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<div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zaman_prasejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_prasejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Zaman prasejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_prasejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesultanan_Perak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesultanan_Perak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kesultanan Perak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesultanan_Perak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Kedatangan_British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Kedatangan_British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zaman Kedatangan British </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Kedatangan_British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Dunia_Kedua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Perang Dunia Kedua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasca-perang_dan_zaman_kemerdekaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasca-perang_dan_zaman_kemerdekaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pasca-perang dan zaman kemerdekaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasca-perang_dan_zaman_kemerdekaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Geografi </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biopelbagaian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biopelbagaian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biopelbagaian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biopelbagaian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerajaan_dan_Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerajaan_dan_Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Kerajaan dan Politik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kerajaan_dan_Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Kerajaan dan Politik </button> <ul id="toc-Kerajaan_dan_Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isu_pentadbiran_negeri_dan_krisis_perlembagaan_Perak_seterusnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isu_pentadbiran_negeri_dan_krisis_perlembagaan_Perak_seterusnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Isu pentadbiran negeri dan krisis perlembagaan Perak seterusnya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isu_pentadbiran_negeri_dan_krisis_perlembagaan_Perak_seterusnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Jabatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badan_berkanun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badan_berkanun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Badan berkanun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badan_berkanun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembahagian_Pentadbiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembahagian_Pentadbiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pembahagian Pentadbiran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembahagian_Pentadbiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ekonomi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Ekonomi </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelancongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelancongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pelancongan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelancongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prasarana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasarana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prasarana </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prasarana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Prasarana </button> <ul id="toc-Prasarana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tenaga_dan_sumber_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenaga_dan_sumber_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tenaga dan sumber air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenaga_dan_sumber_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telekomunikasi_dan_penyiaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telekomunikasi_dan_penyiaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Telekomunikasi dan penyiaran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telekomunikasi_dan_penyiaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengangkutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengangkutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pengangkutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengangkutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penjagaan_kesihatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penjagaan_kesihatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Penjagaan kesihatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penjagaan_kesihatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendidikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Pendidikan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Demografi </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangsa_dan_imigresen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangsa_dan_imigresen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bangsa dan imigresen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangsa_dan_imigresen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Agama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Bahasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Kebudayaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Kebudayaan </button> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Masakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negeri_bersebelahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negeri_bersebelahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Negeri bersebelahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negeri_bersebelahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Lihat juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Pautan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Perak: Perbezaan antara semakan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 63 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pirak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82" title="فيرق – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(negara_bagian)" title="Perak (negara bagian) – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perak (negara bagian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পেরাক – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak,_Malaysia" title="Pirak, Malaysia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pirak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(estado_sa_Malaysiya)" title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraki_osariik" title="Peraki osariik – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peraki osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perako" title="Perako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پراک – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BD%EC%A3%BC" title="페락주 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페락주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पेराक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेराक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פרק (מלזיה) – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרק (מלזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პერაკი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakas" title="Perakas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پرک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="ペラ州 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペラ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(Bundesstoot)" title="Perak (Bundesstoot) – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perak (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraque" title="Peraque – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_suyu" title="Perak suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Perak suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பேராக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="รัฐเประ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเประ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Перак (штат) – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перак (штат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پیراک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="霹雳州 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霹雳州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" title="霹靂州 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霹靂州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="霹靂 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霹靂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188953#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Perak" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Perbincangan pengguna:180.74.66.174 (laman tidak wujud)">bincang</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3">Tiada ringkasan suntingan</div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Teg" title="Khas:Teg">Teg-teg</a>: Suntingan mudah alih Suntingan web mudah alih</div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&diff=prev&oldid=6381873" title="Perak" id="differences-prevlink">← Suntingan sebelumnya</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&oldid=6381876" title="Perak">Semakan pada 04:32, 23 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&oldid=6381876" title="Perak">sunting</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&undoafter=6381873&undo=6381876" title="Batalkan suntingan ini dan buka borang sunting dalam mod pralihat. Sebab boleh dinyatakan dalam ruangan ringkasan.">batalkan</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan/180.74.66.174" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Khas:Sumbangan/180.74.66.174" data-mw-revid="6381876"><bdi>180.74.66.174</bdi></a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_pengguna:180.74.66.174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Perbincangan pengguna:180.74.66.174 (laman tidak wujud)">bincang</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3">Tiada ringkasan suntingan</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Teg" title="Khas:Teg">Teg-teg</a>: Suntingan mudah alih Suntingan web mudah alih</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&diff=next&oldid=6381876" title="Perak" id="differences-nextlink">Suntingan berikutnya →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Baris 2:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Baris 2:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{redirect-multi|2|Negeri Perak|Perak Darul Ridzuan|unsur kimia|Perak (logam)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{redirect-multi|2|Negeri Perak|Perak Darul Ridzuan|unsur kimia|Perak (logam)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Infobox settlement</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Infobox settlement</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|name = Perak ڤيراق</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|name = Perak<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>ڤيراق</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|official_name = Perak Darul Ridzuan {{lang|ms|{{script|Arab|ڤيراق دار الرضوان}}}} <br<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</del>> பேராக்</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|official_name =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Negeri</ins> Perak Darul Ridzuan {{lang|ms|{{script|Arab|ڤيراق دار الرضوان}}}} பேராக்</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|native_name = {{lang|zmi|Peqak, Peghak}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|native_name = {{lang|zmi|Peqak, Peghak}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|nickname = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|nickname =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> -</ins> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|settlement_type = [[Negeri dan Wilayah Persekutuan di Malaysia|Negeri di Malaysia]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|settlement_type = [[Negeri dan Wilayah Persekutuan di Malaysia|Negeri di Malaysia]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|image_flag = Flag of Perak.svg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|image_flag = Flag of Perak.svg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|flag_size = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|flag_size = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">70.pg</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|image_shield = Coat of arms of Perak.svg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|image_shield = Coat of arms of Perak.svg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|shield_size = -</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|shield_size = -<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|motto = ''Perak Aman Jaya''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|motto = ''Perak Aman Jaya''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|anthem = ''[[Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan]]'' [[File:Lagu Rasmi Perak - Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan.ogg|centre]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|anthem = ''[[Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan]]'' [[File:Lagu Rasmi Perak - Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan.ogg|centre]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Baris 34:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Baris 34:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Korbu]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Korbu]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| population_footnotes = <ref name="penduduk">{{cite web|url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer|title=Penemuan Utama Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2020|publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan, Malaysia|access-date=Februari 2022}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| population_footnotes = <ref name="penduduk">{{cite web|url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer|title=Penemuan Utama Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia 2020|publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan, Malaysia|access-date=Februari 2022}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>population_total = +2,520,000 </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|population_total = +2,520,000 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>population_as_of = 2022</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|population_as_of = 2022</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>population_density_km2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = auto</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|population_density_km2 = auto</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>timezone1 = [[Waktu Piawai Malaysia|WPM]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|timezone1 = [[Waktu Piawai Malaysia|WPM]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>utc_offset1 = +8</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|utc_offset1 = +8</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>postal_code_type = [[Senarai poskod di Malaysia|Poskod]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|postal_code_type = [[Senarai poskod di Malaysia|Poskod]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>postal_code = 30xxx</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|postal_code = 30xxx</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>area_code_type = [[Kod panggilan Malaysia|Kod panggilan]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|area_code_type = [[Kod panggilan Malaysia|Kod panggilan]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>area_code = 033 hingga 058</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|area_code = 033 hingga 058</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>iso_code = MY-08, 36–39</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|iso_code = MY-08, 36–39</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>registration_plate = [[Nombor plat kenderaan Malaysia|A]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|registration_plate = [[Nombor plat kenderaan Malaysia|A]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank_name_sec2 = [[Perjanjian Pangkor]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank_name_sec2 = [[Perjanjian Pangkor]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank_info_sec2 = 1874</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank_info_sec2 = 1874</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| blank1_name_sec2 = Bergabung dalam [[Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu|NNMB]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| blank1_name_sec2 = Bergabung dalam [[Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu|NNMB]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank1_info_sec2 = 1895</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank1_info_sec2 = 1895</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank2_name_sec2 = [[Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu|Pendudukan Jepun]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank2_name_sec2 = [[Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu|Pendudukan Jepun]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank2_info_sec2 = 1942</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank2_info_sec2 = 1942</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank3_name_sec2 = Bergabung dalam [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank3_name_sec2 = Bergabung dalam [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank3_info_sec2 = 1948</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank3_info_sec2 = 1948</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank4_name_sec2 = Merdeka sebagai sebahagian daripada Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank4_name_sec2 = Merdeka sebagai sebahagian daripada Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>blank4_info_sec2 = 31 Ogos 1957</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|blank4_info_sec2 = 31 Ogos 1957</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|website = https://www.perak.gov.my/</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|website = https://www.perak.gov.my/</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|image_map1 = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|image_map1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> -</ins> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|demographics1_title1 = Pertuturan |demographics1_info1 = [[Bahasa Melayu Perak]] • [[Bahasa Melayu Kedah]] • [[Bahasa Melayu Reman]] • Bahasa-bahasa asli Perak • [[Mandarin]] • [[Tamil]] </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|demographics1_title1 = Pertuturan |demographics1_info1 = [[Bahasa Melayu Perak]] • [[Bahasa Melayu Kedah]] • [[Bahasa Melayu Reman]] • Bahasa-bahasa asli Perak • [[Mandarin]] • [[Tamil]] </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Semakan pada 04:32, 23 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Negeri Perak" dan "Perak Darul Ridzuan" melencong ke sini. Untuk unsur kimia, lihat <a href="/wiki/Perak_(logam)" title="Perak (logam)">Perak (logam)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373580">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Perak ڤيراق</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Peqak, Peghakcode: zmi is deprecated 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பேராக்</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><div style="display:table; width:100%; background:none;"> <div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Perak ڤيراق"><img alt="Bendera Perak ڤيراق" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1200" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/1800px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/2400px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendera Perak">Bendera</a></div></div><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata Perak ڤيراق"><img alt="Jata Perak ڤيراق" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/363px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="363" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/545px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/726px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="438" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Jata</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nama panggilan: -</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cogan kata: Perak Aman Jaya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Lagu: <a href="/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan">Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Perak_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Perak di <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384">   <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=-" class="new" title="Fail:-">Location of Perak ڤيراق</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Koordinat: <a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perak&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city(+2520000)">4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000</a><a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografi" title="Sistem koordinat geografi">Koordinat</a>: <a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perak&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city(+2520000)">4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ibu negeri</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_diraja" title="Bandar diraja">Bandar diraja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Pentadbiran<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Jenis</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raja_berperlembagaan" title="Raja berperlembagaan">Raja berperlembagaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem parlimen">berparlimen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Perak" title="Sultan Perak">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Nazrin_Muizzuddin_Shah_ibni_Almarhum_Sultan_Azlan_Muhibbuddin_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah">Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Perak" title="Menteri Besar Perak">Menteri Besar</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saarani_Mohamad" title="Saarani Mohamad">Saarani Mohamad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">BN</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kebangsaan_Melayu_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu">UMNO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keluasan<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-statistik-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Jumlah</th><td class="infobox-data">21,146 km2 (8,165 batu persegi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Air</th><td class="infobox-data">- km2 (Bad rounding hereFormatting error: invalid input when rounding batu persegi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Aras tertinggi<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Gunung_Korbu" title="Gunung Korbu">Gunung Korbu</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,183 m (7,162 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Penduduk<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-penduduk-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Jumlah</th><td class="infobox-data">2,520,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Kepadatan</th><td