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<span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuzco_school_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuzco_school_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cuzco school artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuzco_school_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Cusco" title="Escola de Cusco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escola de Cusco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzco-skolen" title="Cuzco-skolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cuzco-skolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_cuzque%C3%B1a_de_pintura" title="Escuela cuzqueña de pintura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela cuzqueña de pintura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscoko_Eskola" title="Cuscoko Eskola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cuscoko Eskola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Cuzco" title="École de Cuzco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École de Cuzco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B2la_de_Cuzco" title="Escòla de Cuzco – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escòla de Cuzco" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_School&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman Catholic art movement from Cusco, Peru</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg/300px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg/450px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Virgin_of_Carmel_Saving_Souls_in_Purgatory_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls in Purgatory,</i> Circle of Diego Quispe Tito, 17th century, collection of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cusco school</b> (<i><b>escuela cuzqueña</b></i>) or <b>Cuzco school</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> artistic tradition based in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (the former capital of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>) during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was not limited to Cusco only, but spread to other cities in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, as well as to present day <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many colonial Cusco school paintings are preserved, most of them currently at Cusco, but also in other areas of Peru, the town of <a href="/wiki/Calamarca" title="Calamarca">Calamarca</a> (Bolivia) and in museums of Brazil, United States and England. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition originated after the 1534 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of Peru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is considered the first artistic center that systematically taught European artistic techniques in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> contribution, and in general <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a>, to the Cusco school of painting, is given from very early time, when the <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cusco">Cathedral of Cusco</a> begins. However, it is the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bitti" title="Bernardo Bitti">Bernardo Bitti</a> in 1583, that marks a beginning of the development of Cuzqueño art. The <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Company of Jesus">Jesuit</a> introduced in Cusco one of the fashionable currents in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> of the time, <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, whose main characteristics were the treatment of figures in a somewhat elongated way, with the <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> focused on them. </p><p>During his two stays in Cusco, Bitti was commissioned to make the main altarpiece of the church of his Order, replaced by another after the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>, and painted some masterpieces, such as <i>The Coronation of the Virgin</i>, currently in the museum of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templo_de_la_Merced,_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templo de la Merced, Cusco (page does not exist)">church of La Merced</a>, and the <i>Virgen del pajarito</i>, in the cathedral. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg/250px-Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg/375px-Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Cuzque%C3%B1a3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><i>The Annunciation of the Virgin</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Ria%C3%B1o" title="Luis de Riaño">Luis de Riaño</a> of 1632. Disciple in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Medoro" title="Angelino Medoro">Angelino Medoro</a>, Riaño was installed at <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> to 1630, where his techniques and themes were very influential. Painting located at Museo Pedro de Osma de Barranco, Lima</figcaption></figure> <p>Another of the great exponents of Cusqueño mannerism is the painter <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Ria%C3%B1o" title="Luis de Riaño">Luis de Riaño</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and a disciple of Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Medoro" title="Angelino Medoro">Angelino Medoro</a>. In the words of the Bolivian historians José de Mesa and <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Gisbert_Carbonell" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa Gisbert Carbonell">Teresa Gisbert</a>, authors of the most complete history of Cuzqueño Art, Riaño lords in the local artistic environment between 1618 and 1640, leaving among other works, the murals of the church of <a href="/wiki/Andahuaylillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andahuaylillas">Andahuaylillas</a>. Another standout in these first decades of the 17th century is the muralist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Cusihuam%C3%A1n_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Cusihuamán (painter) (page does not exist)">Diego Cusihuamán</a>, with works