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<span>The Principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mínzú_or_Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mínzú_or_Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Mínzú</i> or Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mínzú_or_Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>National Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Races_Under_One_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Races_Under_One_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Five Races Under One Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Races_Under_One_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cultural conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mínquán_or_Governance_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mínquán_or_Governance_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Mínquán</i> or Governance Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mínquán_or_Governance_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_Rights_of_the_People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Rights_of_the_People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Four Rights of the People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Rights_of_the_People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Power_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Power_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Five Power Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Power_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mínshēng_or_Welfare_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mínshēng_or_Welfare_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Mínshēng</i> or Welfare Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mínshēng_or_Welfare_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equalization_of_Land_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equalization_of_Land_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Equalization of Land Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equalization_of_Land_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China_and_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China_and_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Republic of China and Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China_and_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Three Principles of the People</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="مبادئ الشعب الثلاثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبادئ الشعب الثلاثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Principios_del_Pueblu" title="Tres Principios del Pueblu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tres Principios del Pueblu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_xalq_prinsipi" title="Üç xalq prinsipi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üç xalq prinsipi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam-b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Sam-bîn-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sam-bîn-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Тры народныя прынцыпы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тры народныя прынцыпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_principis_del_poble" title="Tres principis del poble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tres principis del poble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99i_lidov%C3%A9_principy" title="Tři lidové principy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tři lidové principy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_principper_for_folket" title="Tre principper for folket – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tre principper for folket" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drei_Prinzipien_des_Volkes" title="Drei Prinzipien des Volkes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drei Prinzipien des Volkes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Principios_del_Pueblo" title="Tres Principios del Pueblo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tres Principios del Pueblo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Popolaj_Principoj" title="Tri Popolaj Principoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tri Popolaj Principoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_principes_du_peuple" title="Trois principes du peuple – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trois principes du peuple" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="삼민주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼민주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Երեք ժողովրդական սկզբունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երեք ժողովրդական սկզբունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Prinsip_Rakyat" title="Tiga Prinsip Rakyat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiga Prinsip Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Principi_del_Popolo" title="Tre Principi del Popolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tre Principi del Popolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="שלושת העקרונות של העם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלושת העקרונות של העם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="სამი სახალხო პრინციპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამი სახალხო პრინციპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trii_Principi_del_Popol" title="Trii Principi del Popol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trii Principi del Popol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ത്രീ പ്രിൻസിപ്പിൾസ് ഓഫ് ദ പീപ്പിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ത്രീ പ്രിൻസിപ്പിൾസ് ഓഫ് ദ പീപ്പിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Prinsip_Rakyat" title="Tiga Prinsip Rakyat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tiga Prinsip Rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="လူထုစည်းမျဉ်းသုံးရပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူထုစည်းမျဉ်းသုံးရပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drie_principes_van_het_volk" title="Drie principes van het volk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drie principes van het volk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="三民主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三民主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkets_tre_prinsipper" title="Folkets tre prinsipper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkets tre prinsipper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzy_zasady_ludowe" title="Trzy zasady ludowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzy zasady ludowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_Princ%C3%ADpios_do_Povo" title="Três Princípios do Povo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Três Princípios do Povo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trei_Principii_ale_Omului" title="Trei Principii ale Omului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trei Principii ale Omului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Три народных принципа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Три народных принципа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">"Three Principles of the People"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#000099"><span style="color:white;">Three Principles of the People</span></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/220px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/330px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/440px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3147" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, who developed the Three Principles of the People</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">三民主義</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">三民主义</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sānmín Zhǔyì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄙㄢㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>San<sup>1</sup>-min<sup>2</sup> Chu<sup>3</sup>-i<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">San-mín Jhǔ-yì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[sán.mǐn ʈʂù.