class="infobox-data">120/km2 (310/batu persegi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Piawai_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Piawai Malaysia">WPM</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_poskod_di_Malaysia" title="Senarai poskod di Malaysia">Poskod</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kod_panggilan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kod panggilan Malaysia">Kod panggilan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">033 hingga 058</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MY-08, 36–39</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Plat_pendaftaran_kenderaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Plat pendaftaran kenderaan">Pendaftaran kenderaan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nombor_plat_kenderaan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombor plat kenderaan Malaysia">A</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Pangkor" title="Perjanjian Pangkor">Perjanjian Pangkor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bergabung dalam <a href="/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Melayu_Bersekutu" title="Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu">NNMB</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepun_di_Tanah_Melayu" title="Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu">Pendudukan Jepun</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bergabung dalam <a href="/wiki/Persekutuan_Tanah_Melayu" title="Persekutuan Tanah Melayu">Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Merdeka sebagai sebahagian daripada Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</th><td class="infobox-data">31 Ogos 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Laman sesawang</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/">https://www.perak.gov.my/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Perak atau nama rasminya, Perak Darul Ridzuan (Sebutan bahasa Melayu: <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:AFA_untuk_bahasa_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:AFA untuk bahasa Melayu">[peraʔ]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Perak" title="Bahasa Melayu Perak">Melayu Perak</a>: Peqak, Peghak; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: ‏<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5953951">ڤيراق دار الرضوان‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) merupakan sebuah Kesultanan Melayu dan salah satu daripada 13 buah negeri yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Negeri Perak terletak di kawasan pantai barat dan merupakan negeri yang kedua terbesar di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a> selepas <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, dan keempat terbesar di Malaysia. Perak bersempadan darat dengan negeri <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> di utara, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> di tenggara dan sebelah barat laut, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> di sebelah timur laut, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> di timur, dan tenggara, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> di selatan dan <a href="/wiki/Selat_Melaka" title="Selat Melaka">Selat Melaka</a> di barat. Negeri Perak juga bersempadan antarabangsa dengan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Yala" title="Wilayah Yala">Wilayah Yala</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Narathiwat" title="Wilayah Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, di utara. Ibu negeri Perak, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, terkenal secara sejarah dengan aktiviti perlombongan bijih <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> sehingga harga logam itu turun, menjejas teruk ekonomi negeri. Bandar diraja negeri kekal <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, di mana terletaknya istana <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Perak" title="Sultan Perak">Sultan Perak</a>. Sehingga 2018, penduduk negeri ini ialah 2,500,000. Perak mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Biokepelbagaian" title="Biokepelbagaian">pelbagai</a> <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">hutan hujan</a> tropika dan <a href="/wiki/Iklim_khatulistiwa" title="Iklim khatulistiwa">iklim khatulistiwa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_gunung" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjaran gunung">Banjaran gunung</a> di Perak merupakan sebahagian pada <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_Titiwangsa" title="Banjaran Titiwangsa">Banjaran Titiwangsa</a>, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada sistem <a href="/wiki/Perbukitan_Tanah_Seri" title="Perbukitan Tanah Seri">Perbukitan Tanah Seri</a> yang lebih besar yang menyambungkan <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> dan Malaysia. Penemuan rangka purba di Perak membekalkan maklumat yang hilang mengenai penghijrahan <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> dari tanah besar <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> ke benua <a href="/wiki/Australia_(benua)" title="Australia (benua)">Australia</a>. Dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Manusia_Perak" title="Manusia Perak">Manusia Perak</a>, rangka itu bertarikh sekitar 10,000 tahun. Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> awal, diikuti oleh beberapa kerajaan kecil lain, telah wujud sebelum <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Asia_Tenggara" title="Islam di Asia Tenggara">kedatangan Islam</a>. Menjelang 1528, sebuah kesultanan Islam mula muncul di Perak, daripada sisa-sisa <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Melaka">Kesultanan Melaka</a>. Walaupun mampu menentang pendudukan Siam selama lebih daripada dua ratus tahun, Kesultanan sebahagiannya dikuasai oleh <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> yang berpusat di <a href="/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>. Ini khususnya berlaku selepas keturunan Aceh mengambil alih pewarisan raja. Dengan kedatangan <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda">Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda</a> (VOC), dan konflik VOC yang semakin meningkat dengan Aceh, Perak mula menjauhkan diri daripada penaklukan Aceh. Kehadiran <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Inggeris" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris">Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris</a> (EIC) di <a href="/wiki/Negeri-Negeri_Selat" title="Negeri-Negeri Selat">Negeri-Negeri Selat</a> Pulau Pinang yang berdekatan memberikan perlindungan tambahan kepada negeri itu, dengan percubaan Siam selanjutnya untuk menakluki Perak digagalkan oleh pasukan ekspedisi British. <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Belanda_1824" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824">Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824</a> ditandatangani untuk mengelakkan konflik selanjutnya antara British dan Belanda. Ia membolehkan British meluaskan penguasaan mereka di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu tanpa campur tangan kuasa asing yang lain. <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Pangkor_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Pangkor 1874">Perjanjian Pangkor 1874</a> memperuntukkan campur tangan British secara langsung, dengan Perak melantik seorang <a href="/wiki/Residen_(gelaran)" title="Residen (gelaran)">Residen</a> British. Berikutan penyerapan Perak seterusnya ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Melayu_Bersekutu" title="Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu">Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu</a> (FMS), British mereformasi pentadbiran kesultanan melalui gaya pemerintahan baharu, secara aktif mempromosikan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasaran" title="Ekonomi pasaran">ekonomi yang dipacu pasaran</a> dan mengekalkan undang-undang dan ketenteraman sambil memerangi <a href="/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan">perhambaan</a> yang diamalkan secara meluas di seluruh Perak pada masa itu. <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepun_di_Tanah_Melayu" title="Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu">Pendudukan Jepun</a> selama tiga tahun dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> menghentikan kemajuan selanjutnya. Selepas perang, Perak menjadi sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> sementara, sebelum diserap ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Persekutuan_Tanah_Melayu" title="Persekutuan Tanah Melayu">Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</a>. Ia memperoleh kemerdekaan penuh melalui Persekutuan, yang kemudiannya menjadi Malaysia pada 16 September 1963. Perak mempunyai kepelbagaian etnik, budaya dan bahasa. Negeri ini terkenal dengan beberapa tarian tradisional: bubu, dabus, dan labu sayong, nama kedua juga merujuk kepada <a href="/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar">tembikar</a> tradisional Perak yang unik. Ketua negara ialah <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Perak" title="Sultan Perak">Sultan Perak</a>, dan ketua kerajaan ialah <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Perak" title="Menteri Besar Perak">Menteri Besar</a>. Kerajaan dimodelkan rapat pada <a href="/wiki/Sistem_parlimen_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem parlimen Westminster">sistem parlimen Westminster</a>, dengan pentadbiran negeri dibahagikan kepada daerah pentadbiran. Islam adalah <a href="/wiki/Agama_negara" title="Agama negara">agama negara</a>, dan agama lain boleh diamalkan secara bebas. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a> diiktiraf sebagai bahasa rasmi negeri Perak. Ekonomi terutamanya berasaskan <a href="/wiki/Sektor_perkhidmatan" title="Sektor perkhidmatan">perkhidmatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sektor_kedua_ekonomi" title="Sektor kedua ekonomi">pengilangan</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2></div> Terdapat banyak teori tentang asal usul nama Perak.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-4">[4]</a> Walaupun tidak digunakan sehingga selepas 1529, etimologi yang paling popular ialah "<a href="/wiki/Perak_(logam)" title="Perak (logam)">perak</a>". Ini dikaitkan dengan perlombongan bijih <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> dari deposit mineral yang besar di negeri ini, mencerminkan kedudukan Perak sebagai salah satu sumber bijih timah terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-6">[6]</a> Kerajaan Islam pertama yang ditubuhkan di negeri itu adalah daripada keturunan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-6">[6]</a> Beberapa ahli sejarah tempatan telah mencadangkan bahawa Perak dinamakan sempena nama <a href="/wiki/Bendahara_Melaka" title="Bendahara Melaka">bendahara Melaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tun_Perak" title="Tun Perak">Tun Perak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Dalam peta sebelum 1561, kawasan itu ditandakan sebagai Perat.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-6">[6]</a> Ahli sejarah lain percaya bahawa nama Perak berasal daripada peribahasa Melayu "kilatan ikan dalam air", yang kelihatan seperti perak.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-4">[4]</a> Perak telah diterjemahkan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> sebagai دار الرضوان‎ (Dār al-Riḍwān), "tempat tinggal rahmat".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Negeri Perak">Sejarah Negeri Perak</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_prasejarah">Zaman prasejarah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Prasejarah_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Prasejarah Malaysia">Zaman Prasejarah Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gua_Tambun5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/220px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/330px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/440px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seni_batu_Tambun" title="Seni batu Tambun">Seni batu Tambun</a> zaman <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a> dekat <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></figcaption></figure> Penemuan arkeologi di <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tampan" title="Kota Tampan">Kota Tampan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a> membuktikan bahawa negeri Perak telah diduduki manusia sejak 40,000 hingga 8,000 tahun sebelum masihi tepatnya dalam <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik" title="Zaman Paleolitik">Paleolitik</a>. Beberapa alat-alat batu juga dijumpai di <a href="/wiki/Gua_Badak" title="Gua Badak">Gua Badak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Pondok" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Pondok">Gunung Pondok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gua_Tambun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gua Tambun">Gua Tambun</a> dan beberapa buah gua lain di sekitar Perak membuktikan kependudukan manusia di negeri ini dalam zaman Hoabinhian dan <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a> (sekitar 8,000 hingga 300 tahun sebelum masihi). Beberapa penemuan di <a href="/wiki/Changkat_Menteri" title="Changkat Menteri">Changkat Menteri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Slim_River" title="Slim River">Slim River</a> juga membuktikan kependudukan manusia di negeri ini sekitar 500 hingga 200 tahun sebelum masihi.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Antara tapak prasejarah di Malaysia tempat artifak dari <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Paleolitik Pertengahan">zaman Palaeolitik Pertengahan</a> telah ditemui ialah <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Bunuh" title="Bukit Bunuh">Bukit Bunuh</a>, Bukit Gua Harimau, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Kepala Gajah, dan Kota Tampan di <a href="/wiki/Lembah_Lenggong" title="Lembah Lenggong">Lembah Pusaka Arkeologi Lenggong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Daripada jumlah tersebut, Bukit Bunuh dan Kota Tampan merupakan tapak <a href="/wiki/Tasik_purba" title="Tasik purba">tepi tasik purba</a>, geologi Bukit Bunuh menunjukkan bukti <a href="/wiki/Kejadian_hentaman" title="Kejadian hentaman">hentaman meteorik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saad2016-12">[12]</a> Rangka berusia 10,000 tahun yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Manusia_Perak" title="Manusia Perak">Manusia Perak</a> itu ditemui di dalam gua Bukit Gunung Runtuh di Bukit Kepala Gajah.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Alat purba yang ditemui di kawasan Kota Tampan, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Andas" title="Andas">andas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teras_litik" title="Teras litik">teras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendebitan" title="Pendebitan">pendebitan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Batu_tukul" title="Batu tukul">batu tukul</a>, memberikan maklumat tentang penghijrahan <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saad2016-12">[12]</a> Tapak <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a> penting yang lain di negeri tersebut termasuk Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, dan <a href="/wiki/Padang_Rengas" title="Padang Rengas">Padang Rengas</a>, yang mengandungi bukti kehadiran manusia pada era <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Mesolitik" title="Zaman Mesolitik">Mesolitik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Perak_Axe_(BM).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/220px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/330px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/440px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kapak bersoket besi dari Perak, <a href="/wiki/Muzium_British" title="Muzium British">Muzium British</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 100 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Domini">BC–AD</a> 200</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 1959, seorang pegawai artileri British yang ditempatkan di pangkalan tentera darat semasa <a href="/wiki/Darurat_Tanah_Melayu" title="Darurat Tanah Melayu">Darurat Tanah Melayu</a> menemui <a href="/wiki/Seni_batu_Tambun" title="Seni batu Tambun">seni batu Tambun</a>, yang dikenal pasti oleh ahli arkeologi sebagai tapak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_batu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni batu (laman tidak wujud)">seni batu</a> terbesar di Semenanjung Melayu. Kebanyakan lukisan terletak tinggi di atas lantai gua, pada ketinggian 6–10 meter (20–33 kaki).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cangkerang" title="Cangkerang">Cangkerang</a> dan serpihan <a href="/wiki/Karang" title="Karang">karang</a> yang bertaburan di sepanjang dasar gua adalah bukti bahawa kawasan itu pernah berada di bawah air.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Jumlah besar patung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewa_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewa Hindu (laman tidak wujud)">dewa Hindu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Sang Buddha</a> yang ditemui di <a href="/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a>, Kuala Selensing, Jalong, dan Pengkalan Pegoh menunjukkan bahawa, sebelum <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Asia_Tenggara" title="Islam di Asia Tenggara">kedatangan Islam</a>, penduduk Perak kebanyakannya beragama <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a>. Pengaruh budaya dan kepercayaan India terhadap masyarakat dan nilai-nilai di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu sejak zaman awal dipercayai telah memuncak dalam kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a> yang separa legenda.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a> menyebut bahawa Gangga Negara pernah jatuh di bawah pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>, sebelum Raja Suran dari Thailand belayar lebih jauh ke selatan ke Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesultanan_Perak">Kesultanan Perak</h3></div> Pada awal kurun ke-15, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Melayu" title="Kerajaan Melayu">kerajaan Melayu</a> wujud di <a href="/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a>. Beberapa penemuan <a href="/wiki/Prasasti" title="Prasasti">prasasti</a> di <a href="/wiki/Batu_nisan" title="Batu nisan">batu nisan</a> membuktikan jelas bahawa kerajaan itu merupakan sebuah kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, dipercayai berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a>. Kedatangan Islam ke Perak juga dipercayai daripada kerajaan lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Melaka" title="Melaka">Melaka</a>, kerajaan di pantai timur, dan kawasan luar bandar <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Perak" title="Sungai Perak">Sungai Perak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Sistem kerajaan tempatan teratur yang pertama muncul di Perak ialah kerajaan Manjung dan beberapa kerajaan lain di Tengah dan Hulu Perak (bahagian atasan) di bawah Raja Roman, <a href="/wiki/Tun_Saban" title="Tun Saban">Tun Saban</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tok_Temong" title="Tok Temong">Tok Temong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a> Dengan penyebaran Islam, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan">kesultanan</a> kemudiannya muncul di Perak; kerajaan Islam kedua tertua di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a> selepas <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Kedah" title="Kesultanan Kedah">Kesultanan Kedah</a> yang berjiran.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Berdasarkan Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak (Salasilah Diraja Perak), Sejarah Kesultanan Perak bermula pada 1528 dengan kemahkotaan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mudzaffar_Shah_I,_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I, Perak">Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I</a>, keturunan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mahmud Shah">Sultan Mahmud Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Melaka">Sultan Melaka</a> ke-8.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Baginda naik takhta sebagai Muzaffar Shah I, sultan Perak yang pertama, selepas terselamat daripada <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Melaka_(1511)" title="Penaklukan Melaka (1511)">penaklukan Melaka</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Portugal" title="Empayar Portugal">Portugis</a> pada tahun 1511 dan tinggal dengan tenang untuk satu tempoh di <a href="/wiki/Siak" class="mw-disambig" title="Siak">Siak</a> di pulau <a href="/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>. Baginda menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> melalui usaha <a href="/wiki/Tun_Saban" title="Tun Saban">Tun Saban</a>, seorang pemimpin dan pedagang tempatan antara Perak dan Klang.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a> Tidak ada sultan di Perak semasa Tun Saban mula-mula tiba di kawasan itu dari <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Kampar" title="Kabupaten Kampar">Kampar</a> di Sumatera.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-29">[29]</a> Kebanyakan penduduk kawasan itu adalah pedagang dari Melaka dan <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, dan dari <a href="/wiki/Siak" class="mw-disambig" title="Siak">Siak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampar" title="Kampar">Kampar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>. Antaranya ialah seorang wanita tua, Tok Masuka dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daik (laman tidak wujud)">Daik</a>, yang membesarkan anak Temusai bernama Nakhoda Kassim.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-29">[29]</a> Sebelum kematiannya, baginda menyeru kepada nenek moyang <a href="/wiki/Sang_Sapurba" title="Sang Sapurba">Sang Sapurba</a> untuk menggantikannya, bagi mengelakkan keturunan diraja itu hilang dari Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Tun Saban dan Nakhoda Kassim kemudiannya pergi ke Kampar, di mana Mahmud Shah bersetuju dengan permintaan mereka dan menamakan anaknya Sultan Perak yang pertama.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Abang" title="Tanah Abang">Tanah Abang</a> merupakan pusat pemerintahan pertama Kesultanan Perak. Antara kota lain yang pernah dijadikan pusat pemerintahan Kesultanan Perak termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Kota_Lama_Kanan" title="Kota Lama Kanan">Kota Lama Kanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampung_Geronggong" title="Kampung Geronggong">Geronggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Semat" title="Pulau Semat">Semat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bota_Kanan" title="Bota Kanan">Bota Kanan</a>. Pentadbiran Perak menjadi lebih teratur selepas Kesultanan ditubuhkan. Dalam demokrasi Melaka, kerajaan berasaskan sistem feudal.<a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-4">[4]</a> Dengan pembukaan Perak pada abad ke-16, negeri ini menjadi sumber <a href="/wiki/Bijih_timah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijih timah">bijih timah</a>. Nampaknya sesiapa sahaja bebas untuk berdagang dalam komoditi itu, walaupun perdagangan bijih timah tidak menarik perhatian yang ketara sehingga tahun 1610-an.