in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Chinchero_District" title="Chinchero District">Chinchero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urcos_District" title="Urcos District">Urcos</a>. </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style in Cuzqueña painting is mainly the result of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">tenebrism</a> through the work of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a> and through inspiration from engravings of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> art from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Ribera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Ribera (page does not exist)">Marcos Ribera</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> in 1830, is the major exponent of this tendency. Five pieces of apostles by him can be seen in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iglesia_de_San_Pedro,_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iglesia de San Pedro, Cusco (page does not exist)">church of San Pedro</a>, two in the altarpiece and another in a side reredos. The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Catalina_de_Siena,_Arequipa" title="Monastery of Santa Catalina de Siena, Arequipa">monastery of Santa Catalina of Arequipa</a> keeps <i>La Piedad</i>, and that of St. Francis, some of the canvases that illustrate the life of the founder of the Order, belonging to various authors. </p><p>The increasing activity of Amerindian-Quechua and Mestizo painters towards the end of the 17th century, makes the term Cusco school conform more strictly to this artistic movement. This painting is "Cuzqueña", not only because it comes from the hands of local artists, but mainly because it moves away from the influence of the predominant trends in European art and follows its own path. </p><p>This new Cuzqueño art is characterized thematically by the interest in <a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrista</a> subjects such as the procession of Corpus Christi, and by the presence for the first time of <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. A series of portraits of Amerindian caciques and <a href="/wiki/Genealogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical">genealogical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic">heraldic</a> paintings also appear. As for the technical treatment, there is a misunderstanding of the perspective added to a fragmentation of the space in several concurrent spaces or compartmentalized scenes. New chromatic solutions, with a predilection for intense colors, are another typical feature of the nascent pictorial style. </p><p>An event which occurred at the end of the 17th century, was decisive for the direction taken by Cuzqueña painting. In 1688, after continuous conflicts, there was a rupture in the corporation of painters that ended with the removal of the Amerindian-Quechua and Mestizo painters due, according to them, to the exploitation they were subjected by their Spanish colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this moment, free of the impositions of the corporation, the Amerindian and Mestizo artists were guided by their own sensibility and transfer to the canvas their mentality and their way of conceiving the world. </p><p>The most famous series of the Cuzco school is undoubtedly that of the sixteen paintings of the Corpus Christi series, which originally were in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iglesia_de_Santa_Ana,_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iglesia de Santa Ana, Cusco (page does not exist)">church of Santa Ana</a> and are now in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Religious_Art_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of Religious Art of the Archbishopric of Cusco (page does not exist)">Museum of Religious Art of the Archbishopric of Cusco</a>, except for three that are in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. From an anonymous painter of the late-17th century (some researchers attribute them to the workshops of Diego Quispe Tito and Pumacallao), these canvases are considered true masterpieces because of the richness of their color, the quality of the drawing and how well they achieved the portraits of the main characters of each scene. The series has enormous historical and <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> value, because it shows in detail the various social strata of Colonial Cusco, as well as many other elements of a festival that already was central in the life of the city. </p><p>The most original and important Amerindian painter is <a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a>, born in the parish of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_District,_Cusco" title="San Sebastián District, Cusco">San Sebastián</a>, near to Cusco, in 1611 and active almost until end the century. It is in the work of Diego Quispe Tito that some of the characteristics of Cuzqueña painting are prefigured, such as a certain freedom in the handling of perspective, a previously unknown role of the landscape and the abundance of birds in the leafy trees that are part of the same. The motif of the birds, especially the Amazon forest's parrot, is interpreted by some researchers to refer to the Inca nobility. </p><p>The most valuable part of Quispe Tito's work is located in the church of his native town, <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_Cusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Sebastián, Cusco (page does not exist)">San Sebastián</a>. One highlight is the series of twelve compositions on the life of St. John the Baptist, in the main nave of the church. Of great mastery are also the two enormous canvases dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian" title="Saint Sebastian">Saint Sebastian</a>, that of the <i>asaetamiento</i> and that of the death of the saint. Also famous is the series of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> that the artist painted for the Cathedral of Cuzco towards 1680. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg/260px-The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg/390px-The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg/520px-The_Virgin_of_Bethlehem_in_the_city_of_Cusco._17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin of Bethlehem of the city of Cusco, 17th century. Currently this painting is located in Cusco, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>Another outstanding painter of the Cusco school is <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Santa_Cruz_Pumacallao" title="Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao">Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> ancestry like Quispe Tito, but unlike him, much more attached to the canons of Western painting within the Baroque current. Active in the second half of the 17th century, Santa Cruz leaves the best of his work in the Cathedral of Cusco, as he was commissioned to decorate the <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">walls</a> on the side of the choir and the arms of the transept. In the picture of the <i>Virgin of Bethelem</i>, located in the choir, there is a portrait of the bishop and patron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Mollinedo_y_Angulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de Mollinedo y Angulo (page does not exist)">Manuel de Mollinedo y Angulo</a> who helped the development of the Cusco Painting School and the city.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such is the fame reached by the Cusqueña painting of the 17th century, which during the following century produces a singular phenomenon that curiously left its mark not only in art but in the local <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. Industrial workshops made canvases in large quantities for merchants who would sell these works in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, or even in much more distant places, in the current <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. The painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauricio_Garc%C3%ADa_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauricio García (painter) (page does not exist)">Mauricio García</a>, active towards the mid-18th century, for example, signed a contract to deliver about five hundred canvases in seven months. This was what was known as "ordinary" painting to differentiate it from the painting of fine <i>brocateado</i>, with a much more elaborate and colorful design. </p><p>The most important artist of the 18th century is <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a>. His pictorial output, which spans more than 200 paintings, ranges between 1748 and 1764. The best are the fifty large canvases that cover the high arches of the Cathedral of Cusco and that are characterized by the abundance of flora and fauna as a decorative element. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cuzqueña paintings were a form of <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">religious art</a> whose main purpose was didactic.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish, who aimed to convert the Incas to Catholicism, sent a group of religious artists to Cusco.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These artists formed a school for <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua people</a> and Mestizos, teaching them <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation "Cusqueña," however, is not limited to the city of Cusco or to indigenous artists, as White <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> artists participated in the tradition as well. </p><p>A major patron of the Cuzco artists was Bishop Manuel de Mollinedo y Angulo, who collected European art and made his collection available to Peruvian artists. He promoted and financially assisted such Cusqueña artists such as <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Santa_Cruz_Pumacallao" title="Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao">Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao</a>, Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka, and Marcos Rivera.<sup id="cite_ref-f38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defining characteristics of the Cusqueña style are believed to have originated in the art of Quechua painter <a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cusqueña paintings are characterized by their use of exclusively religious subjects, their lack of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (art)">perspective</a>, and the predominance of red, yellow and earth colors.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also remarkable for their lavish use of gold leaf,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially with images of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. Though the Cusqueño painters were familiar with prints of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish art">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Renaissance art">Italian Renaissance art</a>, their works were freer than those of their European tutors; they used bright colors and distorted, dramatic images. They often adapted the topics to depict their native flora and fauna as a backdrop in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_arcabucero" title="Ángel arcabucero">Warrior angels</a> became a popular motif in Cusqueña paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-f38_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Cusqueña paintings were created anonymously because of Pre-Columbian traditions that define art as communal.