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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kontenut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bidu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-It-terminu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#It-terminu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>It-terminu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-It-terminu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipi_ta'_akkwist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipi_ta'_akkwist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tipi ta' akkwist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipi_ta'_akkwist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipi_ta'_multilingwiżmu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipi_ta'_multilingwiżmu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tipi ta' multilingwiżmu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipi_ta'_multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Tipi ta' multilingwiżmu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipi_ta'_multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il-multilingwiżmu_individwali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-multilingwiżmu_individwali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Il-multilingwiżmu individwali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-multilingwiżmu_individwali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_territorjali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingwiżmu_territorjali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Multilingwiżmu territorjali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_territorjali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_soċjetali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingwiżmu_soċjetali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Multilingwiżmu soċjetali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_soċjetali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_istituzzjonali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingwiżmu_istituzzjonali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Multilingwiżmu istituzzjonali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_istituzzjonali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diglossja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diglossja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Diglossja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diglossja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kawżi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kawżi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kawżi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kawżi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Kawżi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kawżi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il-kolonizzazzjoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-kolonizzazzjoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Il-kolonizzazzjoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-kolonizzazzjoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-migrazzjoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-migrazzjoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Il-migrazzjoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-migrazzjoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unifikazzjoni_politika_tat-territorju" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unifikazzjoni_politika_tat-territorju"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unifikazzjoni politika tat-territorju</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unifikazzjoni_politika_tat-territorju-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L-Ewropizzazzjoni_u_l-globalizzazzjoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L-Ewropizzazzjoni_u_l-globalizzazzjoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>L-Ewropizzazzjoni u l-globalizzazzjoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-Ewropizzazzjoni_u_l-globalizzazzjoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-qlib_tal-kodiċi_lingwistiku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-qlib_tal-kodiċi_lingwistiku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Il-qlib tal-kodiċi lingwistiku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-qlib_tal-kodiċi_lingwistiku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_naturali_u_mill-iskola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingwiżmu_naturali_u_mill-iskola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Multilingwiżmu naturali u mill-iskola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingwiżmu_naturali_u_mill-iskola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-problema_fundamentali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-problema_fundamentali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Il-problema fundamentali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-problema_fundamentali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-vantaġġi_tal-multilingwiżmu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-vantaġġi_tal-multilingwiżmu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Il-vantaġġi_tal-multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Il-vantaġġi_tal-multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il-ħila_komunikattiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-ħila_komunikattiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Il-ħila komunikattiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-ħila_komunikattiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-lingwi_bħala_riżorsi_lingwistiċi_-_il-vantaġġi_konjittivi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-lingwi_bħala_riżorsi_lingwistiċi_-_il-vantaġġi_konjittivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Il-lingwi bħala riżorsi lingwistiċi - il-vantaġġi konjittivi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-lingwi_bħala_riżorsi_lingwistiċi_-_il-vantaġġi_konjittivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspett_prammatiku_tal-lingwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspett_prammatiku_tal-lingwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Aspett prammatiku tal-lingwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspett_prammatiku_tal-lingwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwiżmu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwiżmu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwiżmu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ħela_ta'_żmien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ħela_ta'_żmien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ħela ta' żmien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ħela_ta'_żmien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tnaqqis_fl-affintà_mal-lingwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tnaqqis_fl-affintà_mal-lingwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Tnaqqis