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/220px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/330px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/440px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> di Perak, <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Kedah" title="Kesultanan Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Pahang" title="Sultan Pahang">Pahang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Terengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Terengganu">Terengganu</a> di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Semenanjung Tanah Melayu</a>, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1570-an</figcaption></figure> Sepanjang tahun 1570-an, <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Aceh" title="Kesultanan Aceh">Kesultanan Aceh</a> menjadikan kebanyakan bahagian Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kepada gangguan berterusan.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a> Kehilangan mengejut <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mansur_Shah_I" title="Sultan Mansur Shah I">Sultan Mansur Shah I</a> Perak dalam keadaan misteri pada tahun 1577 menimbulkan khabar angin tentang penculikan oleh tentera Aceh.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a> Tidak lama selepas itu, balu Almarhum Sultan dan 16 orang anaknya telah dibawa sebagai tawanan ke Sumatera.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a> Putera sulung Sultan Mansur Shah I, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Alauddin_Mansur_Syah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Alauddin Mansur Syah (laman tidak wujud)">Raja Alauddin Mansur Syah</a>, berkahwin dengan seorang puteri Aceh dan seterusnya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Aceh">Sultan Aceh</a>. Kesultanan Perak ditinggalkan tanpa raja yang memerintah, dan pembesar Perak pergi ke Aceh pada tahun yang sama untuk meminta pengganti Sultan Alauddin yang baru.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a> Raja menghantar adiknya menjadi raja ketiga Perak. <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_Shah" title="Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah</a> memerintah Perak selama tujuh tahun, mengekalkan keturunan dinasti Melaka yang tidak terputus.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a> Walaupun Perak berada di bawah kuasa Kesultanan Aceh, ia kekal sepenuhnya bebas daripada kawalan <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-disambig" title="Siam">Siam</a> selama lebih dua ratus tahun dari 1612,<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> berbeza dengan jirannya, Kedah, dan banyak kesultanan Melayu di utara. sebahagian daripada Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, yang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Negeri_ufti" title="Negeri ufti">negeri ufti</a> Siam.<a href="#cite_note-Blagden1925-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-36">[36]</a> Pada tahun 1620, kesultanan Aceh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penaklukan_Aceh_akan_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penaklukan Aceh akan Perak (laman tidak wujud)">menceroboh</a> Perak dan menawan sultannya. Apabila <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sallehuddin_(Perak)" title="Sultan Sallehuddin (Perak)">Sultan Sallehuddin Riayat Shah</a> mangkat tanpa waris pada tahun 1635, keadaan tidak menentu berlaku di Perak. Ini diburukkan lagi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_taun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah taun (laman tidak wujud)">wabak taun</a> yang membawa maut yang melanda negeri itu, membunuh ramai ahli keluarga diraja.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a> Penghulu Perak tidak mempunyai pilihan lain selain berpaling kepada <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Thani" title="Sultan Iskandar Thani">Sultan Iskandar Thani</a> Aceh, yang menghantar kerabatnya, Raja Sulong, untuk menjadi Sultan Perak yang baharu sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mudzaffar_Shah_II_(Perak)" title="Sultan Mudzaffar Shah II (Perak)">Muzaffar Shah II</a>. Pengaruh Aceh di Perak mula berkurangan apabila <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda">Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda</a> (<a href="/wiki/VOC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOC">VOC</a>) tiba, pada pertengahan abad ke-17.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a> Apabila Perak enggan membuat kontrak dengan VOC seperti yang dilakukan oleh jiran utaranya, sekatan Sungai Perak menghentikan perdagangan bijih timah, menyebabkan penderitaan di kalangan pedagang Aceh.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash1998-37">[37]</a> Pada tahun 1650, Sultanah Aceh <a href="/wiki/Taj_ul-Alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Taj ul-Alam">Taj ul-Alam</a> memerintahkan Perak menandatangani perjanjian dengan VOC, dengan syarat perdagangan bijih timah akan dijalankan secara eksklusif dengan pedagang Aceh.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prakash1998-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Menjelang tahun berikutnya, 1651, VOC telah memperoleh monopoli ke atas perdagangan bijih timah, menubuhkan sebuah kedai di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">[40]</a> Berikutan persaingan yang panjang antara Aceh dan VOC mengenai perdagangan bijih timah Perak,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> pada 15 Disember 1653, kedua-dua pihak bersama-sama menandatangani perjanjian dengan Perak yang memberikan hak eksklusif Belanda ke atas bijih timah yang diekstrak dari lombong yang terletak di negeri.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/220px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/330px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/440px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kota_Belanda" title="Kota Belanda">Kota Belanda</a> 1670 di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pangkor" title="Pulau Pangkor">Pulau Pangkor</a>, dibina sebagai gudang bijih <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Belanda" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda">Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda</a><a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> Walaupun bangsawan Perak telah memusnahkan struktur stor yang lebih awal, atas arahan dari pangkalan Belanda di <a href="/wiki/Batavia" title="Batavia">Batavia</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belanda" title="Kota Belanda">kubu</a> telah dibina di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pangkor" title="Pulau Pangkor">Pulau Pangkor</a> pada tahun 1670 sebagai gudang untuk menyimpan bijih timah yang dilombong di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">[40]</a> Gudang ini juga telah musnah dalam serangan selanjutnya pada tahun 1690, tetapi telah dibaiki apabila Belanda kembali dengan bala bantuan.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">[40]</a> Pada tahun 1699, apabila <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Johor">Kesultanan Johor</a> yang dominan serantau kehilangan sultan dinasti Melaka terakhirnya, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Shah_II_dari_Johor" title="Sultan Mahmud Shah II dari Johor">Mahmud Shah II</a>, Perak kini mempunyai tuntutan tunggal sebagai pewaris terakhir Kesultanan Melaka yang lama. Walau bagaimanapun, Perak tidak dapat menandingi <a href="/wiki/Prestij" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestij">prestij</a> dan kuasa sama ada Kesultanan Melaka atau Johor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Awal abad ke-18 bermula dengan 40 tahun perang saudara di mana putera saingan disokong oleh pembesar tempatan, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Bugis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Bugis">Bugis</a> dan Minang, semuanya berjuang untuk bahagian hasil bijih timah. Orang Bugis dan beberapa pembesar Perak telah berjaya menggulingkan pemerintah Perak, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III pada tahun 1743.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Pada tahun 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, yang kini hanya memegang kuasa di kawasan Perak Hulu, menandatangani perjanjian dengan Pesuruhjaya Belanda Ary Verbrugge di mana pemerintah Perak mengiktiraf monopoli Belanda ke atas perdagangan bijih timah, bersetuju untuk menjual semua bijih timah kepada pedagang Belanda, dan membenarkan Belanda membina kubu gudang baru di muara Sungai Perak.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Dengan pembinaan gudang baru berhampiran Sungai Perak (juga dikenali sebagai Sungai Perak), gudang lama itu telah ditinggalkan secara kekal dan ditinggalkan dalam runtuhan.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">[40]</a> Pertengahan abad ke-18 menyaksikan pemerintahan Sultan Muzaffar memerintah pedalaman Perak manakala wilayah pantai diperintah oleh Raja Iskandar, permusuhan semakin meningkat antara kedua-duanya kerana Raja Iskandar tidak dapat sampai ke tanah tinggi yang mengandungi bijih timah manakala sultan telah menyekat akses ke selat itu. Perdamaian berlaku kemudian dengan perkahwinan Iskandar dengan puteri sultan. Kesertaan beliau pada tahun 1752 menyaksikan keamanan yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini di Perak, terutamanya disebabkan oleh pakatan (yang berlangsung sehingga 1795) dengan Belanda untuk melindungi Perak daripada serangan luar.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/440px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Semang dari <a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> atau Janing, Perak, 1906</figcaption></figure> Apabila <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Burma%E2%80%93Siam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Burma–Siam (laman tidak wujud)">pencerobohan Burma</a> berulang kali mengakibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Burma%E2%80%93Siam_(1765%E2%80%931767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Burma–Siam (1765–1767) (laman tidak wujud)">kemusnahan dan kekalahan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Ayutthaya" title="Kerajaan Ayutthaya">Kerajaan Ayutthaya</a> Siam pada tahun 1767 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangsa_Konbaung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangsa Konbaung (laman tidak wujud)">wangsa Konbaung</a> Burma, negeri-negeri ufti Melayu yang berjiran mula menegaskan kemerdekaan mereka daripada Siam.<a href="#cite_note-Schliesinger2017-45">[45]</a> Untuk memajukan lagi lombong bijih timah Perak, pentadbiran Belanda mencadangkan agar Sultannya yang ke-17, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, membenarkan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cina_seberang_laut" title="Orang Cina seberang laut">pelombong Cina</a>. Sultan sendiri menggalakkan skim ini pada tahun 1776, meminta pekerja Cina tambahan dihantar dari <a href="/wiki/Melaka_Belanda" title="Melaka Belanda">Melaka Belanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Inggeris-Belanda_Keempat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Inggeris-Belanda Keempat (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Inggeris-Belanda Keempat</a> pada tahun 1780 telah menjejaskan perdagangan bijih timah di Perak, dan ramai pelombong Cina pergi.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Dalam satu tindakan yang menimbulkan kemarahan mahkamah Siam, Sultan negeri berjiran Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah" title="Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah">Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a> kemudiannya mengikat perjanjian dengan <a href="/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Inggeris" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris">Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris</a> (EIC), menyerahkan <a href="/wiki/Pulau,_Pulau_Pinang" title="Pulau, Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> kepada British pada tahun 1786 sebagai pertukaran untuk perlindungan.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_(1840_-_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> daripada puak <a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a>, Perak, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1880–1881<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Siam memulih semula kekuatan di bawah <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Thonburi" title="Kerajaan Thonburi">Kerajaan Thonburi</a>, yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a>, selepas membebaskan dirinya daripada pendudukan Burma. Selepas menangkis satu lagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Burma%E2%80%93Siam_(1785%E2%80%931786)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Burma–Siam (1785–1786) (laman tidak wujud)">pencerobohan Burma berskala besar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Rattanakosin" title="Kerajaan Rattanakosin">Kerajaan Rattanakosin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Chakri" title="Dinasti Chakri">wangsa Chakri</a>) yang diketuai oleh <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama I">Rama I</a>, sebagai pengganti Kerajaan Thonburi, mengalihkan perhatiannya kepada rakyat Melayu selatan yang tidak patuh, kerana takut akan serangan semula dari Burma di sepanjang pesisir pantai barat. Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.<a href="#cite_note-Blagden1925-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-52">[52]</a> Perhatian kepada selatan juga diperlukan kerana perpecahan dan persaingan antara pelbagai kesultanan ufti selatan, berpunca daripada konflik peribadi dan keengganan untuk tunduk kepada pihak berkuasa Siam.<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-52">[52]</a> Salah satu contoh penentangan ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Pattani">Kesultanan Pattani</a> di bawah Sultan Muhammad, yang enggan membantu Siam semasa perang pembebasan Siam. Ini menyebabkan adik kepada Rama I, <a href="/wiki/Boworn_Maha_Surasinghanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Boworn Maha Surasinghanat">Pengiran Surasi</a>, menyerang Pattani pada tahun 1786. Ramai orang Melayu terbunuh, dan yang terselamat dibawa ke kubu kuat Siam di <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamba">hamba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schliesinger2017-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Penaklukan Siam ke atas Pattani menjadi amaran langsung kepada negeri-negeri ufti Melayu yang lain, khususnya Kedah, mereka juga telah dipaksa untuk menyediakan beribu-ribu lelaki, dan bekalan makanan, sepanjang kempen penentangan Siam terhadap Burma.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-55">[55]</a> Pada tahun 1795, Belanda berundur buat sementara dari Melaka sepanjang tempoh <a href="/wiki/Perang_Napoleon" title="Perang Napoleon">Perang Napoleon</a> di Eropah. Kuasa Melaka telah dipindahkan kepada <a href="/wiki/Residen_(gelaran)" title="Residen (gelaran)">Residen</a> British.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Apabila perang tamat, Belanda kembali mentadbir Melaka pada tahun 1818.<a href="#cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-57">[57]</a> Pada tahun 1818, monopoli Belanda ke atas perdagangan bijih timah di Perak telah diperbaharui, dengan menandatangani perjanjian pengiktirafan baru.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-58">[58]</a> Pada tahun yang sama, apabila Perak enggan menghantar ufti <a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">bunga mas</a> kepada mahkamah Siam, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai">Rama II dari Siam</a> telah memaksa Kedah menyerang Perak. Kesultanan Kedah mengetahui niat di sebalik perintah itu adalah untuk melemahkan hubungan antara sesama negeri Melayu,<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-60">[60]</a> tetapi akur, tidak dapat menahan perluasan wilayah Siam selanjutnya ke pedalaman Hulu Perak. Negeri Melayu ufti Siam, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Reman" title="Kerajaan Reman">Kerajaan Reman</a>, kemudiannya mengendalikan lombong bijih timah secara haram di Klian Intan, menimbulkan kemurkaan Sultan Perak dan mencetuskan perbalahan yang memuncak menjadi perang saudara. Reman yang dibantu oleh Siam berjaya menguasai beberapa daerah pedalaman.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-61">[61]</a> Pada tahun 1821, Siam menyerang dan <a href="/wiki/Penjajahan_Siam_di_Kedah" title="Penjajahan Siam di Kedah">menakluki</a> Kesultanan Kedah, marah akibat sebuah pecahan amanah.<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2002-62">[62]</a> Sultan Kedah yang dalam buangan berpaling kepada British untuk membantu baginda mendapatkan semula takhtanya, walaupun dasar Britain tidak terlibat dalam peperangan kecil yang mahal di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada masa itu, yang EIC menegakkan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabenor_Jeneral_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabenor Jeneral India (laman tidak wujud)">Gabenor Jeneral India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-60">[60]</a> Rancangan Siam seterusnya untuk memperluaskan penaklukannya ke wilayah selatan Perak<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-60">[60]</a> gagal selepas Perak mengalahkan tentera Siam dengan bantuan bala campuran <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> dan Melayu daripada <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Selangor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Selangor">Kesultanan Selangor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2002-62">[62]</a> Sebagai tanda terima kasih kepada Selangor kerana membantunya mengalahkan Siam, Perak memberi kuasa kepada Raja Hasan Selangor untuk mengutip <a href="/wiki/Cukai" title="Cukai">cukai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hasil" title="Hasil">hasil</a> di wilayahnya. Kuasa ini, bagaimanapun, telah disalahgunakan, menyebabkan konflik antara kedua-dua kesultanan.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Kedatangan_British">Zaman Kedatangan British</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Melayu_Bersekutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Melayu Bersekutu">Negeri Melayu Bersekutu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_Residen_British_di_Perak" title="Senarai Residen British di Perak">Senarai Residen British di Perak</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Peta_negeri_reman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peta Semenanjung Tanah Melayu 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/234px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/351px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/468px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="543" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Peta 1899 menunjukkan negeri-negeri Melayu berjiran Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, Perlis dan Terengganu, yang menghantar <a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">bunga mas</a> ke mahkamah Siam setiap tiga tahun sebelum penyerahan mereka ke <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> di bawah 1909 <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Anglo-Siam_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Anglo-Siam 1909">Perjanjian Anglo-Siam</a>. Pedalaman Perak ditunjukkan di bawah anak sungai Siam <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Reman" title="Kerajaan Reman">Kerajaan Reman</a>, sebelum pulih dengan bantuan British pada tahun 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-1912_Perak_details-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-66">[66]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya;_with_a_specially_compiled_map,_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_(14581039678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1907 Malay Peninsula map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2477" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Peta 1907 British Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, menunjukkan Perak (garisan hijau), <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Selat" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Selat">Negeri Selat</a> termasuk Dindings (merah), negeri anak sungai Siam Melayu utara (kuning), dan Kesultanan Pahang dan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Selangor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Selangor">Selangor</a> (coklat dan oren)</div></div></div></div></div> Sejak penubuhan EIC kehadiran awal British di Pulau Pinang, British telah mengekalkan satu lagi pos perdagangan di <a href="/wiki/Penubuhan_Singapura_moden" title="Penubuhan Singapura moden">Singapura</a>, mengelakkan penglibatan dalam hal ehwal negeri-negeri kesultanan Melayu berdekatan.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay2005-67">[67]</a> Pada tahun 1822, pihak berkuasa British di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_syarikat_di_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintahan syarikat di India (laman tidak wujud)">India</a> menghantar diplomat British <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> ke Siam untuk merundingkan konsesi perdagangan dan mengumpul maklumat dengan tujuan mengembalikan Sultan Kedah ke takhta. Misi itu gagal.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Pada tahun 1823, Kesultanan Perak dan Selangor menandatangani perjanjian bersama untuk menyekat monopoli bijih timah Belanda di wilayah mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-58">[58]</a> Dasar EIC beralih dengan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Inggeris-Burma_Pertama" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Inggeris-Burma Pertama">Perang Inggeris-Burma Pertama</a> pada tahun 1824, Siam kemudiannya menjadi sekutu penting.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-60">[60]</a> Melalui Gabenornya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Fullerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Fullerton (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Fullerton</a>, Pulau Pinang cuba meyakinkan pihak berkuasa EIC utama di India untuk terus membantu Sultan Kedah mendapatkan semula takhtanya.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Sepanjang tahun 1824, Siam berhasrat untuk meluaskan penguasaannya ke arah Perak dan Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Perselisihan antara British dan Belanda secara rasmi terhenti apabila Belanda Melaka di Semenanjung Melayu ditukar dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengkulu_British&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengkulu British (laman tidak wujud)">Bengkulu British</a> di Sumatera, kedua-dua pihak bersetuju untuk mengehadkan sfera pengaruh mereka melalui pemeteraian <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Belanda_1824" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824">Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Pada Julai 1825, satu rundingan awal telah diadakan antara Siam, yang diwakili oleh negara ufti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Ligor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Ligor (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Ligor</a>, dan EIC.<a href="#cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-72">[72]</a> Raja Ligor berjanji bahawa Siam tidak akan menghantar armadanya ke Perak dan Selangor, supaya menyelesaikan isu serangannya. British meninggalkan sebarang aspirasi untuk menakluki Perak atau campur tangan dalam pentadbirannya, berjanji untuk menghalang Raja Hasan Selangor daripada membuat onar di Perak, dan cuba untuk mendamaikan perbezaan antara Selangor dan Ligor.