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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_with_Bijapur_Sultanate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Bijapur_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background and context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_generalship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_generalship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Independent generalship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_generalship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_with_Afzal_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_with_Afzal_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Combat with Afzal Khan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_with_Afzal_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Panhala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Panhala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Siege of Panhala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Panhala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Pavan_Khind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Battle of Pavan Khind </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Pavan_Khind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Mughals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_Mughals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conflict with the Mughals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_with_the_Mughals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflict with the Mughals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Mughals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Purandar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Purandar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Treaty of Purandar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Purandar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Arrest in Agra and escape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_with_the_Mughals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_with_the_Mughals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Peace with the Mughals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_with_the_Mughals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reconquest </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reconquest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reconquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Battles of Umrani and Nesari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Coronation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_in_southern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_in_southern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conquest in southern India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_in_southern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ashta Pradhan Mandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religious policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramdas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramdas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Ramdas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramdas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Seal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Mode of warfare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mode_of_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mode of warfare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mode_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hill_forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hill_forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Hill forts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hill_forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporaneous_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Contemporaneous view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Early depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Nineteenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Post independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.1 Political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_related_to_Shivaji's_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_related_to_Shivaji's_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_related_to_Shivaji's_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Shivaji</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="شيفاجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيفاجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiva%C3%A7i" title="Şivaçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şivaçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیواجی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیواجی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80" title="শিবাজী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিবাজী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Шываджы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шываджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="शिवाजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Шиваджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шиваджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iv%C3%A1d%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Šivádží – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šivádží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="शिवाजी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Σιβάτζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιβάτζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Civa%C4%9Di" title="Ŝivaĝi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝivaĝi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیواجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیواجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80" title="શિવાજી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શિવાજી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="शिवाजी महाराज – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शिवाजी महाराज" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94%EC%A7%80" title="시바지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시바지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Շիվազի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիվազի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="शिवाजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_maharaj" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="שיוואג'י, קיסר הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיוואג'י, קיסר הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಛತ್ರಪತಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಛತ್ರಪತಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="შივაჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შივაჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شِواجی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شِواجی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Шиваджи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шиваджи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="शिवाजी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ശിവാജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിവാജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="शिवाजी महाराज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिवाजी महाराज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="शिवाजी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="シヴァージー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シヴァージー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80" title="ଶିବାଜୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶିବାଜୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਿਵਾਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਵਾਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیوا جی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیوا جی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiwad%C5%BAi" title="Śiwadźi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śiwadźi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Шиваджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шиваджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="छत्रपति शिवाजी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छत्रपति शिवाजी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شیڤاجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیڤاجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Шиваџи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шиваџи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="சிவாஜி (பேரரசர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிவாஜி (பேரரசர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="ఛత్రపతి శివాజీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఛత్రపతి శివాజీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรพรรดิศิวาจี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิศิวาจี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಶಿವಾಜಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶಿವಾಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Шиваджі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шиваджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شِواجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شِواجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shivaji" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%E5%90%89" title="希瓦吉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希瓦吉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%BB" title="施華治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="施華治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%E5%90%89" title="希瓦吉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希瓦吉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q239505#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Chhatrapati of the Marathas (r. 1674–80)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shivaji (disambiguation)">Shivaji (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Shivaji I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Raja Shakakarta<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith#Elsewhere" title="Defender of the Faith">Haindava Dharmoddharak</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> Kulavantas<a href="#cite_note-Sardesai2002-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Shivaji (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680s), <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati of the Marathas</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 June 1674 (first)</li> <li>24 September 1674 (second)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1630-02-19)19 February 1630 <a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1680(1680-04-03) (aged 50) <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahad" title="Mahad">Mahad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Kingdom">Maratha Kingdom</a> (present-day Maharashtra, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sai_Bhonsale" title="Sai Bhonsale">Sai Bhonsale</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1640; died 1659)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1650)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1653)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1656)</div> <ul><li>Kashibai Jadhav<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_dynasty" title="Bhonsle dynasty">Bhonsale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_I_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shivaji I's signature"><img alt="Shivaji I's signature" 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaigns_of_Shivaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaigns of Shivaji"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaigns_of_Shivaji" title="Template talk:Campaigns of Shivaji"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns_of_Shivaji" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns of Shivaji"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Shivaji" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hislist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_Campaign_of_Javali" title="Shivaji's Campaign of Javali">Javali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kollhapur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kollhapur (page does not exist)">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_invasions_of_Janjira" title="Shivaji's invasions of Janjira">Janjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_Raid_at_Pune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night Raid at Pune (page does not exist)">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Surat" title="Sack of Surat">1st Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Kondhana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sack_of_Surat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sack of Surat (page does not exist)">2nd Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vani-Dindori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vani-Dindori (page does not exist)">Vani-Dindori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salher" title="Battle of Salher">Salher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shivneri_Fort" title="Battle of Shivneri Fort">Shivneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umrani" title="Battle of Umrani">Umrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_Southern_Campaign" title="Shivaji's Southern Campaign">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_Southern_Campaign#Seizure_of_Jinji,_Siege_of_Vellore_and_Battle_at_Tiruvadi" title="Shivaji's Southern Campaign">Gingee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_Southern_Campaign#Seizure_of_Jinji,_Siege_of_Vellore_and_Battle_at_Tiruvadi" title="Shivaji's Southern Campaign">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bhupalgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bhupalgarh (page does not exist)">Bhupalgarh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Marathi pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le]</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> was an Indian ruler and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_dynasty" title="Bhonsle dynasty">Bhonsle dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-8">[8]</a> Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a> that formed the genesis of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>. Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Sultanate of Golconda</a>, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonial powers</a>. Shivaji offered passage and his service to Aurangzeb to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-9">[9]</a> : 63  Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Battle of Purandar</a>, Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief and was conferred with the title of <a href="/wiki/Raja_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja (title)">Raja</a> by Aurangzeb.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal empire for a brief duration.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-9">[9]</a> : 87 <a href="#cite_note-a337-12">[12]</a> Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women,<a href="#cite_note-:12-13">[13]</a> Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2015-14">[14]</a> and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha navy</a>. Shivaji's legacy was revived by <a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a> about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.<a href="#cite_note-f819-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-w423-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Shivaji" title="Early life of Shivaji">Early life of Shivaji</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle#origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle § origin</a></div>Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of <a href="/wiki/Shivneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, which is now in <a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune district</a>. Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (<a href="/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">Shivaji Jayanti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-sen2-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Shivaji was named after a local deity, the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddess</a> Shivai Devi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MainEntranceGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/220px-MainEntranceGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/330px-MainEntranceGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/440px-MainEntranceGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri Fort</a></figcaption></figure> Shivaji belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a> clan.