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<div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/">Home</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/">Preventing cancer</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/">Cancer types</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Cervical cancer</span></span></nav> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><section class="hero header-secondary color-sky-blue-bg"> <div class="item"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell small-order-2 large-order-1 large-6 vertical-align"> <div class="content color-transparent-bg"> <h1>Cervical cancer</h1> <div class="subtitle bold-600 collapse-margin-bottom"><p>What is cervical cancer? Find out how common it is, the causes and expert advice on how to reduce your risk. Plus find out about the HPV vaccine.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell small-order-1 large-order-2 large-6">  <div class="media"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-CERVICAL.png" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Cervical" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-CERVICAL.png 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-CERVICAL-300x200.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="quick-links rounded-s overflow-hidden spacing-m spacing-m-left spacing-m-right"> <h2 class="quick-links-heading">On this page</h2> <ul class="quick-links-list"></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What is cervical cancer?</h2> <p>The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the womb (uterus) which joins to the top end of the vagina. Cervical cancer forms in the cells that line the cervix.</p> <h2>How common is cervical cancer?</h2> <p>Cervical cancer is the 20th most common cancer in the UK (2021 data), and the 8th most common in the world (2022 data).</p> <p>Cervical cancer is the 12th most common cancer in women in the UK, and the 4th most common in women globally.</p> <div class="spacing-xs-top"> <a class="button primary" href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/cervical-cancer-statistics/" aria-label="Find the latest cervical cancer statistics" target="" > Find the latest cervical cancer statistics </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-table spacing-collapse"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell large-8"> <table class="stack"> <thead> <tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Cases</th> <th>Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>UK</td> <td>3,314</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>662,301</td> <td>2022</td> </tr> </tbody> <caption>Sources: UK cancer statistics based on combined data from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. World Cancer Research Fund, 2024. International cancer statistics from Globocan.</caption> </table> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?</h2> <p>Common symptoms of cervical cancer include:</p> <ul> <li>vaginal bleeding that’s unusual for you</li> <li>changes to vaginal discharge</li> <li>pain during sex</li> <li>pain in your lower back, between your hip bones (pelvis), or in your lower tummy</li> </ul> <p>Find more information on cervical cancer symptoms on the <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/">NHS website</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-50-50 has-header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>What causes cervical cancer? </h2><p>There are many different things that affect your risk of cervical cancer.</p> <p>Evidence for what can cause cervical cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory).</p> <p>If the risk factors below affect you, this doesn’t necessarily mean that you will develop cervical cancer.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container paragraphs"> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="EOP SCXW161200002 BCX8"><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW164528625 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164528625 BCX8">HPV</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW164528625 BCX8"> </span> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8">Virtually all</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8"> cervical cancers are associated with </span></span><a class="Hyperlink SCXW206456041 BCX8" href="/preventing-cancer/topics/hpv-infections-and-cancer/" target="_blank"><span class="TextRun Underlined SCXW206456041 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8">human papilloma viruses (HPV)</span></span></a><span class="TextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8">. However, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8">most</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8"> women with HPV do not develop cervical cancer. Women become susceptible to cervical cancer following HPV infection, but other factors are </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8">required</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW206456041 BCX8"> for the cancer to develop.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW206456041 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="EOP SCXW92730854 BCX8"><span class="TextRun SCXW67438816 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW67438816 BCX8">Life events</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW67438816 BCX8"> </span><br /> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW25586689 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW25586689 BCX8">Early sexual experience and a high number of sexual partners increase the risk and severity of HPV infection and may be seen as indirect causes of cervical cancer.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW25586689 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW147423715 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW147423715 BCX8"><span class="TextRun SCXW260129828 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW260129828 BCX8">Smoking</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW260129828 BCX8"> </span></span></span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW42576139 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW42576139 BCX8">Smoking tobacco increases the risk of cervical cancer. