for Transport. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/tsgb/latest/tsgb2010vehicles.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2010-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+Statistics+Great+Britain%3A+2010&rft.pub=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Fstatistics%2Fdatatablespublications%2Ftsgb%2Flatest%2Ftsgb2010vehicles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7467203.stm">"Major new rail lines considered"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5u79BVcN1?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7467203.stm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Major+new+rail+lines+considered&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7467203.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caastats-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caastats_278-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caastats_278-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/201009/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf">"Size of Reporting Airports October 2009 – September 2010"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. CAA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/201009/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Size+of+Reporting+Airports+October+2009+%E2%80%93+September+2010&rft.pub=CAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F80%2Fairport_data%2F201009%2FTable_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm">"BMI being taken over by Lufthansa"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BMI+being+taken+over+by+Lufthansa&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7697261.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102203347/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=UK">"United Kingdom Energy Profile"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=UK">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+Energy+Profile&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftonto.eia.doe.gov%2Fcountry%2Fcountry_energy_data.cfm%3Ffips%3DUK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eiaoverview-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoverview_281-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Profile.html">"United Kingdom – Quick Facts Energy Overview"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106044908/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Profile.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Quick+Facts+Energy+Overview&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FUnited_Kingdom%2FProfile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eiaoil-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoil_282-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoil_282-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiaoil_282-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Oil.html">"United Kingdom – Oil"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007175224/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Oil.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Oil&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FUnited_Kingdom%2FOil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eiagas-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eiagas_283-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiagas_283-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/NaturalGas.html">"United Kingdom – Natural Gas"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013184241/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/NaturalGas.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2006-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Natural+Gas&rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FUnited_Kingdom%2FNaturalGas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coal_2-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coal_2_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Coal Authority (10 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104054403/http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf">"Coal Reserves in the United Kingdom"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The Coal Authority. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2009-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coal+Reserves+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Coal+Authority&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.au=The+Coal+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coal.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F%2F860AD%2FResponse%2520to%2520Energy%2520Review%2520-%2520Appendix%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coal_3-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coal_3_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7046981.stm">"England Expert predicts 'coal revolution<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=England+Expert+predicts+%27coal+revolution%27&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F7046981.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mason, Rowena (24 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html">"Let the battle begin over black gold"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Let+the+battle+begin+over+black+gold&rft.date=2009-10-24&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fenergy%2F6424030%2FLet-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Heath, Michael (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html">"RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=RBA+Says+Currency+Containing+Prices%2C+Rate+Level+%27Appropriate%27+in+Near+Term&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-11-25%2Frba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093106/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/census_geog.asp">"Census Geography"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Geography&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fgeography%2Fcensus_geog.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915111047/http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/index.html">"Welcome to the 2011 Census for England and Wales"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+2011+Census+for+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fcensus%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2010-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2010_290-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2010-population-estimates/annual-mid-year-population-estimates--2010.pdf">"Annual Mid-year Population Estimates, 2010"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Mid-year+Population+Estimates%2C+2010&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fpop-estimate%2Fpopulation-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland%2Fmid-2010-population-estimates%2Fannual-mid-year-population-estimates--2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Travis, Alan (22 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/22/population.socialtrends">"Ageing Britain: Pensioners outnumber under-16s for first time"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ageing+Britain%3A+Pensioners+outnumber+under-16s+for+first+time&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2008%2Faug%2F22%2Fpopulation.socialtrends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Batty, David (30 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/dec/30/one-in-six-people-live-100">"One in six people in the UK today will live to 100, study says"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=One+in+six+people+in+the+UK+today+will+live+to+100%2C+study+says&rft.date=2010-12-30&rft.au=Batty%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2010%2Fdec%2F30%2Fone-in-six-people-live-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2003density-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2003density_293-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2003density_293-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040722014729/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=760">"Population: UK population grows to 59.6 million"</a> (Siaran pers). Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2004. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=760">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%3A+UK+population+grows+to+59.6+million&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|deadlink=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|dead-url=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Khan, Urmee (16 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523205803/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html">"England is most crowded country in Europe"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=England+is+most+crowded+country+in+Europe&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Urmee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fpolitics%2F2967374%2FEngland-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fertility2008-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fertility2008_295-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fertility2008_295-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110629182330/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=951&Pos=1&ColRank=1&Rank=326">"UK fertility remains high"</a> (Siaran pers). Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=951&Pos=1&ColRank=1&Rank=326">versi asli</a> tanggal 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+fertility+remains+high&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2FCCI%2Fnugget.asp%3FID%3D951%26Pos%3D1%26ColRank%3D1%26Rank%3D326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boseley-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boseley_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Boseley, Sarah (14 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women">"The question: What's behind the baby boom?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. hlm. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+question%3A+What%27s+behind+the+baby+boom%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Flifeandstyle%2F2008%2Fjul%2F14%2Ffamilyandrelationships.women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/fertility-summary/2010/uk-fertility-summary.html">"Fertility Summary – 2010"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fertility+Summary+%E2%80%93+2010&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Ffertility-analysis%2Ffertility-summary%2F2010%2Fuk-fertility-summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html">http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/setloc-ks01.xls">KS01 Usual resident population. Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland</a> General Register Office for Scotland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/pdf/ks_sett_tables.pdf">http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/pdf/ks_sett_tables.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735">Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests</a>". BBC News. June 19, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Mark G. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1635457">Evidence for a segregated social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> 273(1601): 2651–2657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, James (19 July 2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0719_050719_britishgene.html">Review of "The Tribes of Britain"</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oppenheimer, Stephen (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/">Myths of British ancestry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015212548/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-10-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <i>Prospect magazine</i> (London). Retrieved 5 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Henderson, Mark (23 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6887552.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1">"Scientist – Griffin hijacked my work to make race claim about 'British aborigines<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Scientist+%E2%80%93+Griffin+hijacked+my+work+to+make+race+claim+about+%27British+aborigines%27&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle6887552.ece%3Ftoken%3Dnull%26offset%3D0%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costello-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Costello_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Costello, Ray (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackliverpoolea0000cost"><i>Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918</i></a>. Liverpool: Picton Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-873245-07-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-873245-07-6">1-873245-07-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Liverpool%3A+The+Early+History+of+Britain%27s+Oldest+Black+Community+1730%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Picton+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-873245-07-6&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackliverpoolea0000cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinese-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369">"Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool – Chinese Community"</a>. Chambré Hardman Trust. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Ethnicity+Differences+in+Liverpool+%E2%80%93+Chinese+Community&rft.pub=Chambr%C3%A9+Hardman+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mersey-gateway.org%2Fserver.php%3Fshow%3DConWebDoc.1369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleman, David; Compton, Paul; Salt, John (2002). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mmaRpUa1oSoC&pg=PA505&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The demographic characteristics of immigrant populations</a></i>". Council of Europe. p.505. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9287149747" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-871-4974-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mason, Chris (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7374683.stm">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Why I left UK to return to Poland<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Why+I+left+UK+to+return+to+Poland%27&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.au=Mason%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F7374683.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=764&Pos=4&ColRank=1&Rank=176">"Ethnicity: 7.9% from a non-White ethnic group"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%3A+7.9%25+from+a+non-White+ethnic+group&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2FCCI%2Fnugget.asp%3FID%3D764%26Pos%3D4%26ColRank%3D1%26Rank%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68e5HAPQg?url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3">"Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English-Language+Dominance%2C+Literature+and+Welfare&rft.pub=Centre+for+Economic+Policy+Research&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Melitz%2C+Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.org%2Fpubs%2Fnew-dps%2Fdplist.asp%3Fdpno%3D2055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=447&Pos=6&ColRank=1&Rank=192">National Statistics Online – Welsh Language</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices&rft.atitle=Welsh+today&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Wynn+Thomas%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fmultilingual%2Fwelsh.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html">Scotland's Census 2001 – Gaelic Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522110328/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-05-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. General Register Office for Scotland. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm">"Local UK languages 'taking off<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Local+UK+languages+%27taking+off%27&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F7885493.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2010-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2010_325-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Edwards, John R. 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European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623185445/http://eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Data+%E2%80%93+Scots&rft.pub=European+Bureau+for+Lesser-Used+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurolang.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2449%26Itemid%3D52%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3983713.stm">"Fall in compulsory language lessons"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fall+in+compulsory+language+lessons&rft.date=2004-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F3983713.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530050454/www.bbc.co.uk/wales/schoolgate/aboutschool/content/inwelsh.shtml">The School Gate for parents in Wales</a>. BBC Wales. Retrieved 11 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144"><i>A Dictionary of British History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0199550379" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-955037-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field, Clive D. (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brin.ac.uk/commentary/documents/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf">"British religion in numbers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173905/http://www.brin.ac.uk/commentary/documents/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-10-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291"><i>Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–6. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0754643891" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7546-4389-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Callum G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291"><i>Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain</i></a>. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/058247289X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-47289-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84"><i>Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/052183984X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-83984-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293">"UK Census 2001"</a>. National Office for Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2001&rft.pub=National+Office+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570">"Religious Populations"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 11 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zFDlspeL?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Populations&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2005%2F02%2F20757%2F53570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html">"United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church"</a>. News.adventist.org. 4 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom%3A+New+Report+Finds+Only+One+in+10+Attend+Church&rft.pub=News.adventist.org&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.adventist.org%2F2007%2F04%2Fuite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/">The History of the Church of England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221212004/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-02-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. The Church of England. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">"Queen and Church of England"</a>. British Monarchy Media Centre. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Church+of+England&rft.pub=British+Monarchy+Media+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalinsight.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage4708.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx">"Queen and the Church"</a>. The British Monarchy (Official Website). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zG8tzxhd?url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+the+Church&rft.pub=The+British+Monarchy+%28Official+Website%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandChurch%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/how_we_are_organised">"How we are organised"</a>. Church of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zG8WCEAc?url=http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/how_we_are_organised">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+we+are+organised&rft.pub=Church+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofscotland.org.uk%2Fabout_us%2Fhow_we_are_organised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weller, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80"><i>Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society</i></a>. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0567084876" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-567-08487-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peach, Ceri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C">"United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"</a>, in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). <i>The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe</i>. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9055892483" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-5589-248-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Eric (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PA143">Britannia's children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600</a></i>. London: Hambledon, p143. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781852854416" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85285-441-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA630f">Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak September 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></i>, ABC-CLIO, p630. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1576077969" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57607-796-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm">"Short history of immigration"</a>. BBC. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Short+history+of+immigration&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fuk%2F2002%2Frace%2Fshort_history_of_immigration.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-034/EN/KS-SF-11-034-EN.PDF">6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad</a>, Eurostat, Katya Vasileva, 34/2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Muenz, Rainer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=402">"Europe: Population and Migration in 2005"</a>. Migration Policy Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+Population+and+Migration+in+2005&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Muenz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072321/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23542455-details/Immigration+and+births+to+non-British+mothers+pushes+British+population+to+record+high/article.do">"Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. 22 August 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23542455-details/Immigration+and+births+to+non-British+mothers+pushes+British+population+to+record+high/article.do">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+births+to+non-British+mothers+pushes+British+population+to+record+high&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-23542455-details%2FImmigration%2Band%2Bbirths%2Bto%2Bnon-British%2Bmothers%2Bpushes%2BBritish%2Bpopulation%2Bto%2Brecord%2Bhigh%2Farticle.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Doughty, Steve; Slack, James (3 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1023512/Third-World-migrants-2-3m-population-boom.html">"Third World migrants behind our 2.3m population boom"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Third+World+migrants+behind+our+2.3m+population+boom&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Slack%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-1023512%2FThird-World-migrants-2-3m-population-boom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bentham, Martin (20 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021051705/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23575160-details/Tories+get+tough+on+immigration+after+Labour%27s+U-turn/article.do">"Tories call for tougher control of immigration"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23575160-details/Tories+get+tough+on+immigration+after+Labour's+U-turn/article.do">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Tories+call+for+tougher+control+of+immigration&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard%2Farticle-23575160-details%2FTories%2Bget%2Btough%2Bon%2Bimmigration%2Bafter%2BLabour%27s%2BU-turn%2Farticle.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7602526.stm">"Minister rejects migrant cap plan"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Minister+rejects+migrant+cap+plan&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F7602526.