î]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">صً مٍ ﺟُﻮْ ىِ</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">sae<sup>平</sup> min<sup>平</sup> tsy<sup>上</sup> nyi<sup>去</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn"><span>sam<sup>24</sup> min<sup>11</sup> zu<sup>31</sup> ngi<sup>55</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">saam1 man4 zyu2 ji6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sam˥ mɐn˩ tsy˧˥ ji˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Sam-bîn Chú-gī</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Category:Three Principles of the People">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000099; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Three Principles<br />of the People</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-240px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-360px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-480px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalism (Mínzú)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy (Mínquán)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Power_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Power Constitution">Five-Power Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_people%27s_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary people's rights (page does not exist)">Revolutionary people's rights</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:革命民權">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialism (Mínshēng)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equalization_of_Land_Ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equalization of Land Ownership (page does not exist)">Equalization of Land Ownership</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%9C%B0%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:平均地權">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_International_Development_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The International Development of China (page does not exist)">The International Development of China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%A5%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:實業計畫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_16_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 16 incident (page does not exist)">June 16 incident</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" class="extiw" title="zh:六一六事变">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidnapped_in_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidnapped in London (page does not exist)">Kidnapped in London</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E8%92%99%E9%9B%A3%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="zh:倫敦蒙難記">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Revolution (Republic of China) (page does not exist)">National Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:國民革命">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Group" title="Reorganization Group">Reorganization Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-shui" title="Chiang Wei-shui">Chiang (Wei-shui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yuanchong" title="Shao Yuanchong">Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chonghui" title="Wang Chonghui">Wang (Chonghui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang (Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhihui" title="Wu Zhihui">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Youren" title="Yu Youren">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhiben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhiben (page does not exist)">Zhang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:張知本">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhixin_(revolutionary)" title="Zhu Zhixin (revolutionary)">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zou_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zou Lu (page does not exist)">Zou (Lu)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%92%E9%AD%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:鄒魯">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou (Rong)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of mainland China</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Democracy_and_Unity_Party" title="Kokang Democracy and Unity Party">Kokang Democracy and Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Singapore)" title="People's Power Party (Singapore)">People's Power Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_Equality" title="Three Principles of the Equality">Three Principles of the Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwanese People's Party">Taiwanese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Taiwan">National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy" title="Republic of China Military Academy">Republic of China Military Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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Constitution</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Presidency</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/30px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/45px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/60px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="237" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President of the Republic of China</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hsiao_Bi-khim" title="Hsiao Bi-khim">Hsiao Bi-khim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Council (Taiwan)">National Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai" title="Cho Jung-tai">Cho Jung-tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice Premier of the Republic of China">Vice Premier</a></b><br /></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Li-chun" title="Cheng Li-chun">Cheng Li-chun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/80px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/120px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/160px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/11th_Legislative_Yuan" title="11th Legislative Yuan">11th Legislative Yuan</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="President of the Legislative Yuan">President of the Legislative Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han Kuo-yu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="Vice President of the Legislative Yuan">Vice President of the Legislative Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Judicial_Yuan" title="List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan">President of the Judicial Yuan and Chief Justice</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Shieh_Ming-yan" title="Shieh Ming-yan">Shieh Ming-yan</a> <i>acting</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Judicial_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of vice presidents of the Judicial Yuan (page does not exist)">Vice President of the Judicial Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of China">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court (Taiwan)">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts (Taiwan)">District Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China#Organizational_structure" title="Government of the Republic of China">Other branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Examination_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Examination Yuan">President of the Examination Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Examination_Yuan" title="List of vice presidents of the Examination Yuan">Vice President of the Examination Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Control_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Control Yuan">President of the Control Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Chen_Chu" title="Chen Chu">Chen Chu</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Control_Yuan" title="List of vice presidents of the Control Yuan">Vice President of the Control Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>Lee Hung-chun </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Local government</a></b><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_magistrates_and_mayors_in_Taiwan" title="List of magistrates and mayors in Taiwan">Mayors and Magistrates</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg/30px-ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg/45px-ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg/60px-ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="211" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Taiwan)" title="Central Election Commission (Taiwan)">Central Election Commission</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Presidential elections in Taiwan">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative elections in Taiwan">Legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Local elections in Taiwan">Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Represented in the Legislative Yuan</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwan People's Party">Taiwan People's Party</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Others</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Power_Party" title="New Power Party">New Power Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Statebuilding_Party" title="Taiwan Statebuilding Party">Taiwan Statebuilding Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Taiwan" title="Green