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW42576139 BCX8">It is estimated that 2% of deaths from cervical cancer worldwide are attributable to smoking tobacco. The effect of smoking tobacco is independent </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW42576139 BCX8">of</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW42576139 BCX8"> viral infection.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW42576139 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW180421345 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW180421345 BCX8"><span class="TextRun SCXW263025980 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263025980 BCX8">Dethylstilboestrol</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW263025980 BCX8"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW263025980 BCX8"> </span><br /> </span></span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW258390962 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW258390962 BCX8">Dethylstilboestrol</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258390962 BCX8"> (a synthetic </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW258390962 BCX8">oestrogen</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW258390962 BCX8">, now withdrawn) used by women during pregnancy is a cause of cervical cancer in their daughters.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW258390962 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse-bottom"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h3>Other risk factors</h3> <p>Our Expert Panel of scientists has also looked at other things that may be linked with the risk of cervical cancer. They found that living with overweight or obesity may increase your risk of cervical cancer. However, the evidence for a link is less strong than the risk factors listed above.</p> <p>For scientists: full references, pathogenesis and a summary of the mechanisms underpinning our findings on how to prevent cervical cancer can be found in our <a href="/resources/diet-and-cancer-report-2018-summary/">2018 Diet and Cancer Report</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-list"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="content color-corn-75-bg has-bg"> <h2>Reduce your risk of cervical cancer</h2> <p>The following information is for people in the UK. Other countries may have their own screening and vaccination programmes.</p> <h3>Screening</h3> <p>The best way to understand whether you have HPV and your cervical cancer risk is by attending cervical screening (previously known as a “smear test”) when invited. The NHS cervical screening programme invites all women from the age of 25 to 64 to cervical screening.</p> <p>If you’re registered with a GP, you’ll get a letter telling you it’s time for your cervical screening appointment. If you don’t want to go to the GP, see if sexual health clinics in your area offer cervical screening.</p> <p>Going for cervical screening when invited can help find a high-risk HPV infection or changes to cells (abnormal cells) early, before they develop.</p> <p>Your visit to the GP should take about 15 minutes, with the test itself taking about 3 minutes.</p> <p>Not only is the screening quick but, importantly, it’s the best way to understand whether you have HPV and what your cervical cancer risk is.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-screening/">> For more information on cervical screening, visit the NHS website</a></p> <h3>HPV vaccine</h3> <p>The HPV vaccine is available to most people, but it’s only offered free to people of a certain age or in certain situations.</p> <p>It’s recommended for children aged 12 to 13 years old and people at higher risk from HPV.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine/">> Visit the NHS website for more information on the HPV vaccine</a></p> <p>Following our <a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/">Cancer Prevention Recommendations</a> reduces your risk of cervical cancer and other cancers. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="links links-50-50 spacing-collapse-top"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-wrap color-fuschia-bg"> <div class="grid-x align-center align-middle last_item"> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-1"> <div class="media-spacer"> <div class="media media-relative ratio-7-5"> <img decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Resources-for-you-675x4508-1.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Women's health guide" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Resources-for-you-675x4508-1.jpg 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Resources-for-you-675x4508-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-2"> <div class="content"> <h3>Women’s health guide</h3><div class="subtitle "><p>Find out the facts with our free booklet</p> </div><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/living-well/health-guides-cookbooks/womens-health-guide/" class="button primary">Get a free copy</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="cards-text cards spacing-collapse has-header"> <div class="header spacing-collapse-top"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Cervical cancer survival</h2><p>Our <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/">Living with cancer</a> section can help if you are living with cervical cancer.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x grid-margin-y align-center"> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="pseudo-link">Here to help</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cancer and Nutrition Helpline</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="button secondary">Here to help</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="pseudo-link">Your questions answered</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">FAQs about cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="button secondary">Your questions answered</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="pseudo-link">Sign up for a class</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cook Through Cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="button secondary">Sign up for a class</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="related-posts has-header"> <div class="header"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Our latest research on cervical cancer</h2><p>We fund research on cervical cancer through our grant programmes. 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