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Johnston, Philip (5 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529014735/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1538598/Immigration-%27far-higher%27-than-figures-say.html">"Immigration 'far higher' than figures say"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1538598/Immigration-%27far-higher%27-than-figures-say.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Immigration+%27far+higher%27+than+figures+say&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1538598%2FImmigration-%2527far-higher%2527-than-figures-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Travis, Alan (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/25/uk-net-migration-rises-21">"UK net migration rises 21%"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+net+migration+rises+21%25&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2011%2Faug%2F25%2Fuk-net-migration-rises-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migration_Statistics-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_Statistics_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migration_Statistics_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/may-2012/msqr.html">"Migration Statistics Quarterly Report May 2012"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 24 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Migration+Statistics+Quarterly+Report+May+2012&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fmigration1%2Fmigration-statistics-quarterly-report%2Fmay-2012%2Fmsqr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18189797">"Migration to UK more than double government target"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Migration+to+UK+more+than+double+government+target&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-18189797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-home_office-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-home_office_357-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-home_office_357-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212748/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/immigration-asylum-research/immigration-brief-q2-2011/citizenship">"Citizenship"</a>. <i>Home Office</i>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+Office&rft.atitle=Citizenship&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fscience-research-statistics%2Fresearch-statistics%2Fimmigration-asylum-research%2Fimmigration-brief-q2-2011%2Fcitizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bamber, David (20 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1377707/Migrant-squad-to-operate-in-France.html">"Migrant squad to operate in France"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Calais.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Migrant+squad+to+operate+in+France&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.aulast=Bamber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1377707%2FMigrant-squad-to-operate-in-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212734/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/immigration-asylum-research/immigration-brief-q2-2011/immig-q2-settlement">"Settlement"</a>. <i>Home Office</i>. August 2011. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+Office&rft.atitle=Settlement&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fscience-research-statistics%2Fresearch-statistics%2Fimmigration-asylum-research%2Fimmigration-brief-q2-2011%2Fimmig-q2-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/parents--country-of-birth--england-and-wales/2010/births-in-england-and-wales-by-parents--country-of-birth--2010.html">Births in England and Wales by parents' country of birth, 2010</a>", National Statistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritsAbroad-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritsAbroad_361-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritsAbroad_361-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, Catherine (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828011816/http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509">"Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brits+Abroad%3A+Mapping+the+scale+and+nature+of+British+emigration&rft.pub=Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Sriskandarajah&rft.aufirst=Dhananjayan&rft.au=Drew%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippr.org%2Fpublicationsandreports%2Fpublication.asp%3Fid%3D509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm">"Brits Abroad: world overview"</a>. BBC. 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brits+Abroad%3A+world+overview&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fbrits_abroad%2Fhtml%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Casciani, Dominic (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm">"5.5 m Britons 'opt to live abroad<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=5.5+m+Britons+%27opt+to+live+abroad%27&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Casciani&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F6210358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm">"Brits Abroad: Country-by-country"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brits+Abroad%3A+Country-by-country&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F6161705.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards (2004), pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm">Right of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054324/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33152.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-02-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. European Commission. Retrieved 6 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Doward, Jamie; Temko, Ned (23 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/sep/23/immigration.eu">"Home Office shuts the door on Bulgaria and Romania"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London. hlm. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Home+Office+shuts+the+door+on+Bulgaria+and+Romania&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Temko%2C+Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2007%2Fsep%2F23%2Fimmigration.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPI-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPI_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sumption, Madeleine; Somerville, Will (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207074918/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/new_europeans.pdf"><i>The UK's new Europeans: Progress and challenges five years after accession</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Report</i>. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission. hlm. 13. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84206-252-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84206-252-4">978-1-84206-252-4</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/new_europeans.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2013-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Young%2C+self-reliant%2C+educated%3A+portrait+of+UK%27s+eastern+European+migrants&rft.date=2010-01-17&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2010%2Fjan%2F17%2Feastern-european-uk-migrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hopkirk, Elizabeth (20 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023063415/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23575019-details/Packing+up+for+home%3A+Poles+hit+by+UK%27s+economic+downturn/article.do">"Packing up for home: Poles hit by UK's economic downturn"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23575019-details/Packing+up+for+home:+Poles+hit+by+UK's+economic+downturn/article.do">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Packing+up+for+home%3A+Poles+hit+by+UK%27s+economic+downturn&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard%2Farticle-23575019-details%2FPacking%2Bup%2Bfor%2Bhome%3A%2BPoles%2Bhit%2Bby%2BUK%27s%2Beconomic%2Bdownturn%2Farticle.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A8_leaving-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A8_leaving_371-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10174019.stm">"UK sees shift in migration trend"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Association of Health Policy. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthp.org/node/71">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>. <q>The Budget ... was even more generous to the NHS than had been expected amounting to an annual rise of 7.4% above the rate of inflation for the next 5 years. This would take us to 9.4% of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NHS+Consultants+Association&rft.atitle=The+NHS+from+Thatcher+to+Blair&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthp.org%2Fnode%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/4/38980557.pdf">"OECD Health Data 2009 – How Does the United Kingdom Compare"</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf">"The cultural superpower: British cultural projection abroad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155419/http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-09-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Journal of the British Politics Society, Norway. Volume 6. No. 1. Winter 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sheridan, Greg (15 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again/story-e6frg6zo-1225866975992">"Cameron has chance to make UK great again"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. Sydney<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Cameron+has+chance+to+make+UK+great+again&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fcameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again%2Fstory-e6frg6zo-1225866975992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_399-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Goldfarb, Jeffrey (10 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106093222/http://www.redorbit.com/news/entertainment/499053/bookish_britain_overtakes_america_as_top_publisher/">"Bookish Britain overtakes America as top publisher"</a>. <i>RedOrbit</i>. Texas. Reuters. Archived from the original on 2008-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RedOrbit&rft.atitle=Bookish+Britain+overtakes+America+as+top+publisher&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.au=Goldfarb%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2F499053%2Fbookish_britain_overtakes_america_as_top_publisher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare">"William Shakespeare (English author)"</a>. Britannica Online encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare+%28English+author%29&rft.pub=Britannica+Online+encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F537853%2FWilliam-Shakespeare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html"><i>MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare</i></a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta+Encyclopedia+article+on+Shakespeare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761562101%2FShakespeare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William"><i>William Shakespeare</i></a>. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FShakespeare%252c%2BWilliam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html">"Mystery of Christie's success is solved"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 19 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mystery+of+Christie%27s+success+is+solved&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1505799%2FMystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36908&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">Edinburgh, UK appointed first UNESCO City of Literature</a> UNESCO. Retrieved 20 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml">"Early Welsh poetry"</a>. BBC Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Welsh+poetry&rft.pub=BBC+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fsociety%2Flanguage_poetry.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lang, Andrew (2003) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=dKJiPyyTevgC"><i>History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne</i></a>. Holicong, PA: Wildside Press. hlm. 42. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8095-3229-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8095-3229-2">978-0-8095-3229-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+English+Literature+from+Beowulf+to+Swinburne&rft.place=Holicong%2C+PA&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8095-3229-2&rft.au=Lang%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdKJiPyyTevgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67yHaT609?url=http://www.literaturewales.