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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Humektan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Humektan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Humektan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Humektan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contoh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggunaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aditif_makanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aditif_makanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aditif makanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aditif_makanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosmetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosmetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kosmetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosmetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produk_tembakau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produk_tembakau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Produk tembakau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produk_tembakau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humektan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 11 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="مرطب (كيمياء) – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرطب (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humectant" title="Humectant – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humectant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuchthaltemittel" title="Feuchthaltemittel – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuchthaltemittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humectant" title="Humectant – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Humectant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humectante" title="Humectante – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humectante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1ila" title="Sušila – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sušila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umettante" title="Umettante – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umettante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%97kiklis" title="Drėkiklis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drėkiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevochtigingsmiddel" title="Bevochtigingsmiddel – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bevochtigingsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humektanty" title="Humektanty – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humektanty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umectante" title="Umectante – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Umectante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q911854#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humektan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Humektan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humektan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Humektan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Humektan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Humektan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&oldid=22321542" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Humektan&id=22321542&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHumektan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHumektan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Humektan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Humektan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q911854" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Humektan</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/juː/ long 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/ 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span>/</a></span></span><span class="nowrap"></span> adalah suatu <a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">zat</a> <a href="/wiki/Higroskopi" title="Higroskopi">higroskopis</a> yang digunakan untuk menjaga kelembaban; ini berlawanan dengan <a href="/wiki/Desikan" title="Desikan">desikan</a>. Ini sering kali berupa suatu molekul dengan beberapa gugus <a href="/wiki/Hidrofilik" title="Hidrofilik">hidrofilik</a>, paling sering <a href="/wiki/Hidroksil" title="Hidroksil">gugus hidroksil</a>; namun, <a href="/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">gugus amina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_alkanoat" title="Asam alkanoat">gugus karboksil</a>, kadang dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Ester" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ester">esternya</a>, dapat juga digunakan (afinitasnya membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a> dengan molekul air adalah sifat penting). Humektan digunakan dalam banyak produk, termasuk pangan, kosmetik, obat dan pestisida. </p><p>Humektan menarik dan menahan uap air di udara sekitarnya melalui proses pe<i><b>ny</b></i>erapan (<i><a href="/wiki/Absorpsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorpsi"><b>ab</b>sorption</a></i>), menarik uap air ke dalam dan/atau ke permukaan organisme/objek.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, desikan juga menarik uap air ambien, tetapi me<i><b>nj</b></i>erap (<a href="/wiki/Adsorpsi" title="Adsorpsi"><span><i><b>a</b></i></span><i><b>d</b></i>sorpsi</a>)—bukan <i>ab</i>sorp—nya, dengan mengkondensasikan uap air ke atas permukaan, sebagai lapisan tipis film.