fl-affintà mal-lingwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tnaqqis_fl-affintà_mal-lingwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koeżjoni_dgħajfa_fis-soċjetà" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koeżjoni_dgħajfa_fis-soċjetà"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Koeżjoni dgħajfa fis-soċjetà</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koeżjoni_dgħajfa_fis-soċjetà-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il-multilingwiżmu_bħala_barriera_lingwistika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il-multilingwiżmu_bħala_barriera_lingwistika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Il-multilingwiżmu bħala barriera lingwistika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il-multilingwiżmu_bħala_barriera_lingwistika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblijografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblijografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Biblijografija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblijografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ħoloq_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ħoloq esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kontenut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aħbi jew uri l-werrej" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aħbi jew uri l-werrej</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multilingwiżmu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Żur artiklu f'lingwa differenti. Disponibbli fi 77 lingwi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 lingwi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تعدد لغوي – Għarbi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعدد لغوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Għarbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%89" title="تعدد لغوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعدد لغوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বহুভাষাবাদ – Assamiż" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বহুভাষাবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4_arut_yatinta%C3%B1a" title="Pä arut yatintaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pä arut yatintaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oxdillilik" title="Çoxdillilik – Ażerbajġani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çoxdillilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Ażerbajġani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Многоезичност – Bulgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Многоезичност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বহুভাষিকতা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুভাষিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesyezhegezh" title="Liesyezhegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liesyezhegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiling%C3%BCisme" title="Multilingüisme – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multilingüisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فرەزمانی – Kurd Ċentrali" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرەزمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurd Ċentrali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingvismus" title="Multilingvismus – Ċek" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Multilingvismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ċek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flersprogethed" title="Flersprogethed – Daniż" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flersprogethed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrsprachigkeit" title="Mehrsprachigkeit – Ġermaniż" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mehrsprachigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δίγλωσσος – Grieg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίγλωσσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism – Ingliż" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Multilingualism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurlingveco" title="Plurlingveco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plurlingveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiling%C3%BCismo_social" title="Multilingüismo social – Spanjol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Multilingüismo social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanjol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitmekeelsus" title="Mitmekeelsus – Estonjan" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mitmekeelsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleaniztasun" title="Eleaniztasun – Bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eleaniztasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="چندزبانگی – Persjan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندزبانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikielisyys" title="Monikielisyys – Finlandiż" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monikielisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinguisme" title="Multilinguisme – Franċiż" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multilinguisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Franċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touspr%C3%A4kih%C3%A4id" title="Touspräkihäid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Touspräkihäid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilteangachas" title="Ilteangachas – Irlandiż" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ilteangachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0-ch%C3%A0nanas" title="Dà-chànanas – Galliku Skoċċiż" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dà-chànanas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Galliku Skoċċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiling%C3%BCismo" title="Multilingüismo – Galiċjan" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Multilingüismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiċjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רב-לשוניות – Ebrajk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-לשוניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrajk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="बहुभाषिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुभाषिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ejezi%C4%8Dnost" title="Višejezičnost – Kroat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Višejezičnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բազմալեզվություն – Armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազմալեզվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinguismo" title="Multilinguismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Multilinguismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibahasa" title="Multibahasa – Indoneżjan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Multibahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneżjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дукха