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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B7_%22%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%22" title="فن الاعلامي المختلط "مكس ميديا" – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الاعلامي المختلط "مكس ميديا"" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetnost_mje%C5%A1ovitih_medija_(mixed_media)" title="Umjetnost mješovitih medija (mixed media) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umjetnost mješovitih medija (mixed media)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Media" title="Mixed Media – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mixed Media" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9cnica_mixta" title="Técnica mixta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Técnica mixta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87" title="نقاشی آمیخته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقاشی آمیخته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technique_mixte" title="Technique mixte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technique mixte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%ED%95%A9_%EB%A7%A4%EC%B2%B4" title="혼합 매체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼합 매체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_campuran" title="Media campuran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media campuran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnica_mista" title="Tecnica mista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tecnica mista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA" title="טכניקה מעורבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכניקה מעורבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemengde_techniek" title="Gemengde techniek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemengde techniek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ミクストメディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミクストメディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mixed media" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9cnica_mista" title="Técnica mista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Técnica mista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Смешанная техника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смешанная техника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mixed media" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="สื่อผสม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อผสม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%AA%92%E6%9D%90" title="綜合媒材 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="綜合媒材" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic technique that uses more than one medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American comic strip <i>Mixed Media</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ohman" title="Jack Ohman">Jack Ohman</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg/180px-Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg/270px-Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg/360px-Alberto_Baumann_Eredit%C3%A0_del_ventesimo_secolo_1980_cm_100x100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Alberto Baumann, "Inheritance of the Twentieth Century" (1980).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP,_2005_mixed_media.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg/180px-SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg/270px-SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg/360px-SOMETIME_LAST_JANUARY_I_AWOKE_IN_THE_MORNING_WITH_MY_HAND_UP%2C_2005_mixed_media.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mixed media art by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Niklewicz" title="Adam Niklewicz">Adam Niklewicz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a>, <b>mixed media</b> describes <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artwork</a> in which more than one <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">medium</a> or material has been employed.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assemblages, collages, and sculpture are three common examples of art using different <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">media</a>. Materials used to create mixed media art include, but are not limited to, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Found_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Found objects">found objects</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mixed media art is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia art</a> which combines visual art with non-visual elements, such as recorded sound, literature, drama, dance, motion graphics, music, or interactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenoer2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenoer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_mixed_media">History of mixed media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of mixed media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first modern artwork to be considered mixed media is <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s 1912 <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> <i>Still Life with Chair Caning</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There is nothing on the page about Picasso to back up this claim (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which used paper, cloth, paint and rope to create a pseudo-3D effect. The influence of movements like <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> contributed to the mixed media's growth in popularity throughout the 20th century with artists like <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cornell" title="Joseph Cornell">Joseph Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly" title="Ellsworth Kelly">Ellsworth Kelly</a> adopting it. This led to further innovations like <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installations</a> in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed media continues to be a popular form for artists, with different forms like wet media and markings<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What are markings? (August 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> being explored.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mixed_media_art">Types of mixed media art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of mixed media art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixed media art can be differentiated into distinct types,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which are: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a>: This is an art form which involves combining different materials like ribbons, newspaper clippings, photographs etc. to create a new whole. While it was a sporadic practice in antiquity, it became a fundamental part of modern art in the early 20th century, due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a> and Picasso.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a>: This is a 3-dimensional variant of the collage with elements jutting in or out of a defined substrate, or an entirely 3-D arrangement of objects and/or sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a> art: These are objects that are found and used by artists and incorporated into artworks because of their perceived artistic value. It was popularized by the conceptual artist <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered books</a>: This is a specific form where the artist will reuse a book by modifying/altering it physically for use in the work. This can involve physically cutting and pasting pages to change the contents of the book or using the materials of the book as contents for an art piece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wet and Dry Media: Wet media consists of materials such as paints and inks that use some sort of liquidity in their usage or composition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry materials (such as pencils, charcoal, and crayons) are lacking this inherent liquidity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using wet and dry media in conjunction is considered mixed media for its combination of inherently differing media to create a finalized piece.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Expansion_(sculpture)" title="Expansion (sculpture)">Expansion</a> is a mixed media sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Paige_Bradley" title="Paige Bradley">Paige Bradley</a> which combined bronze and electricity. The Expansion sculpture is thought to be the first bronze sculpture to be illuminated from within.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_mixed_media_artwork">Examples of mixed media artwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of mixed media artwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Still Life with Chair Caning</i>: Picasso's piece depicts what can be seen as a table with a cut lemon, a knife, a napkin and a newspaper among other discernible objects. It is elliptical (with speculation that the work itself could be depicting a <a href="/wiki/Porthole" title="Porthole">porthole</a>) and uses a piece of rope to form its edge. Paper and cloth are used for the objects present on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Angel of Anarchy</i>: <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Agar" title="Eileen Agar">Eileen Agar</a>'s 1937 sculpture is a modified bust of Joseph Bard, which was covered by paper and fur. When this was lost, she made a 1940 variation which shrouded and blinded the figure with feathers, beads and cloth creating an entirely different perspective on the sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_trading_cards" title="Artist trading cards">Artist trading cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collage" title="Décollage">Décollage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_media_artists" title="List of mixed media artists">List of mixed media artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_art" title="Modular art">Modular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">Quilt art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Focus_Depth_Art" title="Visual Focus Depth Art">Visual Focus Depth Art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vaughan2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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