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Aditif_makanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditif makanan">aditif makanan</a>, humektan mempunyai efek menjaga agar bahan pangan tetap lembap. </p><p>Humektan kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai komponen pelindung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antistatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antistatik (halaman belum tersedia)">antistatik</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Plastik" title="Plastik">plastik</a>. </p><p>Dalam obat-obatan farmasi dan kosmetika, humektan dapat digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_dosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk dosis (halaman belum tersedia)">bentuk dosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Topikal" title="Topikal">topikal</a> untuk meningkatkan kelarutan senyawa kimia <a href="/wiki/Bahan_aktif" title="Bahan aktif">bahan aktifnya</a>, menaikkan kemampuan bahan aktif untuk menembus kulit, dan/atau waktu aktivitasnya. Sifat hidrasinya dapat pula diperlukan untuk melawan bahan aktif yang bersifat dehidrasi (misal: <a href="/wiki/Sabun" title="Sabun">sabun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kortikoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kortikoid (halaman belum tersedia)">kortikoid</a>, beberapa <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, dll.). Inilah sebabnya humektan merupakan bahan yang umum digunakan dalam beragam kosmetika dan produk perawatan tubuh dengan klaim melembabkan (contohnya: <a href="/wiki/Kondisioner_rambut" title="Kondisioner rambut">kondisioner rambut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Losion_tubuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Losion tubuh (halaman belum tersedia)">losion tubuh</a>, pembersih wajah atau badan, pelembab bibir, krim mata, dll.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contoh">Contoh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Contoh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Contoh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contoh beberapa humektan antara lain: </p> <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:10px; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-gap:10px; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap:10px;" align="left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propilena_glikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Propilena glikol">Propilena glikol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksilena_glikol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksilena glikol (halaman belum tersedia)">heksilena glikol</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butilena_glikol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butilena glikol (halaman belum tersedia)">butilena glikol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliseril_triasetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliseril triasetat (halaman belum tersedia)">Gliseril triasetat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoagarobiosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoagarobiosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Neoagarobiosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gula_alkohol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gula alkohol (halaman belum tersedia)">Gula alkohol</a> (gula poliol) seperti <a href="/wiki/Gliserol" title="Gliserol">gliserol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xylitol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xylitol (halaman belum tersedia)">xylitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltitol" title="Maltitol">maltitol</a></li> <li>Polimer <a href="/wiki/Poliol" title="Poliol">poliol</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polidekstrosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polidekstrosa (halaman belum tersedia)">polidekstrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuilaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuilaia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kuilaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a></li> <li>Gel <a href="/wiki/Lidah_Buaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidah Buaya">aloe vera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP_diol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MP diol (halaman belum tersedia)">MP diol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_alfa_hidroksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam alfa hidroksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Asam alfa hidroksi</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_laktat" title="Asam laktat">asam laktat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madu" title="Madu">Madu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litium_klorida" title="Litium klorida">Litium klorida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_heksametafosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium heksametafosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">Natrium heksametafosfat</a> E452i</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humektan adalah zat yang digunakan untuk menjaga kelembaban produk dan berpengaruh pada pengawetan makanan. Ini dapat digunakan dalam produk-produk kosmetika, pangan, dan tembakau. Formulasi kaya humektan mengandung gula alkohol sederhana yang dapat meningkatkan hidrasi kulit dan membantu menghilangkan dan mengurangi ketebalan kulit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aditif_makanan">Aditif makanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Aditif makanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aditif makanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa humektan yang <a href="/wiki/Aditif_makanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditif makanan">digunakan dalam pangan</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Madu" title="Madu">madu</a> dan sirup glukosa berguna untuk menyerap air sekaligus memberikan rasa manis.