Party Taiwan">Green Party Taiwan</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Taiwan" title="Mass media in Taiwan">Mass media</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Taiwan" title="Television in Taiwan">Television</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Taiwan" title="List of newspapers in Taiwan">Newspapers</a></b><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Times" title="Liberty Times">Liberty Times</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan#Film_censorship" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Film censorship</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)">Foreign Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lin_Chia-lung" title="Lin Chia-lung">Lin Chia-lung</a> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Special_state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special state-to-state relations">Special state-to-state relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_consensus" title="Taiwan consensus">Taiwan consensus</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Australia–Taiwan relations">Australia–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Canada–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="France–Taiwan relations">France–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Russia–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Taiwan–United Kingdom relations">Taiwan–United Kingdom relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan–United States relations</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_and_the_World_Health_Organization" title="Taiwan and the World Health Organization">Taiwan and the World Health Organization</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tangwai_movement" title="Tangwai movement">Tangwai movement</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Three Principles of the People</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">三民主義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sānmín Zhǔyì</span></i>; also translated as the <b>Three People's Principles</b>, <b>San-min Doctrine</b>, or <b>Tridemism</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> as part of a philosophy to improve <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> made during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican Era</a>. The three principles are often translated into and summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people (or welfarism). This philosophy has been claimed as the cornerstone of the nation's policy as carried by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>; the principles also appear in the first line of the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Taiwan">national anthem of the Republic of China</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png/220px-The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png/330px-The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png/440px-The_organ_of_Tongmen_Hui.png 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>The concept first appearing in the newspaper <i>Min Bao</i> in 1905 appearing as "Three Major Principles" (三大主義) instead of "Three Principles of the People" (三民主義).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894 when the <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a> was formed, Sun only had two principles: nationalism and democracy. He picked up the third idea, welfare, during his three-year trip to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from 1896 to 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced all three ideas in the spring of 1905, during another trip to Europe. Sun made the first speech of his life on the "Three Principles of the People" in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to organize the Revive China Society in many European cities. There were about 30 members in the Brussels branch at the time, 20 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and 10 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> was formed, Sun published an editorial in <i>Min Bao</i> (民報).<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time the ideas were expressed in writing. Later on, in the anniversary issue of <i>Min Bao</i>, his long speech of the Three Principles was printed, and the editors of the newspaper discussed the issue of people's livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideology is said to be heavily influenced by Sun's experiences in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and contains elements of the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">American progressive movement</a> and the thought championed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Sun credited a line from Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, "government <a href="/wiki/Of_the_people,_by_the_people,_for_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Of the people, by the people, for the people">of the people, by the people, for the people</a>", as an inspiration for the Three Principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharman_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Sun's Three Principles of the People are inter-connected as the guideline for China's modernization development as stretched by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pccu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pccu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Principles">The Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Special:EditPage/Three Principles of the People">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">"Three Principles of the People"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mínzú_or_Nationalism"><span id="M.C3.ADnz.C3.BA_or_Nationalism"></span><i>Mínzú</i> or Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mínzú or Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because "<a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Mínzú</a>" or "People" describes a nation rather than a group of persons united by a purpose, the 'Principle of Mínzú' (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">民族主義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mínzú Zhǔyì</span></i>) is commonly rendered as "<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Independence">National Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sun saw the Chinese Nation as under threat of annihilation by the imperialist powers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reverse the trajectory of such decline, China needed to become nationally independent both externally and internally. </p><p>Internally, national independence meant independence from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> who ruled China for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun thought that the Han Chinese people were a people without their own nation and thus strove for national revolution against Qing authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externally, national independence meant independence from imperialist foreign powers. Sun believed China to be threatened by imperialism in three ways: by economic oppression, by political aggression, and by slow population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economically, Sun held the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> position that China was being economically exploited by <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">unbalanced trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, he looked toward the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> signed by China as the reason of China's decline. Sun envisioned a future China that was strong and capable of fighting imperialists and standing on the same stage as western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_Races_Under_One_Union">Five Races Under One Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Five Races Under One Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></div> <p>Although Sun initially believed in a form of <a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> to oppose the rule of the Qing dynasty, he later came to accept <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>’s multi-ethnic nationalist idea of a unified Chinese nation. To achieve "national independence", Sun believed that China must first develop a "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">China-nationalism</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Minzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhonghua Minzu">Zhonghua Minzu</a></i>, as opposed to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">mono-ethnic nationalism</a>. Sun developed the principles of <a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a> to unite the five major ethnic groups of China—<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>)—under