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng/">"Dafydd ap Gwilym"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academi (halaman belum tersedia)">Academi</a> website</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academi (halaman belum tersedia)">Academi</a>. 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Dafydd ap Gwilym is widely regarded as one of the greatest Welsh poets of all time, and amongst the leading European poets of the Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academi+website&rft.atitle=Dafydd+ap+Gwilym&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academi.org%2Fdafydd-ap-gwilym-eng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm">True birthplace of Wales's literary hero</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316173733/http://newscdn.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/551486.stm">Diarsipkan</a> 2020-03-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724104228/www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml">Kate Roberts: Biography</a>. BBC Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Swift, Jonathan; Fox, Christopher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=m0CUOYfTdrkC&pg=PA10"><i>Gulliver's travels: complete, authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts, critical history, and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives</i></a>. Basingstoke: Macmillan. hlm. 10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-333-63438-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-333-63438-7">978-0-333-63438-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulliver%27s+travels%3A+complete%2C+authoritative+text+with+biographical+and+historical+contexts%2C+critical+history%2C+and+essays+from+five+contemporary+critical+perspectives&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-333-63438-7&rft.au=Swift%2C+Jonathan%3B+Fox%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dm0CUOYfTdrkC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10C12F9395517738DDDAA0A94DC405B828DF1D3">"Bram Stoker"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 23 April 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bram+Stoker.&rft.date=1912-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive-free%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF10C12F9395517738DDDAA0A94DC405B828DF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatles_sales-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beatles_sales_412-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatles_sales_412-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/">"1960–1969"</a>. EMI Group Ltd. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1960%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=EMI+Group+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emimusic.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F1960-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCartney-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCartney_413-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCartney_413-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html">"Paul At Fifty"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. New York. 8 June 1992. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Paul+At+Fifty&rft.date=1992-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C975715-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinness-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_414-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_414-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C">Most Successful Group</a> <i>The Guinness Book of Records</i> 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handel-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handel_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel"</a>. UK Parliament. 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Citizen+by+Act+of+Parliament%3A+George+Frideric+Handel&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fparliamentary_publications_and_archives%2Fparliamentary_archives%2Fhandel_and_naturalisation.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Citron, Stephen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC"><i>Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: The new musical</i></a>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-85619-273-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-85619-273-6">978-1-85619-273-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sondheim+and+Lloyd-Webber%3A+The+new+musical&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85619-273-6&rft.au=Citron%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DAWaZ1LAFAZEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html">"Beatles a big hit with downloads"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>. 25 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Beatles+a+big+hit+with+downloads&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fbeatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/">"British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2"</a> (Siaran pers). <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>. 2 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+rock+legends+get+their+own+music+title+for+PlayStation3+and+PlayStation2&rft.pub=EMI&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emimusic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fsingstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114043645/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emimusic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fsingstar%25C2%25AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Khan, Urmee (17 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801175725/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html">"Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Elton+John+honoured+in+Ben+and+Jerry+ice+cream&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Urmee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fcelebritynews%2F2305273%2FSir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Alleyne, Richard (19 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html">"Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rock+group+Led+Zeppelin+to+reunite&rft.date=2008-04-19&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1562875%2FRock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fresco, Adam (11 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2265034,00.html">"Pink Floyd founder Syd Barrett dies at home"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Pink+Floyd+founder+Syd+Barrett+dies+at+home&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft.aulast=Fresco&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C2-2265034%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Holton, Kate (17 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117">"Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rolling+Stones+sign+Universal+album+deal&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FentertainmentNews%2FidUSL1767761020080117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Walker, Tim (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513194236/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html">"Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jive+talkin%27%3A+Why+Robin+Gibb+wants+more+respect+for+the+Bee+Gees&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fjive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012">"Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lewis Corner (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320153244/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html">"Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011"</a>. Digital Spy. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adele%2C+Coldplay+biggest-selling+UK+artists+worldwide+in+2011&rft.pub=Digital+Spy&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.au=Lewis+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fa366130%2Fadele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liverpool_vs_Stavanger-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liverpool_vs_Stavanger_426-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hughes, Mark (14 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS">"A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+cities+of+culture%3A+Liverpool+vs+Stavanger&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fa-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html%3Fr%3DRSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm">"Glasgow gets city of music honour"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Glasgow+gets+city+of+music+honour&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fglasgow_and_west%2F7570915.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bayley, Stephen (24 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece">"The startling success of Tate Modern"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+startling+success+of+Tate+Modern&rft.date=2010-04-24&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fvisual_arts%2Farticle7105032.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors"</a>. British Film Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Directors%27+Top+Ten+Directors&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Fsightandsound%2Ftopten%2Fpoll%2Fdirectors-directors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html">"Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977)"</a>. British Film Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaplin%2C+Charles+%281889%E2%80%931977%29&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F462570%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html">"Powell, Michael (1905–1990)"</a>. British Film Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eastbourne: Gardners Books. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789987160211" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9987-16-021-1</a>, pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx">"Publishing"</a>. Department of Culture, Media and Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zVhIk6SY?url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publishing&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture%2C+Media+and+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gov.uk%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fcreative_industries%2F3280.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ofcom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/cmr/753567/CMR_2010_FINAL.pdf">"Communication Market Report 2010"</a>, 19 August 2010, pp. 97, 164 and 191, retrieved 17 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=2356">"Social Trends: Lifestyles and social participation"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 16 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zVhuudFT?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=2356">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Trends%3A+Lifestyles+and+social+participation&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D2356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm">"Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users"</a>. Internet World Stats. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zVi9vpVQ?url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+20+countries+with+the+highest+number+of+Internet+users&rft.pub=Internet+World+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetworldstats.com%2Ftop20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fieser, James, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf"><i>A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bristol: Thoemmes Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+bibliography+of+Scottish+common+sense+philosophy%3A+Sources+and+origins&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Thoemmes+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rrbltd.co.uk%2Fbibliographies%2Fscottish_v5_bibliog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Palmer, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66"><i>Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook</i></a>. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. hlm. 66. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7188-2978-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7188-2978-0">978-0-7188-2978-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Problems+in+Medicine%3A+A+Practical+Coursebook&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-2978-0&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Ds7y5MJOuN30C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Scarre, Geoffrey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a>. London: Routledge. hlm. 82. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-12197-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-12197-2">978-0-415-12197-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12197-2&rft.au=Scarre%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D8A4xLnzfqYwC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Mail_-_stadium_ready-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Mail_-_stadium_ready_463-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gysin, Christian (9 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-441182/Wembley-kick-Stadium-ready-England-play-game-fortnight.html">"Wembley kick-off: Stadium is ready and England play first game in fortnight"</a>. <i>Daily Mail</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Wembley+kick-off%3A+Stadium+is+ready+and+England+play+first+game+in+fortnight&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.aulast=Gysin&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-441182%2FWembley-kick-Stadium-ready-England-play-game-fortnight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx">Britain's Most Popular Sports – MORI Sports Tracker</a> <i>Ipsos MORI</i>. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm">"Why is there no GB Olympics football team?"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 5 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+no+GB+Olympics+football+team%3F&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Folympics%2Ffootball%2F7529807.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7286011.stm">"Blatter against British 2012 team"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Blatter+against+British+2012+team&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Folympics%2Ffootball%2F7286011.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/about-ecb/">About ECB</a> England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 4 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McLaughlin, Martyn (4 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Howzat-happen-England-fields-.5519537.jp">"Howzat happen? England fields a Gaelic-speaking Scotsman in Ashes"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. Edinburgh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Howzat+happen%3F+England+fields+a+Gaelic-speaking+Scotsman+in+Ashes&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Fscotland%2FHowzat-happen-England-fields-.5519537.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6149210.stm">"Uncapped Joyce wins Ashes call up"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 15 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Uncapped+Joyce+wins+Ashes+call+up&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fcricket%2Fengland%2F6149210.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080428/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/history/pages/counties_glamorgan.shtml">"Glamorgan"</a>. BBC South East Wales. 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/history/pages/counties_glamorgan.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glamorgan&rft.pub=BBC+South+East+Wales&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fsoutheast%2Fsites%2Fhistory%2Fpages%2Fcounties_glamorgan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ardener, Shirley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=7rY2tVBypH0C&pg=PA27"><i>Professional identities: policy and practice in business and bureaucracy</i></a>. New York: Berghahn. hlm. 27. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84545-054-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84545-054-0">978-1-84545-054-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+identities%3A+policy+and+practice+in+business+and+bureaucracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-054-0&rft.au=Ardener%2C+Shirley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7rY2tVBypH0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rlwc08.com/">"Tutorials, News, Tools, and Advices About Blogging"</a>. <i>www.rlwc08.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rlwc08.com&rft.atitle=Tutorials%2C+News%2C+Tools%2C+and+Advices+About+Blogging&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rlwc08.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Louw, Jaco; Nesbit, Derrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95"><i>The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby</i></a>. Johannesburg: South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-620-39541-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-620-39541-0">978-0-620-39541-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Girlfriends+Guide+to+Rugby&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=South+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-620-39541-0&rft.au=Louw%2C+Jaco%3B+Nesbit%2C+Derrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0-IiowvNomMC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/championship-information_trophies_triple-crown.php">"Triple Crown"</a>. <i>RBS 6 Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RBS+6+Nations&rft.atitle=Triple+Crown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbs6nations.com%2Fen%2Fchampionship-information_trophies_triple-crown.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/611hF75my?url=http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/lawntennis.htm">"Lawn Tennis and Major T.Gem"</a>. The Birmingham Civic Society. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk/lawntennis.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawn+Tennis+and+Major+T.Gem&rft.pub=The+Birmingham+Civic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamcivicsociety.org.uk%2Flawntennis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chowdhury, Saj (22 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/6288739.stm">"China in Ding's hands"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=China+in+Ding%27s+hands&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Saj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Fsnooker%2F6288739.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJSHurl-477"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CJSHurl_477-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gould, Joe (10 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814161210/http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-04-10/gould-hurling.html">"The ancient Irish sport of hurling catches on in America"</a>. <i>Columbia News Service</i>. Columbia Journalism School. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-04-10/gould-hurling.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+News+Service&rft.atitle=The+ancient+Irish+sport+of+hurling+catches+on+in+America&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft.au=Gould%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjscms.jrn.columbia.edu%2Fcns%2F2007-04-10%2Fgould-hurling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishsport.co.uk/othersports/shinty.htm">Shinty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010105806/http://www.scottishsport.co.uk/othersports/shinty.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-10-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Scottish Sport. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004856/http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/_assets/newsletters/tracking-the-field.pdf">"Tracking the Field"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Ipsos MORI. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/_assets/newsletters/tracking-the-field.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2009-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+the+Field&rft.pub=Ipsos+MORI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk%2F_assets%2Fnewsletters%2Ftracking-the-field.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7949045.stm">"Links plays into the record books"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Links+plays+into+the+record+books&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fedinburgh_and_east%2F7949045.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111946/http://www.walesrallygb.com/documents/Rally_Guide_1.pdf">"Wales Rally GB, Rally Guide 1"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. walesrallygb.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesrallygb.com/documents/Rally_Guide_1.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+Rally+GB%2C+Rally+Guide+1&rft.pub=walesrallygb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesrallygb.com%2Fdocuments%2FRally_Guide_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm">"Welsh dragon call for Union flag"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Welsh+dragon+call+for+Union+flag&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7114248.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html">"Britannia on British Coins"</a>. Chard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannia+on+British+Coins&rft.pub=Chard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24carat.co.uk%2Fbritanniaframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baker, Steve (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturingbeastan0000bake_x9v8"><i>Picturing the Beast</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturingbeastan0000bake_x9v8/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-252-07030-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-252-07030-5">0-252-07030-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturing+the+Beast&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-252-07030-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpicturingbeastan0000bake_x9v8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABritania+Raya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya&action=edit&section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Britania Raya pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Britania_Raya" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Britania Raya">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Britania_Raya#Q145" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Situs pemerintahan</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm">Situs resmi HM Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907093139/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-09-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/">Situs resmi Monarki Britania</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html">Buku tahunan Britania Raya</a> statistik</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/">Situs resmi Perdana Menteri Britania Raya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Informasi umum</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389">Britania Raya</a> di <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html">Britania Raya</a> di <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm">Britania Raya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406224510/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-04-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. dari <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom">Britania Raya</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom">Britania Raya</a> di <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/">Britania Raya</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/unitedkingdom/index_en.htm">Britania Raya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725004722/http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/unitedkingdom/index_en.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-07-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. di <a href="/wiki/European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of United Kingdom">Peta United Kingdom di Wikimedia Atlas</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/12px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/18px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> memiliki data geografis tentang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/62149">Britania Raya</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GB">Prakiraan Pembangunan Britania Raya</a> dari International Futures</li></ul> <dl><dt>Travel</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbritain.com/en/EN/">Panduan wisata resmi Britania Raya</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeuk.info/">kewarganegaraan Britania uji</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Posisi_geografis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Posisi_geografis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Posisi geografis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografi" title="Sistem koordinat geografi">Lat.<small>dan</small> Long.