<a href="#cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-72">[72]</a> Sebulan kemudian, pada Ogos 1825, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_Shah,_Selangor" title="Sultan Ibrahim Shah, Selangor">Ibrahim Shah</a> dari Kesultanan Selangor mengikat perjanjian persahabatan dan damai dengan EIC, yang diwakili oleh John Anderson, menamatkan perseteruan panjang antara kerajaan Selangor dan Perak.<a href="#cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-73">[73]</a> Di bawah perjanjian itu, Selangor memberi jaminan kepada British bahawa ia tidak akan campur tangan dalam hal ehwal Perak; sempadan antara Perak dan Selangor telah dimuktamadkan; dan Raja Hasan dari Selangor akan segera dibuang negeri dari Perak, membuka jalan kepada keamanan antara kedua-dua negeri Melayu dan penyelesaian perebutan kuasa antara British dan Siam.<a href="#cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pangkor_Island,_Perak,_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/220px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/330px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/440px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Pulau Pangkor dalam Dindings di Negeri-Negeri Selat British, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1874</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 1826, Kerajaan Ligor mungkir janji dan cuba menakluki Perak. Pasukan ekspedisi British yang kecil menggagalkan serangan itu. Sultan Perak kemudian menyerahkan kepada British kawasan Dindings dan Pangkor (kedua-duanya kini membentuk <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Manjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Manjung">Daerah Manjung</a>) supaya British dapat menyekat kegiatan <a href="/wiki/Lanun" title="Lanun">lanun</a> di sepanjang pantai Perak di mana ia menjadi sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Negeri-Negeri_Selat" title="Negeri-Negeri Selat">Negeri-Negeri Selat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-50">[50]</a> Pada tahun yang sama, British dan Siam memeterai perjanjian baru. Di bawah <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Burney" title="Perjanjian Burney">Perjanjian Burney</a>, yang ditandatangani oleh Kapten British <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Burney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Burney (laman tidak wujud)">Henry Burney</a> dan kerajaan Siam, British berjanji untuk tidak campur tangan dalam hal ehwal Kedah walaupun hubungan mesra mereka dengan pemerintah Kedah, dan Siam berjanji untuk tidak menyerang sama ada Perak atau Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Women_tin_miners_in_Perak,_late_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/220px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/330px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/440px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Wanita pelbagai kaum di Perak; majoriti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cina_Luar_Negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cina Luar Negara (laman tidak wujud)">Cina</a>, dengan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Etnik_Melayu" title="Etnik Melayu">Melayu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Mandailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Mandailing">Mandailing</a> bekerja sebagai <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> pelombong pada akhir abad ke-19</figcaption></figure> Penemuan bijih timah di Larut dan pertumbuhan pesat perdagangan bijih timah pada abad ke-19 menyaksikan peningkatan kemasukan buruh Cina. Kemudian, persaingan berkembang antara dua <a href="/wiki/Kongsi_gelap" title="Kongsi gelap">kongsi gelap</a> Cina. Ini, ditambah pula dengan persengketaan politik dalaman antara dua puak raja-raja Melayu tempatan Perak, memuncak menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peperangan_Larut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperangan Larut (laman tidak wujud)">Peperangan Larut</a> pada tahun 1841.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Selepas 21 tahun perang pembebasan, Kedah yang berjiran akhirnya membebaskan diri daripada pemerintahan penuh Siam pada tahun 1843, walaupun ia kekal sebagai negeri ufti Siam sehingga 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-59">[59]</a> Menjelang tahun 1867, hubungan antara Negeri-Negeri Selat di pantai Melayu dan pihak berkuasa British di India telah terputus, dengan pentadbiran berasingan dan pemindahan wilayah masing-masing kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pejabat_Tanah_Jajahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pejabat Tanah Jajahan (laman tidak wujud)">Pejabat Tanah Jajahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay2005-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Belanda_1870%E2%80%9371" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1870–71">Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1870–71</a> membolehkan Belanda menyatukan kawalan ke atas Aceh di Sumatera. Ini kemudiannya memuncak menjadi <a href="/wiki/Perang_Aceh" title="Perang Aceh">Perang Aceh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/125px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/188px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/250px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Raja <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdullah_Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II">Abdullah Muhammad Shah II</a>, yang permintaannya untuk campur tangan British dalam hal ehwal Perak mengakibatkan 1874 <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Pangkor_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Pangkor 1874">Perjanjian Pangkor</a><a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-81">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> Konflik dalaman berlaku di Perak. Pada tahun 1873, pemerintah salah satu daripada dua puak Melayu tempatan Perak, Raja <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdullah_Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II">Abdullah Muhammad Shah II</a>, menulis surat kepada Gabenor Negeri-Negeri Selat British, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Clarke" title="Andrew Clarke">Andrew Clarke</a>, meminta bantuan British.<a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-80">[80]</a> Ini mengakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Pangkor" title="Perjanjian Pangkor">Perjanjian Pangkor</a>, ditandatangani di Pulau Pangkor pada 20 Januari 1874, di mana British mengiktiraf Abdullah sebagai Sultan Perak yang sah.<a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-81">[81]</a> Sebagai balasan, perjanjian itu memperuntukkan campur tangan British secara langsung melalui pelantikan seorang Residen yang akan menasihati sultan dalam semua perkara kecuali agama dan adat resam, dan mengawasi kutipan hasil dan pentadbiran am, termasuk mengekalkan keamanan dan ketenteraman.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.,_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>Persidangan Persekutuan pertama selepas Perak menyertai <a href="/wiki/Negeri-Negeri_Melayu_Bersekutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu">FMS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> diadakan di Kuala Kangsar sebagai tanda penghormatan British kepada Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Murshidul_Azzam_Shah" title="Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah">Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah</a>, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1897<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> Perjanjian itu menandakan pengenalan <a href="/wiki/Residen_(gelaran)" title="Residen (gelaran)">sistem residensi British</a>, dengan Perak akan menjadi sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Negeri-Negeri_Melayu_Bersekutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu">Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu</a> (FMS) pada tahun 1895. Ia juga merupakan peralihan daripada dasar tidak campur tangan British sebelum ini dalam hal ehwal Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-1912_Perak_details-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_W._W._Birch" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. W. Birch">James W. W. Birch</a> dilantik sebagai <a href="/wiki/Senarai_Residen_British_di_Perak" title="Senarai Residen British di Perak">Residen British</a> pertama Perak. Ketidakupayaan beliau untuk memahami dan berkomunikasi dengan baik dengan penduduk tempatan, kejahilannya tentang adat istiadat Melayu, dan perlekehan usaha Sultan dan pembesar-pembesar beliau untuk melaksanakan sistem kawalan cukai dan kutipan British menimbulkan kemarahan. Nasionalis tempatan <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Lela" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Lela">Maharaja Lela</a> dan raja baharu, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, menentang baginda, dan pada tahun berikutnya, pada tahun 1875, Birch telah dibunuh melalui konspirasi pembesar Melayu tempatan Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, dan Ngah Ahmad.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Pembunuhan itu menimbulkan kemarahan pihak berkuasa British, dan berikutan pemberontakan anti-British di beberapa kawasan, satu kempen ketenteraan besar telah diperangi oleh British di Perak pada tahun 1875-76. Pelaku telah ditangkap dan dihukum bunuh dan Sultan serta pembesarnya, yang juga disyaki terlibat dalam plot itu, telah <a href="/wiki/Buangan" title="Buangan">dibuang</a> ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Seychelles (laman tidak wujud)">Seychelles British</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" title="Lautan Hindi">Lautan Hindi</a> pada tahun 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Scarr2000-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-innocent_Sultan_of_Perak-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/220px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/330px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/440px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Penjelajah, naturalis dan penulis wanita British Isabella Bird diketuai oleh dua lelaki tempatan dalam tunggangan pertamanya menaiki gajah di Perak, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1883</figcaption></figure> Semasa pengasingannya, Sultan telah menggunakan kediaman milik kerajaan di Union Vale di <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C3%A9,_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahé, Seychelles (laman tidak wujud)">Mahé</a>. Ketua-ketua lain yang dibuang negeri telah diberi elaun, tetapi kekal di bawah pengawasan yang ketat. Sultan dan pembesarnya telah dipindahkan sementara ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Félicité (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau Félicité</a> selama lima tahun, sebelum dibenarkan pulang ke Victoria pada tahun 1882 apabila kegawatan di Perak telah reda. Sultan menjalani kehidupan yang tenang dalam komuniti Seychellois, dan mempunyai akses komunikasi ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Negara,_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Negara, Seychelles (laman tidak wujud)">Rumah Negara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-88">[88]</a> Selepas bertahun-tahun, Sultan telah diampunkan berikutan petisyen oleh Seychellois dan surat-menyurat antara W. H. Hawley dari Government House, Mauritius, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setiausaha_Negara_untuk_Tanah_Jajahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setiausaha Negara untuk Tanah Jajahan (laman tidak wujud)">Setiausaha Negara untuk Tanah Jajahan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Holland (laman tidak wujud)">Henry Holland</a>. Beliau dibenarkan pulang ke Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, dan menghabiskan sebahagian besar kehidupan kemudiannya di Negeri-Negeri Selat Singapura dan Pulau Pinang sebelum kembali ke <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> di Perak pada tahun 1922.<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_(1840_-_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/330px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/440px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7356" data-file-height="5057" /></a><figcaption>Potret kumpulan Residen British ke-4 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Low" title="Hugh Low">Hugh Low</a> dan dua raja Melayu Perak dan Larut, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1880–1881</figcaption></figure> Residen British di Perak <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Low" title="Hugh Low">Hugh Low</a> membuktikan pentadbir yang berkesan, lebih suka menggunakan pendekatan yang murah hati yang mengelakkan konfrontasi dengan pemimpin tempatan. Akibatnya, beliau dapat mendapatkan kerjasama daripada ramai raja dan <a href="/wiki/Penghulu" title="Penghulu">penghulu</a> kampung dengan dasarnya daripada menggunakan kekerasan, walaupun tidak memberi perhatian kepada infrastruktur pengangkutan sepanjang tempohnya.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2004-91">[91]</a> Pada tahun 1882, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Swettenham" title="Frank Swettenham">Frank Swettenham</a> menggantikan Low untuk penggal kedua sebagai Residen Perak. Semasa mandatnya, infrastruktur rel dan jalan raya Perak telah disediakan. Peningkatan bilangan buruh dibawa dari India, terutamanya untuk bekerja sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kuli" title="Kuli">kuli</a> kereta api dan perbandaran.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2004-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/220px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/330px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/440px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Gadis <a href="/wiki/Etnik_Melayu" title="Etnik Melayu">Melayu</a> Perak dalam pakaian tradisional, Kuala Kangsar, imej pra-1921</figcaption></figure> British memperkenalkan beberapa perubahan kepada struktur politik tempatan, memberi pengaruh terhadap perlantikan Sultan dan menyekat kuasa pembesarnya kepada perkara tempatan Melayu. Sultan dan pembesar-pembesarnya tidak lagi berhak memungut cukai, tetapi menerima elaun bulanan daripada perbendaharaan negeri sebagai pampasan.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Campur tangan British menandakan permulaan peralihan Perak daripada masyarakat Melayu kepada penduduk berbilang etnik. Gaya baru kerajaan berfungsi untuk menggalakkan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pasaran" title="Ekonomi pasaran">ekonomi dipacu pasaran</a>, mengekalkan undang-undang dan ketenteraman, dan melawan <a href="/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan">perhambaan</a>, yang dilihat oleh British sebagai penghalang kepada pembangunan ekonomi dan tidak serasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_kapitalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi kapitalis">ekonomi kapitalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Di bawah <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Inggeris-Siam_1909" title="Perjanjian Inggeris-Siam 1909">Perjanjian Inggeris-Siam</a>, yang ditandatangani di Bangkok pada 1909, Siam menyerahkan negeri-negeri anak sungai Melayu utaranya Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, Perlis, dan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Terengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Terengganu">Terengganu</a> serta pulau-pulau berdekatan kepada <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>. Pengecualian adalah wilayah <a href="/wiki/Patani_(kawasan)" title="Patani (kawasan)">Patani</a>, yang kekal di bawah pemerintahan Siam, dan Perak, yang memperoleh semula wilayah pedalaman yang hilang sebelum ini yang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Hulu_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Hulu Perak">Daerah Hulu Perak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-66">[66]</a> Terma perjanjian menetapkan bahawa British, melalui kerajaan FMS mereka, akan bertanggungjawab ke atas semua hutang yang terhutang kepada Siam oleh empat negeri Melayu yang diserahkan, dan melepaskan <a href="/wiki/Keluarwilayahan" title="Keluarwilayahan">hak keluarwilayahan</a> British di Siam.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Dunia_Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Kempen_Malaya" title="Kempen Malaya">Kempen Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Kampar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Kampar">Pertempuran Kampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_di_Slim_River" title="Pertempuran di Slim River">Pertempuran di Slim River</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepun_di_Tanah_Melayu" title="Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu">Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/220px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/330px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/440px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Aksara Jepun peta Tanah Melayu di bawah <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepun_di_Tanah_Melayu" title="Pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu">pendudukan</a> <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Jepun" title="Empayar Jepun">Empayar Jepun</a>, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1942</figcaption></figure> Terdapat komuniti Jepun di Perak sejak 1893, menguruskan perkhidmatan bas antara bandar Ipoh dan Batu Gajah, dan menjalankan rumah pelacuran di Kinta.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a> Terdapat beberapa perniagaan Jepun yang lain di Ipoh, termasuk doktor gigi, studio foto, dobi, tukang jahit, tukang gunting rambut dan hotel. Aktiviti meningkat hasil daripada hubungan rapat yang diwujudkan oleh Perikatan Inggeris-Jepun.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kereta kebal Type 97 Te-Ke Jepun, dituruti oleh basikal infantri mereka, mara semasa Battle of Kampar, Disember 1941</figcaption></figure> Pada awal Julai 1941, sebelum bermulanya Perang Dunia Kedua, seorang anggota polis Melayu Ceylon yang berkhidmat di bawah pentadbiran British di Perak membangkitkan amaran. Seorang pemilik perniagaan Jepun yang tinggal di bangunan yang sama telah memberitahunya bahawa tentera Jepun sedang dalam perjalanan, bukan menghampiri Singapura dari laut, seperti yang dijangkakan oleh British, tetapi dari Kota Bharu di Kelantan, dengan infantri basikal dan bot getah.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a>Anggota polis itu memaklumkan kepada Ketua Polis British di Ipoh, tetapi dakwaannya ditertawakan.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a> Menjelang 26 Disember 1941, Tentera Imperial Jepun (IJA) telah tiba di Ipoh, ibu negara, bergerak ke selatan dari Thailand. Keesokan harinya mereka pergi ke Taiping, meninggalkan kemusnahan dan korban yang besar di belakang mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a> Tentera British, berundur dari utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu di bawah Leftenan Jeneral Lewis Heath, telah bergerak sejauh 80–100 batu (130–160 km) ke Sungai Perak (Sungai Perak), merosakkan laluan di belakang mereka untuk memperlahankan Kemaraan Jepun.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a> Dengan kelulusan Leftenan Jeneral Arthur Percival, pihak British membuat perhentian pertahanan berhampiran muara sungai dan di Kampar, meninggalkan bandar Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar dan Taiping tanpa perlindungan.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station,_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents,_WWII_(23916855204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/220px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/330px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/440px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Pentadbir Eropah awam dari Pulau Pinang berehat di Stesen Ipoh sebelum bergerak ke selatan ke Singapura semasa perang, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1941</figcaption></figure> Kebanyakan pentadbiran awam telah ditutup, kerana pentadbir Eropah dan orang awam berpindah ke selatan.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a> Menjelang pertengahan Disember, Jepun telah sampai ke Kroh di pedalaman Perak, berpindah dari Kota Bharu di Kelantan. Orang Jepun tiba dari timur dan dengan bot di sepanjang pantai barat.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a> Dalam tempoh 16 hari selepas pendaratan pertama mereka, mereka telah menawan seluruh bahagian utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. British dibiarkan cuba menyekat jalan utama menuju ke selatan dari Ipoh. Semasa tentera pertahanan memperlahankan Jepun secara ringkas pada Pertempuran Kampar dan di muara Sungai Perak, kemaraan Jepun di sepanjang jalan utama, diikuti dengan pengeboman dan pencerobohan bawaan air, memaksa British berundur lebih jauh ke selatan.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/220px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/330px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/440px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Infantri <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Tentera India berkhidmat bersama-sama tentera Empayar British semasa pertempuran sengit menentang <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Empayar_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentera Empayar Jepun">Tentera Empayar Jepun</a> (IJA) di Kampar.</figcaption></figure> Jepun menduduki seluruh Tanah Melayu dan Singapura. Tokugawa Yoshichika, keturunan puak Tokugawa yang nenek moyangnya adalah shōgun yang memerintah Jepun dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-19, mencadangkan rancangan pembaharuan. Di bawah termanya, lima kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, Kedah-Pulau Pinang, dan Perlis akan dipulihkan dan dipersekutukan. <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> akan menguasai Perak, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Melaka" title="Melaka">Melaka</a>. Kawasan seluas 800 batu persegi (2,100 km2) di selatan <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> akan dimasukkan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> untuk tujuan pertahanan.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Dalam konteks perikatan ketenteraan antara Jepun dan Thailand dan penyertaan bersama mereka dalam kempen Burma menentang tentera Berikat, pada tahun 1943 Empayar Jepun memulihkan kepada Thailand bekas negeri ufti Melayu Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, dan Terengganu, yang telah telah diserahkan oleh Siam yang kemudiannya dinamakan kepada British di bawah perjanjian 1909. Wilayah-wilayah ini kemudiannya ditadbir sebagai Empat Negeri Melayu Thailand (Bahasa Thai: สี่รัฐมาลัย), dengan tentera Jepun mengekalkan kehadiran yang berterusan.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kratoska1998-98">[98]</a> Perak menderita di bawah kawalan tentera yang keras, pergerakan terhad, dan pengawasan ketat sepanjang pendudukan Jepun dan sehingga 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Akhbar di Tanah Melayu yang diduduki, termasuk akhbar era pendudukan berbahasa Inggeris The Perak Times, sepenuhnya di bawah kawalan Agensi Berita Dōmei (Dōmei Tsushin), menerbitkan propaganda perang berkaitan Jepun. Agensi Berita Dōmei juga mencetak akhbar dalam bahasa Melayu, Tamil, Cina, dan Jepun.