метташ хилар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дукха метташ хилар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6ltyngi" title="Fjöltyngi – Iżlandiż" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjöltyngi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iżlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinguismo" title="Multilinguismo – Taljan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Multilinguismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Taljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="多言語 – Ġappuniż" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="多言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ġappuniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მულტილინგვიზმი – Ġorġjan" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მულტილინგვიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Ġorġjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetutlayt" title="Tagetutlayt – Kabuljan" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagetutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabuljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="다중언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다중언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirziman%C3%AE" title="Pirzimanî – Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirzimanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinguismus" title="Multilinguismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Multilinguismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daudzvalod%C4%ABba" title="Daudzvalodība – Latvjan" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daudzvalodība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Повеќејазичност – Maċedonjan" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Повеќејазичност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Maċedonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwibahasa" title="Dwibahasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dwibahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meertaligheid" title="Meertaligheid – Olandiż" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meertaligheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Olandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleirspr%C3%A5kleg" title="Fleirspråkleg – Ninorsk Norveġiż" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fleirspråkleg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Ninorsk Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerspr%C3%A5klighet" title="Flerspråklighet – Bokmal Norveġiż" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flerspråklighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਹੁਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਹੁਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualismo" title="Multilingualismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Multilingualismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieloj%C4%99zyczno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wielojęzyczność – Pollakk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielojęzyczność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pollakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinguismo" title="Multilinguismo – Portugiż" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multilinguismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurilinguitad" title="Plurilinguitad – Romanz" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Plurilinguitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romanz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingvism" title="Multilingvism – Rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Multilingvism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Многоязычие – Russu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многоязычие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ejezi%C4%8Dnost" title="Višejezičnost – Serbo-Kroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Višejezičnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F" title="බහු භාෂා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහු භාෂා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multilingualism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingvizmus" title="Multilingvizmus – Slovakk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Multilingvizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shum%C3%ABgjuh%C3%ABsia" title="Shumëgjuhësia – Albaniż" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shumëgjuhësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мултилингвизам – Serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мултилингвизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwi_Bahasa" title="Dwi Bahasa – Sundaniż" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dwi Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerspr%C3%A5kighet" title="Flerspråkighet – Żvediż" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flerspråkighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Żvediż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பன்மொழிப் புலமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்மொழிப் புலமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="బహుభాషితం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బహుభాషితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бисёрзабонӣ – Taġik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бисёрзабонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Taġik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ድርብ ቋንቋነት – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ድርብ ቋንቋነት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87okdillilik" title="Çokdillilik – Tork" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çokdillilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tork" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Багатомовність – Ukren" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багатомовність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukren" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کثیراللسانیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کثیراللسانیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi%C5%82enguismo" title="Multiłenguismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Multiłenguismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Đa ngôn ngữ – Vjetnamiż" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa ngôn ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vjetnamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B6" title="多语制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多语制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Multilingualism" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მულტილინგვიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მულტილინგვიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ – Tamazight Standard tal-Marokk" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Standard tal-Marokk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B6" title="多语制 – Ċiniż" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多语制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Ċiniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AA%9E%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="多語現象 – Kantoniż" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多語現象" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Immodifika l-ħoloq interlingwi" class="wbc-editpage">Immodifika l-ħoloq</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spazji tal-isem"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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tal-ipprintjar ta' din il-paġna [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verżjoni għall-ipprintjar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Fi proġetti oħra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multilingualism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30081" title="Ħolqa għall-element konness tal-arkivju tad-dejta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element ta' Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Għodda tal-paġna"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Dehra"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Dehra</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija l-ħielsa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mt" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Scuola_ladina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scuola_ladina.JPG/300px-Scuola_ladina.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scuola_ladina.JPG/450px-Scuola_ladina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scuola_ladina.JPG/600px-Scuola_ladina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudtirol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudtirol (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sudtirol</a> Tabella ta' skola trilingwa f'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Gardena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Gardena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Val Gardena</a> bil-Ladin, Ġermaniż u t-Taljan</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-<b>Multilingwiżmu</b> min-naħa waħda jfisser il-ħila ta' persuna li titkellem aktar minn lingwa waħda. Min-naħa l-oħra, dan it-terminu jfisser il-validità jew l-użu mifrux ta' għadd ta' lingwi f'soċjetà, stat jew reġun lingwistiku. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="It-terminu">It-terminu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: It-terminu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: It-terminu"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu jista' jfisser: </p> <ul><li>Il-ħila ta' persuna li titkellem aktar minn lingwa waħda (multilingwiżmu).</li> <li>Il-validità jew l-użu mifrux ta' għadd ta' lingwi f'soċjetà, żona tal-lingwa jew pajjiż (poliglossija).</li> <li>L-użu ta' għadd ta' lingwi sabiex jagħmlu l-informazzjoni aċċessibbli għall-akbar numru possibbli ta' individwi ta' diversi lingwi, bħal fuq sinjali, tabelli, tikketti tal-prodotti, fil-manwali kif ukoll fuq is-siti tal-web jew programmi tal-kompjuter.</li></ul> <p>It-termini mhumiex dejjem distinti minn xulxin b'mod ċar fl-użu ta' kuljum, però f'dixxiplini xjentifiċi huma definiti preċiżament u bħala reċiprokament esklussivi. Persuna li taf titkellem b'diversi lingwi, tissejjaħ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliglotta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliglotta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">poliglotta</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipi_ta'_akkwist"><span id="Tipi_ta.27_akkwist"></span>Tipi ta' akkwist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Tipi ta' akkwist" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Tipi ta' akkwist"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Akkwist simultanju iseħħ meta, pereżempju, it-tfal jitgħallmu għad ta' lingwi b'mod naturali simultanjament.</li> <li>Akkwisti suċċessivi jfisser li l-lingwi differenti il-persuna titgħallimhom fi żminijiet differenti.</li> <li>Akkwist naturali jfisser li lingwa l-persuna titgħallimha mingħajr istruzzjoni formali.</li> <li>Akkwist ikkontrollat ifisser li l-persuna titgħallem il-lingwa permezz ta' lezzjonijiet apposta.</li> <li>Akkwist ibbilanċjat ifisser li l-għadd ta' lingwi huma kkontrollati bl-istess mod.</li> <li>Akkwist asimmetriku ifisser li lingwa tiddomina oħra.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipi_ta'_multilingwiżmu"><span id="Tipi_ta.27_multilingwi.C5.BCmu"></span>Tipi ta' multilingwiżmu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Tipi ta' multilingwiżmu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tipi ta' multilingwiżmu"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-multilingwiżmu_individwali"><span id="Il-multilingwi.C5.BCmu_individwali"></span>Il-multilingwiżmu individwali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-multilingwiżmu individwali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Il-multilingwiżmu individwali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/220px--Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="186" data-mwtitle="Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Stampa:Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hi" label="हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=mt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mt" label="Malti ‪(mt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>152 / 5000 Canlyniadau cyfieithu Filmat qasir minn <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> li juri kif il-bilingwiżmu jagħti spinta lill-gradi tal-istudenti fl-iskejjel. Sottotitli bil-Malti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu individwali jirriferi għal meta persuna tuża diversi lingwi regolarment fil-ħajja ta' kuljum. Il-persuna tkun tista' taqleb minn lingwa għal oħra, jekk ikollha bżonn pereżempju biex titħaddet ma' ta' madwarha. Jiġifieri l-persuna tkun tista' tikkomunika b'għadd ta' lingwi fil-ħajja ta' kuljum, peress li tkun ħakmet kull lingwa perfettament. Il- multilingwiżmu ta' persuna tista' tirriżulta minn proċessi differenti ta' tagħlim u tiddependi minn ħafna fatturi esterni u interni, bħall-età, il-post, it-tip, u ċ-ċirkostanzi li fihom tinsab il-persuna, kif ukoll il-motivazzjoni tal-persuna li qiegħda titgħallem. </p><p>Kif il-persuna tikseb dawn il-lingwi jista' jvarja ħafna. Tista' titgħallem il-lingwi fl-istess ħin bħal meta ż-żewġ ġenituri jitkellmu lingwi differenti jew wara xulxin bħal meta t-tifel jew tifla jitgħallmu l-ewwel il-lingwa nattiva tagħhom u wara jitgħallmu lingwa oħra l-iskola. L-akkwist jista' jsir bla gwida pereżempju fil-kuntest ta' komunikazzjoni ta' kuljum jew jista' jkun ikkontrollat, pereżempju permezz ta' lezzjonijiet . Wieħed jista' wkoll jiddistingwi bejn multilingwiżmu simmetriku u asimmetriku. Fl-ewwel każ wieħed ikun tal-istess livell fil-lingwi li jitkellem waqt li fil-każ ta' asimmetrija wieħed ikollu ħakma ta' lingwa (jew xi lingi) iżjed minn tal-oħrajn. </p><p>Il-multilingwiżmu individwali għandha ħafna kawżi; pereżempju, l-għixien fiż-żoni tal-fruntiera tal-lingwi f'reġjuni lingwistikament imħallta, l-għixien flimkien u ż-żwieġ ma' sieħeb jew sieħba li titkellem lingwa barranija, aċċess għall-Edukazzjoni Għolja, sħubija f'reliġjon, eċċ (Yilmaz, 2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingwiżmu_territorjali"><span id="Multilingwi.C5.BCmu_territorjali"></span>Multilingwiżmu territorjali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Multilingwiżmu territorjali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Multilingwiżmu territorjali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu territorjali jirriferi għall-preżenza simultanja ta' għadd ta' lingwi f'territorju wieħed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingwiżmu_soċjetali"><span id="Multilingwi.C5.BCmu_so.C4.8Bjetali"></span>Multilingwiżmu soċjetali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Multilingwiżmu soċjetali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Multilingwiżmu soċjetali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-Multilingwiżmu soċjetali jirreferi għal meta jkun hemm interpenetrazzjoni tal-komunitajiet tal-lingwa. F'dan il-każ individwi jagħmlu użu minn aktar minn lingwa waħda fil-ħajja ta' kuljum. Dan jiġri, pereżempju meta l-fruntieri tar-reġjuni lingwistiċi ma jkunux riġidi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingwiżmu_istituzzjonali"><span id="Multilingwi.C5.BCmu_istituzzjonali"></span>Multilingwiżmu istituzzjonali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Multilingwiżmu istituzzjonali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Multilingwiżmu istituzzjonali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jkun hemm multilingwiżmu istituzzjonali meta istituzzjoni jkollha għadd ta' lingwi uffiċjali. Fl-<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBvizzera" title="Żvizzera">Iżvizzera</a>, pereżempju, is-servizzi pubbliċi nazzjonali u kantonali jiġu pprovduti f'għadd ta' lingwi differenti u t-tiketti fuq l-ikel huma miktuba bi tliet lingwi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diglossja">Diglossja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Diglossja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Diglossja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-użu tal-lingwa hu mifrux fuq diversi oqsma, pereżempju wieħed jista' jitkellem fuq ix-xogħol b'mod differenti minn mal-familja u ħbieb, fuq ix-xogħol b'xi lingwa standard u d-dar b'djalett tal-istess lingwa. Din tissejjaħ <a href="/wiki/Diglossja" title="Diglossja">diglossja</a>. Dan it-terminu jintuża wkoll anki jekk iż-żewġ lingwi ma jkollomhomx l-istess bażi, bħal meta immigrant juża l-lingwa nattiva tiegħu spiss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kawżi"><span id="Kaw.C5.BCi"></span>Kawżi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kawżi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kawżi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hemm diversi kawżi għal multilingwiżmu. Fil-parti l-kbira dawn huma ta' natura politika u storika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-kolonizzazzjoni">Il-kolonizzazzjoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-kolonizzazzjoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Il-kolonizzazzjoni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waħda mill-kawżi l-iktar importanti hi l-espansjoni ta' pajjiż bil-kolonizzazzjoni. "F'konkwista territorjali il-pajjiż rebbieħ iġġib miegħu il-lingwa tiegħu fil-pajjiż mirbuħ u jdaħħalha hemm bil-forza." ( Roos, 2005, p.5). Dan pereżempju ġara fil-konkwisti kolonjali Brittaniċi u Franċiżi fl-<a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Għalkemm issa li-pajjiżi konkwisti m'għadhomx kolonji aktar, madankollu l-Ingliż u l-Franċiż huma stabbiliti u saru il-lingwi uffiċjali ta' dawk il-pajjiżi. "Għandu jingħad ukoll li l-qsim arbitrarju tal-Afrika mill-potenzi kolonjali kkontribwixxa għall-fatt li l-istati issa hemm fihom għadd ta' gruppi lingwistiċi peress li l-fruntieri statali ma jaqblux mal-konfini tribali fl-intern ta;-istat. Għalhekk, waqt li qabel l-invażjoni kolonjali, kull tribù kellu l-pajjiż u l-lingwa tiegħu, issa l-gruppi lingwistiċi differenti huma mifruxa mad-diversi t-territorji u dan joħloq multilingwiżmu mhux biss bil-kuntatt bejn l-Ingliż u l-Franċiż u l-lingwi indiġeni iżda wkoll bil-kuntatt bejn il-lingwi indiġeni stess." (Roos, 2005, p.5). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-migrazzjoni">Il-migrazzjoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-migrazzjoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Il-migrazzjoni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kawża oħra tal-multilingwiżmu hi l-migrazzjoni, nies li jemigraw lejn pajjiż fejn jingħaqdu ma' minoranza lingwistika. Sabiex jiġu integrati f'dan il-pajjiż, spiss jeħtieġ li l-immigranti jitgħallmu l-lingwa tal-pajjiż li tkun barranija għalihom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unifikazzjoni_politika_tat-territorju">Unifikazzjoni politika tat-territorju</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Unifikazzjoni politika tat-territorju" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Unifikazzjoni politika tat-territorju"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It-tielet kawża tal-ħolqien tal-multilingwiżmu hi l-unifikazzjoni politika ta' territorju. Sikwit grupp etniku jistabillixi lingwa waħda bħala l-lingwa tal-istat biex isaħaħ l-unifikazzjoni tiegħu. Eżempju ta' din is-sitwazzjoni nistgħu narawh fiċ-Ċina. Hemmhekk il-Mandarin hu lingwa statali u universali, madankollu, fiċ-Ċina jeżistu ħafna lingwi oħra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L-Ewropizzazzjoni_u_l-globalizzazzjoni">L-Ewropizzazzjoni u l-globalizzazzjoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: L-Ewropizzazzjoni u l-globalizzazzjoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: L-Ewropizzazzjoni u l-globalizzazzjoni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barra minn dawn, l-Ewropizzazzjoni u l-globalizzazzjoni tal-politika u l-ekonomija għandha rwol importanti fl-iżvilupp tal-multilingwiżmu. Qiegħed jidher iżjed u iżjed li l-ħila li wieħed ikun jaf jitkellem b'għadd ta' lingwi, hi ħtieġa bażika fl-edukazzjoni vokazzjonali moderna. "L-abbiltà multilingwi min-naħa taċ-ċittadini tal-pajjiżi Ewropej hi meħtieġa mill-proċessi ta' integrazzjoni fl-Unjoni Ewropea." (Albayrak, 2007, p.7). Dan għandu impatt kbir fuq l-iskejjel, li għandhom l-inkarigu li jħejju t-tfal għall-futur. </p><p>Fil-kuntest tal-globalizzazzjoni, il-multilingwiżmu u l-poliglossija qed isiru dejjem aktar kunċetti importanti biex nifhmu ħafna bidliet soċjali: </p> <ul><li>Il-pressjoni tal-migrazzjoni globali tippromwovi d-diglossja u poliglossja.</li> <li>Għall-migranti li jgħixu f'żona ta' lingwa barranija, il-bilingwiżmu u l-multilingwiżmu huwa importanti għall-aħħar għalihom.</li> <li>Il-kompetenza bilingwi u multilingwi qed isir dejjem aktar meħtieġa għal ħafna impjiegi.