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-32">[31]</a> Shivaji's father, <a href="/wiki/Shahaji_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahaji Bhonsle">Shahaji Bhonsle</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> general who served the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-33">[32]</a> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lakhuji_Jadhavrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhuji Jadhavrao">Lakhuji Jadhavrao</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindhkhed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhkhed">Sindhkhed</a>, a Mughal-aligned <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a> claiming descent from a <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadav</a> royal family of <a href="/wiki/Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devagiri">Devagiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metha2004-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Menon2011-35">[34]</a> His paternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Maloji_Bhosale" title="Maloji Bhosale">Maloji</a> (1552–1597) was an influential general of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a>, and was awarded the epithet of "<a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a>". He was given <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">deshmukhi</a> rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590).<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salma314-37">[36]</a> At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a> (fiefdom) at <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and his small army.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Shivaji</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8.Babaji</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Maloji" class="mw-redirect" title="Maloji">Maloji</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2.<a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5.Uma Bai</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Shivaji I</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12.Vithoji</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6.<a href="/wiki/Lakhuji_Jadhav" title="Lakhuji Jadhav">Lakhuji Jadhav</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13.Thakrai</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Mahalsabai Jadhav</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_Bijapur_Sultanate">Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_context">Background and context</h3></div> In 1636, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a> invaded the kingdoms to its south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-8">[8]</a> The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35-38">[37]</a> It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maratha uplands</a> of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a> land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-8">[8]</a> Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200759-39">[38]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/220px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/330px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/440px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Young Shivaji (right) meets his father <a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a>. (left)</figcaption></figure>In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Poona</a> as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed <a href="/wiki/Dadoji_Kondadeo" title="Dadoji Kondadeo">Dadoji Kondadeo</a> as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200761-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_generalship">Independent generalship</h3></div> In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the <a href="/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna Fort</a>, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah</a>, and seized the large treasure he found there.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199361-43">[42]</a> In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including <a href="/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort">Purandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondhana">Kondhana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chakan_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan Fort">Chakan</a>. He also brought areas east of Pune around <a href="/wiki/Supa,_Parner" title="Supa, Parner">Supa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baramati" title="Baramati">Baramati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indapur" title="Indapur">Indapur</a> under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named <a href="/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a>. That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-42">[41]</a> After this, Shivaji turned west to the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> and took possession of the important town of <a href="/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a>. The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/220px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/330px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/440px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southern India <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1605</figcaption></figure> Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Jinji</a> secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42-45">[44]</a> Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morè (clan)">Chandrarao More</a>, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of <a href="/wiki/Jawali,_Maharashtra" title="Jawali, Maharashtra">Javali</a>, near the present-day hill station of <a href="/wiki/Mahabaleshwar" title="Mahabaleshwar">Mahabaleshwar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including <a href="/wiki/Sawant" title="Sawant">Sawant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sawantwadi_State" title="Sawantwadi State">Sawantwadi</a>, Ghorpade of <a href="/wiki/Mudhol_State" title="Mudhol State">Mudhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phaltan" title="Phaltan">Phaltan</a>, Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and <a href="/wiki/Mohite_(clan)" title="Mohite (clan)">Mohite</a>—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukhi</a> rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200785-47">[46]</a> Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199369-48">[47]</a> He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199369-48">[47]</a> Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199358-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_with_Afzal_Khan">Combat with Afzal Khan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Battle of Pratapgarh</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/220px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/330px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/440px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Sawlaram_Haldankar" title="Sawlaram Haldankar">Sawlaram Haldankar</a> of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratapgad_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/220px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/330px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/440px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort</figcaption></figure> The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199366-50">[49]</a> In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a>, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the <a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani Temple</a>, a holy site for Shivaji's family, and the <a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Vithoba temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>, a major pilgrimage site for Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-Richards1995-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to <a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000-54">[53]</a> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2012-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-56">[55]</a> The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[b]</a> wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a <a href="/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">bagh nakh</a> (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-60">[58]</a> What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan.<a href="#cite_note-62">[c]</a> Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-63">[60]</a> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Battle of Pratapgarh</a>, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-64">[61]</a> After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Panhala">Siege of Panhala</h3></div> Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> coast and <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, seizing <a href="/wiki/Panhala_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhala fort">Panhala fort</a>, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Zaman" title="Rustam Zaman">Rustam Zaman</a> and Fazl Khan, in 1659.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-65">[62]</a> In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged <a href="/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a> in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at <a href="/wiki/Rajapur,_Maharashtra" title="Rajapur, Maharashtra">Rajapur</a>, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-66">[63]</a> After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<a href="#cite_note-Ali1996-67">[64]</a> Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Pavan_Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</a></div> Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar <a href="/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a> of Bandal <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a>, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the <a href="/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a> fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-69">[66]</a> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">battle of Pavan Khind</a>, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-32">[31]</a> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-70">[67]</a> Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.<a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Mughals">Conflict with the Mughals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sivaji_and_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sivaji_and_Army.jpg/220px-Sivaji_and_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sivaji_and_Army.jpg/330px-Sivaji_and_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sivaji_and_Army.jpg/440px-Sivaji_and_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Shivaji with his personal guards by Mir Muhammad c. 1672</figcaption></figure> Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, the son of the Mughal Emperor and <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-71">[68]</a> Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> This was followed by raids in <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Hun_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun (coin)">hun</a> in cash and 200 horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-73">[70]</a> Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat">Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Battle of Chakan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umberkhind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umberkhind (page does not exist)">Battle of Umberkhind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surat">Battle of Surat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/220px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/330px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by <a href="/wiki/M.V._Dhurandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="M.V. Dhurandhar">M.V. Dhurandhar</a></figcaption></figure> At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>, with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of <a href="/wiki/Chakan,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan, Maharashtra">Chakan</a>, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of <a href="/wiki/Lal_Mahal" title="Lal Mahal">Lal Mahal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200771-77">[74]</a> He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-80">[77]</a> In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surat">sacked the port city of Surat</a>, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-81">[78]</a> On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">naval raid</a> on <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>-held <a href="/wiki/Basrur" title="Basrur">Basrur</a> in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Purandar">Treaty of Purandar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar (1665)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/220px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/330px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/440px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Raja <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh</a> of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a></figcaption></figure> The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> general <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh I</a> with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-84">[81]</a> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-84">[81]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a>, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">hun</a> to the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-85">[82]</a> Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a <a href="/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">mansabdar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199374-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape">Arrest in Agra and escape</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/220px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/330px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/440px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.</figcaption></figure> In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Shivaji took offence, stormed out,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199378-89">[86]</a> and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-91">[88]</a> Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_with_the_Mughals">Peace with the Mughals</h3></div> After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-102">[98]</a> Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a <a href="/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">Mughal mansabdar</a> with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general <a href="/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a>, to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Prince Mu'azzam</a>. Sambhaji was also granted territory in <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar</a> for revenue collection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185-103">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi dynasty</a>; the weakened Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> sued for peace and granted the rights of <a href="/wiki/Sardeshmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeshmukhi">sardeshmukhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">chauthai</a> to Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1993231-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconquest">Reconquest</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> painting depicting Shivaji <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680 </figcaption></figure> The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-Deopujari1973-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-106">[102]</a> Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-107">[103]</a> The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-108">[104]</a> In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-109">[105]</a> Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from <a href="/wiki/Mawara-un-Nahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawara-un-Nahr">Mawara-un-Nahr</a>, who was returning from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under <a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Panni" title="Daud Khan Panni">Daud Khan</a> to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; this force was defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-110">[106]</a> In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari">Battles of Umrani and Nesari</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umrani" title="Battle of Umrani">Battle of Umrani</a></div> In 1674, <a href="/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a>, the sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces) and <a href="/wiki/Anandrao" title="Anandrao">Anandrao</a>, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-112">[108]</a> Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a>, to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Hambirrao_Mohite" title="Hambirrao Mohite">Hambirrao Mohite</a>, as the new sarnaubat. <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> was newly built by <a href="/wiki/Hiroji_Indulkar" title="Hiroji Indulkar">Hiroji Indulkar</a>, as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Malavika_1999-113">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coronation">Coronation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/280px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/420px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/560px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deccan,_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj,_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/220px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/330px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/440px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="3726" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Shivaji I c. 1675</figcaption></figure> Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> or the son of a Bijapuri <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdar</a>, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals.<a href="#cite_note-115">[e]</a> Such a title would also provide the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Hindu Marathis</a> with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-116">[111]</a> The preparation for a proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-117">[112]</a> One controversy erupted amongst the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> (warrior class) in Hindu society.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1999-118">[113]</a> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as a Maratha, not a Kshatriya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-88-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-120">[115]</a> They noted that Shivaji had never had a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199388-121">[116]</a> Shivaji summoned <a href="/wiki/Gaga_Bhatt" title="Gaga Bhatt">Gaga Bhatt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a> of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisodia Dynasty">Sisodias</a>, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]-122">[117]</a> To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vedic rites</a> expected of a kshatriya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Godsmark2018-124">[119]</a> However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as being anything from tenuous, at best, to purely inventive.<a href="#cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-125">[120]</a> On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-126">[121]</a> On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the <a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">twice-born</a>, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-127">[122]</a> He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with a <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rs</a>. 8,000, which Shivaji paid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-127">[122]</a> The total expenditure for feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-128">[123]</a> On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindavi_Swarajya" title="Hindavi Swarajya">Hindavi Swaraj</a>) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort.<a href="#cite_note-Pillai2018-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barua2005-130">[125]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> it was the 13th day (trayodashi) of the first fortnight of the month of <a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshtha</a> in the year 1596.<a href="#cite_note-RauArchives1980-131">[126]</a> Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers—<a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Pati_(title)" title="Pati (title)">Lord</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)">Umbrella</a>"). He also took the title of <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of Faith">Haindava Dharmodhhaarak</a> (protector of the Hindu faith)<a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a> and Kshatriya Kulavantas:<a href="#cite_note-Sardesai2002-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh1998-134">[129]</a> Kshatriya being the varna<a href="#cite_note-135">[f]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and kulavantas meaning the 'head of the kula, or clan'.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma1978-136">[130]</a> Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava1964-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Branch1975-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1951-139">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_in_southern_India">Conquest in southern India</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_Southern_Campaign" title="Shivaji's Southern Campaign">Shivaji's Southern Campaign</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tiruvadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tiruvadi (page does not exist)">Battle of Tiruvadi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> (October), capturing Bijapuri <a href="/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a> (April 1675), <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a> (mid-year), and <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a> (July).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-140">[134]</a> In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the <a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>, but failed to dislodge them.<a href="#cite_note-(India)1967-141">[135]</a> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided <a href="/wiki/Athani_(Karnataka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athani (Karnataka)">Athani</a> in April 1676.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-142">[136]</a> In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> for a month and entered into a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Qutubshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutubshah">Qutubshah</a> of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-145">[139]</a> Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gingee" title="Gingee">Gingee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Jr.2010-146">[140]</a> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-147">[141]</a> Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Venkoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkoji">Venkoji</a> (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née <a href="/wiki/Mohite_(clan)" title="Mohite (clan)">Mohite</a>), who ruled <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur</a> (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_plateau" title="Mysore plateau">Mysore plateau</a>. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahji</a>'s tomb (<a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">samadhi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-148">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jayapal1997-149">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/220px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/330px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/440px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him</figcaption></figure> The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to <a href="/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala Fort</a> in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala Fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-150">[144]</a> Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-151">[145]</a> on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of <a href="/wiki/Bloody_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody flux">bloody flux</a>, after being sick for 12 days.<a href="#cite_note-153">[g]</a> In a contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-155">[148]</a> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of <a href="/wiki/Sabhasad_Bakhar" title="Sabhasad Bakhar">Sabhasad Bakhar</a>, a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-155">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a>, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-150">[144]</a> There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife <a href="/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a> had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram</a> on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-157">[150]</a> After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-158">[151]</a> Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife <a href="/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Janki Bai</a> were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<a href="#cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal">Ashta Pradhan Mandal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a></div> The Council of Eight Ministers, or <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a> Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[149]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Ashta Pradhan Mandal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Minister </th> <th>Duty </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> or Prime Minister </td> <td>General administration </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya">Amatya</a> or Finance Minister </td> <td>Maintaining public accounts </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mantri" title="Mantri">Mantri</a> or Chronicler </td> <td>Maintaining court records </td></tr> <tr> <td>Summant or <a href="/wiki/Dabir" title="Dabir">Dabir</a> or Foreign Secretary </td> <td>All matters related to relationships with other states </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sachiv" title="Sachiv">Sachiv</a> or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary </td> <td>Managing correspondence of the king </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head </td> <td>Religious matters </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nyayadhis or Chief Justice </td> <td>Civil and military justice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">Senapati</a>/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief </td> <td>All matters related to army of the king </td></tr></tbody></table> Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit">Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit</h3></div> At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the Rājavyavahārakośa, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<a href="#cite_note-:4-163">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3></div> Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-164">[157]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> imposed the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> tax on <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a> on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter to <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> criticising his tax policy. He wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on <a href="/wiki/Rana_Raj_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Raj Singh">Raj Singh I</a>, who is the head of Hindus. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-166">[159]</a></blockquote> Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet <a href="/wiki/Kavi_Bhushan" title="Kavi Bhushan">Kavi Bhushan</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<a href="#cite_note-Society1963-167">[160]</a></blockquote> However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India, argues that the foundation for modern Hindu-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a> was laid in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<a href="#cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-169">[162]</a> Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations, even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with certain other Hindu powers fighting the Mughals, such as the Rajputs.<a href="#cite_note-171">[h]</a> His own army had Muslim leaders from early on. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji%27s_letter_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji"><img alt="Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/149px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/223px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/297px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="784" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji"><img alt="Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/200px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/300px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/400px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3523" data-file-height="2083" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Writings of <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi Script</a>. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramdas">Ramdas</h4></div> Shivaji was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Stewart Gordon</a> concludes about their relationship: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-9">[9]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal">Seal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji%27s_seal,_enlarged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/220px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/330px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/440px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Royal seal of Shivaji</figcaption></figure> Seals were a means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from the beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-163">[156]</a> The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mode_of_warfare">Mode of warfare</h2></div> Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a> castes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji mastered <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla tactics</a> which became known as Ganimi Kawa in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200781-170">[163]</a> Shivaji refused to confront the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and psychological warfare.<a href="#cite_note-auto-177">[169]</a> Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and his generals, because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1994-178">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tinker1990-179">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The <a href="/wiki/Maval" title="Maval">Maval</a> infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hill_forts">Hill forts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/220px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/330px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/440px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajgad#Suvela_Machee_(south_east)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Suvela Machi</a>, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Rajgad#Bale_Killa_(centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Ballekilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_forts" title="Shivaji's forts">Shivaji's forts</a></div> Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his empire was created from forts.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev (<a href="/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a>, Kondhana (<a href="/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Purandar_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandar fort">Purandar</a>. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-182">[174]</a> In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<a href="#cite_note-Naravane1995-183">[175]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a> assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-184">[176]</a> Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-185">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/220px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/330px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/440px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudurg">Sindudurg Fort</a> provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy</figcaption></figure> Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty <a href="/wiki/Galivat" class="mw-redirect" title="Galivat">galivats</a> from the Portuguese shipyards of <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-186">[178]</a> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, although contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-187">[179]</a> With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-187">[179]</a> Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<a href="#cite_note-Shastry1981-188">[180]</a> Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them. He built his first marine fort at <a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a>, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<a href="#cite_note-RoyLorge2014-189">[181]</a> The navy itself was a <a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">coastal navy</a>, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended for the <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Misra1986-191">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/M._V._Dhurandhar" title="M. V. Dhurandhar">M. V. Dhurandhar</a> of Shivaji and <a href="/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu</a> at Pawan Khind</figcaption></figure> Shivaji was well known for his secularism, warrior code of ethics, and exemplary character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074-192">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous_view">Contemporaneous view</h3></div> Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers.<a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[185]</a> Contemporary English writers compared him with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> The French traveller <a href="/wiki/Francois_Bernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Bernier">Francois Bernier</a> wrote in his Travels in Mughal India:<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> <blockquote>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "<a href="/wiki/-ji" title="-ji">-ji</a>". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a> bi jahannum raft (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the infidel went to Hell').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-196">[188]</a> His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:<a href="#cite_note-:12-13">[13]</a> <blockquote>His chivalry to women and strict enforcement of morality in his camp was a wonder in that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_depictions">Early depictions</h3></div> The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Bakhar" title="Bakhar">bakhars</a> that depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu king who overthrew Muslim dominion. The current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with other sources to decide historical truth. <a href="/wiki/Sabhasad_Bakhar" title="Sabhasad Bakhar">Sabhasad Bakhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/91_Kalami_Bakhar" title="91 Kalami Bakhar">91 Kalami Bakhar</a> are considered the most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/220px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/330px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/440px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Aundh,_Satara" title="Aundh, Satara">Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer <a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a> wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">dalits</a>. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti2014-197">[189]</a> In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a> organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-18">[18]</a> He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-Pati2011-198">[190]</a> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107-199">[191]</a> These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of <a href="/wiki/Dacoity" title="Dacoity">dacoits</a>...?"<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="M. G. Ranade">M. G. Ranade</a>, whose Rise of the Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar</a> published the seminal Shivaji and His Times. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-Deshpande2007-202">[194]</a> Likewise, although supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a> as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> Chandrao More and his clan.<a href="#cite_note-Bayly2011-203">[195]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kincaid" title="Dennis Kincaid">Dennis Kincaid</a>, a British civil servant in India, published <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Rebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Grand Rebel (page does not exist)">The Grand Rebel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal army.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_independence">Post independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Shivaji at <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a></figcaption></figure> In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India,<a href="#cite_note-:6-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-206">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-207">[199]</a> especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> activists are noted for appropriating Shivaji by presenting him as "Hindu king" who "fought against Muslim rulers", contrary to historic accounts that show he belonged to a marginalised caste and held secular values.<a href="#cite_note-r146-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-q235-210">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-j001-211">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h4></div> In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Army of Shivaji') political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi-speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power of locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda, and icons of the party.<a href="#cite_note-Naipaul2011-212">[204]</a> Shivaji is seen as a hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha-caste-dominated <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-213">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_related_to_Shivaji's_depiction">Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction</h3></div> In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Purandare" title="Babasaheb Purandare">Babasaheb Purandare</a> became one of the most significant authors in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the Shiv-Shahir (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Bard of Shivaji').<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overstating the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-213">[205]</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Bhushan" title="Maharashtra Bhushan">Maharashtra Bhushan</a> award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" title="The Illustrated Weekly of India">Illustrated Weekly</a> published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice", and <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found that the Illustrated Weekly had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/220px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/330px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/440px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Shivaji opposite the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></figcaption></figure> In 2003, the American academic <a href="/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">James W. Laine</a> published his book Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India to, what <a href="/wiki/Ananya_Vajpeyi" title="Ananya Vajpeyi">Ananya Vajpeyi</a> terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<a href="#cite_note-:5-219">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> As a result of this publication, the <a href="/wiki/Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research_Institute" title="Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute">Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</a>, in Pune, where Laine had done research, was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_Brigade" title="Sambhaji Brigade">Sambhaji Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> Laine was even threatened with arrest,<a href="#cite_note-:5-219">[211]</a> and the book was banned in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in January 2004. The ban was lifted by the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a> in 2007, and in July 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> upheld the lifting of the ban.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2></div> Statues of Shivaji are found in every <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">taluka</a> in Maharashtra<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-227">[219]</a> as well as in many places across India, including Mumbai,<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:8-227">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellur,_Belgaum" title="Yellur, Belgaum">Yellur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> There are also statues outside of India including in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killa,_Konavade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/220px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/330px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/440px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A replica of <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.</figcaption></figure> Several Mumbai landmarks were renamed for Shivaji in the 1990s, around the same time that Bombay was renamed Mumbai.<a href="#cite_note-DNATakeHomeArticle-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-235">[227]</a> The Prince of Wales Museum, which is devoted to Indian history, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNATakeHomeArticle-234">[226]</a> Victoria Terminus, Mumbai's main railway station and the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Railway_zone" title="Central Railway zone">Central Railway zone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> was initially renamed <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> and later renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-235">[227]</a> Similarly, Mumbai's busiest airport, Sahar International Airport, was first renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport and further renamed to <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's <a href="/wiki/INS_Shivaji" title="INS Shivaji">INS Shivaji</a> station<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> In 2022, the Indian prime minister unveiled the new ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>, which was inspired by the seal of Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building replica forts with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, in memory of Shivaji.<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> A proposal to build a giant memorial called <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Smarak" title="Shiv Smarak">Shiv Smarak</a> was approved in 2016; the memorial is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 metres (690 ft) tall, which will make it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">world's tallest statue</a> when completed.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> As of August 2021, the project has been stalled since January 2019, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> survey has been completed, while the <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">geotechnical survey</a> was underway. Consequently, the state public works department proposed extending the completion date by a year, from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-connect2-244">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) corresponds<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> birth date from contemporary records.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-24">[24]</a> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<a href="#cite_note-Sib_Pada-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200767-58">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper2003215-114">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Varna is sometimes also termed <a href="/wiki/Varnashrama_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Varnashrama Dharma">Varnashrama Dharma</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council's letter dated 28 April 1680 says: "We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now 23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12 days." A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died of "navjvar" (possibly typhoid).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147-152">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200781-170">[163]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra1982-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra1982" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ">Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village</a>. Macmillan. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90396-4"><bdi>978-0-333-90396-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+Society%2C+the+Jagirdari+Crisis%2C+and+the+Village&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-333-90396-4&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRM1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardesai2002-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sardesai2002_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardesai2002_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Sardesai2002" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Sardesai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431">Shivaji, the Great Maratha</a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7"><bdi>978-81-7755-286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%2C+the+Great+Maratha&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-286-7&rft.au=H.+S.+Sardesai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeHZAUDHzYwC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarnee1975_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarnee1975_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayan_H._Kulkarnee1975" class="citation book cs1">Narayan H. Kulkarnee (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Kulawatans">Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology</a>. Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji%2C+Architect+of+Freedom%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Smarak+Samiti&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Narayan+H.+Kulkarnee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaodAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkshatriya%2BKulawatans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Laine1996" class="citation book cs1">James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar&pg=PA97">Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2837-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-2837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+women+in+Maharashtrian+literature+and+religion&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5&rft.au=James+Laine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooV3Rz9zQvQC%26q%3Dsabhasad%2Bshivaji%2Brajaram%2Bbakhar%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Dates are given according to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2007-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9">The Marathas 1600–1818</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT672">Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+Of+The+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC%26pg%3DPT672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC">The Mughal Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a337-12"><a href="#cite_ref-a337_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaley1969" class="citation book cs1">Mahaley, K.L. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bh5-ALtVMroC">Shivaji, the Pragmatist</a>. Vishwa Bharati Prakashan. p. 116. Retrieved 18 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%2C+the+Pragmatist&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Vishwa+Bharati+Prakashan&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mahaley&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBh5-ALtVMroC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1920" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich">Shivaji and his times</a>. University of California Libraries. London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. pp. 20–30, 43, 437, 158, 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+his+times&rft.pages=20-30%2C+43%2C+437%2C+158%2C+163&rft.pub=London%2C+New+York%2C+Longmans%2C+Green+and+co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihistimes00sarkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2015-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2015_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshpande2015">Deshpande 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00010003">10.1017/S0026749X00010003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1FC7C871E67628A6D0EB8BAB81055E95/S0026749X00010003a.pdf/european_exiles_renegades_and_outlaws_and_the_maritime_economy_of_asia_c15001750.pdf">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-f819-16"><a href="#cite_ref-f819_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚinde1985" class="citation book cs1">Śinde, J.R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsiAAAAMAAJ">Dynamics of Cultural Revolution: 19th Century Maharashtra</a>. Ajanta Publications. p. 67. Retrieved 12 October 2024. <q>Shivaji had almost vanished from the minds of the people and the leaders of Maharashtra it was Phule who first revived them composing a ballad on Shivaji in 1869</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Cultural+Revolution%3A+19th+Century+Maharashtra&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=%C5%9Ainde&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtsiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w423-17"><a href="#cite_ref-w423_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevare2013" class="citation book cs1">Devare, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5SrhADwCGEC&pg=PT157">History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19707-9"><bdi>978-1-136-19707-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Making+of+a+Modern+Hindu+Self&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-19707-9&rft.aulast=Devare&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5SrhADwCGEC%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, pp. 79–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswasRyan2021" class="citation book cs1">Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RC5AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts</a>. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045282-2"><bdi>978-1-00-045282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+India%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-00-045282-2&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Debajyoti&rft.au=Ryan%2C+John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRC5AEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengarMcMillin2019" class="citation book cs1">Sengar, Bina; McMillin, Laurie Hovell (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnatDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140">Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-69155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-69155-9"><bdi>978-1-000-69155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+and+Places+in+Western+India%3A+Formations+and+Delineations&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-69155-9&rft.aulast=Sengar&rft.aufirst=Bina&rft.au=McMillin%2C+Laurie+Hovell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnatDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApteMahajaniVahia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Apte, Mohan; Mahajani, Parag; Vahia, M. N. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">"Possible errors in historical dates"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 84 (1): 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Possible+errors+in+historical+dates&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Mahajani%2C+Parag&rft.au=Vahia%2C+M.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tifr.res.in%2F~vahia%2Fshivaji.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2007" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370">Jedhe Shakavali Kareena</a>. Diamond Publications. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89959-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89959-35-7"><bdi>978-81-89959-35-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jedhe+Shakavali+Kareena&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89959-35-7&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F003539370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavindra_Parmanand_Nevaskar1927" class="citation book cs1">Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat">Shri Shivbharat</a>. Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Shivbharat&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Sadashiv+Mahadev+Divekar&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Kavindra+Parmanand+Nevaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShriShivbharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.V_Apte_and_M.R._Paranjpe1927" class="citation book cs1">D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857">Birth-Date of Shivaji</a>. 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Institute of Historical Studies. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0900-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+and+historiography+in+modern+India&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0900-0&rft.au=Siba+Pada+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Jayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.au=N.+Jayapalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Sen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Sen (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 196–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=196-199&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.au=Sailendra+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf">"Public Holidays"</a> (PDF). maharashtra.gov.in. 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Kulkarni (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ">Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot</a>. Orient Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+The+Portrait+of+a+Patriot&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1963&rft.au=V.+B.+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU8_AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton2005-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128">A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives&rft.pages=128-221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25484-7&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNNgdBWoYKoC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metha2004-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Metha2004_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArun_Metha2004" class="citation book cs1">Arun Metha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ">History of medieval India</a>. ABD Publishers. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85771-95-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85771-95-3"><bdi>978-81-85771-95-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=ABD+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85771-95-3&rft.au=Arun+Metha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0IwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon2011-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Menon2011_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyani_Devaki_Menon2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalyani Devaki Menon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44">Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 44–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Nationalism%3A+Women+of+the+Hindu+Right+in+India&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3&rft.au=Kalyani+Devaki+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TLRCtw-zvoC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1st. ed. 2006. Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Salma314-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Salma314_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</a>. Dorling Kindersley India. pp. 314–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=314-&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.au=Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam2002">Subrahmanyam 2002</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200759-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200759_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2007">Gordon 2007</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1952" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (1952). 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Chand. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"><bdi>81-219-1145-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986">956763986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+1526&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=17th+ed.%2C+rev.+%26+enl&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956763986&rft.isbn=81-219-1145-1&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956763986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199361-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199361_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. 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Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577385-9"><bdi>978-0-19-577385-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Indo-Pakistan&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577385-9&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Fayyaz&rft.au=Mahmud%2C+S.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xtuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. 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New Indian Express. 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mega+event+to+mark+Karnataka+port+town+Basrur%27s+liberation+from+Portuguese+by+Shivaji&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fmega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon93-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_84-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, pp. 1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199374-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199374_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1994" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C">Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563386-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathas%2C+Marauders%2C+and+State+Formation+in+Eighteenth-century+India&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563386-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBlKh1Pwof0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199378-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199378_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2011" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Meenakshi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">The India They Saw (Vol. 3)</a>. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 299, 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-108-3"><bdi>978-81-8430-108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+They+Saw+%28Vol.+3%29&rft.pages=299%2C+300&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-108-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlMkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200776_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2007">Gordon 2007</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-92"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132">A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938</a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5"><bdi>978-81-250-0333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jaipur%3A+c.+1503%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0333-5&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0oPIo9TXKcC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. 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Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-067-2"><bdi>978-81-7991-067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History%3A+Ancient+and+medieval&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+%28India%29+and+Popular+Prakashan%2C+Mumbai&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-067-2&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Nonica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2021" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Sachi K. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism</a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045142-9"><bdi>978-1-00-045142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Religion+in+Eighteenth-Century+India%3A+Jaisingh+II+and+the+Rise+of+Public+Theology+in+Gau%E1%B8%8D%C4%ABya+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-00-045142-9&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sachi+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCM_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabharwal2000" class="citation book cs1">Sabharwal, Gopa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ">The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000</a>. Penguin Books. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029521-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029521-4"><bdi>978-0-14-029521-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Millennium%2C+AD+1000%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029521-4&rft.aulast=Sabharwal&rft.aufirst=Gopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsghuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">The Marathas</a>. Diamond Publications. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"><bdi>978-81-8483-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-073-6&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN45LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2000" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-318-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation%3A+Understanding+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-318-9&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAASBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai2018" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202">India: The Definitive History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97950-7"><bdi>978-0-429-97950-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Definitive+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97950-7&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6HsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1996" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNBPgAACAAJ">Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. II: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. III: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.)</a>. Books & Books. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-51-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-51-1"><bdi>978-81-85016-51-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathas+And+The+Maratha+Country%3A+Vol.+I%3A+Medieval+Maharashtra%3A+Vol.+II%3A+Medieval+Maratha+Country%3A+Vol.+III%3A+The+Marathas+%281600%E2%80%931648%29+%283+Vols.%29&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Books+%26+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85016-51-1&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZNBPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1993231-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1993231_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deopujari1973-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Deopujari1973_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurlidhar_Balkrishna_Deopujari1973" class="citation book cs1">Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ">Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War</a>. Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+the+Maratha+Art+of+War&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Vidarbha+Samshodhan+Mandal&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Murlidhar+Balkrishna+Deopujari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiF8MAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 230–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malavika_1999-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Malavika_1999_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalavika_Vartak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Malavika Vartak (May 1999). 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Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (19): 1126–1134. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407933">4407933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shivaji+Maharaj%3A+Growth+of+a+Symbol&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1126-1134&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Malavika+Vartak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper2003215-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper2003215_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper2003">Jasper 2003</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199387_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi1999-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi1999_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1999" class="citation book cs1">Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110">Revenge and Reconciliation</a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 110–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029045-5</bdi></a>. <q>On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029045-5&rft.au=Rajmohan+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVqP54UEe4QC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-88-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-88_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 87-88. </li> <li id="cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-120"><a href="#cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._S._BaviskarD._W._Attwood2013" class="citation book cs1">B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395">Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 395–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside-Outside%3A+Two+Views+of+Social+Change+in+Rural+India&rft.pages=395-&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1865-7&rft.au=B.+S.+Baviskar&rft.au=D.+W.+Attwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVQtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199388-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199388_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1993">Gordon 1993</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975">Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011">Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-Godsmark2018-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Godsmark2018_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Godsmark2018" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Godsmark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0"><bdi>978-1-351-18821-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+Community+and+Democracy+in+India%3A+From+Bombay+to+Maharashtra%2C+c.+1930%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-18821-0&rft.au=Oliver+Godsmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCpKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarmaSaberwal2005" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ">Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-566915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+in+Motion%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+History&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566915-2&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Supriya&rft.au=Saberwal%2C+Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8EoAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillai2018-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Pillai2018_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManu_S_Pillai2018" class="citation book cs1">Manu S Pillai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9">Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji</a>. Juggernaut Books. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4"><bdi>978-93-86228-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Sultans%3A+The+Deccan+from+Khilji+to+Shivaji&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-86228-73-4&rft.au=Manu+S+Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRq5oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barua2005-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Barua2005_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42">The State at War in South Asia</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RauArchives1980-131"><a href="#cite_ref-RauArchives1980_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallavarapu_Venkata_Siva_Prasada_Rau_(Andhra_Pradesh_Archives)1980" class="citation book cs1">Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ">Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India</a>. Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives). p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archival+organization+and+records+management+in+the+state+of+Andhra+Pradesh%2C+India&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+the+Govt.+of+Andhra+Pradesh+by+the+Director+of+State+Archives+%28Andhra+Pradesh+State+Archives%29&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Mallavarapu+Venkata+Siva+Prasada+Rau+%28Andhra+Pradesh+Archives%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXtmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation">Yuva Bharati</a> (Volume 1 ed.). Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee. 1974. p. 13. <q>About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuva+Bharati&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Vivekananda+Rock+Memorial+Committee&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vUoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D50%2C000%2Bpeople%2Bshivaji%2Bcoronation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh1998-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1998_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._B._Singh1998" class="citation book cs1">U. B. Singh (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA92">Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947</a>. APH Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3"><bdi>978-81-7024-928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+System+in+India%3A+Vedic+Age+to+1947&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-928-3&rft.au=U.+B.+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS30xOPtnzZYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma1978-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1978_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Tej Ram Sharma (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA72">Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 72. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Geographical+Names+in+the+Gupta+Inscriptions&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Tej+Ram+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcnnB-Lx2MAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srivastava1964-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava1964_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshirbadi_Lal_Srivastava1964" class="citation book cs1">Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ">The History of India, 1000 A.D.–1707 A.D.</a> Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 701. <q>Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+1000+A.D.%E2%80%931707+A.D.&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Ashirbadi+Lal+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdw9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branch1975-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Branch1975_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Institute_of_Public_Administration._Maharashtra_Regional_Branch1975" class="citation book cs1">Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ">Shivaji and swarajya</a>. Orient Longman. p. 61. <q>one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+swarajya&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Indian+Institute+of+Public+Administration.+Maharashtra+Regional+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytQgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma1951-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1951_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShripad_Rama_Sharma1951" class="citation book cs1">Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ">The Making of Modern India: From A.D. 1526 to the Present Day</a>. Orient Longmans. p. 223. <q>The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+India%3A+From+A.D.+1526+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Shripad+Rama+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAUdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-(India)1967-141"><a href="#cite_ref-(India)1967_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharashtra_(India)1967" class="citation book cs1">Maharashtra (India) (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ">Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period</a>. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers%3A+Maratha+period&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Government+Printing%2C+Stationery+and+Publications%2C+Maharashtra+State&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Maharashtra+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXtEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGijs_Kruijtzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C">Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India</a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 153–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0"><bdi>978-90-8728-068-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophobia+in+Seventeenth-Century+India&rft.pages=153-190&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-068-0&rft.au=Gijs+Kruijtzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTTJa0usl80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (1990). "Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 49: 221–226. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930290">42930290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Maratha+Policy+Towards+the+Adil+Shahi+Kingdom&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=221-226&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42930290%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.2010-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.2010_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett_Jenkins_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">Everett Jenkins Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</a>. McFarland. pp. 201–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-0889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=201-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1&rft.au=Everett+Jenkins+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayapal1997-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Jayapal1997_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Jayapal1997" class="citation book cs1">Maya Jayapal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ">Bangalore: the story of a city</a>. Eastwest Books (Madras). p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5"><bdi>978-81-86852-09-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangalore%3A+the+story+of+a+city&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Eastwest+Books+%28Madras%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-86852-09-5&rft.au=Maya+Jayapal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehendale2011">Mehendale 2011</a>, p. 1147. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPissurlencar" class="citation book cs1">Pissurlencar, Pandurang Sakharam. Portuguese-Mahratta Relations. Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese-Mahratta+Relations&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Board+for+Literature+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Pissurlencar&rft.aufirst=Pandurang+Sakharam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehendale2011" class="citation book cs1">Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912">Shivaji his life and times</a>. India: Param Mitra Publications. p. 1147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80875-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80875-17-0"><bdi>978-93-80875-17-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912">801376912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+his+life+and+times&rft.place=India&rft.pages=1147&rft.pub=Param+Mitra+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801376912&rft.isbn=978-93-80875-17-0&rft.aulast=Mehendale&rft.aufirst=Gajanan+Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F801376912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2000" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986">India since 1526</a> (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"><bdi>81-219-1145-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986">956763986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+1526&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=17th+ed.%2C+rev.+%26+enl&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956763986&rft.isbn=81-219-1145-1&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956763986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-159"><a href="#cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunita_Sharma,_K̲h̲udā_Bak̲h̲sh_Oriyanṭal_Pablik_Lāʼibrerī2004" class="citation book cs1">Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ">Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th–18th centuries</a>. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. p. 139. <q>By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil%2C+sceptre%2C+and+quill%3A+profiles+of+eminent+women%2C+16th%E2%80%9318th+centuries&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Khuda+Bakhsh+Oriental+Public+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sunita+Sharma%2C+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2ud%C4%81+Bak%CC%B2h%CC%B2sh+Oriyan%E1%B9%ADal+Pablik+L%C4%81%CA%BCibrer%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2kaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366">Ashta Pradhan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">The Marathas</a>. Diamond Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"><bdi>978-81-8483-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-073-6&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN45LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50">Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800</a>. Duke University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Knowledge+in+Early+Modern+Asia%3A+Explorations+in+the+Intellectual+History+of+India+and+Tibet%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D740AqMUW8WQC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA60">Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800</a>. Duke University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Knowledge+in+Early+Modern+Asia%3A+Explorations+in+the+Intellectual+History+of+India+and+Tibet%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D740AqMUW8WQC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGier2014" class="citation book cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. 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Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-9223-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LBhBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-Society1963-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Society1963_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Oriental_Society1963" class="citation book cs1">American Oriental Society (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 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R. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143">Medieval Maratha Country</a>. Diamond Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9"><bdi>978-81-8483-072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Maratha+Country&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008-07&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-072-9&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY5LDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDarya%2BSarang%2Bshivaji%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT545">Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC%26pg%3DPT545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58691-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58691-3"><bdi>978-1-317-58691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India+%E2%80%93+1500BCE+to+1740CE&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58691-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doh7ICQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=Shivaji,+realizing+that+he+could+not+defeat+the+imperial+armies+inhttps://books.google.co.in/books&pg=PA40">The State at War in South Asia</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26dq%3DShivaji%2C%2Brealizing%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bcould%2Bnot%2Bdefeat%2Bthe%2Bimperial%2Barmies%2Binhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul (25 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRZ3Zeb4NsC&pg=PA481">Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era</a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534235-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Battlefield%3A+Great+Commanders+from+the+Classical+Age+to+the+Napoleonic+Era&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534235-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRRZ3Zeb4NsC%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-177"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantak1993" class="citation book cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=Shivaji&pg=PA8">The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles</a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Maratha+War%2C+1774%E2%80%931783%3A+A+Military+Study+of+Major+Battles&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-696-1&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdXnVOKKkssC%26q%3DShivaji%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert1994-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1994_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert1994" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. 