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Orang Asli asli tinggal di pedalaman semasa pendudukan. Sebahagian besar komuniti mereka berkawan dengan gerila Parti Komunis Malaya, yang melindungi mereka daripada orang luar sebagai balasan untuk maklumat tentang Jepun dan bekalan makanan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan2008-101">[101]</a> Penentangan kuat datang terutamanya daripada masyarakat etnik Cina, sesetengah orang Melayu lebih suka bekerjasama dengan Jepun melalui gerakan Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) untuk kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu. Tetapi sokongan orang Melayu juga berkurangan dengan layanan Jepun yang semakin keras terhadap orang awam semasa pendudukan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Dua pertubuhan gerila Cina beroperasi di Perak di utara Tanah Melayu. Satu, Tentera Anti-Jepun Cina Luar Negara (OCAJA), telah bersekutu dengan Kuomintang. Satu lagi, Tentera Anti-Jepun Rakyat Malaya (MPAJA), berkait rapat dengan Parti Komunis China. Walaupun kedua-duanya menentang Jepun, terdapat pertembungan antara kedua-dua kumpulan.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2018-103">[103]</a> Sybil Kathigasu, seorang jururawat Eurasia dan anggota penentangan Perak, telah diseksa selepas polis tentera Jepun Kenpeitai menemui set radio gelombang pendek rahsia di rumahnya.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> John Davis, seorang pegawai komando British Force 136, sebahagian daripada Eksekutif Operasi Khas (SOE), melatih gerila tempatan sebelum pencerobohan Jepun di Sekolah Latihan Khas 101 di Singapura, di mana dia mencari rekrut Cina untuk pasukan komando mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-106">[106]</a> Di bawah nama kod Operasi Gustavus, Davis dan lima ejen China mendarat di pantai Perak di utara Pulau Pangkor pada 24 Mei 1943. Mereka menubuhkan kem pangkalan di Bukit Segari, dari mana mereka berpindah ke dataran untuk menubuhkan rangkaian perisikan di negeri.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-106">[106]</a> Pada September 1943, mereka bertemu dan bersetuju untuk bekerjasama dengan MPAJA, yang kemudiannya memberikan sokongan dan tenaga kerja Force 136. Rangkaian perisikan pertama ini runtuh, bagaimanapun, apabila ramai pemimpinnya, termasuk Lim Bo Seng, telah ditangkap, diseksa dan dibunuh oleh Kenpeitai Jepun pada Jun 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-106">[106]</a> Pada 16 Disember 1944, rangkaian perisikan kedua, yang terdiri daripada lima ejen SOE Melayu dan dua pegawai perhubungan British, Mejar Peter G. Dobree dan Kapten Clifford, telah dipayung terjun ke Padang Cermin, berhampiran Empangan Tasik Temenggor di Hulu Perak di bawah nama kod Operation Hebrides. Objektif utamanya adalah untuk menubuhkan komunikasi tanpa wayar antara Malaya dan ibu pejabat Force 136 di Kandy, British Ceylon, selepas kegagalan MPAJA berbuat demikian.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska1998-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasca-perang_dan_zaman_kemerdekaan">Pasca-perang dan zaman kemerdekaan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Persekutuan_Tanah_Melayu" title="Persekutuan Tanah Melayu">Persekutuan Tanah Melayu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/220px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/330px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/440px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Disyaki kolaborator komunis, dipercayai terlibat dalam pembunuhan orang awam di Kuala Kangsar, di bawah kawalan semasa operasi oleh 53rd Indian Brigade (25th Indian Division), <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1945 </figcaption></figure> Walaupun Jepun menyerah kalah kepada tentera Berikat pada tahun 1945, negeri Melayu telah menjadi tidak stabil. Ini diburukkan lagi dengan kemunculan nasionalisme dan permintaan popular untuk kemerdekaan apabila Pentadbiran Tentera British mengambil alih dari 1945 hingga 1946 untuk mengekalkan keamanan dan ketenteraman, sebelum British mula memperkenalkan sistem pentadbiran baharu di bawah Malayan Union.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">[16]</a> Empat buah negeri Melayu berjiran yang dipegang oleh Thailand sepanjang perang telah dikembalikan kepada British. Ini dilakukan di bawah cadangan Amerika Syarikat, menawarkan kemasukan Thailand ke Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dan pakej bantuan besar Amerika untuk menyokong ekonominya selepas perang.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> MPAJA, di bawah Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM), telah berjuang bersama-sama British menentang Jepun, dan kebanyakan ahlinya menerima anugerah pada akhir perang. Bagaimanapun, dasar parti menjadi radikal di bawah kuasa Chin Peng kelahiran Perak, yang mengambil alih pentadbiran PKM berikutan kehilangan bekas pemimpin Lai Teck dengan dana parti.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz2000-109">[109]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min,_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_(AWM_4281801).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/180px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/270px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/360px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Pemimpin terkenal MLNA Lee Meng di <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Kinta">Daerah Ipoh</a> semasa Darurat Malaya, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1951<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> Di bawah kuasa Chin, MPAJA membunuh mereka yang mereka anggap sebagai rakan kerjasama Jepun semasa perang, yang kebanyakannya orang Melayu. Ini mencetuskan konflik perkauman dan tindakan balas orang Melayu. Skuad pembunuh juga telah dihantar oleh PKM untuk membunuh pemilik ladang Eropah di Perak, dan pemimpin Kuomintang di Johor. Pengisytiharan darurat oleh kerajaan Malaya pada 18 Jun 1948 menandakan bermulanya Darurat Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz2000-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Perak dan Johor menjadi kubu utama gerakan komunis. Pada peringkat awal tindakan mereka tidak diselaraskan, dan pasukan keselamatan dapat menentang mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Terdahulu pada tahun 1947, ketua Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Perak, H. J. Barnard, telah berunding dengan pemimpin OCAJA yang dipengaruhi Kuomintang, Leong Yew Koh. Ini menyebabkan kebanyakan ahli OCAJA diserap ke dalam Konstabulari Khas negara, dan berperang menentang pengganti MPAJA, Tentera Pembebasan Kebangsaan Malaya (MNLA).<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2018-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant,_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/220px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/330px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/440px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Tuan <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> dan pembantunya, Mejar Lord Wynford, memeriksa Pengawal Rumah Lembah Kinta (KVHG), Perak, <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr> 1952</figcaption></figure> Lembah Kinta, salah satu kawasan perlombongan bijih timah terkaya di Tanah Melayu, menyumbang sebahagian besar daripada eksport bijih timah negara ke Amerika Syarikat. Untuk melindunginya daripada pihak komunis, pada 1 Mei 1952, Persatuan Perlombongan Timah Cina Perak telah menubuhkan Pasukan Pengawal Rumah Lembah Kinta (KVHG). Selalunya digambarkan sebagai Tentera China persendirian, kebanyakan ahli Cina KVHG mempunyai hubungan dengan Kuomintang.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Ramai gerila Kuomintang diserap dari kawasan Lenggong, di mana terdapat juga ahli kongsi gelap Cina yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mempertahankan harta persendirian Cina terhadap komunis.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">[46]</a> Sepanjang darurat pertama pihak berkuasa British dan rakan-rakan Malaya mereka berperang menentang komunis. Ini berterusan walaupun selepas pengisytiharan kemerdekaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, pada 31 Ogos 1957. Akibatnya, kebanyakan gerila komunis berjaya ditolak merentasi sempadan utara ke Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Malaysia" title="Perjanjian Malaysia">Perjanjian Malaysia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konfrontasi_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia" title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia">Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia</a></div> Pada tahun 1961, Perdana Menteri Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Tunku Abdul Rahman, berusaha untuk menyatukan Tanah Melayu dengan tanah jajahan British di Borneo Utara, Sarawak, dan Singapura.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Walaupun mendapat tentangan yang semakin meningkat daripada kerajaan Indonesia dan Filipina, dan daripada simpatisan komunis dan nasionalis di Borneo, Persekutuan telah wujud pada 16 September 1963.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Kerajaan Indonesia kemudiannya memulakan "dasar konfrontasi" terhadap negara baharu itu.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Ini mendorong British, dan sekutu mereka Australia dan New Zealand, untuk mengerahkan angkatan bersenjata, walaupun tiada pertempuran yang timbul daripada serangan Indonesia berlaku di sekitar Perak.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Pada tahun 1968, pemberontakan komunis kedua berlaku di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Ini menjejaskan Perak terutamanya melalui serangan dari Hulu Perak oleh pemberontak komunis yang sebelum ini berundur ke sempadan Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Pejabat Penerangan Negeri Perak melancarkan dua jenis peperangan psikologi bagi menentang peningkatan propaganda komunis yang disebarkan dari tempat persembunyian pemberontak. Kempen menentang pemberontakan kedua terpaksa dijalankan sebagai dua usaha berasingan, kerana kegiatan komunis di Perak berpecah kepada dua puak. Satu puak melibatkan penyusup dari seberang sempadan Thailand; satu lagi adalah kumpulan komunis yang tinggal di kalangan penduduk tempatan.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Dengan berakhirnya pemerintahan British di Tanah Melayu dan seterusnya pembentukan Persekutuan Malaysia, kilang-kilang baru telah dibina dan banyak kawasan pinggir bandar baru dibangunkan di Perak. Tetapi terdapat juga peningkatan radikalisme di kalangan orang Melayu Islam tempatan, dengan peningkatan Islamisasi yang dimulakan oleh beberapa pertubuhan agama, dan oleh pendakwah dan cendekiawan Islam yang menarik minat kedua-dua diraja Melayu dan rakyat jelata.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Hubungan baik dengan pemerintah negara menyebabkan ulama Islam dilantik sebagai pegawai istana dan pembesar, guru, dan hakim agama, menyumbang kepada penyebaran agama Islam. Oleh itu, Islam kini dilihat sebagai faktor utama yang membentuk sikap semasa untuk memperjuangkan hak Melayu.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Geografi_Perak" title="Geografi Perak">Geografi Perak</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG/240px-Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG/360px-Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG/480px-Mount_Korbu_Ferns.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pemandangan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Yong_Yap" title="Gunung Yong Yap">Gunung Yong Yap</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Korbu" title="Gunung Korbu">Gunung Korbu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg/220px-Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg/330px-Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg/440px-Satellite_picture_of_Malayan_Peninsular_and_Sumatra_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Perak, Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (gambar satelit <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>)</figcaption></figure> Perak merupakan sebuah negeri di utara <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> bersempadan dengan negeri <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> di timur, <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Darul_Makmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang Darul Makmur">Pahang</a> di tenggara, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> di selatan, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> di barat laut serta negara <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (wilayah-wilayah <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Yala" title="Wilayah Yala">Yala</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a>) di utara. Perak juga merupakan negeri keempat terbesar di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dengan keluasan 20,976 kilometer persegi iaitu merangkumi 6.4 peratus dari keluasan Malaysia. Perak mempunyai keluasan tanah keseluruhan 20,976 kilometer persegi (8,099 batu persegi), dan terletak di barat Semenanjung Tanah Melayu di pantai Selat Melaka.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-126">[126]</a> Zon ekonomi eksklusifnya (ZEE) meluas ke Selat.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Ia adalah negeri Malaysia kedua terbesar di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, dan yang keempat terbesar di Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Negeri ini mempunyai 230 kilometer (140 mi) garis pantai, di mana 140.2 kilometer (87.1 mi) terjejas oleh hakisan pantai.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Hutan bakau tumbuh di sepanjang kebanyakan pantai Perak, kecuali Pulau Pangkor, dengan flora dan fauna yang kaya, di mana beberapa hutan simpan negara terletak.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/220px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/330px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/440px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Panorama <a href="/wiki/Taman_Tasik_Taiping" title="Taman Tasik Taiping">Taman Tasik Taiping</a> di <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Larut" title="Bukit Larut">Bukit Larut</a>, dahulunya kawasan perlombongan</figcaption></figure> Terdapat tanah paya yang luas di sepanjang zon aluvium pantai di pantai barat antara Perak tengah dan selatan Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Perak mempunyai keseluruhan liputan hutan seluas 1,027,404.31 hektar (2,538,771 ekar), termasuk 939,403.01 hektar (2,321,315 ekar) tanah hutan, 41,616.75 hektar (102,827 hektar, 102,837 hektar, 102,837 ekar lagi). 30 ekar) ladang hutan.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Sebanyak 995,284.96 hektar (2,459,403 ekar) hutan telah diwartakan oleh kerajaan negeri sebagai hutan simpan, yang tersebar di 68 kawasan di seluruh negeri.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/220px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/330px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/440px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7096" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batu_kapur" title="Batu kapur">Batu kapur</a> bukit, dikenali sebagai mogotes, berhampiran <a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a>. Tambun terletak di dalam karstik Geopark Negara Lembah Kinta, di mana bentuk muka bumi sebegitu menguasai landskap.</figcaption></figure> Geologi Perak dicirikan oleh jisim letusan, yang membentuk bukit dan banjaran gunungnya. Negeri ini dibahagikan oleh tiga rantai gunung kepada tiga dataran Kinta, Larut dan Perak, selari dengan pesisir.<a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1895-137">[137]</a> Banjaran Titiwangsa melintasi sempadan timur Perak, dengan titik tertingginya, Gunung Korbu 2,183 meter (7,162 kaki), terletak di daerah Kinta berhampiran sempadan dengan negeri Kelantan.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Banjaran gunung lain di Perak ialah Pergunungan Bintang dan Banjaran Kledang. Aluvium meliputi sebahagian besar dataran, dengan jisim batuan sedimen yang terpisah muncul pada selang yang jarang berlaku.<a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1895-137">[137]</a> Rangkaian sungai yang luas berasal dari banjaran gunung dan bukit pedalaman.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">[26]</a> Sempadan Perak dengan negeri Kedah, Pulau Pinang dan Selangor ditandai dengan sungai, termasuk Sungai Bernam dan Kerian.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Perak mempunyai 11 lembangan sungai utama sepanjang lebih 80 km (50 bt). Daripada jumlah tersebut, lembangan Sungai Perak adalah yang terbesar, dengan keluasan 14,908 km2 (5,756 batu persegi), kira-kira 70% daripada jumlah keseluruhan negeri. Ia merupakan lembangan sungai kedua terbesar di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, selepas lembangan Sungai Pahang.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Sungai Perak ialah sungai terpanjang di negeri ini, kira-kira 400 km (250 batu), dan merupakan sungai kedua terpanjang di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu selepas Sungai Pahang. Ia berasal dari pergunungan sempadan Perak-Kelantan-Yala, menyusuri ke Selat Melaka.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Sungai-sungai utama lain termasuk Sungai Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, dan Sungai Tiram.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Perak terletak di kawasan tropika dengan iklim khatulistiwa yang lazimnya panas, lembap dan basah, serta mengalami hujan yang ketara sepanjang tahun.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Suhu kekal agak malar, antara 21 dan 27 °C (70 dan 81 °F). Kelembapan selalunya melebihi 80%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Hujan tahunan adalah kira-kira 3,000 milimeter (120 in), kawasan tengah negeri menerima purata 5,000 mm (200 in) hujan.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Negeri ini mengalami dua musim monsun: musim timur laut dan barat daya. Musim timur laut berlaku dari November hingga Mac, barat daya dari Mei hingga September, dan bulan peralihan untuk musim tengkujuh ialah April dan Jun. Monsun timur laut membawa hujan lebat terutama di kawasan hulu Hulu Perak sehingga mengakibatkan banjir.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Sedikit kesan monsun barat daya dirasai di Lembah Kinta, walaupun kawasan pantai selatan Perak kadangkala mengalami ribut petir, hujan lebat dan angin kencang dan kencang pada waktu subuh dan awal pagi.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Topografi Perak terdiri daripada beberapa sistem <a href="/wiki/Banjaran" title="Banjaran">banjaran gunung</a>, di mana yang terutama adalah <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_Titiwangsa" title="Banjaran Titiwangsa">Banjaran Titiwangsa</a> di timur dan <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_Bintang" title="Banjaran Bintang">Banjaran Bintang</a> di utara. Kedua-dua banjaran ini menganjur dari selatan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Banjaran Titiwangsa merupakan banjaran yang terpanjang di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dan ia bertindak sebagai sempadan semulajadi antara negeri tersebut dengan negeri-negeri <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, iaitu dari <a href="/wiki/Taman_Negeri_Royal_Belum" title="Taman Negeri Royal Belum">Taman Negeri Royal Belum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak" title="Hulu Perak">Hulu Perak</a> di utara hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muallim_(daerah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muallim (daerah)">Muallim</a> di selatan. Di banjaran tersebut juga terletaknya beberapa buah gunung tertinggi di Perak seperti <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Korbu" title="Gunung Korbu">Gunung Korbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Yong_Belar" title="Gunung Yong Belar">Gunung Yong Belar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Gayong" title="Gunung Gayong">Gunung Gayong</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Yong_Yap" title="Gunung Yong Yap">Gunung Yong Yap</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Korbu" title="Gunung Korbu">Gunung Korbu</a> merupakan puncak tertinggi di Perak dan keseluruhan Banjaran Titiwangsa dengan ketinggian 2,183 meter. <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_Bintang" title="Banjaran Bintang">Banjaran Bintang</a> pula menganjur dari <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Yala" title="Wilayah Yala">Yala</a> di selatan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Pekan_Beruas" title="Pekan Beruas">Beruas</a> di <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Manjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Manjung">daerah Manjung</a>. Di bahagian tengah negeri terbentang sebuah banjaran kecil iaitu Banjaran Keledang yang menganjur dari <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput_(U)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Siput (U)">Sungai Siput</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Belanja_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Belanja (kawasan negeri)">Belanja</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg/248px-Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg/372px-Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg/496px-Bagan_Datuk_Waterfront_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3962" data-file-height="2971" /></a><figcaption>Muara <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Perak" title="Sungai Perak">Sungai Perak</a> di <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" title="Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Perak" title="Sungai Perak">Sungai Perak</a> merupakan sungai terpanjang di negeri ini. Dianggarkan terdapat sebanyak 1,658 batang sungai dan 52 buah pulau di seluruh negeri Perak.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landskap Perak</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Mount_Korbu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gunung Korbu dengan tumbuhan sekeliling"><img alt="Gunung Korbu dengan tumbuhan sekeliling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/240px-Mount_Korbu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/360px-Mount_Korbu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/480px-Mount_Korbu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Korbu" title="Gunung Korbu">Gunung Korbu</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> sekeliling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tasik Cermin di Ipoh"><img alt="Tasik Cermin di Ipoh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/270px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/405px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/540px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tasik Cermin di Ipoh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sungai Hutan di Bukit Tapah"><img alt="Sungai Hutan di Bukit Tapah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/271px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/406px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/541px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sungai Hutan di Bukit Tapah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fenomena aram-temaram di Pantai Lumut"><img alt="Fenomena aram-temaram di Pantai Lumut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/271px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/407px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/542px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fenomena <a href="/wiki/Aram-temaram" title="Aram-temaram">aram-temaram</a> di Pantai Lumut</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biopelbagaian">Biopelbagaian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Laluan Luaran Belum Rainforest Resort di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Banding" title="Pulau Banding">Pulau Banding</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tasik_Temenggor" title="Tasik Temenggor">Tasik Temenggor</a></figcaption></figure> Hutan di Perak mempunyai kepelbagaian biologi yang tinggi. Taman semula jadi utama negeri, Taman Negeri Royal Belum, meliputi kawasan seluas 117,500 hektar (290,349 ekar) di utara Perak. Ia mengandungi 18 spesies katak dan kodok, 67 spesies ular, lebih daripada 132 spesies kumbang, 28 spesies jangkrik, 97 spesies rama-rama, dan 41 spesies pepatung dan damselfly.