</li> <li>Fin-negozju, fix-xjenza u fit-teknoloġija sikwit jinħolqu "kodiċi" u gergi ġodda minn elementi tal-Ingliż biż-żieda ta' elementi minn lingwi oħra. Dawk li jitkellmu bosta lingwi billi jkunu jafu l- "kodiċi" u l-"gergi" ta' netwerks globali jiksbu benefiċċji informattivi u ekonomiċi. Id-diversità tal-lingwi fis-soċjetajiet eteroġeni hija produttiva kemm ekonomikament kif ukoll mill-aspett kulturali. Għalhekk, il-multilingwiżmu huwa sinjal ta' normalità (ara l-pubblikazzjonijiet ta' <i>SFB Multilingualism</i>, Università ta' Amburgu).</li> <li>L-Unjoni Ewropea qed tippromwovi l-multilingwiżmu permezz ta' struttura strateġika ġdida taħt il-kompitu tad-Dipartiment tal-Kummissarju għall-Edukazzjoni.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il-qlib_tal-kodiċi_lingwistiku"><span id="Il-qlib_tal-kodi.C4.8Bi_lingwistiku"></span>Il-qlib tal-kodiċi lingwistiku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-qlib tal-kodiċi lingwistiku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Il-qlib tal-kodiċi lingwistiku"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>B'reazzjoni għall-globalizzazzjoni jista' jagħmel sens li ninkuraġġixxu t-tagħlim ta' għadd ta' lingwi kmieni fit-tfulija u li ninvestigaw fenomeni speċifiċi bħall-qlib tal-kodiċi lingwistiku. Il-qlib tal-kodiċi hu "l-bidla bejn lingwi differenti minn kelliema bilingwi u/jew multilingwi skont il-ħtiġijiet tas-sitwazzjoni tal-komunikazzjoni" (Bußmann 1990 u Földes 2005, S. 210 ff. "Kode-Umschaltung"). Waqt li qabel dan il-fenomenu kien meqjus minn kulħadd bħala xi ħaġa ħażina, illum xi wħud iqisuh bħala l-ħila tal-kelliema multilingi li jadattaw għal diversi modi ta' kommunikazzjoni bil-kliem (Ara Chilla, Rothweilweiler u Babur). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multilingwiżmu_naturali_u_mill-iskola"><span id="Multilingwi.C5.BCmu_naturali_u_mill-iskola"></span>Multilingwiżmu naturali u mill-iskola</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Multilingwiżmu naturali u mill-iskola" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Multilingwiżmu naturali u mill-iskola"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu jista' jinkiseb b'żewġ modi differenti: B'mod mhux ikkontrollat (jew naturali) jew ikkontrollat (permezz tat-tagħlim formali). </p> <ul><li>Il-multilingwiżmu mhux ikkontrollat jinkiseb mingħajr ma' wieħed jaħseb u impliċitament il-proċess iseħħ f'ambjent naturali. Il-lingwa l-ġdia tinkiseb permezz tal-kuntatti soċjali ta' kuljum pereżempju fil-logħob mal-ħbieb.</li> <li>Fil-multilingwiżmu kkontrollat, il-lingwa l-ġdida tiġi mgħallma konxjament u espliċitament, ut-tagħlim isir fi ħdan xi istituzzjoni bħal iskola (Ribeaud).</li></ul> <p>Madankollu id-distinzjoni bejn il-ksib ikkontrollat u mhux mhijiex dejjem ċara. Iż-żewġ għażliet huma spiss marbutin flimkien u dan jiddependi mill-pajjiż. Per eżempju, jekk il-klassijiet jinżammu f'pajjiż fejn jitkellmu bil-lingwa X dawk li qegħdin jitgħallmu l-lingwa X ħa jkollhom kuntatt f'ambjent naturali ma' min jitkellem il-lingwa X bħala lingwa nattiva. Il-ksib tal-lingwa jseħħ ukoll b'mod mhux ikkontrollat permezz tas-smigħ u t-taħdit. Dan japplika wkoll għat-tfal migranti. Per eżempju, dawn jitgħallmu l-lingwa tal-pajjiż ospitanti fl-iskola (b'mod ikkontrollat), u fit-taħlit ma' sħabhom (mod mhux ikkontrollat). </p><p>Ribeaud tispjega li l-ewwel ksib tal-lingwa hu bla kontroll. It-trabi sa meta jkollhom tliet snin jitgħallmu mill-ġenituri, ħuthom u l-familja, jixorbu l-lingwa qishom sponża. It-tfal jitgħallmu indirettament, bħal meta jisimgħu il-ġenituri jitkellmu mingħajr ma jkunu qegħdin jindirizzawhom. </p><p>Niddistingwu żewġ possibilitajiet fil-kisba naturali ta' għadd ta' lingwi. Jekk it-tfal jiksbu t-tieni lingwa fl-istess ħin mal-ewwel lingwa, din ngħidulha akkwist bilingwu tal-ewwel lingwi (sal-età ta' tliet snin). Min-naħa l-oħra t-tfal jistgħu jiksbu lingwa meta jkunu ikbar jew adulti (Riehl 2004). </p><p>Il-kisba ta' żewġ lingwi nattivi jew iżjed fl-istess ħin ġeneralment tiġri f'dawn l-ambjenti (Romaine 1995). </p> <ul><li>Il-lingwa tal-familja tkun L) u l-lingwa ambjentali tkun L2 (kindergarten, dinja ta' barra);</li> <li>Il-familja tkun lingwistikament imħallta (il-missier jitkellem L1, l-omm titkellem L2), u fl-ambjent jitkellmu L1 jew L2;</li> <li>Il-familja tkun lingwistikament imħallta (il-missier jitkellem L1, l-omm titkellem L2), u fl-ambjent jitkellmu lingwa differenti L3.</li></ul> <p>Riehl jispjega l-prinċipju ta' "persuna waħda, lingwa waħda" fil-familji ta' lingwi mħallta. Hawn kull ġenitur ikellem it-tfal bil-lingwa nattiva tiegħu u hekk il-lingwa tkun marbuta ma' persuna speċifika. It-tfal jiddistingwu bejn il-lingwa tal-missier u l-lingwa tal-omm fil-bini tal-lessiku multilingwi. Dan isir diffiċli jekk wieħed mis-sħab ikun jaf lingwa waħda biss, u għalhekk jitħalla barra mill-konverżazzjoni mas-sieħeb l-ieħor. Meta jintuża dan il-prinċipju ta' "persuna waħda, lingwa waħda", it-tfal jitgħallmu kmieni ħafna jitkellmu b'lingwi differenti. Għat-tfal immigranti li fil-familja jitkellmu lingwa waħda u jitrabbew f'ambjent differenti, importanti ħafna li l-ġenituri jitkellmu l-lingwa tagħhom u ma jħalltux il-lingwi. </p><p>Fil-każ tal-akkwist mhux ikkontrollat (naturali) tat-tieni lingwa, it-tfal għandhom żewġ modi biex jitgħallmu l-lingwa ġdida. Min-naħa waħda t-tfal jistgħu jiksbu t-tieni lingwa meta jkunu żgħar fl-istess ħin mal-ewwel lingwa. Din isejħulha "kisba bilingwali tal-ewwel lingwi" (sal-età ta' tliet snin). Min-naħa l-oħra, il-lingwa tista' tinkiseb fi stadju aktar tard, minn tfal ikbar minn tliet snin. Però din il-possibbiltà tal-aħħar iġġib ċertu problemi magħha. Meta meta wieħed jitgħallem il-lingwa aktar tard il-ħakma l-aċċent tal-lingwa ma tantx hu possibbli. Għalhekk f'dan il-każ ngħidu li hemm "perjodu kritiku" għall-akkwist ta' għadd ta' lingwi (Riehl, 2004) . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il-problema_fundamentali">Il-problema fundamentali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-problema fundamentali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Il-problema fundamentali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Għalkemm il-lingwa wieħed jista' jitgħallimha b'immersjoni f'soċjetà b'lingwa differenti, l-akkwist tal-lingwa f'dan il-każ normalment isir f'istituzzjonijiet pereżempju l-iskola. L-istess japplika bil-kontra għall-ewwel lingwa: it-tfal tal-immigranti, dawn l-iskola normalment jitgħallmu biss il-lingwa tal-pajjiż ospitanti bħala lingwa miktuba u l-lingwa nattiva spiss tibqa' biss "lingwa tad-dar". Din taffettwa l-għadd kbir ta' migranti fid-dinja. It-tfal jikbru f'pajjiż b'lingwa differenti u jkunu jafu jiktbu b'dik il-lingwa biss. Il-"multilingwiżmu ibbilanċjat" jinkiseb biss meta wieħed jitgħallem jikteb biż-żewġ lingwi, jiġifier jekk it-tfal imorru skola bilingwi jew b'dik li jsejħulha "edukazzjoni immerssiva" (Riehl, 2004). Fil-każ ta' "edukazzjoni immersiva", l-istudenti "jintefgħu f'banju lingwistku" li fih is-suġġetti l-oħra jiġu mgħallma b'lingwi differenti. Dawn