<sup id="cite_ref-museu_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is one of the last members of the Cuzco school, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a> (c. 1710–1773). Other known artists of the Cuzco school include Diego Cusihuamán, Gregorio Gamarra, <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Santa_Cruz_Pumacallao" title="Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao">Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao</a> (1635–1710), and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sinchi_Roca_Inka" title="Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka">Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka</a>. Related to the school is the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Calamarca" title="Master of Calamarca">Master of Calamarca</a>, active in the 18th century in Bolivia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Ángeles arcabuceros</a></div> <p>The largest collection of paintings from the Cusco school is in the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Cathedral" title="Cusco Cathedral">Cusco Cathedral</a>. The Lima Art Museum and the Inca Museum also house important collections. </p><p>A large quantity of Cusco school paintings remain from Colonial times. In recent years there has been a significant increase in demand from both Latin American art collectors and certain museums for paintings from the Cusco school period. In 2010, the American government <a href="/wiki/Art_repatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Art repatriation">repatriated</a> two Cusco and Lima style paintings to Peru that had been illegally brought into the United States in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 789px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcos_Zapata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Last Supper, 1753, by Marcos Zapata, in the Cuzco Cathedral. The festive animal to be consumed is a guinea pig."><img alt="The Last Supper, 1753, by Marcos Zapata, in the Cuzco Cathedral. The festive animal to be consumed is a guinea pig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marcos_Zapata.jpg/220px-Marcos_Zapata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marcos_Zapata.jpg/330px-Marcos_Zapata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marcos_Zapata.jpg/440px-Marcos_Zapata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></i>, 1753, by <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Cuzco_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco Cathedral">Cuzco Cathedral</a>. The festive animal to be consumed is a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rare painting showing Jesus Christ figure for three times, representing the sacred trinity, 16th century, private collection - Brazil"><img alt="Rare painting showing Jesus Christ figure for three times, representing the sacred trinity, 16th century, private collection - Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG/192px-Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG/288px-Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Detalhe_de_pintura_cuzquenha_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVII.JPG 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rare painting showing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> figure for three times, representing the sacred trinity, 16th century, private collection - Brazil</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cusi_Huarcay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Marriage of Captain Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta, detail, c. 1675-1690, Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco"><img alt="The Marriage of Captain Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta, detail, c. 1675-1690, Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cusi_Huarcay.jpg/220px-Cusi_Huarcay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cusi_Huarcay.jpg/330px-Cusi_Huarcay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cusi_Huarcay.jpg/440px-Cusi_Huarcay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>The Marriage of Captain Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta</i>, detail, c. 1675-1690, Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Bethelem, anonymous, 18th century"><img alt="Our Lady of Bethelem, anonymous, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg/156px-Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg/234px-Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg/312px-Cuzque%C3%B1a2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Our Lady of Bethelem</i>, anonymous, 18th century</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warriorangel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archangel Uriel, anonymous, 18th century"><img alt="Archangel Uriel, anonymous, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Warriorangel.jpg/153px-Warriorangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Warriorangel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Archangel Uriel</a></i>, anonymous, 18th century</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_Calamarca,_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Master of Calamarca, Angel with wheat stalks from the church of Calamarca"><img alt="Master of Calamarca, Angel with wheat stalks from the church of Calamarca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg/147px-Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg/221px-Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg/294px-Master_of_Calamarca%2C_Angel_with_Wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Calamarca" title="Master of Calamarca">Master of Calamarca</a>, <i>Angel with wheat stalks</i> from the church of Calamarca</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SanJosedeCuzco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Joseph with Child, anonymous, oil on canvas, 40.5" x 32.2", 18th century"><img alt="St. Joseph with Child, anonymous, oil on canvas, 40.5" x 32.2", 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SanJosedeCuzco.jpg/174px-SanJosedeCuzco.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/SanJosedeCuzco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">St. Joseph</a> with Child</i>, anonymous, oil on canvas, 40.5" x 32.2", 18th century</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adoration of the Magi, anonymous, c. 1740-1760"><img alt="The Adoration of the Magi, anonymous, c. 1740-1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg/139px-Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg/208px-Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg/277px-Cuzque%C3%B1a4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>The Adoration of the Magi</i>, anonymous, c. 1740-1760</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous,_18th_century,_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas,_31_x_25_cm.