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirup glukosa juga membantu mempertahankan bentuk produk lebih baik dan lebih lama daripada alternatif lainnya. Sebagai tambahan, beberapa humektan di beberapa negara dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Aditif_makanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditif makanan">aditif makanan</a> yang baik karena meningkatkan nilai gizi, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_heksametafosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium heksametafosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium heksametafosfat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam rangka untuk mengukur humektansi senyawa ini, para ilmuwan akan memasukkannya melalui serangkaian pengujian, sering kali melibatkan uji penyerapan air. Dalam uji yang melibatkan pasta gigi, proses ini juga ditambah dengan uji rasa manis dan uji kristalisasi. Ketika humektansi sedang diuji dalam produk yang berbeda, para ilmuwan akan membandingkan hasil dengan humektan lain yang sudah digunakan dalam produk mereka, dalam rangka untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi.<sup id="cite_ref-LuHumec_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuHumec-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa humektan ini berupa <a href="/wiki/Poliol" title="Poliol">poliol</a> non-ionik seperti <a href="/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa">sukrosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gliserin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliserin">gliserin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gliserol" title="Gliserol">gliserol</a> dan triesternya (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Triasetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triasetin (halaman belum tersedia)">triasetin</a>). Aditif makanan humektan ini digunakan untuk tujuan mengendalikan <a href="/wiki/Viskositas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viskositas">viskositas</a> dan tekstur. Humektan juga menambah volume, mempertahankan kelembaban, mengurangi aktivitas air, dan melakukan fungsi penting untuk meningkatkan kelembutan. Keuntungan utama aditif makanan humektan adalah bahwa, karena mereka adalah non-ionik, diharapkan mereka tidak mempengaruhi setiap variasi <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuatik (halaman belum tersedia)">akuatik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msagati2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msagati2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humektan gliserol atau gliserin menjalani proses prakondisi menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Saponifikasi" title="Saponifikasi">saponifikasi</a>, bleaching, pemisahan pertukaran ion, baik pertukaran kation maupun anion, evaporasi vakum, distilasi lapisan tipis, dan pemanasan untuk menghasilkan gliserol murni 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-msagati2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msagati2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humektan digunakan dalam stabilisasi produk pangan dan memperpanjang masa simpan melalui pengendalian pangan dan kelembaban. Kelembaban yang ada menentukan aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Mikrob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrob">mikrob</a>, sifat fisik, sifat sensori dan laju perubahan kimia, yang jika tidak dikontrol, adalah penyebab berkurangnya umur simpan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh beberapa makanan adalah, <a href="/wiki/Sereal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sereal">sereal</a> kering dengan <a href="/wiki/Kismis" title="Kismis">kismis</a> lembap, <a href="/wiki/Es_krim" title="Es krim">es krim</a> di kerucut, <a href="/wiki/Coklat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coklat">coklat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permen_keras" title="Permen keras">permen keras</a> berisi cairan dan <a href="/wiki/Keju" title="Keju">keju</a>. Humektan digunakan untuk menstabilkan kadar air bahan pangan dan dikelompokkan sebagai aditif makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humektan saat ini juga digunakan dalam teknologi militer untuk penggunaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRE (halaman belum tersedia)">MRE</a> dan ransum militer lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah makanan selalu harus lembap. Penggunaan humektan mengurangi ketersediaan air sehingga mengurangi aktivitas bakteri. Mereka digunakan untuk masalah keselamatan, kualitas, dan untuk memperpanjang umur produk pangan. </p><p>Contoh humektan yang digunakan untuk menjaga kelembaban produk adalah dalam <a href="/wiki/Pasta_gigi" title="Pasta gigi">pasta gigi</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan biskuit. Produk biskuit tertentu sering menggunakan humektan sebagai pengikat untuk menjaga kelembaban terkunci di pusat biskuit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humektan dipilih dalam produk pangan karena kemampuannya mempertahankan kelembaban produk-produk konsumen dan memperpanjang umur produk.