one "Chinese Nation". This principle is symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Color Flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">First Republic of China (1911–1928)</a>. He believed that China must develop a "national consciousness" so as to unite the Chinese people in the face of imperialist aggression. He argued that "minzu", which can be translated as "people", "nationality", or "race", was defined by sharing common blood, livelihood, religion, language, and customs. Sun also believed in a form of <a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">interculturalism</a> that assimilated ethnic minorities into the dominant Han culture by a process of naturalization, rather than through brute force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_conservatism">Cultural conservatism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Three Principles of the People were partly related to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a> (文化保守主義) to defend the virtues of Chinese culture against Western imperialism, while embracing some of the modern elements. Sun Yat-sen defended socialism, but distanced himself from dogmatic <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. He criticized young people's obsession with Western-style Marxism and saw that similar ideas could be found in Chinese classics. Also, Sun embraced modernism, but at the same time highlighted a positive part of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tradition">Chinese tradition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mínquán_or_Governance_Rights"><span id="M.C3.ADnqu.C3.A1n_or_Governance_Rights"></span><i>Mínquán</i> or Governance Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mínquán or Governance Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The framing of '<a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">democracy</a>' (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">民權主義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mínquán Zhǔyì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Principle of people's right') in the Three Principles of the People differs from the typical Western view democracy, being based in Liang's interpretation of <a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a>, which prioritizes the power of the group over individual freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Sun viewed traditional Chinese society as too individualistic and stated that individual liberty must be broken down so that the Chinese people could pressed together, using the metaphor of adding cement to sand.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_Rights_of_the_People">Four Rights of the People</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Four Rights of the People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The power of politics (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">政權</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhèngquán</span></i>) are the powers of the people to express their political wishes and keep administrative officers in check, similar to those vested in the citizenry or the parliaments in other countries, and is represented by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a>. The power of the people is guaranteed by four constitutional rights: the right to <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> (選舉), <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recalling</a> (罷免), <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a> (創制), and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> (複決).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may be equated to "<a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_Power_Constitution">Five Power Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Five Power Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></div> <p>The power of governance (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">治權</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhìquán</span></i>) are the powers of the administration to govern the people. He criticized the traditional <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">three-branch democratic government</a> for vesting too much power in the legislative branch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expanded and reworked the European-American <a href="/wiki/Three_powers_of_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Three powers of the State">three-branch government</a> and the system of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Checks_and_balances" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a> by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative systems to create a government of five branches (each of which is called a Yuan (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">院</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yuàn</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'court')) in a system known as the Five Power Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is divided into five "Yuan"s: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieuan</a> thought; the <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a> came from Chinese tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note that the Legislative Yuan was first intended as a branch of governance, not strictly equivalent to a national parliament.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mínshēng_or_Welfare_Rights"><span id="M.C3.ADnsh.C4.93ng_or_Welfare_Rights"></span><i>Mínshēng</i> or Welfare Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mínshēng or Welfare Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></div> <p>The Principle of Mínshēng (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">民生主義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mínshēng Zhǔyì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Principle of people's welfare/livelihood') is sometimes translated as "[Principle of] Government for the People" or "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialism</a>". The concept may be understood as <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> and as a direct criticism of the inadequacies of unregulated <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. He divided livelihood into four areas: clothing, food, housing, and mobility; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equalization_of_Land_Rights">Equalization of Land Rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Equalization of Land Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">Land reform in Taiwan</a></div> <p>Sun was influenced by the American thinker <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> and intended to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Georgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgist">Georgist</a> tax reform.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value tax</a> in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. Sun said that "[land value tax] as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun proposed a land reform system known as "equalization of land rights", which involves the implementation of four different acts: regulation of land price, in which each landowner reports the value of their property sans improvement; taxation of land, which involves a <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value tax</a> set on all land properties; purchase of land, which sets up a system where government can purchase land for public use by <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>; and profit belongs to the public, in which a 100% tax is levied on all profit gained from trading of land (sans improvement). According to Sun, the existence of land purchase and land taxation guarantees that landowner wouldn't over-report (which would lead to high taxation on land) nor under-report (which would lead to their land being cheaply acquired for eminent domain) their land values.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> failed to achieve any successful land reform Sun envisioned in mainland China and only succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact">Impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sun died before he was able to fully explain his vision of this Principle and it has been the subject of much debate within both the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties, with the latter suggesting that Sun supported <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> further elaborated the Mínshēng principle of both the importance of social well-being and recreational activities for a modernized China in 1953 in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-naer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canon">Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg/220px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg/330px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg/440px-%E6%9D%8E%E9%90%B5%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B112345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) <a href="/wiki/Li_Tiefu" title="Li Tiefu">Li Tiefu</a> Oil on Canvas 93×71.7cm</figcaption></figure> <p>The most definite (canonical) exposition of these principles was a book compiled from notes of speeches that Sun gave near <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (taken by a colleague, Huang Changgu, in consultation with Sun), and therefore is open to interpretation by various parties and interest groups (see below) and may not have been as fully explicated as Sun might have wished. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> supplied an annex to the Principle of Mínshēng, covering two additional areas of livelihood: education, land, and leisure, and explicitly arguing that Mínshēng was not to be seen as supporting either <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. The French historian of Chinese history, Marie-Claire Bergère's view is that the book is a work of propaganda. Its purpose is to appeal to action rather than to thought. As Sun Yat-sen declared, a principle is not simply an idea; it is "a faith, a power."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Special:EditPage/Three Principles of the People">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">"Three Principles of the People"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Three+Principles+of+the+People%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg/250px-Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg/375px-Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg/500px-Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"The Three Principles of the People unify China" – a sign on <a href="/wiki/Dadan_Island" title="Dadan Island">Dadan Island</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> (Quemoy), facing <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis for the ideologies of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, and an inspiration of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> as the stage of ‘old democracy’. The Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party largely agreed on the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> but differed sharply on the meaning of democracy and people's welfare, which the former saw in Western social democratic terms and the latter interpreted in Marxist and communist terms. The Japanese collaborationist government interpreted nationalism less in terms of anti-imperialism and more in terms of cooperating with Japan to advance theoretically <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">pan-Asian</a>, but in practice, typically Japanese interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_China_and_Taiwan">Republic of China and Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Republic of China and Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_China%27s_Reunification_under_the_Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People">Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing period</a>, the KMT developed a national censorship apparatus as part of its "Arts of the Three Principles of the People" cultural campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> This program sought to censor cultural products deemed unwelcomed by the KMT, such as works by left-wing artists or writers.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 121–122">: 121–122 </span></sup> </p><p>There were several <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher-education</a> institutes (university departments/faculties and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate institutes</a>) in Taiwan that used to devote themselves to the 'research and development' of the Three Principles in this aspect. Since the late 1990s, these institutes have re-oriented themselves so that other political theories are also admitted as worthy of consideration, and have changed their names to be more ideologically neutral (such as Democratic Studies Institute). </p><p>In addition to this institutional phenomenon, many streets and businesses in Taiwan are named "Sān-mín" or for one of the three principles. In contrast to other politically derived street names, there has been no major renaming of these streets or institutions in the 1990s. </p><p>Although the term "Sanmin Zhuyi" (三民主義) has been less explicitly invoked since the mid-1980s, no political party has explicitly attacked its principles with practices under the <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">Martial Law</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">ruling era</a> then except the <a href="/wiki/Tangwai_movement" title="Tangwai movement">Tangwai movement</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>. The Three Principles of the People remains explicitly part of the platform of the Kuomintang and in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a>. </p><p>As for <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan independence">Taiwan independence</a> supporters, some have objections regarding the formal constitutional commitment to a particular set of political principles. Also, they have been against the mandatory indoctrination in schools and universities, which have now been abolished in a piecemeal fashion beginning in the late 1990s. However, there is little fundamental hostility to the substantive principles themselves. In these circles, attitudes toward the Three Principles of the People span the spectrum from indifference to reinterpreting the Three Principles of the People <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_localization_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese localization movement">in a local Taiwanese context</a> rather than in a pan-Chinese one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Three Principles of the People</b> has been reinterpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) to argue that communism is a necessary conclusion of the Three Principles of the People and thus provides legitimacy for the communist government. This reinterpretation of the Three Principles of the People is commonly referred to as the <b>New Three Principles of the People</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">新三民主义</span>, also translated as <b>Neo-tridemism</b>), a word coined by Mao's 1940 essay <i><a href="/wiki/On_New_Democracy" title="On New Democracy">On New Democracy</a>,</i> in which he argued that the CCP is a better enforcer of the Three Principles of the People compared to the bourgeois <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> and that the new three principles are about allying with the communists and the Russians (Soviets), and supporting peasants and the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the New Three Principles of the People often claim that Sun's book <i>Three Principles of the People</i> acknowledges that the principles of welfare is inherently socialistic and communistic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to a question from a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reporter in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> said: "A free and democratic China will be a country in which all levels of government up to the central government are elected by universal, equal, secret suffrage and are accountable to the people who elected them. It would realize Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, Lincoln's principles of government of the people, by the people, and for the people, and Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>. It will guarantee the country's independence, unity, unification and cooperation with the democratic powers."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Revolutionary_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Revolutionary League">Vietnam Revolutionary League</a> was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro-Chinese <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a>. The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng translates directly into Vietnamese Kuomintang (or the Vietnamese Nationalist Party", and it was largely a resemble of the original Chinese Kuomintang party. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, and opposition to Japanese and French imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Revolutionary League was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BA%A3i_Th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Hải Thần">Nguyễn Hải Thần</a>, who was born in China. General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fakui" title="Zhang Fakui">Zhang Fakui</a> blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motto of Independence - Freedom - Happiness of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>, despite its communist political background, was also taken from the Three Principles of People. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pro-Kuomintang and pro-ROC <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Khamba</a> revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Pandatsang_Rapga" title="Pandatsang Rapga">Pandatsang Rapga</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a>, adopted Dr. Sun's ideology including the Three Principles, incorporating them into his party and using Sun's doctrine as a model for his vision of Tibet after achieving his goal of overthrowing the Tibetan government. </p><p>Pandatsang Rapga hailed the Three Principles of Dr. Sun for helping Asian peoples against foreign imperialism and called for the feudal system to be overthrown. Rapga stated that "The Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet", during an interview in 1975 with Dr. Heather Stoddard.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Sun's ideology was put into a Tibetan translation by Rapga.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He believed that change in Tibet would only be possible in a manner similar to when the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> was overthrown in China. He borrowed the theories and ideas of the Kuomintang as the basis for his model for Tibet. The party was funded by the Kuomintang<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the Pandatsang family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Singapore)" title="People's Power Party (Singapore)">People's Power Party</a> in May 2015 by opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Goh_Meng_Seng" title="Goh Meng Seng">Goh Meng Seng</a> marks the first time in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singaporean</a> politics that a political party was formed with the Three Principles of the People and its system of having five branches of government as espoused by Sun Yat-Sen as its official guiding ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The People's Power Party has adapted the ideas with a slight modification to the concepts of the Five Powers in order to stay relevant to modern contemporary political and social structures. The emphasis is put on the separation of the Five Powers which naturally means the separation of certain institutions from the Executive's control. </p><p>The power of impeachment (originally under the Control Yuan) has been expanded to include various contemporary functional government institutions. Examples include the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, advocacy of the Ombudsman Commission, Equal Opportunity Commission, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. </p><p>The power of examination has been adapted and modified to fit the modern concept of selection for both political leaders as well as civil servants. This involves institutions like the Elections Department and Public Service Commission. </p><p>The People's Power Party advocates that the institutions included in these two powers, namely the power of impeachment and the power of selection, be put under the supervision of Singapore's elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-facebook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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Taiwan">National Anthem of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Republic of China">Politics of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_Equality" title="Three Principles of the Equality">Three Principles of the Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Corcuff, Robert Edmondson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFy3J2PyEAoC&pg=PA77"><i>Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220920/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFy3J2PyEAoC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> 24 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 77. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765607921" title="Special:BookSources/0765607921">0765607921</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Chien-Nung, translated by Teng, Ssu-yu, Jeremy Ingalls. <i>The political history of China, 1840–1928</i>. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1956; rpr. Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0602-6">0-8047-0602-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0602-5">978-0-8047-0602-5</a>. pp. 203–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharman_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharman_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharman_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharman1968" class="citation book cs1">Sharman, Lyon (1968). <i>Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 94, 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-sen%3A+His+life+and+its+meaning%2C+a+critical+biography&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=94%2C+271&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sharman&rft.aufirst=Lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pccu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pccu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=238">"+{中華百科全書‧典藏版}+"</a>. ap6.pccu.edu.tw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2B%7B%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E2%80%A7%E5%85%B8%E8%97%8F%E7%89%88%7D%2B&rft.pub=ap6.pccu.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap6.pccu.edu.tw%2FEncyclopedia%2Fdata.asp%3Fid%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义/民族主義第五講"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AC%9B">"民族主義第五講" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89"><i>三民主义</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AC%9B&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunyat-sen.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=46&id=6675">"三民主义与五权分立——在东京《民报》创刊周年庆祝大会的演说 – 主要著述 – 孙中山故居纪念馆_伟人孙中山"</a>. <i>www.sunyat-sen.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502230704/http://www.sunyat-sen.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=46&id=6675">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sunyat-sen.org&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%83%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E8%AF%B4+%E2%80%93+%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%91%97%E8%BF%B0+%E2%80%93+%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E6%95%85%E5%B1%85%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86_%E4%BC%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunyat-sen.org%2Findex.php%3Fm%3Dcontent%26c%3Dindex%26a%3Dshow%26catid%3D46%26id%3D6675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, Yu-long (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288973">"Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine and Impact on the Modern World"</a>. <i>American Journal of Chinese Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-0042">2166-0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288973">44288973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409185400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288973">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Chinese+Studies&rft.atitle=Dr.+Sun+Yat-sen%27s+Doctrine+and+Impact+on+the+Modern+World&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44288973%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2166-0042&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Yu-long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44288973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1939" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, William C. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24435880">"The Social, Economic, and Political Philosophy of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen"</a>. <i>The Historian</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 132–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1939.tb00469.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1939.tb00469.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24435880">24435880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409185402/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24435880">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+Philosophy+of+Dr.+Sun+Yat-Sen&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-141&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24435880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1939.tb00469.x&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24435880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History</i>. 