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Taman ini selanjutnya diwartakan sebagai Tapak Warisan Kebangsaan oleh kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 2012, dan telah ditulis dalam senarai tentatif Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada tahun 2017.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Taman Negeri Royal Belum juga menempatkan kira-kira 304 spesies burung, termasuk spesies migrasi, selain burung endemik di tiga kawasan hutan simpan Pulau Pangkor.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Sepuluh spesies burung enggang ditemui dalam kawasan itu, termasuk kawanan besar burung enggang berkantung biasa. Spesies mamalia termasuk Seladang, gajah Asia, dan harimau Malaya. Kawasan ini juga terkenal dengan kepekatan tinggi sekurang-kurangnya tiga spesies Rafflesia.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Taman Negeri Pulau Sembilan (Pulau Sembilan) di barat Perak meliputi kawasan seluas 214,800 hektar (530,782 ekar).<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Terumbu karangnya adalah rumah kepada spesies ikan terumbu karang.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Selain itu, 173 spesies ikan air tawar telah dikenal pasti sebagai asli di negeri.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Satu lagi tarikan semula jadi, kolam perlombongan bijih timah di Daerah Kinta, telah diwartakan sebagai taman negeri pada tahun 2016. Taman Alam Kinta, taman negeri ketiga Perak, meliputi kawasan seluas 395.56 hektar (977 ekar).<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_(Ptychozoon_kuhli)_(8744026399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/220px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/330px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/440px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Tokek terbang Kuhl (<a href="/wiki/Ptychozoon_kuhli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptychozoon kuhli">Ptychozoon kuhli</a>) di Bukit Tapah</figcaption></figure> Kerajaan Perak telah menyatakan komitmennya untuk melindungi hutannya bagi memastikan kemandirian spesies hidupan liar yang terancam, dan untuk melindungi biopelbagaian.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Jabatan Perhutanan Perak adalah badan negeri yang bertanggungjawab dalam pengurusan dan pemeliharaan hutan.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Pada tahun 2013, negeri ini menanam kira-kira 10.9 juta pokok di bawah "Kempen Penanaman 26 Juta Pokok: Satu Rakyat Satu Pokok", yang dikaitkan dengan Hari Bumi global.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Penukaran dan tebus guna hutan bakau dan tanah lumpur secara meluas untuk tujuan ekonomi dan kediaman telah menyebabkan penurunan pesat burung pantai, 86% daripada pengurangan di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu telah berlaku di pantai Perak.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Pemburuan haram di kawasan hutan simpan telah menyebabkan penurunan ketara dalam populasi mamalia. Perbadanan Taman Negeri Perak menganggarkan hanya tinggal 23 ekor harimau Malaya dalam dua hutan simpan negeri iaitu Royal Belum dan Temenggor pada 2019.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Kerajaan negeri Perak juga sebahagiannya dipersalahkan kerana memusnahkan hutan simpan untuk perniagaan kayu dan kelapa sawit yang menguntungkan. Rekod sejak 2009 mendedahkan bahawa lebih daripada 9,000 hektar (22,239 ekar) hutan simpan kekal telah dinyahwartakan di negeri ini, yang terbaru berlaku di dalam Hutan Simpan Kekal Bikam pada Julai 2013.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Beberapa aktiviti perniagaan yang dibenarkan oleh kerajaan negeri telah menyebabkan kerosakan alam sekitar, termasuk ke banyak sungai di Perak, yang memerlukan rawatan air yang meluas kerana pencemaran yang teruk.<a href="#cite_note-land-based_pollution_sources-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Antara 1982 dan 1994, kerajaan negeri terlibat dalam kontroversi pencemaran alam sekitar radioaktif berhubung kematian tujuh penduduk yang mengalami kecacatan kelahiran dan leukemia akibat pendedahan. Kilang terbabit hanya ditutup dan dibersihkan berikutan tindakan mahkamah yang berpanjangan oleh penduduk terjejas dan tekanan antarabangsa yang semakin meningkat. Tiada tanggungjawab telah diterima oleh syarikat bersekutu, kerajaan negeri, atau kerajaan persekutuan.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Walaupun Perak mempunyai jumlah rizab bakau yang paling tinggi di negeri-negeri Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, dengan 19 rizab di dalam hutan bakau Matang,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> meningkatkan pembersihan hutan bakau yang tidak terkawal untuk projek akuakultur dan kawasan perumahan menyebabkan hakisan pantai yang ketara di samping kerosakan akibat daripada perubahan iklim.<a href="#cite_note-land-based_pollution_sources-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kerajaan_dan_Politik">Kerajaan dan Politik</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Mesyuarat_Kerajaan_Negeri_Perak" title="Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Perak">Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Perak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak">Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Ahli_Dewan_Undangan_Negeri,_Parlimen_Malaysia_ke-14#Perak" title="Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri, Parlimen Malaysia ke-14">Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri, Parlimen Malaysia ke-14 § Perak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Politik_Malaysia" title="Politik Malaysia">Politik Malaysia</a>; dan <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Perak" title="Menteri Besar Perak">Menteri Besar Perak</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DUN_Perak_GE15.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perak State Assembly Composition"><img alt="Perak State Assembly Composition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/220px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/330px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/440px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Gabungan </th> <th rowspan="2">Ketua Gabungan/Parti </th> <th rowspan="2">Status </th> <th colspan="2">Kerusi </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pilihan_raya_negeri_Perak_2022" title="Pilihan raya negeri Perak 2022">Pilihan raya 2022</a> </th> <th>Kini </th></tr> <tr> <td>          </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarani_Mohamad" title="Saarani Mohamad">Saarani Mohamad</a> </td> <td>Kerajaan </td> <td>33 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>     </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Razman_Zakaria" title="Razman Zakaria">Razman Zakaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pembangkang_(Malaysia)" title="Pembangkang (Malaysia)">Pembangkang</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Total </th> <th>59 </th> <th>59 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Majoriti kerajaan </th> <th>7 </th> <th>7 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/220px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/330px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/440px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah" title="Istana Iskandariah">Istana Iskandariah</a> di Bukit Chandan, Kuala Kangsar</figcaption></figure> Perak ialah sebuah negara raja berperlembagaan, dengan seorang pemerintah dipilih oleh sebuah kolej pilihan raya yang terdiri daripada ketua-ketua utama.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Sultan Perak merupakan ketua negeri mengikut perlembagaan.Sultan Perak sekarang ialah Nazrin Shah, yang menaiki takhta pada 29 Mei 2014.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Istana diraja yang utama ialah Istana Iskandariah di Kuala Kangsar. Istana Kinta di Ipoh digunakan oleh sultan sebagai kediaman sesekali semasa lawatan rasmi.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palaces_of_Perak-180">[180]</a> Istana-istana lain di Ipoh termasuk Istana Al-Ridhuan, Istana Cempaka Sari, dan Istana Firuz.<a href="#cite_note-Palaces_of_Perak-180">[180]</a> Dibawah perlembagaan negeri, kuasa perundangan dipunyai oleh <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak">Dewan Undangan</a>. Dewan ini melantikkan ahli Dewan untuk membentukkan <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Mesyuarat_Kerajaan_Negeri_Perak" title="Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Perak">Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Perak</a> iaitu EXCO. EXCO, yang diketuai oleh <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Perak" title="Menteri Besar Perak">Menteri Besar</a> (selaku ketua eksekutif negeri) sendiri, memegang kuasa eksekutif dan merupakan badan yang membuat dasar kerajaan negeri, dibantu oleh 11 orang Ahli Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan (EXCO) yang dipilih daripada ahli-ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Perhimpunan 59 kerusi itu adalah cabang perundangan kerajaan Perak, yang bertanggungjawab menggubal undang-undang dalam perkara berkaitan negeri itu. Ia berdasarkan sistem Westminster. Ahli Dewan Rakyat dipilih oleh rakyat setiap lima tahun melalui hak mengundi sejagat. Menteri Besar yang dilantik oleh Sultan adalah daripada <a href="/wiki/Senarai_parti_politik_Malaysia" title="Senarai parti politik Malaysia">parti politik</a> yang memenangi kerusi yang terbanyak di dalam Dewan Undangan dan daripada seseorang <a href="/wiki/Orang_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Melayu">berbangsa Melayu</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Agama_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Islam">beragama Islam</a> sahaja. Majoriti (33 kerusi) kini disandang oleh Barisan Nasional (BN) dan Pakatan Harapan (PH). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isu_pentadbiran_negeri_dan_krisis_perlembagaan_Perak_seterusnya">Isu pentadbiran negeri dan krisis perlembagaan Perak seterusnya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Krisis_perlembagaan_Perak_2009" title="Krisis perlembagaan Perak 2009">Krisis perlembagaan Perak 2009</a></div> Pada Februari 2009, terdapat perubahan pada kerajaan negeri berikutan beberapa ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri dari Pakatan Rakyat yang keluar parti. Sultan Perak kemudiannya membubarkan kerajaan Pakatan Rakyat dan memberi laluan kepada Barisan Nasional. Bekas Menteri Besar dari Pakatan, Ir Hj Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin mempertikaikan kesahihan tindakan tersebut dari segi perlembagaan negeri dan mendakwa beliau masih memegang jawatan Menteri Besar.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Pada 18 Februari 2009, speaker Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak V Sivakumar menggantung Menteri Besar dari Barisan Nasional, Datuk Dr Zambry Abdul Kadir, bersama-sama enam ahli Exconya daripada menghadiri persidangan Dewan Undangan Negeri dengan tempoh penggantungan masing-masing selama 18 dan 12 bulan.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Pada 3 Mac 2009 27 Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri dari pakatan rakyat serta speaker Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak V Sivakumar tidak dibenarkan masuk ke Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak.Selepas tidak dapat memasuki Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak,kesemua 27 ADUN(Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri) pakatan rakyat dan speaker DUN Perak,V Sivakumar mengadakan sidang DUN di bawah pokok. Pihak DAP mendakwa bahawa Sidang DUN itu sah kerana bedasarkan peraturan, speaker Dun Perak mempunyai kuasa untuk menetapkan tempat persidangan, sedangkan BN mengatakan ia persidangan haram kerana tidak mendapat perkenan Sultan Perak. Dalam Sidang Dun, 2 usul diluluskan. <ol><li>Usul undi percaya kepada Dato' Seri Ir Mohd Nizar Jamaludin.</li> <li>Usul memohon pembubaran Dewan Undangan Negeri(DUN) Perak.</li></ol> Mahkamah Tinggi Ipoh bagaimanapun telah mengeluarkan perintah melarang Speaker Dewan Undang Negeri (DUN) Perak V.Sivakumar daripada mengadakan sebarang sidang DUN yang tidak mengikut undang-undang pada 3 Mac 2009 (Bernama). Ini berdasarkan fakta/peraturan bahawa Speaker tidak mempunyai kuasa memanggil sidang DUN melainkan mendapat perkenan daripada Sultan Perak. <a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabatan">Jabatan</h3></div> <ul><li>Pejabat Kewangan Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Perak<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Perak<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Perak<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Kerja Raya Perak<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam Perak<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Pejabat Tanah dan Galian Perak<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Pejabat Mufti Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Perak<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Perak<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badan_berkanun">Badan berkanun</h3></div> <ul><li>Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat Melayu Perak<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Negeri Perak<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembahagian_Pentadbiran">Pembahagian Pentadbiran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Daerah_di_Malaysia" title="Daerah di Malaysia">Daerah di Malaysia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_kerajaan_tempatan_di_Malaysia" title="Senarai kerajaan tempatan di Malaysia">Senarai kerajaan tempatan di Malaysia</a></div> Perak terbahagi kepada 12 daerah (daerah), 81 mukim, dan 15 kerajaan tempatan.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Terdapat pegawai daerah bagi setiap daerah dan seorang ketua kampung (ketua kampung atau penghulu) bagi setiap kampung di daerah tersebut. Sebelum British tiba, Perak dikendalikan oleh sekumpulan kerabat dan sahabat Sultan yang memegang hak memungut cukai dan duti.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> British membangunkan pentadbiran yang lebih teratur berikutan integrasi Perak ke dalam Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu (FMS). Kerajaan FMS mewujudkan dua institusi iaitu Majlis Negeri dan Perkhidmatan Tadbir Melayu (MAS).<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Kedua-dua institusi itu menggalakkan penyertaan orang Melayu secara langsung dan memberi bekas kelas pemerintah tempat dalam struktur pentadbiran baharu. Kebanyakan pembesar daerah Sultan yang dipecat daripada kuasa pada masa itu diberi jawatan baru dalam Majlis Negeri, walaupun pengaruh mereka terhad kepada perkara sosial Melayu yang dibangkitkan dalam urusan majlis. Sultan dan pembesar daerah diberi pampasan atas kehilangan hasil cukai mereka dengan elaun bulanan daripada perbendaharaan negeri.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Peranan penghulu tempatan berubah dengan ketara apabila mereka dilantik bukan lagi oleh Sultan tetapi oleh Residen British.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Dasar tanah kolonial memperkenalkan pemilikan tanah individu, dengan itu menjadikan tanah sebagai komoditi, dan penghulu kemudiannya terlibat dalam perkara yang berkaitan dengan harta ini.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Majlis Negeri Perak telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1875 untuk membantu Residen British dalam kebanyakan urusan pentadbiran. Ia juga membawa bersama ketua-ketua Melayu dan pemimpin Cina (Kapitan Cina) untuk menangani isu-isu pentadbiran tertentu yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan populasi Melayu dan Cina di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> Majlis Negeri turut membantu menyediakan pendidikan dan latihan bagi membantu orang Melayu melayakkan diri ke jawatan kerajaan. Apabila jawatan Residen FMS dimansuhkan, jawatan pentadbiran lain yang dipegang Eropah secara beransur-ansur diduduki oleh lantikan tempatan. Seperti di seluruh Malaysia, kerajaan tempatan berada di bawah bidang kuasa kerajaan negeri.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">[92]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Bahagian pentadbiran Perak </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15" style="font-size:larger"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div class="nounderlines" style="width: 350px; float: none; margin: none; padding: none; border: none; clear: none; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"> <div style="background-color: ;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/350px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="560" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/525px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/700px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2176" /></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:174px;top:109.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">ɢᴇʀɪᴋ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:30px;top:207.4px"><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">ᴘᴀʀɪᴛ ʙᴜɴᴛᴀʀ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:72px;top:274px"><a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiping, Perak">ᴛᴀɪᴘɪɴɢ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:102px;top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">ᴋᴜᴀʟᴀ ᴋᴀɴɢsᴀʀ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:186px;top:322px"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">ɪᴘᴏʜ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:138px;top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" class="mw-disambig" title="Batu Gajah">ʙᴀᴛᴜ ɢᴀᴊᴀʜ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:78px;top:391px"><a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">sᴇʀɪ ɪsᴋᴀɴᴅᴀʀ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:156px;top:404.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampar, Perak">ᴋᴀᴍᴘᴀʀ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:210px;top:406px"><a href="/wiki/Tapah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapah">ᴛᴀᴘᴀʜ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:72px;top:410.2px"><a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">sᴇʀɪ ᴍᴀɴᴊᴜɴɢ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:138px;top:449.2px"><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">ᴛᴇʟᴜᴋ ɪɴᴛᴀɴ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:102px;top:482.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" title="Bagan Datuk">ʙᴀɢᴀɴ ᴅᴀᴛᴜᴋ</a></div></div> <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 10px;"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:246px;top:532px"><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">ᴛᴀɴᴊᴜɴɢ ᴍᴀʟɪᴍ</a></div></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>UPI code<a href="#cite_note-UPI-200">[200]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_di_Malaysia" title="Daerah di Malaysia">Daerah</a> </th> <th>Penduduk (banci 2010)<a href="#cite_note-total_population-203">[203]</a> </th> <th>Luas (km2)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </th> <th>Kerusi </th> <th>Mukim </th></tr> <tr> <th>0801 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Batang_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Batang Padang">Batang Padang</a> </th> <td>123,600 </td> <td>1,794.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapah">Tapah</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0802 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Manjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Manjung">Manjung</a> </th> <td>227,071 </td> <td>1,113.58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">Seri Manjung</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0803 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Kinta">Kinta</a> </th> <td>749,474 </td> <td>1,305 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" class="mw-disambig" title="Batu Gajah">Batu Gajah</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0804 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Kerian">Kerian</a> </th> <td>176,975 </td> <td>921.47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">Parit Buntar</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0805 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kuala_Kangsar" title="Daerah Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> </th> <td>155,592 </td> <td>2,563.61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0806 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Larut,_Matang_dan_Selama" title="Daerah Larut, Matang dan Selama">Larut, Matang dan Selama</a> </th> <td>326,476 </td> <td>2,112.61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Taiping" title="Bandar Taiping">Taiping</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0807 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Hilir_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Hilir Perak">Hilir Perak</a> </th> <td>128,179 </td> <td>792.07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">Teluk Intan</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0808 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Hulu_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Hulu Perak">Hulu Perak</a> </th> <td>89,926 </td> <td>6,560.43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE;"> <th>0809 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Selama" class="mw-redirect" title="Selama">Selama</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0810 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Perak_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Perak Tengah">Perak Tengah</a> </th> <td>99,854 </td> <td>1,279.46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">Seri Iskandar</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0811 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kampar" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Kampar">Kampar</a> </th> <td>96,303 </td> <td>669.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampar, Perak">Kampar</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0812 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Muallim" title="Daerah Muallim">Muallim</a> </th> <td>69,639 </td> <td>934.35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0813 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Bagan_Datuk" title="Daerah Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a> </th> <td>70,300 </td> <td>951.52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" title="Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left">Nota: Data populasi bagi Hilir Perak, Bagan Datuk, Batang Padang, dan Muallim adalah berdasarkan data pejabat tanah daerah. Selama adalah sebuah mukim berautonomi (daerah kecil) di bawah Larut, Matang dan Selama.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Kebanyakan daerah dan mukim mempunyai satu kerajaan tempatan, kecuali Hulu Perak dan Kinta, masing-masing dibahagikan kepada tiga (Gerik, Lenggong dan Pengkalan Hulu), dan dua (Batu Gajah dan Ipoh) majlis tempatan. Bagan Datuk kekal di bawah bidang kuasa majlis Teluk Intan. </td></tr></tbody></table> Pada 26 November 2015, telah diumumkan bahawa mukim Tanjung Malim di Daerah Batang Padang akan menjadi daerah ke-11 Perak, yang dinamakan Muallim.