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the shepherds, anonymous, 18th century"><img alt="Adoration of the shepherds, anonymous, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif/lossy-page1-178px-Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif/lossy-page1-266px-Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif/lossy-page1-355px-Adoration_of_the_shepherds._Anonymous%2C_18th_century%2C_Cuzco_School._oil_on_canvas%2C_31_x_25_cm.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="4387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Adoration of the shepherds</i>, anonymous, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_(cropped)1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Marriage of Captain Martín García de Loyola and the Inca ñusta Beatriz Clara Qoya, daughter of Sayri Túpac; parents of the first Marchioness of Oropesa. 17th century painting located in the Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco.[9][10][11]"><img alt="The Marriage of Captain Martín García de Loyola and the Inca ñusta Beatriz Clara Qoya, daughter of Sayri Túpac; parents of the first Marchioness of Oropesa. 17th century painting located in the Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco.[9][10][11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg/220px-The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg/330px-The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg/440px-The_Marriage_of_Captain_Martin_de_Loyola_to_Beatriz_%C3%91usta_%28cropped%291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Marriage of Captain <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%93%C3%B1ez_de_Loyola" title="Martín García Óñez de Loyola">Martín García de Loyola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">ñusta</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatriz_Clara_Qoya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatriz Clara Qoya (page does not exist)">Beatriz Clara Qoya</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sayri_T%C3%BApac" title="Sayri Túpac">Sayri Túpac</a>; parents of the first Marchioness of Oropesa. 17th century painting located in the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Cusco" title="Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco">Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nursing Madonna, Colonial Cusco Painting"><img alt="Nursing Madonna, Colonial Cusco Painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg/171px-Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg/257px-Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg/343px-Nursing_Madonna_Cusco_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nursing <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a>, Colonial Cusco Painting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Legend of Santa Sophronia, circle of Diego Quispe Tito, 2nd half of the 17th century (Brooklyn Museum of Art)"><img alt="The Legend of Santa Sophronia, circle of Diego Quispe Tito, 2nd half of the 17th century (Brooklyn Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Legend_of_Santa_Sophronia_-_Circle_of_Diego_Quispe_Tito_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Legend of Santa Sophronia</i>, circle of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a>, 2nd half of the 17th century (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Museum of Art">Brooklyn Museum of Art</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_letiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of Bolivian painting (part of the Cusco school): an Arquebusier Angel; by Master of Calamarca; 17th century"><img alt="Example of Bolivian painting (part of the Cusco school): an Arquebusier Angel; by Master of Calamarca; 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/157px-Angel_letiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/235px-Angel_letiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/314px-Angel_letiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of Bolivian painting (part of the Cusco school): an <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Arquebusier Angel</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Calamarca" title="Master of Calamarca">Master of Calamarca</a>; 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Carrying_the_Cross,_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Carrying the Cross, called "The Lord of the Fall", made in Cusco, ca. 1770–75, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art."><img alt="Christ Carrying the Cross, called "The Lord of the Fall", made in Cusco, ca. 1770–75, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg/166px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg/248px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg/331px-Christ_Carrying_the_Cross%2C_called_%22The_Lord_of_the_Fall%22_MET_DP-18755-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ Carrying the Cross, called "The Lord of the Fall", made in Cusco, ca. 1770–75, at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Lucy, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Saint Lucy, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/163px-Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/245px-Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/327px-Anonymous_-_Saint_Lucy_-_2007.49.344_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</a></i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuzco_school_artists">Cuzco school artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cuzco school artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Ria%C3%B1o" title="Luis de Riaño">Luis de Riaño</a> 1596 — c. 1667, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilio_de_Santa_Cruz_Pumacallao" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilio de Santa Cruz Pumacallao">Basilio de Santa Cruz Pumacallao</a>, 1635–1710, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sinchi_Roca_Inka" title="Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka">Antonio Sinchi Roca Inka</a>, 17th century, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Cusi_Huam%C3%A1n" title="Diego Cusi Huamán">Diego Cusi Huamán</a>, 17th century, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a>, 1611—1681, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a>, c. 1710—1773, Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Calamarca" title="Master of Calamarca">Master of Calamarca</a>, 18th century, Bolivia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nationally recognized "Vírgenes Urbanas" project aims to recreate the paintings of the Cusco school replacing the figures with Indigenous people, as well as Indigenous angels, Virgin Marys and saints like Rose of Lima with new Indigenous faces in order to represent the Peruvian population. In addition to the paintings, artists do Indigenous photo montages on recreations of the paintings. According to them, the Cusco school is a symbol of the power of the colonizer "representing images with Caucasian features, imposing ideas, religion and Western stereotypes" and the project re-poses them with new signs that refer directly to the descendants of the former victims.