<sup id="cite_ref-Farris_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosmetika">Kosmetika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kosmetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kosmetika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humektan sering digunakan dalam kosmetika sebagai salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan kelembaban kulit dan rambut. Mereka digunakan dalam beberapa produk-produk kosmetika, termasuk shampo, kondisioner, serum keriting, losion, krim, perawatan bibir, pembersih, losion berjemur, dan beberapa sabun serta losion tubuh. Sebagai pelembab higroskopis, humektan bekerja dengan menarik air ke lapisan atas kulit (stratum corneum).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua humektan memiliki gugus umum hidroksil yang memungkinkannya berperan dalam pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dan menarik air. Proses ini menarik kelembaban dari bagian luar kulit atau, dalam kelembaban tinggi, dari atmosfer. Uap air kemudian terperangkap di dalam epidermis atau akar rambut, bergantung pada tempat humektan diaplikasikan. Beragam humektan mempunyai perilaku yang berbeda karena variasi kapasitas pengikatan airnya pada kelembaban yang berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humektan yang digunakan dalam kosmetikan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Trietilena_glikol" title="Trietilena glikol">trietilena glikol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripropilena_glikol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripropilena glikol (halaman belum tersedia)">tripropilena glikol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Propilena_glikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Propilena glikol">propilena glikol</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polipropilena_glikol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polipropilena glikol (halaman belum tersedia)">polipropilena glikol</a>. Humektan lainnya yang populer dalam dunia kosmetikan antara lain gliserin, sorbitol (gula alkohol), heksilena dan butilena glikol, urea, dan kolagen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gliserin adalah salah satu humektan yang paling populer digunakan karena hasilnya sering sesuai harapan dan harganya juga murah. Humektan dengan kategori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanolipidgel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanolipidgel (halaman belum tersedia)">nanolipidgel</a> memungkinkan kulit mempertahankan kelembaban, tetapi juga memiliki sifat antijamur. Ilmuwan juga bekerja untuk mengungkap berbagai jenis humektan. Sebuah studi yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2011 menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak wine cake memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai humektan dalam kosmetika.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humektan telah ditambahkan pada produk pelembab kulit untuk merawat serosis. Beberapa pelembab cenderung melemahkan fungsi kulit sebagai penghalang, tetapi penelitian pada serosis telah membuktikan bahwa pelembab yang mengandung humektan meningkatkan efek pelembaban yang diinginkan pada area yang diaplikasikan tanpa kerusakan fungsi kulit sebagai penghalang.<sup id="cite_ref-Loden_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loden-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam penelitian perawatan serosis ini, dilaporkan pula adanya rasa "perih dan pedih" dari penggunaan produk perawatan yang kaya humektan.<sup id="cite_ref-Loden_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loden-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika gliserol humektan ditambahkan ke dalam sabun untuk membersihkan luka, ditemukan pula efek serupa. Terdapat peningkatan kelembaban pada area tempat sabun diaplikasikan, namun "perlu perhatian lebih lanjut penggunaan gliserol untuk meningkatkan penyerapan eksudat dari luka untuk peningkatan penyembuhan luka."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sifat menyembuhkan dari humektan hingga saat ini masih simpang siur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produk_tembakau">Produk tembakau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Produk tembakau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produk tembakau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humektan digunakan dalam produksi beberapa produk <a href="/wiki/Tembakau" title="Tembakau">tembakau</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Rokok" title="Rokok">rokok</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-rokok" class="mw-redirect" title="E-rokok">e-rokok</a>, dan tembakau lintingan. Humektan digunakan untuk mengendalikan dan menjaga kelembaban potongan tembakau sebagai pengisi dan memperkuat rasa. Humektan merupakan komponen vital dalam rokok.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sebuah percobaan merokok shisha, peneliti berusaha mengidentifikasi senyawa-senyawa seperti formaldehida, asetaldehida, dan akrolein dalam asap shisha. Mereka menemukan bahwa nilai formaldehida yang terdeteksi dalam satu sesi merokok shisha lima kali lebih tinggi daripada rokok biasa. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan jumlah humektan dalam tembakau yang belum dibakar menurunkan temperatur dalam pipa sisha selama merokok, sehingga muncul sejumlah zat beracun. Lebih jauh lagi, e-rokok menghasilkan aerosol dengan memanaskan humektan yang mengandung nikotin tanpa membakar tembakau. "Uap" aerosolnya kemudian dihirup dan penghirupnya menerima nikotin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhatian utama pada kesehatan terkait dengan e-rokok adalah bahwa produksi mereka saat ini belum ada regulasinya, dan terdapat ketidakpastian kontrol kualitas yang besar selama pabrikasi. Tembakau lintingan mengandung lebih banyak humektan, yang ditambahkan ke dalam tembakau untuk memperbaiki rasa dan membuatnya tetap kering. Saat humektan dibakar, ia melepaskan bahan kimia seperti akrolein. Humektan ditemukan dalam sebagian besar rokok dan dianggap sebagai salah satu bahan kimia paling berbahaya yang ditemukan dalam tembakau. </p><p>Namun, terdapat beberapa klaim yang saling bertentangan tentang tingkat ancaman kesehatan produk-produk ini. Dalam suatu studi literatur risiko kesehatan e-rokok, dilaporkan 388 gejala yang berbeda, perhatian pada mulut dan kerongkongan adalah gejala negatif paling banyak dibandingkan yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada saat ini, meskipun belum ada cukup penelitian atau bukti tentang produk tersebut, terutama tentang bahan pencemar aerosol dalam e-rokok, risiko kesehatan telah dalam taraf mengkhawatirkan. Penelitian lebih lanjut saat ini sedang dilakukan untuk menemukan bahaya sebenarnya penggunaan humektan dalam rokok.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humektan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/humectant">"Humectant"</a>, <i>The Free Dictionary</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Humectant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fhumectant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-humectant.htm">"What is an Humectant"</a>, <i>wisegeek.org</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wisegeek.org&rft.atitle=What+is+an+Humectant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.org%2Fwhat-is-an-humectant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/adsorb">"Adsorb"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Adsorb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fadsorb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLodén,_M.von_Scheele,_J.Michelson,_S.2013" class="citation">Lodén, M.; von Scheele, J.; Michelson, S. 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(2008), "EFFECT OF BAMBOO FIBRE AND GLUCOSE SYRUP AS NEW INGREDIENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AMARETTI COOKIES", <i>Italian Journal Of Food Science</i>, <b>20</b> (1): 75–90</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+Of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=EFFECT+OF+BAMBOO+FIBRE+AND+GLUCOSE+SYRUP+AS+NEW+INGREDIENTS+IN+THE+MANUFACTURE+OF+AMARETTI+COOKIES&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">"Broad Chemicals as Food Additives", <i>China Chemical Reporter</i>, <b>21</b> (4): 12, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Chemical+Reporter&rft.atitle=Broad+Chemicals+as+Food+Additives&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LuHumec-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LuHumec_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Lu, Y.Y. (2001), "Humectancies of d-tagatose and d-sorbitol", <i>International Journal Of Cosmetic Science</i>, <b>23</b> (3): 178</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+Of+Cosmetic+Science&rft.atitle=Humectancies+of+d-tagatose+and+d-sorbitol&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msagati2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msagati2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msagati2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Msagati, Titus A.M. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118274132.ch15/pdf"><i>The Chemistry of Food Additives and Preservatives</i></a>, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118274132.ch15">10.1002/9781118274132.ch15</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Food+Additives+and+Preservatives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118274132.ch15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118274132.ch15%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Severini, C.; Corbo, M.; Derossi, A.; Bevilacqua, A.; Giuliani, R. (2008), "Use of humectants for the stabilization of pesto sauce", <i>International Journal Of Food Science & Technology</i>, <b>43</b> (6): 1041–1046, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2007.01560.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01560.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+Of+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Use+of+humectants++for+the+stabilization+of+pesto+sauce&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1041-1046&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.2007.01560.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Hazen, Cindy (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/2010/05/texture-solutions-for-snack-bars.aspx?pg=10#content"><i>Texture Solutions for Snack Bars</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texture+Solutions+for+Snack+Bars&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodproductdesign.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F05%2Ftexture-solutions-for-snack-bars.aspx%3Fpg%3D10%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-26255153">"The Military Pizza That Lasts for Three Years"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Military+Pizza+That+Lasts+for+Three+Years&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-magazine-monitor-26255153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Lu, Y.Y. (2001), "Humectancies of d-tagatose and d-sorbitol", <i>International Journal Of Cosmetic Science</i>, <b>23</b> (3): 175</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+Of+Cosmetic+Science&rft.atitle=Humectancies+of+d-tagatose+and+d-sorbitol&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Farris, S.S.; Piergiovanni, L.L.; Limbo, S.S. (2008), "EFFECT OF BAMBOO FIBRE AND GLUCOSE SYRUP AS NEW INGREDIENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AMARETTI COOKIES", <i>Italian Journal Of Food Science</i>, <b>20</b> (1): 77</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+Of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=EFFECT+OF+BAMBOO+FIBRE+AND+GLUCOSE+SYRUP+AS+NEW+INGREDIENTS+IN+THE+MANUFACTURE+OF+AMARETTI+COOKIES&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054049/http://www.makingcosmetics.com/articles/13-humectants-moisturizing-agents-in-cosmetics.pdf">"Humectants Moisturizing Agents in Cosmetics"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Making Cosmetics, Inc</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makingcosmetics.com/articles/13-humectants-moisturizing-agents-in-cosmetics.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2015-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 2014-10-5</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Cosmetics%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Humectants+Moisturizing+Agents+in+Cosmetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makingcosmetics.com%2Farticles%2F13-humectants-moisturizing-agents-in-cosmetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElsner,_P.Maibach,_H.I.2005" class="citation">Elsner, P.; Maibach, H.I. (2005), <i>Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs vs Cosmetics</i>, Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmeceuticals+and+Active+Cosmetics%3A+Drugs+vs+Cosmetics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Elsner%2C+P.&rft.au=Maibach%2C+H.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Triethylene Glycol and PEG-4", <i>International Journal of Toxicology</i>, <b>25</b> (2): suppl 121–138, March 2006, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10915810600964642">10.1080/10915810600964642</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Final+Report+on+the+Safety+Assessment+of+Triethylene+Glycol+and+PEG-4&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=suppl+121-138&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10915810600964642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFiume_MMBergfeld_WFBelsito_DVHill_RA" class="citation">Fiume MM; Bergfeld WF; Belsito DV; Hill RA; et al. (2012 Sep-Oct), "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics", <i>International Journal of Toxicology</i>, <b>31</b> (5 Suppl): 245S–60S, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1091581812461381">10.1177/1091581812461381</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Safety+Assessment+of+Propylene+Glycol%2C+Tripropylene+Glycol%2C+and+PPGs+as+Used+in+Cosmetics&rft.chron=2012+Sep-Oct&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.pages=245S-60S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1091581812461381&rft.au=Fiume+MM&rft.au=Bergfeld+WF&rft.au=Belsito+DV&rft.au=Hill+RA&rft.au=Klaassen+CD&rft.au=Liebler+D&rft.au=Marks+JG+Jr&rft.au=Shank+RC&rft.au=Slaga+TJ%2C+Snyder+PW%2C+Andersen+FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeng,_Y.Glattauer,_V.Werkmeister,_J.A.Ramshaw,_J.A.M.2004" class="citation">Peng, Y.; Glattauer, V.; Werkmeister, J.A.; Ramshaw, J.A.M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00245_2.x">"Evaluation for collagen products for cosmetic application"</a>, <i>International Journal of Cosmetic Science</i>, Blackwell Science Ltd, <b>26</b> (6): 313, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-2494.2004.00245_2.x">10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00245_2.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cosmetic+Science&rft.atitle=Evaluation+for+collagen+products+for+cosmetic+application&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=313&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-2494.2004.00245_2.x&rft.au=Peng%2C+Y.&rft.au=Glattauer%2C+V.&rft.au=Werkmeister%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Ramshaw%2C+J.A.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-2494.2004.00245_2.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Chiang, H., Ko, Y., Shih, I., Wen, K. (2011), "Development of Wine Cake as a Skin-Whitening Agent and Humectant", <i>Journal of Food & Drug Analysis</i>, <b>19</b> (2): 223-229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+%26+Drug+Analysis&rft.atitle=Development+of+Wine+Cake+as+a+Skin-Whitening+Agent+and+Humectant&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-229&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loden-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loden_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loden_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLodén,_M.von_Scheele,_J.Michelson,_S.2013" class="citation">Lodén, M.; von Scheele, J.; Michelson, S. (2013), "The influence of a humectant-rich mixture on normalz skin barrier function and on once- and twice-daily treatment of foot xerosis. A prospective, randomized, evaluator–blind, bilateral and untreated-control study", <i>Skin Research and Technology</i>, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, <b>19</b> (4): 438–445, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsrt.12066">10.1111/srt.12066</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skin+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+a+humectant-rich+mixture+on+normalz+skin+barrier+function+and+on+once-+and+twice-daily+treatment+of+foot+xerosis.