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Sultan Nazrin merasmikan pewujudannya secara rasmi pada 11 Januari 2016.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Pada 9 Januari 2017, Sultan telah mengisytiharkan Bagan Datuk sebagai daerah ke-12 negeri.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Pengisytiharan itu menandakan permulaan transformasi bagi daerah itu, salah satu penghasil kelapa terbesar di Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Selama ialah sebuah mukim berautonomi di bawah Larut, Matang dan Selama. Kebanyakan daerah dan mukim mempunyai kerajaan tempatan tunggal, kecuali Hulu Perak dan Kinta, masing-masing dibahagikan kepada tiga (Gerik, Lenggong dan Pengkalan Hulu), dan dua (Batu Gajah dan Ipoh) majlis tempatan. Bagan Datuk kekal di bawah bidang kuasa majlis Teluk Intan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#808000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 28.372565943692px; border-left-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.257016191312px 77.450306019873px 0 0; border-top-color:#000080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#000080"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Kongsi KDNK Perak Mengikut Sektor (2016)<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Perkhidmatan (60.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Pengilangan (18.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Pertanian (16.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Pembinaan (4.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5621" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perkampungan_nelayan" title="Perkampungan nelayan">Perkampungan nelayan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Sepetang" title="Kuala Sepetang">Kuala Sepetang</a> diterangi oleh lampu semasa jam biru. Pertanian, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Ikan_air_tawar" title="Ikan air tawar">ikan air tawar</a> dan penternakan udang, merupakan sektor ekonomi utama di Perak, bersama-sama dengan perkhidmatan dan pembuatan.</figcaption></figure> Sejak 1980-an, Perak memulakan peralihan ekonomi daripada sektor utama, di mana selama beberapa dekad pendapatan dijana oleh industri perlombongan bijih timah.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Pada awal tahun 2006, kerajaan negeri telah menubuhkan Pusat Pengurusan Pelaburan Perak (InvestPerak) untuk menjadi pusat hubungan bagi pelabur dalam sektor pembuatan dan perkhidmatan.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Ekonomi negeri hari ini bergantung terutamanya kepada sektor tertiari.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Pada 2017, industri pelancongan menyumbang RM201.4 bilion (14.9%) kepada keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) negeri.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Melalui Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (RMK-11), negeri ini telah menetapkan sasaran di bawah pelan pembangunan lima tahun 2016–2020, termasuk sasaran koridor pembangunan ekonomi untuk Selatan Perak.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Perak mempunyai beberapa koridor pembangunan, dengan tumpuan berbeza bagi setiap daerah.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Pelan induk 20 tahun juga digubal pada 2017 untuk memacu pembangunan ekonomi di negeri ini, dengan nilai pembangunan sehingga RM30 bilion.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Pada suku pertama 2018, negeri menerima sejumlah RM249.8 juta pelaburan. Setahun kemudian, pelaburan pada suku pertama 2019 telah meningkat kepada RM1.43 bilion. Perak menduduki tempat kelima selepas Pulau Pinang, Kedah, Johor dan Selangor dalam jumlah nilai pelaburan.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Pada 2018, pelaburan sebanyak RM1.9 bilion telah dirancang untuk pelaksanaan pelbagai projek pembuatan dan pembinaan kilang yang berkaitan mulai 2019.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Sejak 2005, Perak telah berusaha untuk kekal sebagai pengeluar pertanian terbesar di Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Pada tahun 2008, negeri ini berusaha untuk menghalalkan industri ternakan udang, kebanyakannya terletak di barat Perak dengan beberapa aktiviti di Tanjung Tualang.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Pada tahun 2016, kira-kira 17,589 orang muda di Perak terlibat dalam melaksanakan pelbagai inisiatif negeri dalam sektor pertanian Perak.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Pada 2019, Perbadanan Kemajuan Pertanian Negeri Perak (SADC) melancarkan Projek AgroValley Perak bagi meningkatkan pengeluaran pertanian negeri. Inisiatif ini meliputi kawasan seluas 1,983.68 hektar (4,902 ekar) di kawasan Mukim Lenggong Bukit Sapi.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Kebanyakan tasik lombong bijih timah Perak yang terbiar menyediakan persekitaran yang sesuai untuk pembiakan ikan air tawar. 65% daripada lombong terbiar telah digunakan untuk pengeluaran perikanan, dengan 30% daripada ikan dieksport ke negara jiran Singapura dan Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Bagi meningkatkan lagi produktiviti pertanian dan memenuhi permintaan yang semakin meningkat, negeri ini bercadang untuk mengembangkan penanaman kekal sayur-sayuran, bunga-bungaan, kelapa, kelapa sawit, durian dan mangga, di kawasan yang berbeza di seluruh Perak.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Sektor pembinaan menyumbang 5.6% daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi Perak pada 2015, menurun kepada 4.0% pada tahun berikutnya. Projek pembangunan dan perumahan mewakili sumbangan utama sektor itu kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi negeri.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelancongan">Pelancongan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Senarai_tarikan_pelancong_di_Perak" title="Senarai tarikan pelancong di Perak">Senarai tarikan pelancong di Perak</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/197px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/296px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/394px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="3272" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/87px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/131px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/174px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Istana_kenangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/85px-Istana_kenangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/128px-Istana_kenangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/170px-Istana_kenangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/199px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/299px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/398px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Seni bina bersejarah Perak, mengikut arah jam dari kanan atas: <a href="/wiki/Menara_Jam_Condong_Teluk_Intan" class="mw-redirect" title="Menara Jam Condong Teluk Intan">Menara Jam Condong Teluk Intan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeri_Sultan_Azlan_Shah" title="Galeri Sultan Azlan Shah">Galeri Sultan Azlan Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzium_Diraja_Kuala_Kangsar" title="Muzium Diraja Kuala Kangsar">Muzium Diraja Kuala Kangsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istana_Kellie" title="Istana Kellie">Istana Kellie</a></div></div></div></div> Sektor tertiari merupakan sektor ekonomi utama Perak. Pada 2018, negeri ini merupakan destinasi kedua paling popular untuk pelancong domestik di Malaysia, selepas negeri Pahang.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Tarikan Perak termasuk bandar diraja Kuala Kangsar dan bangunan ikoniknya, seperti Istana Iskandariah, Menara Dataran Pavilion, Muzium Diraja Perak, Galeri Sultan Azlan Shah, dan Masjid Ubudiah.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Warisan kolonial British di Perak termasuklah Menara Jam Memorial Birch, Mahkamah Tinggi Ipoh, stesen kereta api Ipoh, Dewan Bandaran Ipoh dan Pejabat Pos Lama, Istana Kellie, Hotel Majestic Station, Kolej Melayu Kuala Kangsar, Maxwell Hill (Bukit Larut), Muzium Negeri Perak,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Kelab Diraja Ipoh, Gereja St. John, dan Taman Tasik Taiping.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_architecture-238">[238]</a> Peristiwa sejarah perjuangan Melayu tempatan dikenang di Kompleks Sejarah Pasir Salak.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Terdapat juga beberapa mercu tanda etnik Cina yang bersejarah, terutamanya di Ipoh, ibu negara. Ia termasuk bangunan Muzium Darul Ridzuan,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> bekas rumah agam pelombong bijih timah Cina yang kaya; Han Chin Pet Soo, bekas kelab untuk pelombong Hakka dan syurga aktiviti gelap;<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_architecture-238">[238]</a> dan Menara Condong Teluk Intan.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Jambatan jalan melepasi Hutan Hujan Royal Belum semasa jam biru</figcaption></figure> Perak juga mengandungi beberapa tarikan semula jadi, termasuk tempat perlindungan burung, gua, hutan simpan, pulau, tebing batu kapur, gunung, dan pantai berpasir putih. Antara tapak semula jadi ialah Pulau Banding, Hutan Simpan Belum-Temengor,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Kuil Gua Kek Lok Tong dan Taman Zen,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">[244]</a> Taman Semula Jadi Kinta,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">[244]</a> Hutan Simpan Bakau Matang, Gunung Yong Belar,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">[244]</a> Pulau Pangkor,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Gua Tempurung,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> dan Hutan Simpan Ulu Kinta.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">[244]</a> Tarikan rekreasi termasuk Retret Air Panas Banjaran,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Taman Rekreasi D. R Seenivasagam,<a href="#cite_note-Perak's_garden_city-248">[248]</a> Lembah Teh Gaharu Gopeng,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Taman Semula Jadi Go Chin Pomelo,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Taman Rekreasi Gunung Lang,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">[244]</a> Kinta Riverfront Walk, <a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Taman Rimba Kuala Woh,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Gunung Lang,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Lost World of Tambun,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> My Gopeng Resort,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Taman Herba Perak,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-247">[247]</a> Taman Rekreasi Sultan Abdul Aziz, dan Air Panas Sungai Klah Taman.<a href="#cite_note-Perak's_garden_city-248">[248]</a> Sejak sejarah dikuasai oleh perlombongan timah dan <a href="/wiki/Getah" title="Getah">getah</a>, Perak mengalami kesulitan yang amat teruk dengan kemerosotan kedua-dua industri tersebut. Tindakan telah diambil baru-baru ini untuk mengubah ekonomi negeri Perak kepada sebuah ekonomi berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Perindustrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Perindustrian">perindustrian</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pengilangan" title="Pengilangan">pengilangan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prasarana">Prasarana</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Downtown_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4379" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>Prasarana lama dan baru di ibu kota <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></figcaption></figure> Perak mempunyai rancangan pembangunan kerajaan negeri 2016–2020. Dana Pembangunan berjumlah RM397,438,000 telah diluluskan oleh Dewan Undangan Negeri pada 2016.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Bajet 2018 memperuntukkan Perak lagi RM1.176 bilion, di mana RM421.28 juta diperuntukkan untuk perbelanjaan pembangunan, dan RM755.59 juta untuk kos pengurusan.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Selain menarik pelabur, kerajaan negeri sedang berusaha menambah baik dan membina infrastruktur baharu. Kerajaan baharu yang dipilih pada 2018 mengumumkan hasratnya untuk meneruskan projek pembangunan yang dimulakan oleh kerajaan terdahulu untuk semua daerah di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenaga_dan_sumber_air">Tenaga dan sumber air</h3></div> Pengagihan elektrik di Perak dikendalikan dan diuruskan oleh Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Stesen Janakuasa Temenggor di Gerik mempunyai kapasiti 348 MW, yang terbesar daripada banyak loji hidroelektrik di negeri ini. Dibina oleh British, Stesen Janakuasa Chenderoh, stesen janakuasa empangan hidroelektrik tertua di negeri itu, mempunyai kapasiti 40.5 MW.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Stesen janakuasa hidroelektrik lain termasuk Stesen Janakuasa Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering (120 MW), Stesen Janakuasa Hidroelektrik Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia (72 MW), Stesen Janakuasa Hilir Sungai Piah (54 MW), dan Stesen Janakuasa Atas Sungai Piah (14.6 MW).<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Loji Janakuasa Manjung 4,100 MW, juga dikenali sebagai Stesen Janakuasa Sultan Azlan Shah, adalah stesen janakuasa arang batu yang terletak di pulau buatan di luar pantai Perak. Ia dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh TNB Janamanjung, anak syarikat milik penuh TNB. Loji itu dianggap sebagai salah satu projek Penjana Tenaga Bebas (IPP) terbesar di Asia.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Loji kuasa kitaran gabungan GB3 di Lumut, yang dikendalikan oleh Malakoff, mempunyai kapasiti 640 MW.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Bekalan air paip negeri ini diuruskan oleh Lembaga Air Perak (PWB), sebuah badan korporat yang ditubuhkan di bawah Enakmen Lembaga Air Perak pada 1988. Ia memberi perkhidmatan kepada lebih 2.5 juta orang, dan merupakan antara operator air terbesar di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, selepas Selangor dan Johor. Sebelum PWB ditubuhkan, perkhidmatan air pada mulanya telah disediakan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya Perak, dan seterusnya oleh Jabatan Bekalan Air Perak.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Bekalan air negeri ini kebanyakannya datang daripada dua empangan utamanya, Empangan Air Kuning di Taiping dan Empangan Sultan Azlan Shah di Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telekomunikasi_dan_penyiaran">Telekomunikasi dan penyiaran</h3></div> Telekomunikasi di Perak pada asalnya ditadbir oleh Jabatan Pos dan Telekomunikasi, dan diselenggara oleh British Cable & Wireless Communications, bertanggungjawab ke atas semua perkhidmatan telekomunikasi di Tanah Melayu.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-telecom_merged-265">[265]</a> Talian telegraf pertama, yang menghubungkan Rumah Perak Residen British di Kuala Kangsar dengan rumah Timbalan Residen British di Taiping, telah diletakkan oleh Jabatan Pos dan Telegraf pada tahun 1874.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Laluan selanjutnya dibina untuk menghubungkan semua kawasan ekonomi utama British pada masa itu, dan khususnya wilayah Negeri-Negeri Selat British.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Berikutan penubuhan Persekutuan Malaysia pada tahun 1963, pada tahun 1968 jabatan telekomunikasi di Tanah Melayu dan Borneo bergabung membentuk Jabatan Telekomunikasi Malaysia, yang kemudiannya menjadi Telekom Malaysia (TM).<a href="#cite_note-telecom_merged-265">[265]</a> Negeri ini kekal komited dengan kerjasama penuh dengan kerajaan persekutuan untuk melaksanakan projek pembangunan telekomunikasi terkini di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Perak dijangka menjadi negeri Malaysia pertama yang memperkenalkan Pelan Gentian dan Ketersambungan Kebangsaan (NFCP) untuk Internet berkelajuan tinggi di kawasan luar bandar.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Penyiaran televisyen di negeri ini terbahagi kepada televisyen terestrial dan satelit. Terdapat dua jenis penyedia televisyen percuma ke udara: MYTV Broadcasting (digital terrestrial) dan Astro NJOI (satelit), manakala IPTV diakses melalui Unifi TV melalui perkhidmatan langganan internet gentian optik UniFi.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Kerajaan persekutuan Malaysia mengendalikan satu saluran radio negeri, Perak FM.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengangkutan">Pengangkutan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ipoh_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/150px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/225px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/300px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/134px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/201px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/268px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="728" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/122px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/183px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/244px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/162px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/243px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/324px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mengikut arah jam dari kanan atas: <a href="/wiki/Stesen_kereta_api_Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Stesen kereta api Tanjung Malim">stesen kereta api Tanjung Malim</a>, feri Pulau Pangkor, <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Terbang_Sultan_Azlan_Shah" title="Lapangan Terbang Sultan Azlan Shah">Lapangan Terbang Sultan Azlan Shah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lebuhraya_Utara-Selatan" title="Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan">Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan</a> Ipoh</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/220px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/330px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/440px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waktu_sibuk" title="Waktu sibuk">Waktu sibuk</a> lalu lintas pada <a href="/wiki/Senja" title="Senja">senja</a> di <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kampar" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Kampar">Kampar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar,_Ipoh_(220806)_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Bas PerakTransit di jalan Kuala Kangsar, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></figcaption></figure> Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan Malaysia menghubungkan Perak dengan negeri-negeri pantai barat Malaysia dan wilayah persekutuan yang lain. Perak mempunyai dua kategori jalan raya, pada 2016 berjumlah 1,516 kilometer (942 mi) jalan persekutuan, dan 28,767 kilometer (17,875 mi) jalan negeri.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Sebuah lebuh raya baharu, Lebuhraya Pantai Barat, sedang dibina untuk menghubungkan kawasan pantai di negeri ini dan mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas yang semakin meningkat.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Perak mempunyai rangkaian jalan raya berkembar dan mengikut peraturan lalu lintas sebelah kiri. Bandar menyediakan pengangkutan awam, termasuk bas, teksi dan perkhidmatan Grab. Di bawah Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (RMK11), sekitar 23 projek infrastruktur bernilai RM4.7 bilion telah dilaksanakan. Ini termasuk 11 projek jalan raya untuk negeri ini, melibatkan peruntukan RM1.84 bilion untuk kerja naik taraf dan pembesaran yang dijalankan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR).<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Stesen kereta api Ipoh, di Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab di ibu negeri, adalah stesen tertua rangkaian rel Perak. Ia dibina oleh British pada tahun 1917, dan dinaik taraf pada tahun 1936.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Pada 2019, projek pembangunan bersepadu telah dilancarkan untuk menaik taraf stesen kereta api dan kawasan sekitarnya.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Perkhidmatan bot menyediakan akses pengangkutan utama ke Pulau Pangkor, selain perjalanan udara.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Lapangan Terbang Sultan Azlan Shah ialah lapangan terbang antarabangsa utama Perak, bertindak sebagai pintu masuk utama ke negeri ini. Lapangan terbang awam lain termasuk Lapangan Terbang Pangkor dan Lapangan Terbang Sitiawan, dan terdapat lapangan terbang persendirian atau terhad seperti Lapangan Terbang Jendarata dan Lapangan Terbang Taiping tentera.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penjagaan_kesihatan">Penjagaan kesihatan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Senarai_hospital_di_Malaysia" title="Senarai hospital di Malaysia">Senarai hospital di Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Taiping Hospital di <a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a></figcaption></figure> Perkhidmatan kesihatan di Perak ditadbir oleh Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Perak. Hospital kerajaan utama negeri ini ialah Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun 990 katil, sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Hospital Ipoh, yang turut menggabungkan hospital wanita dan kanak-kanak.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Hospital lain termasuk empat hospital pakar: Hospital Taiping, Hospital Teluk Intan, Hospital Seri Manjung, dan Hospital Slim River khusus minor; sembilan hospital daerah: Hospital Batu Gajah, Hospital Changkat, Hospital Gerik, Hospital Kampar, Hospital Kuala Kangsar, Hospital Parit Buntar, Hospital Selama, Hospital Sungai Siput, Hospital Tapah; dan satu hospital psikiatri: Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Klinik kesihatan awam lain, klinik 1Malaysia, dan klinik desa tersebar di seluruh negeri. Terdapat beberapa hospital swasta antaranya Pusat Perubatan Anson Bay, Pusat Perubatan Apollo, Pusat Perubatan Ar-Ridzuan, Hospital Asia Colombia, Hospital Fatimah, Hospital Ipoh Pantai, Pusat Pakar Ipoh, Pusat Perubatan Kinta, Hospital Manjung Pantai, Komuniti Perak Hospital Pakar, Hospital Pakar Sri Manjung, Pusat Perubatan Taiping, dan Hospital Kumpulan Ulu Bernam Jenderata.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Pada tahun 2009, nisbah doktor-pesakit negeri ialah 3 setiap 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Laman utama: <a href="/wiki/Senarai_sekolah_di_Perak" title="Senarai sekolah di Perak">Senarai sekolah di Perak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_universiti_di_Malaysia" title="Senarai universiti di Malaysia">Senarai universiti di Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/220px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/330px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/440px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Seni bina Cina <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman">Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> (UTAR) Dewan Besar Kampus, Kampar, pada waktu malam.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></figcaption></figure> Semua sekolah rendah dan menengah adalah dalam bidang kuasa Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak, di bawah bimbingan Kementerian Pendidikan negara.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Antara sekolah tertua di Perak ialah Sekolah King Edward VII (1883), Sekolah Inggeris-Cina (1895), dan St. Michael's Institution (1912).