il-programmi ta' immersjoni jistgħu jvarjaw ħafna. "(Riehl, 2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il-vantaġġi_tal-multilingwiżmu"><span id="Il-vanta.C4.A1.C4.A1i_tal-multilingwi.C5.BCmu"></span>Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It-teoristi jħarsu lejn il-multilingwiżmu minn żewġ perspettivi. Min-naħa tisat' tqisu bħala żvantaġġ għas-soċjetà, u min-naħa l-oħra jipprovdu numru ta' vantaġġi DAR. Hawn niċċaraw il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-ħila_komunikattiva"><span id="Il-.C4.A7ila_komunikattiva"></span>Il-ħila komunikattiva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-ħila komunikattiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Il-ħila komunikattiva"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vantaġġ ċar tal-multilingwiżmu hu ż-żieda fil-ħila tal-komunikazzjoni soċjali (Reimann, 2009). L-ewwelnett, dan jippromwovi skambju internazzjonali (Roth, 2006) billi nies b'lingwi nattivi differenti u minn pajjiżi differenti xorta jistgħu jifhmu 'l xulxin u jikkomunikaw f'ħafna sitwazzjonijiet. Il-faċiltà ta' komunikazzjoni tiżdied mhux biss 'il barra imma wkoll 'il ġewwa: F'kumpanija l-possibbiltà ta' ftehim tiġi promossa u peress li l-komunikazzjoni bejn il-maġġoranza u l-minoranza ssir possibbli, l-interazzjoni ssir ukoll possibbli u b'dan il-mod, l-integrazzjoni tal-minoranzi fil-parteċipazzjoni fil-kumpanija ssir iżjed faċli (Roth, 2006). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-lingwi_bħala_riżorsi_lingwistiċi_-_il-vantaġġi_konjittivi"><span id="Il-lingwi_b.C4.A7ala_ri.C5.BCorsi_lingwisti.C4.8Bi_-_il-vanta.C4.A1.C4.A1i_konjittivi"></span>Il-lingwi bħala riżorsi lingwistiċi - il-vantaġġi konjittivi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-lingwi bħala riżorsi lingwistiċi - il-vantaġġi konjittivi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Il-lingwi bħala riżorsi lingwistiċi - il-vantaġġi konjittivi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-lingwi li wieħed jitkellem, jistgħu jaqduh b'ħafna modi bħala riżors lingwistiku. It-tfal u ż-żgħażagħ li jitrabbew b'għadd ta' lingwi, jidraw minn kmieni il-kuntrast bejn il-lingwi u hekk jistabbilixxu kuxjenza meta-lingwistika. Dan huwa ta' vantaġġ għalihom meta jiġu biex jitgħallmu lingwi ġodda u minnhom strutturi lingwistiċi ġodda (Roth, 2006). </p><p>Kif jispjega Riehl (2006), il-vantaġġ tal-multilingwiżmu fit-tagħlim ta' lingwi ġodda mhux qiegħed biss fit-tisfir tal-lingwa, iżda wkoll fl-għarfien metalingwistiku. In-nies multilingwi kif jitgħallmu xi lingwa ġdida mill-ewwel jistgħu jużaw strateġiji lingwistiċi differenti li jieħdu mill-multilingwiżmu tagħhom (bħall-parafrażi u l-<i>code-switching</i>), dawn jiffokaw b'aktar kunfidenza fuq it-testi u jistgħu jagħmlu tfittxija iżjed ristretta għal strutturi u kliem familjari. Jistgħu wkoll jiddeterminaw aħjar il-limiti tal-kliem u jifhmu aħjar ir-regoli grammatiċi, peress li hu aktar probabbli li jagħtu attenzjoni għal dawn l-aspetti min-nies monolingwi (Riehl, 2006). </p><p>Studji differenti fir-riċerka tal-moħħ (cf. Franceschini, 2001) juru b'mod ċar li l-multilingwiżmu bikri (mill-età ta' sitt snin) juri vantaġġi konsiderevoli fit-tagħlim ta' lingwi ġodda. Il-lingwi l-oħra jistgħu jiġu konnessi mal-oqsma tal-lingwi eżistenti u b'hekk it-tagħlim isir iżjed faċli (Riehl, 2006). Fi studji iżjed fil-fond fil-psikolinġwistika sabu li hemm konnessjoni distintiva bejn il-konsapevolezza metalingwistika u t-tagħlim tal-qari. Wieħed minn dawn l-istudji (ara Clyne, 2005) wera li t-tfal multilingwi fil-qari jkunu xi ftit xhur 'il quddiem mit-tfal monolingwi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspett_prammatiku_tal-lingwa">Aspett prammatiku tal-lingwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Aspett prammatiku tal-lingwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Aspett prammatiku tal-lingwa"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu ġġib miegħu aktar aspetti prammatiċi lingwistiċi. Il-bilingwiżmu u l-multilingwiżmu jiftħu l-moħħ tal-individwu. Dan jirrigwarda parzjalment il-kapaċità li wieħed jifhem kulturi oħra, iżda wkoll l-opportunitajiet edukattivi oħra. Li wieħed ikun jaf jitkellem u jifhem għadd ta' lingwi, għandu ħafna vantaġġi fil-qasam edukattiv u professjonali (Roth, 2006). </p><p>Meta jfisser dan aspett prammatiku tal-lingwa Riehl (2006) jitkellem dwar il-"vista differenzjata tad-dinja" tan-nies l-multilinqwi għax dawn jistgħu iħarsu minn "għajnejn lingwi oħra" u hekk jistgħu ikollhom perspettivi oħra u jkunu iżjed flessibbli f'għemilhom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwiżmu"><span id="Id-diffikultajiet_tal-multilingwi.C5.BCmu"></span>Id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-multilingwiżmu li jirriżulta mill-migrazzjoni huwa spiss meqjus bħala żvantaġġ, u fil-letteratura din l-opinjoni dwar id-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu nsibuha spiss. Stoelting (1980) isostni li l-multilingwiżmu mhuwiex fin-natura tal-bniedem. Aħna organiżmi monolingwi u kontra n-natura tagħna li nitgħallmu u nitkellmu b'aktar minn lingwi waħda (Ostendoerfer, 2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ħela_ta'_żmien"><span id=".C4.A6ela_ta.27_.C5.BCmien"></span>Ħela ta' żmien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Ħela ta' żmien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Ħela ta' żmien"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waħda mid-diffikultajiet tal-multilingwiżmu huwa l-mod li jwassal għalih. It-tieni jew it-tielet lingwa jiswewlu ħafna ħin lil min jitgħallimhom. Dan jirrappreżenta sforz kbir, li spiss iseħħ akkost ta' attivitajiet oħra u dan jiskuraġġixxi ħafna nies milli jitgħallmu lingwi oħra (Krieger, 2011). Skont il-kuntest li wieħed jagħżel biex jitgħallem, hemm ispejjeż differenti, bħal, fost oħrajn, korsijiet tal-lingwa u kotba biex jgħinu l-proċess tat-tagħlim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tnaqqis_fl-affintà_mal-lingwa"><span id="Tnaqqis_fl-affint.C3.A0_mal-lingwa"></span>Tnaqqis fl-affintà mal-lingwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Tnaqqis fl-affintà mal-lingwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Tnaqqis fl-affintà mal-lingwa"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meta inti titgħallem ilsna differenti u titkellimhom, skont Krieger (2011), jidher ċar li l-lingwi jinfluwenzaw lil xulxin. Dan iwassal biex tiddgħajjef l-affinità mal-lingwa, għaliex bniedem multilingwi qatt ma jista' jikkonċentra fuq lingwa waħda mingħajr ma jorjenta ruħu bl-istess mod meta jitkellem jew jikteb bil-lingwi l-oħra. Hemm fatturi oħra li jistgħu jiġu affettwati ħażin mill-multilingwiżmu pereżempju jista' jkun hemm inċertezza fl-espressjoni u ċertu faqar fil-vokabularju. Dan dovut għall-fatt li l-vokabularju u l-grammatika l-ħin kollu jinqalbu minn lingwa għall-oħra f'moħħ min jitkellimhom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koeżjoni_dgħajfa_fis-soċjetà"><span id="Koe.C5.BCjoni_dg.C4.A7ajfa_fis-so.C4.8Bjet.C3.A0"></span>Koeżjoni dgħajfa