</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25917590"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Britania_Raya&language=id&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span> <span style="color:darkblue;">(London)</span></b> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik_Britania_Raya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_Britania_Raya" title="Templat:Topik Britania Raya"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_Britania_Raya&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topik_Britania_Raya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topik <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Britania_Raya" title="Sejarah Britania Raya">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_sejarah_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu sejarah Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kronologi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_pembentukan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah pembentukan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembentukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_George" title="Era George">Era George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Victoria" title="Era Victoria">Era Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Edward" title="Era Edward">Era Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Britania_Raya_selama_Perang_Dunia_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Britania Raya selama Perang Dunia I (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Dunia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Britania_Raya#Era_antarperang" title="Sejarah Britania Raya">Antarperang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Britania_Raya#Perang_Dunia_II" title="Sejarah Britania Raya">Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Britania_Raya_(1945%E2%80%93sekarang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Britania Raya (1945–sekarang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejak 1945</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya_pascaperang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britania Raya pascaperang (halaman belum tersedia)">Britania Raya pascaperang</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Menurut topik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_ekonomi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah ekonomi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium Britania">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_maritim_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah maritim Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Maritim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Militer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Britania_Raya" title="Geografi Britania Raya">Geografi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_administratif_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi administratif Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Administratif</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara_di_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara di Britania Raya">Negara di Britania Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Kerajaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependensi Kerajaan">Dependensi Kerajaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah Seberang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Status_kota_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Status kota di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Status kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_di_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar kota di Britania Raya">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_yang_merdeka_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar negara yang merdeka dari Britania Raya">Bekas jajahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Britania_Raya" title="Geografi Britania Raya">Fisik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Britania" title="Kepulauan Britania">Kepulauan Britania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminologi_Kepulauan_Britania" title="Terminologi Kepulauan Britania">Terminologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Britania_Raya" title="Pulau Britania Raya">Pulau Britania Raya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologi_Pulau_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geologi Pulau Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Geologi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Irlandia#Geological_development" title="Geografi Irlandia">Irlandia Utara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_danau_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar danau di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_gunung_dan_bukit_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar gunung dan bukit di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_sungai_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar sungai di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_gunung_api_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar gunung api di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunung api</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Britania_Raya" title="Politik Britania Raya">Politik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Britania_Raya" title="Konstitusi Britania Raya">Konstitusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengadilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan umum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_internasional_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan internasional Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hubungan internasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejaksaan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejaksaan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejaksaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penegakan_hukum_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penegakan hukum di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Penegakan hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_legislatif_Britania_Raya_legislation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan legislatif Britania Raya legislation (halaman belum tersedia)">Badan legislatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarki_Britania_Raya" title="Monarki Britania Raya">Monarki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Penguasa_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Penguasa Britania Raya">raja/ratu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_kewarganegaraan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum kewarganegaraan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kewarganegaraan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Britania_Raya" title="Parlemen Britania Raya">Parlemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_partai_politik_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar partai politik di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai politik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintahan Britania Raya">Pemerintahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabinet_Britania_Raya" title="Kabinet Britania Raya">Kabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pemerintahan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pemerintahan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Civil Service">Layanan sipil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departemen_Pemerintahan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departemen Pemerintahan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Departemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Britania_Raya" title="Perdana Menteri Britania Raya">Perdana Menteri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Perdana_Menteri_Britania_Raya" title="Daftar Perdana Menteri Britania Raya">daftar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya">Militer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Laut Britania Raya">Angkatan Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Darat Britania Raya">Angkatan Darat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Udara_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Udara Britania Raya">Angkatan Udara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britania_Raya_senjata_dan_senjata_pemusnah_massal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britania Raya senjata dan senjata pemusnah massal (halaman belum tersedia)">Senjata pemusnah massal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Britania_Raya" title="Ekonomi Britania Raya">Ekonomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bank_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bank di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggaran_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggaran Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Anggaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_ekonomi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi ekonomi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Geografi ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertambangan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertambangan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(alat tukar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_efek_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa efek London">Bursa saham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpajakan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpajakan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Perpajakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekomunikasi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekomunikasi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Telekomunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masyarakat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriminalitas_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriminalitas di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kriminalitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_etnis_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok etnis di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelompok etnis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imigrasi_ke_Britania_Raya_sejak_1922&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imigrasi ke Britania Raya sejak 1922 (halaman belum tersedia)">Imigrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemiskinan_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemiskinan di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kemiskinan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitusi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostitusi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Prostitusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hari_libur_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hari libur di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hari libur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlindungan_sosial_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlindungan sosial di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Perlindungan sosial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_sosial_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur sosial Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur sosial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinema_Britania_Raya" title="Sinema Britania Raya">Sinema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masakan_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masakan Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Masakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britishness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britishness (halaman belum tersedia)">Identitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastra_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastra Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sastra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Televisi_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Televisi di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">televisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_di_Britania_Raya" title="Agama di Britania Raya">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olahraga_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olahraga di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Olahraga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_Britania_Raya,_Kepulauan_Channel_dan_Pulau_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol Britania Raya, Kepulauan Channel dan Pulau Man (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teater_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teater Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Teater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Negara_di_Britania_Raya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Negara_di_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara di Britania Raya">Negara di Britania Raya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Inggris" title="Sejarah Inggris">Sejarah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_sosial_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah sosial Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">sosial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_sejarah_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu sejarah Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">garis waktu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Inggris" title="Geografi Inggris">Geografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukum_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_nasional_Inggris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol nasional Inggris (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara#Geografi_dan_iklim" title="Irlandia Utara">Geografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Irlandia_Utara" title="Majelis Irlandia Utara">Majelis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_Eksekutif_Irlandia_Utara_Executive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan Eksekutif Irlandia Utara Executive (halaman belum tersedia)">Eksekutif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdana_Menteri_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdana Menteri Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Perdana Menteri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukum_Irlandia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Irlandia Utara">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_tempat_wisata_di_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar tempat wisata di Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_dan_perlindungan_sosial_di_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan dan perlindungan sosial di Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Irlandia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Irlandia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara#Simbol" title="Irlandia Utara">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Skotlandia" title="Sejarah Skotlandia">Sejarah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_sejarah_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu sejarah Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">garis waktu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Geografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Skotlandia" title="Parlemen Skotlandia">Parlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintahan Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemerintahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Skotlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdana Menteri Skotlandia">Perdana Menteri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukum_Skotlandia" title="Hukum Skotlandia">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Skotlandia" title="Ekonomi Skotlandia">Ekonomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_nasional_Skotlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol nasional Skotlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Wales" title="Sejarah Wales">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Geografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintahan Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemerintahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majelis_Nasional_untuk_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majelis Nasional untuk Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Majelis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdana_Menteri_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdana Menteri Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Perdana Menteri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariwisata_di_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariwisata di Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pariwisata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesehatan_di_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesehatan di Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebudayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_nasional_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol nasional Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Britania_Raya" title="Kategori:Britania Raya">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Britania_Raya" title="Portal:Britania Raya">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Britania_Raya&#124;link=Britania_Raya_Negara_konstituen_dan_afiliasi_Britania_Raya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Konstituen_dan_afiliasi_Britania_Raya" title="Templat:Konstituen dan afiliasi Britania Raya"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Konstituen_dan_afiliasi_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Konstituen dan afiliasi Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Konstituen_dan_afiliasi_Britania_Raya&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Britania_Raya&#124;link=Britania_Raya_Negara_konstituen_dan_afiliasi_Britania_Raya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><img alt="Britania Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Negara konstituen dan afiliasi <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negara_di_Britania_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara di Britania Raya">Negara di Britania Raya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris"><img alt="Inggris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia"><img alt="Skotlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Seberang_Laut_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania">Wilayah seberang laut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_Antartika_Britania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah Antartika Britania (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilayah Antartika Britania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Samudra_Hindia_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania">Wilayah Samudra Hindia Britania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Virgin_Britania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Virgin Britania">Kepulauan Virgin Britania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cayman" title="Kepulauan Cayman">Kepulauan Cayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Falkland" title="Kepulauan Falkland">Kepulauan Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Pitcairn" title="Kepulauan Pitcairn">Kepulauan Pitcairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Selatan_dan_Kepulauan_Sandwich_Selatan" title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan">Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Turks_dan_Caicos" title="Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos">Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependensi_Mahkota" title="Dependensi Mahkota">Dependensi Mahkota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Pangkalan_Berdaulat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Pangkalan Berdaulat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan Pangkalan Berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_di_Eropa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_di_Eropa" title="Templat:Negara di Eropa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Negara_di_Eropa" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Negara di Eropa"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_di_Eropa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_di_Eropa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_di_Eropa" title="Daftar negara di Eropa">Negara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_berdaulat" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara<br />berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandia_Utara" title="Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Republik Irlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_dengan_pengakuan_terbatas" title="Daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas">Negara dengan<br />pengakuan terbatas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Artsakh">Republik Artsakh</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siprus_Utara" title="Siprus Utara">Siprus Utara</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_dependensi" title="Wilayah dependensi">Dependensi</a> dan<br />wilayah lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Man" title="Pulau Man">Pulau Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Terkadang dimasukkan ke <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, tergantung definisi perbatasan. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Negara_lintas_benua" title="Negara lintas benua">Negara lintas benua</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_internasional" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Organisasi_internasional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organisasi internasional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wilayah_Persemakmuran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0D2981;color:#FFC926;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Persemakmuran" title="Templat:Persemakmuran"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color:#FFC926">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Persemakmuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Persemakmuran (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color:#FFC926">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Persemakmuran&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color:#FFC926">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wilayah_Persemakmuran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran" title="Persemakmuran"><span style="color:#FFC926;">Wilayah Persemakmuran</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Antigua dan Barbuda">Antigua dan Barbuda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Bahama" title="Bahama">Bahama</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></b> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika">Jamaika</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Salomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Salomo">Kepulauan Salomo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_dan_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts dan Nevis">Saint Kitts dan Nevis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_dan_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent dan Grenadines">Saint Vincent dan Grenadines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Antigua dan Barbuda">Antigua dan Barbuda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bahama" title="Bahama">Bahama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <b><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></span></b><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dominika" title="Dominika">Dominika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika">Jamaika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maladewa" title="Maladewa">Maladewa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_dan_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts dan Nevis">Saint Kitts dan Nevis</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_dan_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent dan Grenadines">Saint Vincent dan Grenadines</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Salomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Salomo">Kepulauan Salomo</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Trinidad dan Tobago">Trinidad dan Tobago</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara_(NATO)" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara" title="Templat:Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara_(NATO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Pertahanan_Atlantik_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara">Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (NATO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Negara anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Calon anggota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_anggota_Kelompok_8_(G8)_dan_Kelompok_8+5_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:G8" title="Templat:G8"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:G8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:G8 (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:G8&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_anggota_Kelompok_8_(G8)_dan_Kelompok_8+5_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Negara anggota <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Kelompok 8</a> (G8) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelompok 8+5</a> (G8+5)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anggota G8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perwakilan tambahan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G8%2B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G8+5 (halaman belum tersedia)">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G6 (halaman belum tersedia)">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8#Sejarah" title="G8">G7+1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anggota_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" title="Templat:Dewan Keamanan PBB"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Dewan_Keamanan_PBB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Dewan Keamanan PBB (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Dewan_Keamanan_PBB&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anggota_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anggota <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Dewan Keamanan</a> <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_anggota_Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar anggota Dewan Keamanan PBB">Anggota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anggota_tetap_Dewan_Keamanan_PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB">Anggota tetap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Amerika Serikat"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Britania Raya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></span></li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Tiongkok"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></span></li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Prancis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></span></li> <li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Rusia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_Dewan_Keamanan_PBB_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan Dewan Keamanan PBB 2014 (halaman belum tersedia)">bertugas 2017 dan 2018</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_Dewan_Keamanan_PBB_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan Dewan Keamanan PBB 2014 (halaman belum tersedia)">bertugas 2018 dan 2019</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Dominika" title="Republik Dominika">Republik Dominika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"><img alt="Bendera Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Kategori:Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Kategori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Penandatangan_Traktat_Antarktika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Traktat_Antarktika" title="Templat:Traktat Antarktika"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Traktat_Antarktika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Traktat Antarktika (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Traktat_Antarktika&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Penandatangan_Traktat_Antarktika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Penandatangan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_Traktat_Antarktika" title="Sistem Traktat Antarktika">Traktat Antarktika</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador">Ekuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Monarki" title="Templat:Monarki"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Monarki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Monarki (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Monarki&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">Monarki</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi">Geografi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarki_di_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarki di Afrika (halaman belum tersedia)">Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarki_di_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarki di Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarki_di_Eropa" title="Monarki di Eropa">Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarki_di_Oseania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monarki di Oseania (halaman belum tersedia)">Oseania</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/90px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/135px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/180px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarki_mutlak" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki mutlak">Mutlak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarki_konstitusional" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarki konstitusional">Konstitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Antigua dan Barbuda">Antigua dan Barbuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahama" title="Bahama">Bahama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamaika" title="Jamaika">Jamaika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania">Yordania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Belanda" title="Kerajaan Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_dan_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts dan Nevis">Saint Kitts dan Nevis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_dan_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent dan Grenadines">Saint Vincent dan Grenadines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Solomon" title="Kepulauan Solomon">Kepulauan Solomon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Britania Raya</a></i> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarki_terpilih" title="Monarki terpilih">Terpilih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarki#Monarki_tradisional_subnasional_terkini" title="Monarki">Subnasional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Ashanti" title="Kekaisaran Ashanti">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_penguasa_negara_bagian_Dagomba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar penguasa negara bagian Dagomba (halaman belum tersedia)">Dagbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Nri" title="Kerajaan Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano" title="Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Sokoto" title="Kekhalifahan Sokoto">Kekhalifahan Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunyoro (halaman belum tersedia)">Bunyoro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Busoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busoga (halaman belum tersedia)">Busoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Toro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Toro (halaman belum tersedia)">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajman">Ajman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirat)">Sharjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qaiwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Qaiwain">Umm al-Qaiwain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_dan_Futuna" title="Wallis dan Futuna">Wallis dan Futuna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo_(Wallis_dan_Futuna)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alo (Wallis dan Futuna) (halaman belum tersedia)">Alo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigave (halaman belum tersedia)">Sigave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvea_(pulau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvea (pulau) (halaman belum tersedia)">Uvea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Raja_Maori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Raja Maori (halaman belum tersedia)">Maori</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zululand" title="Zululand">Zululand</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><span class="nowrap"><i>Cetak miring</i> berarti <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran" title="Persemakmuran">Persemakmuran</a>, satu sama lain berbagi <a href="/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara">kepala negara</a> monarki yang sama.</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>1</small></sup> Kepala monarki dipertentangkan sebagai Kepala Negara.</span><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>2</small></sup> Teknisnya konstitusional, praktisnya mutlak.</span><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><sup><small>3</small></sup> Menggunakan gelar <i>Presiden</i>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022153-2">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122483427">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127756949">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/127756949">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90055024">Norwegia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575384">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872746v">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872746v">(data)</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238574p">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238574p">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931584z">3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931584z">(data)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10849427">Catalunya</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32681">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79023147">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00871900">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134525&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35142153">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record239558">Yunani</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000974670&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAB201914457">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000108702&local_base=nsk10">Kroasia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/164342">Swedia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lembaga penelitian seni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/fc2aa4dd-14b6-4741-9470-a0f6fe8f5dd9">KulturNav (Norway)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basis data ilmiah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00516998?l=en">CiNii (Jepang)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204623/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003356">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UnitedKingdom">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBAREA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8a754a16-0027-3a29-b6d7-2b40ea0481ed">area</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RERO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (identifier)">RERO (Swiss)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000074093">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026488515">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/RXNRIuTp">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐mhg5j Cached time: 20241123091203 Cache expiry: 53296 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 4.270 seconds Real time usage: 4.828 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 32443/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1162445/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 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NLK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NSK" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NSK">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NSK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_SELIBR" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda SELIBR">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda SELIBR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_KULTURNAV" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda KULTURNAV">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda KULTURNAV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_CINII" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda CINII">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda CINII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_FAST" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_HDS" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda HDS">Artikel 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