+A+prospective%2C+randomized%2C+evaluator%E2%80%93blind%2C+bilateral+and+untreated-control+study&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=438-445&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsrt.12066&rft.au=Lod%C3%A9n%2C+M.&rft.au=von+Scheele%2C+J.&rft.au=Michelson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">Gwon, H., Lim, Y., Nho, Y., Baik, S. (2010), "Humectants effect on aqueous fluids absorption of γ-irradiated PVA hydrogel followed by freeze thawing", <i>Radiation Physics & Chemistry</i>, <b>79</b> (5): 650–653</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Physics+%26+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Humectants+effect+on+aqueous+fluids+absorption+of+%CE%B3-irradiated+PVA+hydrogel+followed+by+freeze+thawing&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=650-653&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeck,_J.D.Gaworski,_C.L.Rajendran,_N.Robert_L.M.2002" class="citation">Heck, J.D.; Gaworski, C.L.; Rajendran, N.; Robert L.M. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08958370290084827">"TOXICOLOGIC EVALUATION OF HUMECTANTS ADDED TO CIGARETTE TOBACCO: 13-WEEK SMOKE INHALATION STUDY OF GLYCERIN AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL IN FISCHER 344 RATS"</a>, <i>Inhalation Toxicology</i>, <b>14</b> (11), <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08958370290084827">10.1080/08958370290084827</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inhalation+Toxicology&rft.atitle=TOXICOLOGIC+EVALUATION+OF+HUMECTANTS+ADDED+TO+CIGARETTE+TOBACCO%3A+13-WEEK+SMOKE+INHALATION+STUDY+OF+GLYCERIN+AND+PROPYLENE+GLYCOL+IN+FISCHER+344+RATS&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08958370290084827&rft.au=Heck%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Gaworski%2C+C.L.&rft.au=Rajendran%2C+N.&rft.au=Robert+L.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F08958370290084827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert,_J.Heinke,_V.Bewersdorff,_J.Luch,_A.2012" class="citation">Schubert, J.; Heinke, V.; Bewersdorff, J.; Luch, A.; Schulz, T.G. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707202">"Waterpipe Smoking: The Role of Humectants in the Release of Toxic Carbonyls"</a>, <i>Archives of Toxicology</i>, <b>86</b> (8): 1309–16, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0884-5">10.1007/s00204-012-0884-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707202">22707202</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Waterpipe+Smoking%3A+The+Role+of+Humectants+in+the+Release+of+Toxic+Carbonyls&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1309-16&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00204-012-0884-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22707202&rft.au=Schubert%2C+J.&rft.au=Heinke%2C+V.&rft.au=Bewersdorff%2C+J.&rft.au=Luch%2C+A.&rft.au=Schulz%2C+T.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F22707202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMy,_HuaAlfi,_M.Talbot,_P.2013" class="citation">My, Hua; Alfi, M.; Talbot, P. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/2013/4/e59/">"Health-Related Effects Reported by Electronic Cigarette Users in Online Forums"</a>, <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>, <b>15</b> (4): e59, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.2324">10.2196/jmir.2324</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1438-8871">1438-8871</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Health-Related+Effects+Reported+by+Electronic+Cigarette+Users+in+Online+Forums&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e59&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2Fjmir.2324&rft.issn=1438-8871&rft.au=My%2C+Hua&rft.au=Alfi%2C+M.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmir.org%2F2013%2F4%2Fe59%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurstyn2014" class="citation">Burstyn, I. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937158/pdf/1471-2458-14-18.pdf">"Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>BMC Public Health</i>, <b>14</b> (18), <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-14-18">10.1186/1471-2458-14-18</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Peering+through+the+mist%3A+systematic+review+of+what+the+chemistry+of+contaminants+in+electronic+cigarettes+tells+us+about+health+risks&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-14-18&rft.aulast=Burstyn&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3937158%2Fpdf%2F1471-2458-14-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHumektan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">line feed character di <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> pada posisi 47 (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#invisible_char" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humektan&oldid=22321542">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humektan&oldid=22321542</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Eksipien" title="Kategori:Eksipien">Eksipien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahan_tambahan_makanan" title="Kategori:Bahan tambahan makanan">Bahan tambahan makanan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_karakter_tidak_terlihat" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat">Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 15 Desember 2022, pukul 02.16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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