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These new paintings are also exhibited in many museums throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life, the painter <a href="/wiki/Ray_Abeyta" title="Ray Abeyta">Ray Martìn Abeyta</a> created works inspired by the Cusco school style of Madonna painting, creating a hybrid of traditional and contemporary Latino subject matter representing the colonialist encounters between Europeans and Mesoamericans.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABQ_Journ_Mary_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABQ_Journ_Mary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today Peruvian local artists paints replicas of Colonial Cusco paintings that sell to tourists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Ángeles arcabuceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Latin America">Art of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Peru">Art of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_American_artists_of_indigenous_descent" title="Category:Latin American artists of indigenous descent">Latin American artists of indigenous descent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuzco_School" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuzco School">Cuzco School</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-museu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museu_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museuhistoriconacional.com.br/ingles/mh-e-104.htm">"The 'Cusquenha' Art."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505041905/http://www.museuhistoriconacional.com.br/ingles/mh-e-104.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Historical Museum of Brazil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fane, pp. 39-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Art+Is+Striking%2C+and+So+Are+the+Cars&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F05%2Frealestate%2F05habi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACusco+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABQ_Journ_Mary-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABQ_Journ_Mary_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Kathaleen (June 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abqjournal.com/422369/nm-history-museum-unveils-rare-colonial-paintings-of-mary.html">"NM History Museum unveils rare colonial paintings of Mary"</a>. Albuquerque Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NM+History+Museum+unveils+rare+colonial+paintings+of+Mary&rft.date=2014-06-29&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Kathaleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abqjournal.com%2F422369%2Fnm-history-museum-unveils-rare-colonial-paintings-of-mary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACusco+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bakewell, Peter J. <i>A History of Latin America: C. 1450 to the Present.</i> <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, 2003.</li> <li>Bethell, Leslie. <i>The Cambridge History of Latin America.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24516-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24516-8">0-521-24516-8</a>.</li> <li>Fane, Diana, ed. <i>Converging Cultures: Art & Identity in Spanish America.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams Inc.">Harry N. Abrams Inc.</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87273-134-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87273-134-0">0-87273-134-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. <i>Art of Colonial Latin America</i>. London: Phaidon 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23161-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23161-7">0-631-23161-7</a>.</li> <li>Castedo, Leopoldo, <i>The Cuzco Circle</i>. 1976.</li> <li>Cossío del Pomar, Felipe, <i>Peruvian colonial art: The Cuzco school of painting</i>. New York, Distributed by Wittenborn [1964]</li> <li><i>Gloria in excelsis: the Virgin and Angels in Viceregal Painting of Peru and Bolivia</i>. New York: Center for Inte-American Relations Art Gallery, 1984. Exhibition catalogue.</li> <li>Kelemen, Pál. <i>Vanishing art of the Americas</i>. New York : Walker, 1977.</li> <li>Mesa, José de and Teresa Gisbert, <i>Historia de la pintura cuzqueña</i>. 2 vols. 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps,_Elena2004" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, Elena; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121641"><i><span></span></i>The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588391310" title="Special:BookSources/1588391310"><bdi>1588391310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+colonial+Andes%3A+tapestries+and+silverwork%2C+1530-1830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1588391310&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F121641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACusco+school" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delamano.eu/artist/cuzco-school-18th-century/">Scholarly articles</a> in English about Cuzco school, 18th century at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delamano.eu/">Spanish Old Masters Gallery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&oldid=1244545179">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cusco_school&oldid=1244545179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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