fis-soċjetà</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Koeżjoni dgħajfa fis-soċjetà" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Koeżjoni dgħajfa fis-soċjetà"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skont Eichinger (1994) komunità tinżamm flimkien permezz ta', fost oħrajn, il-lingwa ta' kull parteċipant. Allura, fejn jitkellmu b'għadd ta' lingwi, il-komunità mhijiex qawwija daqs grupp ta' nies li jitkellmu b'lingwa waħda biss. F'dan il-każ, l-għaqda tkun aktar qawwija u l-poplu aktar konxju. Madankollu, dan l-aspett negattiv tal-multilingwiżmu irridu nibbalinċjawh mal-fattur pożittiv fl-integrazzjoni u l-parteċipazzjoni tal-membri ta' soċjetà permezz tal-multilingwiżmu li semmejna iżjed 'il fuq taħt "Il-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il-multilingwiżmu_bħala_barriera_lingwistika"><span id="Il-multilingwi.C5.BCmu_b.C4.A7ala_barriera_lingwistika"></span>Il-multilingwiżmu bħala barriera lingwistika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Il-multilingwiżmu bħala barriera lingwistika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Il-multilingwiżmu bħala barriera lingwistika"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Għal darb'oħra, b'kuntrast mal-vantaġġi tal-multilingwiżmu li ddiskutejna hawn fuq, skont Roth (2006) u Eichinger (1994) il-multilingwiżmu jista' jkun barriera lingwistika għal xi nies. Billi bniedem multilingwi qatt ma jista' jitkellmu bil-lingwi b'ċertezza fissa (għaliex il-lingwi kollha jinfluwenzaw lil xulxin), dan jista' jwassal għall-fatt li ħadd ma jista' jikkomunika b'mod effettiv ma' ħadd ieħor f'soċjetà multilingwi. Rigward il-familji migranti, din iżżommhom lura mill-integrazzjoni u l-parteċipazzjoni fis-soċjetà. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblijografija">Biblijografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Biblijografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Biblijografija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yilmaz, A. (2004). <i>Mehrsprachigkeit in der Schweiz. Gewinn oder Nachteil?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sncweb.ch/migration/themen/mehrsprachigkeit.pdf">http://www.sncweb.ch/migration/themen/mehrsprachigkeit.pdf</a></li> <li>Roos, P. (2005). <i>Kriterien zur Beschreibung von Mehrsprachigkeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des subsaharischen frankophonen Afrika und Niger</i>. Grin Verlag: Norderstedt Germany. <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/9783638676878" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-638-67687-8</a></li> <li>Albayrak, B. (2007). <i>Mehrsprachigkeit – Definitionen, Typen und wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen.</i> Grin Verlag: Norderstedt Germany. <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/9783640190188" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-640-19018-8</a></li> <li>Hadumod Bußmann: <i>Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft.</i> 4. Auflage, Verlag Kröner, Stuttgart, 2008; <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/3520452049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-5204-5204-9</a></li> <li>Csaba Földes: <i>Kontaktdeutsch. Zur Theorie eines Varietätentyps unter transkulturellen Bedingungen von Mehrsprachigkeit.</i> Tübingen: Verlag Gunter Narr 2005; <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/3823361600" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8233-6160-0</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foeldes.eu/sites/default/files/Kontaktdeutsch.pdf">Inhaltsverzeichnis und Volltext</a>; PDF; 2,8 MB)</li> <li>Riehl, C. (2004). <i>Sprachkontaktforschung .Eine Einführung.</i> Narr, Tübingen.<a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/3823360132" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8233-6013-2</a></li> <li>Reimann, I. (2009). <i>Interkulturelle Mehrsprachigkeit.</i> Norderstedt: Grin Verlag.</li> <li>Roth, H. (2006). <i>Mehrsprachigkeit als Ressource und als Bildungsziel.</i> In L. Reiberg (Hg.) Mehrsprachigkeit macht Schule, (pp. 11-14). Duisburg: Gilles & Francke Verlag.</li> <li>Riehl, C. (2006). Artikel <i>Die Bedeutung von Mehrsprachigkeit</i> aus dem Kompetenzzentrum Sprachförderung - newsletter Januar 2006 (Köln) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124021556/http://ganztag-blk.de/ganztags-box/cms/upload/sprachfrderung/BS_3/Artikel_Die_Bedeutung_von_Mehrsprachigkeit.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20140124021556/http://ganztag-blk.de/ganztags-box/cms/upload/sprachfrderung/BS_3/Artikel_Die_Bedeutung_von_Mehrsprachigkeit.pdf</a></li> <li>Riehl, C. (2006). <i>Aspekte der Mehrsprachigkeit: Formen, Vorteile, Bedeutung.</i> In L. Reiberg (Hg.) Mehrsprachigkeit macht Schule, (pp. 15-23). Duisburg: Gilles & Francke Verlag.</li> <li>Ostendoerfer, L. (2009). <i>Die Vor- und Nachteile der frühen Zweisprachigkeit.</i> Norderstedt: Grin Verlag.</li> <li>Eichinger, L. (1994). Sprachliche Kosten-Nutzen-Rechnung und die Stabilität mehrsprachiger Gemeinschaften. In U. Helfrich & C. Riehl (Hg.) Mehrsprachigkeit in Europa – Hindernis oder Chance? (pp. 31-54). Wilhelmsfeld: Egert Verlag.</li> <li>Romaine, S. (1995). <i>Bilingualism (it-tieni edizzjoni).</i> MPG Books Ltd. Bodmin. Cornwall, <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/0631195394" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-19539-4</a></li> <li>Krieger, S. (2011). <i>Sprachliche Vielfalt – Vorteile und Nachteile der Mehrsprachigkeit.</i> Norderstedt: Grin Verlag.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ħoloq_esterni"><span id=".C4.A6oloq_esterni"></span>Ħoloq esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Ħoloq esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multilingwi%C5%BCmu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Ħoloq esterni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt/filebank/documents/Ktibiet_bilingwizmu.pdf">http://www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt/filebank/documents/Ktibiet_bilingwizmu.pdf</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Miksub minn "<a dir="ltr" href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multilingwiżmu&oldid=306942">https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multilingwiżmu&oldid=306942</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Kategoriji" title="Speċjali:Kategoriji">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Lingwa" title="Kategorija:Lingwa">Lingwa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategoriji moħbija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pa%C4%A1ni_li_ju%C5%BCaw_%C4%A7oloq_ma%C4%A1i%C4%8Bi_tal-ISBN" title="Kategorija:Paġni li jużaw ħoloq maġiċi tal-ISBN">Paġni li jużaw ħoloq maġiċi tal-ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> L-aħħar bidla fuq il-paġna: 08:58, 27 April 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">It-test huwa disponibbli taħt il-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; jistgħu japplikaw xi kundizzjonijiet oħra. 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