CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913494f849d3f91a',cH: 'tVD1g1a5QZ9GEFKagGRGjDqXEnG.JPNYQ5A12vJnNmo-1739782772-1.2.1.1-KLPTMMiaBmyxgPyD0EqY2AGj5nS30jYZ8VxbIT7JmC8MqNT3kbFRWk6oD9crXSPl',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=microbial%20fuel%20cells&__cf_chl_tk=tl7YACL0AbE8LKV7iT62GLWEhEOUtnXEADmk4hxmjf0-1739782772-1.0.1.1-qwcB9M6rTjHYLPGAkjLCFJKN.LsqM7D5YfBpaAzvNCI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739782772',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=microbial%20fuel%20cells&__cf_chl_f_tk=tl7YACL0AbE8LKV7iT62GLWEhEOUtnXEADmk4hxmjf0-1739782772-1.0.1.1-qwcB9M6rTjHYLPGAkjLCFJKN.LsqM7D5YfBpaAzvNCI",md: "_Pl2RwZ_f.n5vESIFfzYP4zHJobLYdslcbOwP5GfOsc-1739782772-1.2.1.1-vEnhNk3.VrLLPfCX5H7.txf8fqbP4QTAETXCK_FXvrQiJk.XucXzjVAiP6adjf6WwsNw80JgNi81Mi4LM_Hn53lXBZ4mXm6MRio04A.VyMGVCrpRYeiCz2hk0p6V.PkzsevvyyzcmNos.wfBNf1qp0ISGRmIL8MBdwKD9ELXaPj63z_a5UZxnJx4y43FwAGXZVcuUd7_38RTLe8oXeAvciMCjM8De6xtwhY4ePI82_85N_dOFuFEts3DTn6cc.xhUoVJyba2TSqnUu6xAUhPNbSkImNt4fcR_vinVUmaKZjUAfmDAAbT4fqUG5ZERDuyiJSxDm4eeMRvaPoQ5I04oh3zoA_yYkAHVhxkkcWrWvMP6gdaHutyfsUg8jOp6kfbVBGJaRrnLa7EmaGOUI2Jobpianqj4wwfHpr35yZhb2yLrtDXJYKR.mdkPIHV9H5pH3qO6i2IWNQIhB2_NlLmpOKzUGMFuqL_u7Z57T6.yvu9vf2qiLTyKh7ZRTQ11TpmzINe8HWpm31Xw776mnbuuEN6qoRbyj_SJ8hooPvuJCZppRI9BxNiIog8r8MRuBE4zVkJp7WxfK8cswloVPZwQ74q5E4LqMunGle5FgXDwdifqTr8_2zY1JcnNsXiI2DgfFHZbTVdL3VmxN3oZcitd10b9no5DtziC7EsOT3FTY3SyiQx4pj0ouXQ1yx7M_O89YXxJ_7fZ8gSldU3YN0Rc8qU9Tj3uOeUNbnQTPdhNNt9C_LfqgYKcIHTsfoBDk9K0C6CINfiBFLTnx_6GYov9wseQ672kHYs9WNaSdfNUgF39DCbp.2VcS.zWzYQjrt0GkmGYUqWfkbTiIQH6RC80JFmbkIXcKylJJQMGs.8BtyEMElWkzDFB5rIpBSoDeXt09xNlXLriS.e9n50AzmprMtwaOhn8psP5aiiKhuJBjuBuESZW249ssc31yZLijSJMKfTD.26JeGfy2rpWYQ4aqzTa5NpF9CkWMVNZWwuLjyBiMbCJ8qkVOK1AAEj.2CDJs1XzdrL.335N8ljSe_nHGM.S1I3_QjDvL9IjEoSYUDbyZEZgtiMm5WZMAHbsjuAHbe6Wc4QnumeyWh.J8CviGyAcQVB4Fi8RjR9nI.VHktGy0qvjfB4QOtfOpMA8jt6mahoqR4LRwRCRY_.UgPQioOeftKK5Rl6ah5UcgH8oE8FfyQsZa4bV5GDREXA5_WwhssccSWLLEmDejdirfbG3d1pel0u9egcBpas.6AK1jQdI9Vd8HhqRkK5D3B96gQsh5xZ0ddWHMwJfW6KpEY1G2T7ckZlDjyCQlMOSbO9.xCJLOM2x8pe.vRTHQFhhsIfVDDWom2HX8dpPl6dz8GJ8zDQ54imbk92Zj7WkSzdgLDW_ByEe2z1iIwlSU6EyNqps_vCOBKb_g9f8QTDu_MFPuL9naLBsFOTelNfsnRBmxfVCWT7o6WOb9YiT784WGVk4IogROrFdoVgcd68QBguEm7ZgPw2iCJSWTE11VeuOAXNky7DCw9Vvf_uIATDTSHVgvs5WTVHVAr5Yj4cpXCQ6MojbkgHe.azp82qOAwW3SpJTPr_ET_OYgQtoLHw9Vg4TmNBkXuZi9OyPT5k_9W2hVEV1BAW5IyWra_Ul0lBHhI1B1WQq0tEx7sPuEG79PfPQQ8fE9_OrLvL9OyXMOqlvGaGyOXjaCz2ygBnR_fH.OBy85y8mnXYvA3Thoj38OTxPeDkPoRqnT56vDC7OSGVEWzSP5opeXvQSY0CBmcycrtgG3nuCFBXjM_22ir2buNiipAtDb2cCaHFtFR.P.XWhdnmfNEhaxcClVpPBQ6.fB8XBg6B_JwISOMnvCDSw7Lfi9z7Yex0ijZQ_Yvpb_IFmseVQgCRK1SyfjASWFQ8fNbRZc8IaHpaiqvrZncGGOyqXkC5rEmXwJVziNH6IFivzcaqmDUQlxLXFEeeGnIvhBI_PIyEwYvVB3XgLWgwvJX1",mdrd: "NkSHFR.tZsgCLInsBn3.vqnRMyGLZgUIvbfGQgPn_78-1739782772-1.2.1.1-alX4sOUL9zzm5VPXMdUqMACXVGyB6.BHClivxEUw3AhMWi4eQKVgKpjtBrDc9q3inTE0c0tJPeGai9qANib0qNItZenJinGhJF1Z1sPZXcPYbYvZzn016ky.KOnXMfesv70BkcDDjmDx2nWEcxbhSgrMWTE3Mty8q.FSiX53cvBI97JOEN5zFMQzhBK2Wri5jt2puhNg.87XwZlf1OFzYxy.WXeZlEbCGIzz4_ELXgbckmNe6hUCzcz9786iVnxrpes0xPz01KnZALIklN64RhkWoWFt8O5keCigQ3P3OUJhXMLgcdmkoHx7nEblc03Mzp0xsJWXqmPIDIJukCB_jpZqKum91k4byztNhbnvz.eeXU4tna2AbiUkFXpN9krGC670dY5uYriic5px1KZZagILzyZxDSbv.uIPkNCNYuBLjXptYQ0wm3BlN7.k6nb652QyCxKiOJTwVbH4PfKGdVTYDVlSC.w7f277knha98thpaygWrzUiyJW9wJzDCVrT4G7UO8n527agdUzP3pfYkl03U3ypmUiscFCxy7XwxfBaZ2KLuz26iNbwsU9H6XuJ3IK8A3BoyuPMPalO_OvnGivKG8zi9N1juv7.hyyiLJlP5zbtvR5_NkilBa7HglIFfIWT.X_RUBqIU2lproUJfLT7g9LGCpvkx14s1Bt7u6BZpe_6hJbEh2O99JQ9Ql3op5gChAixfZw2byUA4kQ.tT5EM7XHk2DuFLVhWjaS80x.Zj5ujvLcr7W2qc415QP7r7om2AubVzijkwNeaCoNuBDT6XGtqrY71MKWtGLzj0TqBSkwu9rkwxU9sGlkKzGu46n8kdjUo2mS0liliVVlXw1yKaYjbmH4_JJ4FjnMFpicraJ0hUecdHsui7e6VfUD2AzQP3P3qVoTFS7HoD0qqa2hiMfHfFRIjWxLmU3RLmwvSHWrwvSKyHupA_cuF7raK468BKZdgABKyTwshEv960WkmK7nh9mp6buRdcE4dQvHusIslntR4.8y4ZX3xFrzMHKPaRXUpiZD896i1aJtm9WwVtUkHEdIvXWRT1fNMoUMa2VaC7tR2uVvwItjVDDnfKywTdT7KCxxJHdJTIBN01o7PEcOPnhYlewWSJKvGBHXAepKz4OmeozJpZlG50bXHaqk_MCzEsGbqC03I4Oyr.qja3hFhym3Pxu9MDJ2g2rOKYcDuQF5V0uBElbQ1MONPA8Mciu53Jz0QbnCWaR9u9qEvMptEWdvVDzHjiIrh4u8AqZVt12Mu0qUOB07iNv2H1xTO0zFUbNFSDg8tqMkck7EIAXVr3SQIishX9akF6YxYH0oup_9UuZGmesevcgh5.RhTuob8i0eO4JCu4w96nWa2nXX2WCzXL4ANAbdgJ_wOJ4S0yI0CY_Oq.ZJUZ82g0FgeJDzrAHzGnvbOb80PQMqwz.ZZ.O6tVVH4myhfAvGQgk50WD_xoPlKU07ikjjOXvNLpwDR7pBOhPzqY86vqqYmO57I02JE3V6vXXqHJhh.kUAIFv5TDkrp_0uN5y2xbS5asBE8xKgTaSD4sJwxVprIahcdmQufXiqjsWHXMm4ieK3rYGYYJlwHX0r_lLDRxpQOCGx.7c8SqnBpcQUadjN_tANP0FIq5CVNj2n8Oxs40Dn_AaCQtbHQq7KN5AkHsmg5DHSJCzwsPHU3zemlCUa2NWP2LMuqIHMwqlX.rkOkA.9UOdLSKSpI_t_1iXbf4QphqbES6Oe1dg5wUtsNbVwMdCg0LppV4GmUKyLUchSmKGAZ9m408aKfnYva7dPTBIeOUjD2UpEJtCZ5haORXpUPw5HhXwcdT5C3ttQxtEIeQgggIhUTa69sXIKcvAqD3qExhwX5mnTO_UKUormCmaIPiRGdBPbHu2vjWCxOeX7W4muYgb2j_VlvNovlg8L3kReAcgjRxuq6db69P8OKpFTyr5012bd6Z3eVz9FHFmYFo3pJHRKyzCEunlZWOf"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913494f849d3f91a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=microbial%20fuel%20cells&__cf_chl_rt_tk=tl7YACL0AbE8LKV7iT62GLWEhEOUtnXEADmk4hxmjf0-1739782772-1.0.1.1-qwcB9M6rTjHYLPGAkjLCFJKN.LsqM7D5YfBpaAzvNCI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>