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UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF FORTS IN JUNNER REGION. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 75, 448–454. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagadi1983">Pagadi 1983</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Naravane1995-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane1995_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Naravane1995" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Naravane (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ">Forts of Maharashtra</a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7024-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+of+Maharashtra&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-696-1&rft.au=M.+S.+Naravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIrfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2011-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17">War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740%E2%80%931849&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79087-4&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shastry1981-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Shastry1981_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagamandala_Seetharama_Shastry1981" class="citation book cs1">Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ">Studies in Indo-Portuguese History</a>. 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Routledge. pp. 183–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1"><bdi>978-1-317-58710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Indian+Warfare+%E2%80%93+From+the+Classical+Age+to+1870&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58710-1&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft.au=Peter+Lorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D627fBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/">"New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS"</a>. 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Naval+Ensign%3A+The+naval+prowess+of+Chhatrapati+Shivaji+that+has+always+inspired+the+Indian+Navy+-+Optimize+IAS&rft.date=2022-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foptimizeias.com%2Fnew-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misra1986-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Misra1986_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Narain_Misra1986" class="citation book cs1">Raj Narain Misra (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13">Indian Ocean and India's Security</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean+and+India%27s+Security&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Raj+Narain+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NhVz7mZCisC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-193"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1928" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Surendra (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up">Foreign Biographies of Shivaji</a>. Vol. II. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Biographies+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=London%2C+K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+co.+ltd.&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500042%2F2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1940" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Bal (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up">Shivaji The Great</a>. The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+The+Great&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=The+Arya+Book+Depot+Kolhapur&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshivajithegreat035466mbp%23page%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendra_Nath_Sen1977" class="citation book cs1">Surendra Nath Sen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ">Foreign Biographies of Shivaji</a>. K. P. Bagchi. pp. 14, 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Biographies+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=14%2C+139&rft.pub=K.+P.+Bagchi&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Surendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89sJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakravarti2014-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUma_Chakravarti2014" class="citation book cs1">Uma Chakravarti (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79">Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai</a>. Zubaan. pp. 79–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1"><bdi>978-93-83074-63-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+History%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=Zubaan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-83074-63-1&rft.au=Uma+Chakravarti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TenDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pati2011-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Pati2011_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2011" class="citation book cs1">Biswamoy Pati (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101">Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings</a>. Primus Books. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bal+Gangadhar+Tilak%3A+Popular+Readings&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-18-4&rft.au=Biswamoy+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4TWzCkjrm4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975">Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ">Indo-British Review</a>. Indo-British Historical Society. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-British+Review&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Indo-British+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCA1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLain2009" class="citation book cs1">McLain, Karline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121">India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Immortal+Comic+Books%3A+Gods%2C+Kings%2C+and+Other+Heroes&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22052-3&rft.aulast=McLain&rft.aufirst=Karline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4-Su0whKa0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deshpande2007-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Deshpande2007_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrachi_Deshpande2007" class="citation book cs1">Prachi Deshpande (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7"><bdi>978-0-231-12486-7</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the "chauvinism" he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Pasts%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Identity+in+Western+India%2C+1700%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12486-7&rft.au=Prachi+Deshpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96qrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayly2011-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayly2011_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Bayly2011" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Bayly (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282">Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Liberties%3A+Indian+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Liberalism+and+Empire&rft.pages=282-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50518-5&rft.au=C.+A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GLAWY6L8fIC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Kincaid1937" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Kincaid (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296">The Grand Rebel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Rebel&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Dennis+Kincaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-205"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chatrapati-shivaji-was-a-national-hero/article6915168.ece">"'Chatrapati Shivaji was a national hero'"</a>. The Hindu. 19 February 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Chatrapati+Shivaji+was+a+national+hero%27&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkarnataka%2Fchatrapati-shivaji-was-a-national-hero%2Farticle6915168.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-206"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/article30217102.ece">"Appropriating a national hero"</a>. Frontline. 22 May 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Appropriating+a+national+hero&rft.date=2003-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fcolumns%2Farticle30217102.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-207"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02stvy6">"BBC Radio 4 in Four, Shivaji: An icon of Hindu pride"</a>. BBC. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+in+Four%2C+Shivaji%3A+An+icon+of+Hindu+pride&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp02stvy6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuber2021" class="citation book cs1">Kuber, Girish (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175">Renaissance State : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra</a>. [S.l.]: Harper Collins India. pp. 69–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90327-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90327-39-3"><bdi>978-93-90327-39-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175">1245346175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+State+%3A+the+unwritten+story+of+the+making+of+maharashtra.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=69-78&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+India&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245346175&rft.isbn=978-93-90327-39-3&rft.aulast=Kuber&rft.aufirst=Girish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245346175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r146-209"><a href="#cite_ref-r146_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaneshan2023" class="citation web cs1">Ganeshan, Balakrishna (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/11/06/shivaji-statues-in-telangana-bjps-politics-of-hindu-right-wing-iconography-dalit-backlash">"Shivaji statues in Telangana: BJP's politics of Hindu right-wing iconography, Dalit backlash"</a>. Newslaundry. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newslaundry&rft.atitle=Shivaji+statues+in+Telangana%3A+BJP%27s+politics+of+Hindu+right-wing+iconography%2C+Dalit+backlash&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft.aulast=Ganeshan&rft.aufirst=Balakrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslaundry.com%2F2023%2F11%2F06%2Fshivaji-statues-in-telangana-bjps-politics-of-hindu-right-wing-iconography-dalit-backlash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q235-210"><a href="#cite_ref-q235_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2018" class="citation web cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (9 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/893168/protector-of-brahmins-or-peasant-king-why-a-historian-of-shivaji-is-on-sanatan-sansthas-hitlist">"Protector of Brahmins or peasant king? 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1"><bdi>978-0-307-78934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Wounded+Civilization&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78934-1&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYeWbmq7pkIC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_213-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaine2011">Laine 2011</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ">Lok Sabha Debates</a>. 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All-India Centre. 1964. p. 32. <q>Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+P.E.N.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=P.E.N.+All-India+Centre.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLtjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Kumar2015" class="citation news cs1">Krishna Kumar (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms">"Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=Contract+for+Shivaji+Memorial+Project%2C+PWD+proposes+extension+of+one+year+to+firm+without+cost+escalation&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Fcontract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014" class="citation cs2">Gier, Nicholas F. 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Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2005" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC">Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813</a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6"><bdi>978-1-932705-54-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India%3A+Volume+One%3A+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2015" class="citation book cs1">Deshpande, Anirudh (2015). "Introduction". In Pansare, Govind (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0EJjwEACAAJ">Who Was Shivaji?</a>. LeftWord. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9380118130" title="Special:BookSources/978-9380118130"><bdi>978-9380118130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Shivaji%3F&rft.pub=LeftWord&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9380118130&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Anirudh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0EJjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar2018" class="citation cs2">Ravishankar, Chinya V. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi9uDwAAQBAJ">Sons of Sarasvati: Late Exemplars of the Indian Intellectual Tradition</a>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7185-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-7185-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+Sarasvati%3A+Late+Exemplars+of+the+Indian+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7185-3&rft.aulast=Ravishankar&rft.aufirst=Chinya+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi9uDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2011" class="citation cs2">Robb, Peter (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf5eAQAAQBAJ">A History of India</a>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34424-2"><bdi>978-0-230-34424-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34424-2&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf5eAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation cs2">Roy, Kaushik (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ">Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32128-6"><bdi>978-1-317-32128-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Manpower%2C+Armies+and+Warfare+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32128-6&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq5JECgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tirthankar (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dQcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">An Economic History of Early Modern India</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0"><bdi>978-1-135-04787-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Early+Modern+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04787-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dQcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagadi1983" class="citation cs2">Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983">Shivaji</a>, National Book Trust, India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pagadi&rft.aufirst=Setumadhava+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1920) [1919], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich">Shivaji and His Times</a> (Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+His+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihistimes00sarkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77">History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources</a>, Longmans, Green and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Aurangzib%3A+Based+on+Original+Sources&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3NHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardesai1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">Sardesai, Govind Sakharam</a> (1957) [1946], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ">New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)</a>, Phoenix Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+the+Marathas%3A+Shivaji+and+his+line+%281600%E2%80%931707%29&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publications&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sardesai&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sakharam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG1DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (1987), Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26693-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26693-9"><bdi>0-521-26693-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+%28The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-26693-9&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2002" class="citation cs2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSMPKVh7f8C">The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89226-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89226-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Commerce%3A+Southern+India+1500%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89226-1&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgSMPKVh7f8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Truschke" title="Audrey Truschke">Truschke, Audrey</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ">Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._Wolpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley A. Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley A.</a> (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1">Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilak+and+Gokhale%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+the+Making+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe_ftH3bm-MC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rafique_Zakaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafique Zakaria">Zakaria, Rafiq</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKY_L_eAayUC">Communal Rage In Secular India</a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2"><bdi>978-81-7991-070-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Rage+In+Secular+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-070-2&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKY_L_eAayUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1974–1975" class="citation book cs1">Apte, B. K., ed. (1974–1975). Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. Bombay: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bombay">University of Bombay</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3032928">3032928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji%3A+Coronation+Tercentenary+Commemoration+Volume&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=University+of+Bombay&rft.date=1974%2F1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3032928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">Laine, James W.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain">Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+Hindu+King+in+Islamic+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514126-9&rft.aulast=Laine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihinduking0000lain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, M. N. (1976b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980">"Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 35 (2): 221–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053980">10.2307/2053980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980">2053980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162482005">162482005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Shivaji+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-235&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162482005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053980&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shivaji" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shivaji">Shivaji</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sivaji" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sivaji">Shivaji</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shivaji" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Shivaji">Shivaji</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Shivaji </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Bhonsle">House of Bhonsle</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1627/1630 Died: 3 April 1680 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">new state formed</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> 1674–1680 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/21px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/32px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/42px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shivaji" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shivaji" title="Template:Shivaji"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shivaji" title="Template talk:Shivaji"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shivaji" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shivaji"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shivaji" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle#Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Origin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Shivaji" title="Early life of Shivaji">Early life</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancestry and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maloji_Bhosale" title="Maloji Bhosale">Maloji Bhosale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattrapati_Shahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattrapati Shahu">Shahu I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/100px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/150px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/200px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shivaji%27s_forts" title="Shivaji's forts">Forts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnala_Fort" title="Karnala Fort">Karnala Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandar_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandar fort"> Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjangad" title="Sajjangad">Sajjangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_in_popular_culture" title="Shivaji in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Bhagwa_Dhwaj_Maratha_Confederacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maratha_Confederacy" title="Template:Maratha Confederacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maratha_Confederacy" title="Template talk:Maratha Confederacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maratha_Confederacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maratha Confederacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30x27px&#124;link=Bhagwa_Dhwaj_Maratha_Confederacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Dhwaj" title="Bhagwa Dhwaj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapatis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_II_of_Satara" title="Rajaram II of Satara">Rajaram II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_II_of_Satara" title="Shahu II of Satara">Shahu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreshvar_Pingale" title="Moreshvar Pingale">Moreshvar Pingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahiroji_Pingale" title="Bahiroji Pingale">Bahiroji Pingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao Ballal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Rao" title="Narayan Rao">Narayan Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Sawai Madhavrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrut_Rao" title="Amrut Rao">Amrut Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhat_family" title="Bhat family">Bhat family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amatya" title="Amatya">Amatya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pratinidhi" title="Pratinidhi">Pratinidhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralhad_Niraji" title="Pralhad Niraji">Pralhad Niraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi</a> (hereditary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripatrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi">Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivanrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi">Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandibai" title="Anandibai">Anandibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopikabai" title="Gopikabai">Gopikabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Jankibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibai" title="Kashibai">Kashibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmibai" title="Lakshmibai">Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastani" title="Mastani">Mastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvatibai" title="Parvatibai">Parvatibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramabai_Peshwa" title="Ramabai Peshwa">Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Bhosale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sai Bhosale">Saibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umabai_Dabhade" title="Umabai Dabhade">Umabai Dabhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_Bai" title="Baka Bai">Baka Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Bai_Holkar" title="Tulsi Bai Holkar">Tulsi Bai Holkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maratha Confederacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle of Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad of Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia of Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkar of Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwardhan_dynasty" title="Patwardhan dynasty">Patwardhan dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles involving the Maratha Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umberkhind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umberkhind (page does not exist)">Umberkhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salher" title="Battle of Salher">Salher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bhupalgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bhupalgarh (page does not exist)">Bhupalgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1689)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1689)">Raigarh (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satara" title="Battle of Satara">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khelna" title="Battle of Khelna">Khelna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1703-1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raigarh (1703-1704)">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torna" title="Battle of Torna">Torna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palkhed" title="Battle of Palkhed">Palkhed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malwa">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mandsaur" title="Battle of Mandsaur">Mandsaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasai" title="Battle of Vasai">Vasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">1st Trichinopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Katwa" title="First Battle of Katwa">Katwa (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1743)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)">2nd Trichinopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Katwa" title="Second Battle of Katwa">Katwa (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Invasions of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdwan" title="Battle of Burdwan">Burdwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narela" title="Battle of Narela">Narela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">2nd Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">North-west India</a></li> <li>Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">3rd Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alegaon" title="Battle of Alegaon">Alegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rakshasbhuvan" title="Battle of Rakshasbhuvan">Rakshasbhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi,_1771" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Delhi, 1771">Capture of Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pachgaon" title="Battle of Pachgaon">Pachgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saunshi" title="Battle of Saunshi">Saunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadgaon" title="Battle of Wadgaon">Wadgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Savanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajendragad" title="Gajendragad">Gajendragad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Bahadur Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalsot" title="Battle of Lalsot">Lalsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaksana" title="Battle of Chaksana">Chaksana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patan" title="Battle of Patan">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Kharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poona" title="Battle of Poona">Poona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1803)" title="Battle of Delhi (1803)">3rd Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Assaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laswari" title="Battle of Laswari">Laswari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farrukhabad" title="Battle of Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bharatpur_(1805)" title="Siege of Bharatpur (1805)">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki" title="Battle of Khadki">Khadki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koregaon" title="Battle of Koregaon">Koregaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahidpur" title="Battle of Mahidpur">Mahidpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maratha-Mughal_War_of_27_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years">Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Adil Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand" title="Kingdom of Rohilkhand">Kingdom of Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangad_Fort" title="Mangad Fort">Mangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort"> Purandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaniwar_Wada" title="Shaniwar Wada">Shaniwar Wada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivrai" title="Shivrai">Shivrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066774616">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50467615">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7612/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdkxqhVymPW9pH6YtHYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118820974">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023241">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35496832">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069820155">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=245036">Greece</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161319">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268016505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/db179758-0a08-4c8e-b224-9209230b2d77">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/974494">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118820974">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074181661">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&oldid=1259776799">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&oldid=1259776799</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shivaji" title="Category:Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1630_births" title="Category:1630 births">1630 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1680_deaths" title="Category:1680 deaths">1680 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Indian_monarchs" title="Category:17th-century Indian monarchs">17th-century Indian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marathi_people" title="Category:Marathi people">Marathi people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_warriors" title="Category:Indian warriors">Indian warriors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Hindus" title="Category:Indian Hindus">Indian Hindus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_monarchs" title="Category:Hindu monarchs">Hindu monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maratha_kings" title="Category:Maratha kings">Maratha kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_disease_deaths_in_India" title="Category:Infectious disease deaths in India">Infectious disease deaths in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Age_controversies" title="Category:Age controversies">Age controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founding_monarchs" title="Category:Founding monarchs">Founding monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Category:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur">People from the Sultanate of Bijapur</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles 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