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London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2"><bdi>978-1-350-23394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Chinese+Power%3A+an+International+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+International+History+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-23394-2&rft.aulast=Crean&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主義/民权主義第五講"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9/%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AC%9B">"民权主義第五講" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主義"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><i>三民主義</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%AC%9B&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Five-Power-Constitution">"Five-Power Constitution | Chinese government | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050015/https://www.britannica.com/event/Five-Power-Constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Five-Power+Constitution+%7C+Chinese+government+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFive-Power-Constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrescott2007" class="citation book cs1">Trescott, Paul B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkJtJm9L7mQC&pg=PA48"><i>Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950</i></a>. Chinese University Press. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629962425" title="Special:BookSources/9789629962425"><bdi>9789629962425</bdi></a>. <q>The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jingji+Xue%3A+The+History+of+the+Introduction+of+Western+Economic+Ideas+Into+China%2C+1850%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789629962425&rft.aulast=Trescott&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkJtJm9L7mQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffrin1957" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffrin, Harold (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2941638">"Sun Yat-sen's Early Land Policy: The Origin and Meaning of "Equalization of Land Rights"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 549–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2941638">10.2307/2941638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2941638">2941638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164082381">164082381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sun+Yat-sen%27s+Early+Land+Policy%3A+The+Origin+and+Meaning+of+%22Equalization+of+Land+Rights%22&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=549-564&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164082381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2941638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2941638&rft.aulast=Schiffrin&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2941638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Post, Louis Freeland (12 April 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义/民生主義第二講"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89/%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AC%9B">"民生主義第二講" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89"><i>三民主义</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AC%9B&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naer-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naer_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1304097/?index=1">"〔民生主義育樂兩篇補述〕"</a>. terms.naer.edu.tw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224163934/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1304097/?index=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%94%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%82%B2%E6%A8%82%E5%85%A9%E7%AF%87%E8%A3%9C%E8%BF%B0%E3%80%95&rft.pub=terms.naer.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F1304097%2F%3Findex%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergère1994" class="citation book cs1">Bergère, Marie-Claire (translated by Janet Lloyd) (1994). <i>Sun Yat-sen</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3170-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3170-5"><bdi>0-8047-3170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-sen&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8047-3170-5&rft.aulast=Berg%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Marie-Claire+%28translated+by+Janet+Lloyd%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=On+New+Democracy&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Zedong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmao%2Fselected-works%2Fvolume-2%2Fmswv2_26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义/民生主义第一讲"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89/%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%B2">"民生主义第一讲" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:zh:三民主义"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89"><i>三民主义</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%B2&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/2185677/china-doesnt-need-democracy-mao-may-have-begged-differ">"What Chairman Mao wrote about a 'free and democratic China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=What+Chairman+Mao+wrote+about+a+%E2%80%98free+and+democratic+China%E2%80%99&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Fletters%2Farticle%2F2185677%2Fchina-doesnt-need-democracy-mao-may-have-begged-differ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Harrison1989" class="citation book cs1">James P. Harrison (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr"><i>The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr/page/81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06909-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06909-X"><bdi>0-231-06909-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+endless+war%3A+Vietnam%27s+struggle+for+independence&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-231-06909-X&rft.au=James+P.+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendlesswarvietna00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff._Historical_Division1982" class="citation book cs1">United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd"><i>The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940-1954</i></a>. Michael Glazier. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780894532870" title="Special:BookSources/9780894532870"><bdi>9780894532870</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121811/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff%3A+History+of+the+Indochina+incident%2C+1940-1954&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780894532870&rft.au=United+States.+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff.+Historical+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEDfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DChang%2BFa-Kuei%2Bvnqdd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOscar_Chapuis2000" class="citation book cs1">Oscar Chapuis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd&pg=PA106"><i>The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31170-6"><bdi>0-313-31170-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+emperors+of+Vietnam%3A+from+Tu+Duc+to+Bao+Dai&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31170-6&rft.au=Oscar+Chapuis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RorGHF0fGIC%26q%3DChang%2BFa-Kuei%2Bvnqdd%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Duiker1976" class="citation book cs1">William J. Duiker (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd"><i>The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0951-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0951-9"><bdi>0-8014-0951-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121815/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chang+Fa-Kuei+vnqdd">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+nationalism+in+Vietnam%2C+1900%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8014-0951-9&rft.au=William+J.+Duiker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKRuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DChang%2BFa-Kuei%2Bvnqdd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_Tuttle2007" class="citation book cs1">Gray Tuttle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152"><i>Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13447-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13447-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115250/https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhists+in+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13447-7&rft.au=Gray+Tuttle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlOEi9C4T3QC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Melvyn C. Goldstein (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&q=rapga+chinese&pg=PA450"><i>A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: the demise of the Lamaist state</i></a>. Vol. 1 of A History of Modern Tibet (reprint, illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0"><bdi>0-520-07590-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Tibet%2C+1913%E2%80%931951%3A+the+demise+of+the+Lamaist+state&rft.pages=450&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-07590-0&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpwq0I-wm7YC%26q%3Drapga%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Hsiao-ting Lin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&pg=PA95"><i>Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west</i></a>. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411192239/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+ethnic+frontiers%3A+a+journey+to+the+west&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26q%3Dshen%2Bin%2BChongqing%2Bto%2Brender%2Bclandestine%2Bsupport%2Bto%2Bpro-Nationalist%2Bunderground%2Bforces%2Bled%2Bby%2Ba%2BKhampa%2BTibetan%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520233943/http://www.tremeritus.com/2015/05/19/goh-submits-application-to-set-up-peoples-power-party/">"Goh submits application to set up People's Power Party"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tremeritus.com/2015/05/19/goh-submits-application-to-set-up-peoples-power-party/">the original</a> on 20 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goh+submits+application+to+set+up+People%27s+Power+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tremeritus.com%2F2015%2F05%2F19%2Fgoh-submits-application-to-set-up-peoples-power-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facebook-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facebook_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/peoplespowerpartysg/info?tab=page_info">"People's Power Party – PPP"</a>. facebook.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027072236/https://www.facebook.com/peoplespowerpartysg/info?tab=page_info">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Power+Party+%E2%80%93+PPP&rft.pub=facebook.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpeoplespowerpartysg%2Finfo%3Ftab%3Dpage_info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Principles+of+the+People" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, translated by Pasquale d'Elia.<i>The Triple Demism of Sun Yat-Sen</i>. New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1974.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.larouchepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/San-Min-Chu-I_ALL-en.pdf">The Three Principles of the People (1924) by Sun Yat-Sen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sun_Yat-sen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_Yat-sen" title="Template:Sun Yat-sen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Yat-sen" title="Template talk:Sun Yat-sen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Yat-sen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun Yat-sen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sun_Yat-sen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Bandits" title="Four Bandits">Four Bandits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_revolutionary_activities_in_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya">Malaya activities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1910_Penang_conference" title="1910 Penang conference">Penang conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Sun_Yat-sen" title="Family tree of Sun Yat-sen">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Muzhen" title="Lu Muzhen">Lu Muzhen</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Otsuki" title="Kaoru Otsuki">Kaoru Otsuki</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Mausoleum" title="Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sun_Yat-sen" title="Names of Sun Yat-sen">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="National Sun Yat-sen University">National Sun Yat-sen University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Sun_Yat-sen" title="List of streets named after Sun Yat-sen">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_suit" title="Mao suit">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kuomintang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kuomintang" title="Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kuomintang" title="Template talk:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kuomintang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Kuomintang</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang_cultural_policy" title="History of the Kuomintang cultural policy">History of the Kuomintang cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Haodong" title="Lu Haodong">Lu Haodong</a> (Flag, emblem creator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang"><span style="color:white;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjie" title="Zhang Renjie">Zhang Renjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Pin-kung" title="Chiang Pin-kung">Chiang Pin-kung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang_Min-hui" title="Huang Min-hui">Huang Min-hui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung Hsiu-chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Junq-tzer" title="Lin Junq-tzer">Lin Junq-tzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Rong-te" title="Lin Rong-te">Lin Rong-te</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Party congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="1st National Congress of the Kuomintang">1st (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="2nd National Congress of the Kuomintang">2nd (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="3rd National Congress of the Kuomintang">3rd (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="4th National Congress of the Kuomintang">4th (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="5th National Congress of the Kuomintang">5th (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Extraordinary National Congress of the Kuomintang">Extraordinary (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">6th (Wang, 1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang">6th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="7th National Congress of the Kuomintang">7th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="8th National Congress of the Kuomintang">8th (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="9th National Congress of the Kuomintang">9th (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="10th National Congress of the Kuomintang">10th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="11th National Congress of the Kuomintang">11th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="12th National Congress of the Kuomintang">12th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="13th National Congress of the Kuomintang">13th (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="14th National Congress of the Kuomintang">14th (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="15th National Congress of the Kuomintang">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="16th National Congress of the Kuomintang">16th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="17th National Congress of the Kuomintang">17th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="18th National Congress of the Kuomintang">18th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="19th National Congress of the Kuomintang">19th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="20th National Congress of the Kuomintang">20th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st National Congress of the Kuomintang (page does not exist)">21st (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2001 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2007 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2007 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2015 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2016 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2016 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2020 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2020 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Significant venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Guild_Hall" title="Huguang Guild Hall">Huguang Guild Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace_(Nanjing)" title="Presidential Palace (Nanjing)">Presidential Palace (Nanjing)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_the_Kuomintang" title="List of assets owned by the Kuomintang">List of assets owned by the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuomintang_presidential_primary" title="2019 Kuomintang presidential primary">2019 Kuomintang presidential primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;;background:#000099;color:white;"><div>Notes: Acting leaders <i>italicised</i> ; By-elections denoted with (b)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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