<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Sehingga 2019, Perak mempunyai sejumlah 250 sekolah menengah kerajaan,<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> enam sekolah antarabangsa (City Harbour International School,<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Fairview International School Kampus Ipoh,<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Imperial International School Ipoh,<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Seri Botani International School,<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Tenby Schools Ipoh,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> dan Westlake International School),<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> dan sembilan sekolah bebas Cina.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Terdapat sebuah pusat pembelajaran Jepun, terletak di ibu negeri, Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris ialah universiti awam tunggal, dan terdapat tiga universiti swasta: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Universiti Antarabangsa Quest,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> dan Universiti Teknologi Petronas, serta cawangan kampus Universiti Kuala Lumpur Institut Teknologi Kejuruteraan Marin Malaysia (UniKL MIMET),<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> dan Kolej Perubatan Diraja Universiti Kuala Lumpur Perak (UniKL RCMP).<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Kolej lain termasuk Kolej Cosmopoint, Kolej Maxwell Ipoh, Kolej Olympia Ipoh, Kolej Sunway Ipoh, Kolej Syuen, Kolej Taj, Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampus Cawangan Perak, dan Kolej WIT Cawangan Ipoh. Terdapat beberapa politeknik, antaranya Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah di Behrang, dan Politeknik Ungku Omar di Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangsa_dan_imigresen">Bangsa dan imigresen</h3></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Sejarah kependudukan</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Tahun</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Pendudukan">Pend.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Peratus perubahan">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,569,139</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,743,655</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,877,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,973,368</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,299,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,496,041</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Sumber: <a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Komposisi bangsa di Perak - Bancian 2020<a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Bangsa</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Peratus</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Melayu_Malaysia" title="Orang Melayu Malaysia">Melayu</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:54.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">54.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Bumiputera lain</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Cina_Malaysia" title="Orang Cina Malaysia">Cina</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:25.8%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">25.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Orang_India_Malaysia" title="Orang India Malaysia">India</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:10.8%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">10.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Lain-lain</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.4%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Tidak diketahui</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:5.3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">5.3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Pada tahun 2020, penduduk negeri Perak dianggarkan seramai 2,496,041, menjadikannya negeri kelima paling ramai penduduk di Malaysia, dengan kadar pertumbuhan 0.8 peratus. 94.7 peratus dari jumlah penduduk merupakan warganegara Malaysia. Perak juga mempunyai kepadatan penduduk dengan 118 orang perkilometer persegi.<a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a> Daripada penduduk Malaysia, 1,364,764 (54.7%) adalah Melayu, 643,627 (25.8%) adalah Cina, 270,809 (10.8%) adalah India, 10,749 (0.4%) adalah dari bangsa lain-lain, 74,888 (3.0%) dikenal pasti sebagai bumiputera lain, dan 131,204 (5.3%) adalah warganegara asing. Pada tahun 2010, penduduk dianggarkan sekitar 2,299,582, dengan 1,212,700 (52.0%) Melayu, 675,517 (29.0%) Cina, 274,631 (11.0%) India, dan 62,877 (2.7%) lagi daripada bumiputera lain. Pernah menjadi negeri paling ramai penduduk semasa pentadbiran British di bawah FMS, Perak masih belum pulih daripada kemerosotan industri perlombongan bijih timah.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Kemelesetan ekonomi yang berkaitan mengakibatkan pengaliran tenaga kerja secara besar-besaran ke negeri-negeri dengan pertumbuhan lebih tinggi seperti Pulau Pinang, Selangor, dan Kuala Lumpur.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> Penempatan penduduk berbangsa Cina dan India kebanyakannya tertumpu di kawasan bandar manakala penempatan penduduk berbangsa Melayu tertumpu di kawasan bandar dan kampung. Perlembagaan semasa mentakrifkan Melayu sebagai seorang yang beragama Islam dan berasimilasi dengan masyarakat Melayu. Mengikut tradisi, orang Melayu jati kebanyakannya tinggal di Lenggong, Gerik, Kinta, Bota dan Beruas. Terdapat beberapa suku Melayu anak dagang di negeri Perak seperti <a href="/wiki/Orang_Jawa" title="Orang Jawa">Jawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Banjar" title="Orang Banjar">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau">Minang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suku_Mandailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Mandailing">Mandailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Rawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Rawa">Rawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Melayu_Thai" title="Orang Melayu Thai">Pattani</a>. Negeri Perak juga mempunyai penduduk bersuku <a href="/wiki/Orang_Banjar" title="Orang Banjar">Banjar</a> paling ramai di Malaysia yang tertumpu di daerah Kerian.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Kebanyakan penduduk bersuku Jawa, <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> dan Minang tertumpu di bahagian selatan negeri Perak. Orang Jawa kebanyakannya tinggal di Hilir Perak, terdiri daripada Bagan Datuk, Batak Rabit, Sungai Manik, Teluk Intan, dan beberapa tempat lain di sepanjang pantai Perak. Penduduk bersuku Mandailing dan Rawa pula tertumpu di bahagian timur negeri Perak, kebanyakannya di Gopeng, Kampar, Tanjung Malim, dan Kampung Mandailing di Gua Balak. Mereka ini kebanyakannya berasal dari negeri jiran Selangor, melarikan diri dari Perang Klang. Di utara negeri terdapat komuniti penduduk bersuku Pattani manakala di bahagian barat terdapat beberapa komuniti penduduk berketurunan Aceh. Terdapat juga kehadiran orang Aceh yang tersebar, sejak zaman pemerintahan Kesultanan Aceh. Orang Bugis terdapat di Kuala Kangsar, khususnya di Kota Lama Kiri dan Sayong. Sebilangan kecil orang Minangkabau di negeri itu tinggal di kalangan kumpulan etnik lain tanpa kampung atau penempatan mereka sendiri. Sehingga 2015, terdapat kira-kira 3,200 orang Siam Malaysia di Perak, warisan kehadiran orang Siam di negeri-negeri Melayu utara.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> Kepadatan penduduk tertinggi Perak terutamanya tertumpu di kawasan pantai dan tanah pamah. Penduduk Cina dan India mewakili peratusan yang lebih tinggi daripada jumlah penduduk negeri ini berbanding negeri-negeri Melayu utara yang berdekatan.<a href="#cite_note-RumleyMinghi2014-311">[311]</a> Kehadiran kumpulan ini amat ketara selepas British membuka banyak lombong bijih timah dan ladang getah yang luas pada pertengahan abad ke-19. Lebih separuh daripada penduduk Perak pada tahun 1930-an adalah pendatang Cina.<a href="#cite_note-British_in_the_Malay_States-312">[312]</a> Masyarakat India Perak kebanyakannya daripada etnik Tamil, walaupun ia juga termasuk komuniti India Selatan yang lain seperti Malayalees, terutamanya di Sitiawan, Sungai Siput, Trolak dan Kuala Kangsar; orang Telugu, di Teluk Intan dan Bagan Datuk; dan Sikh, yang tersebar di dalam dan sekitar Perak, kebanyakannya di Ipoh dan Tanjung Tualang.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-314">[314]</a> Terdapat juga beberapa komuniti orang asli di hulu, tengah dan selatan Perak. Pada tahun 2020, Dianggarkan seramai 60,565 orang asli yang tinggal di serata negeri Perak terdiri daripada kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Proto" title="Melayu Proto">Melayu Proto</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>. Kumpulan Senoi merupakan kumpulan majoriti di negeri ini dengan seramai 57,120 orang. Majoriti orang asli di negeri ini beretnik Semai iaitu seramai 35,453 orang. Antara etnik majoriti yang lain ialah etnik <a href="/wiki/Temiar" title="Temiar">Temiar</a> seramai 21,451 orang dan etnik <a href="/wiki/Jahai" title="Jahai">Jahai</a> seramai 2,205 orang. Terdapat juga beberapa komuniti etnik yang kecil iaitu etnik <a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut" title="Jah Hut">Jah Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakun" title="Jakun">Jakun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Semelai" title="Orang Semelai">Semelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temuan" title="Temuan">Temuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintak" title="Kintak">Kintak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lanoh" title="Lanoh">Lanoh</a> yang seramai dalam lingkungan 100 hingga 300 orang serta beberapa etnik lain yang lebih kecil seperti <a href="/wiki/Mahmeri" title="Mahmeri">Mahmeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri" title="Semaq Beri">Semoq Beri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensiu" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a> yang seramai dalam lingkungan beberapa puluhan orang. Hanya enam orang sahaja beretnik <a href="/wiki/Bateq" title="Bateq">Bateq</a> dan seorang beretnik <a href="/wiki/Che_Wong" title="Che Wong">Che Wong</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">orang Seletar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Orang Asli beretnik Senoi dan Melayu Proto kebanyakannya tinggal di tengah dan selatan Perak terutamanya etnik Semai dan Temiar. Orang asli yang beretnik Negrito pula kebanyakannya tinggal di bahagian pedalaman di kawasan Hulu Perak terutamanya etnik Jahai, Lanoh dan Kintak.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Kepadatan penduduk agak rendah di kebanyakan kawasan pedalaman Perak, di mana Orang Asli asli bertaburan, termasuk di daerah sempadan paling utara di Hulu Perak.<a href="#cite_note-RumleyMinghi2014-311">[311]</a> Orang asli pada asalnya mendiami sebahagian besar kawasan pesisir pantai Perak, tetapi telah ditolak lebih dalam ke kawasan pedalaman dengan kedatangan semakin ramai pendatang Jawa, Banjar, Mandailing, Rawa, Batak, Kampar, Bugis dan Minangkabau pada awal abad ke-19. Tradisi lisan Orang Asli mengekalkan kisah kekejaman Rawa dan Batak dan perhambaan penduduk asli.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan2008-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kuala_Kangsar,_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/140px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/210px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/280px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/144px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/216px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/288px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple,_Ipoh,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/144px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/216px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/288px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="3885" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sjc2_170916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/140px-Sjc2_170916.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/210px-Sjc2_170916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/280px-Sjc2_170916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tempat_ibadat" title="Tempat ibadat">Tempat-tempat ibadat</a> di Perak, mengikut arah jam dari kanan atas: <a href="/wiki/Tokong_Sam_Poh_Tong" title="Tokong Sam Poh Tong">Tokong Sam Poh Tong</a>, Gereja St. John, Kuil Kallumai Murugan dan <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Ubudiah" class="mw-disambig" title="Masjid Ubudiah">Masjid Ubudiah</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Agama di Perak - Bancian 2020<a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Agama</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Peratus</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:57.9%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">57.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:24.2%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">24.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:9.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">9.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:3.0%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">3.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Lain-lain</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:1.3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tiada_agama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiada agama">Tiada agama</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:1.3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Tidak diketahui</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:2.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">2.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/220px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/330px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/440px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Ubudiah,_Perak" title="Masjid Ubudiah, Perak">Masjid Ubudiah, Kuala Kangsar</a></figcaption></figure> Seperti di seluruh Malaysia, Islam diiktiraf sebagai agama negeri, walaupun agama lain boleh diamalkan secara bebas.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Menurut Banci Malaysia 2010, majoriti penduduk negeri Perak beragama Islam iaitu 1,444,033 orang atau 57.9% dari jumlah penduduk, diikuti agama Buddha 24.2%, Hindu 9.7%, Kristian 3.0%, tidak diketahui dan tiada agama 2.7% dan 1.3% masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a> Penduduk beragama Islam di negeri Perak mengamalkan fahaman <a href="/wiki/Ahli_Sunah_Waljamaah" title="Ahli Sunah Waljamaah">Ahli Sunah Waljamaah</a> dan bermazhab <a href="/wiki/Mazhab_Syafie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhab Syafie">Syafie</a>. Majoriti penduduk beragama Islam di negeri ini terdiri daripada penduduk berbangsa Melayu. Penganut agama Buddha, Hindu dan Kristian di negeri ini pula terdiri daripada penduduk berbangsa Cina, India dan bangsa minoriti yang lain. Banci menunjukkan bahawa 83.7% penduduk Cina Perak dikenal pasti sebagai penganut agama Buddha, dengan minoriti yang ketara dikenal pasti sebagai Kristian (9.2%), penganut agama rakyat Cina (5.8%), dan Islam (0.2%). Majoriti penduduk India dikenal pasti sebagai Hindu (87.6%), dengan minoriti ketara dikenal pasti sebagai Kristian (6.01%), Islam (2.67%), dan Buddha (1.0%). Masyarakat bumiputera bukan Melayu kebanyakannya tidak beragama (28.2%), dengan minoriti yang ketara dikenal pasti sebagai Islam (24.1%), dan Kristian (22.9%). Di kalangan penduduk majoriti, semua bumiputera Melayu dikenal pasti beragama Islam. Perkara 160 Perlembagaan Malaysia mentakrifkan menganut agama Islam sebagai salah satu kriteria untuk menjadi seorang Melayu.<a href="#cite_note-Statistik-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/220px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/330px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/440px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Papan tanda jalan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a> dengan nama lokasi Inggeris di Ipoh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Papan tanda jalan berhampiran <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Bandaraya_Ipoh" title="Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh">Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh</a></figcaption></figure> Sebagai sebuah negeri yang berbilang kaum, Perak juga mempunyai kepelbagaian bahasa. Varieti tempatan utama bahasa Melayu yang dituturkan di negeri ini ialah Melayu Perak, yang dicirikan oleh "e" (seperti dalam "merah", [e]) dan "r"nya, seperti "r" Perancis ([ʁ]) . Ia biasa dituturkan di Perak tengah, lebih khusus di daerah Kuala Kangsar dan Perak Tengah.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-321">[321]</a> Penutur dialek Melayu Kedah utara juga terdapat di bahagian utara Perak, yang terdiri daripada daerah Kerian, Pulau Pangkor, dan Larut, Matang dan Selama.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Di bahagian timur laut Perak (Hulu Perak), dan beberapa bahagian Selama dan Kerian, orang Melayu bercakap satu lagi variasi bahasa Melayu yang berbeza yang dikenali sebagai Melayu Reman atau tempatan dikenali sebagai Basa Ulu/Grik (dinamakan sempena Grik), iaitu yang paling rapat. berkaitan dengan Melayu Kelantan-Pattani di Kelantan dan selatan Thailand (Yawi) kerana kedekatan geografi dan asimilasi sejarah.<a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-321">[321]</a> Di bahagian selatan Perak (Hilir Perak dan Batang Padang), dan juga di daerah Kampar dan Kinta dan beberapa bahagian di Manjung, dialek yang dituturkan banyak dipengaruhi oleh dialek Melayu selatan semenanjung seperti Selangor, Melaka, dan Johor-Riau. Ia juga dipengaruhi oleh beberapa bahasa kepulauan Indonesia: Jawa, Banjar, Rawa (ragam Minangkabau), Batak (Mandailing), dan Bugis, akibat imigrasi sejarah, perang saudara seperti Perang Klang, dan faktor lain.<a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-321">[321]</a> Di antara pelbagai etnik Cina Perak, Kantonis Malaysia telah menjadi lingua franca, walaupun beberapa dialek dituturkan termasuk Kantonis, Hakka, Mandarin, Teochew, Hokkien, dan Hokchiu.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Masyarakat Tamil terutamanya bercakap dialek Malaysia dalam bahasa Tamil; orang Malayalee berbahasa Malayalam; orang Telugu bercakap bahasa Telugu; dan orang Sikh berbahasa Punjabi.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-314">[314]</a> Lama kelamaan, bahasa Tamil menjadi lingua franca di kalangan masyarakat India yang berbeza di Perak kerana orang berbahasa Tamil menjadi majoriti di beberapa negeri pantai barat Malaysia dengan populasi India yang lebih tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-British_in_the_Malay_States-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-314">[314]</a> Sebilangan kecil penutur Sinhala juga ditemui di bahagian ibu negeri, Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-314">[314]</a> Beberapa bahasa Orang Asli dituturkan di dalam negeri, semuanya milik cabang bahasa Austroasiatik Asli. Bahasa-bahasa tersebut ialah Lanoh, Temiar, Jahai, Kensiu, Kintaq, dan Semai. Ahli masyarakat Siam kebanyakannya bertutur dalam varian Thai Selatan, dan fasih berbahasa Melayu, juga mempunyai sedikit pengetahuan tentang beberapa dialek Cina. Dengan solekan berbilang etnik masyarakat Perak, sesetengah orang bercakap lebih daripada satu bahasa.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan_Malaysia" title="Kebudayaan Malaysia">Kebudayaan Malaysia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cantonese_opera,_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/123px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/185px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/246px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:2017_Thaipusam_Festival,_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/122px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/183px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/244px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/250px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/375px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/500px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="3723" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Multikulturalisme di Perak. Mengikut arah jam dari kanan atas: persembahan festival <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a>, Perarakan Budaya dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_Kantonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera Kantonis (laman tidak wujud)">opera Kantonis</a></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/122px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/183px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/244px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Labu sayong, <a href="/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar">tembikar</a> tradisional di Kuala Kangsar<a href="#cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-327">[327]</a></figcaption></figure> Masyarakat majmuk Perak mencerminkan pengaruh pelbagai etnik sepanjang sejarahnya. Beberapa bentuk seni Melayu, seperti sulaman dan persembahan seperti dabus, menunjukkan pengaruh budaya Arab yang jelas. Sulaman khas negeri, tekat emas, pernah dipersembahkan kepada diraja. Reka bentuk adalah berdasarkan motif bunga, haiwan dan geometri.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Dabus telah wujud selama kira-kira 300 tahun, dan tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada ritual yang melibatkan mantera.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> Ia dibawa ke Perak oleh pedagang dari Sumatera, dan diamalkan oleh masyarakat Melayu di Lumut, Kampung Pasir Panjang Laut di Sitiawan, dan Teluk Intan.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Kraftangan tembikar Melayu tradisional yang dipanggil labu sayong merupakan sebahagian daripada warisan seni Kuala Kangsar. Reka bentuknya yang unik tidak dipengaruhi oleh teknik asing.<a href="#cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-327">[327]</a> Labu sayong dikaitkan dengan tarian yang dipanggil sayong.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> Satu lagi tarian tempatan orang Melayu Perak ialah bubu, yang dikenali selama 120 tahun, yang berasal dari Kampung Tanjung Bidara di Pulau Tiga Parit.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> Opera Kantonis pernah berkembang pesat di bandar Ipoh, kerana majoriti orang Cina di sana adalah Kantonis.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> Sejarah China, dan khususnya Hong Kong, dicipta semula di Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village (digelar Little Guilin) di Ipoh, dengan struktur kayu yang dicat di sekeliling tasik yang terletak di antara bukit batu kapur dan gua.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> Satu lagi lokasi budaya etnik Cina di Perak ialah Bercham, yang asalnya dipanggil Wo Tau Kok dalam bahasa Kantonis pada tahun 1950-an. Kawasan itu dahulunya merupakan pusat perlombongan bijih timah, yang juga menjadi salah satu tempat perpindahan bagi etnik Cina Malaya semasa era British di bawah Rancangan Briggs kerajaan untuk melindungi dan menjauhkan mereka daripada pengaruh komunis.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Masyarakat Melayu, Cina, dan India Perak, yang mewakili tiga kumpulan etnik utamanya, masing-masing mempunyai persatuan seni dan tarian tradisional mereka sendiri untuk mengekalkan dan memelihara warisan budaya masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Suatu ketika dahulu, persembahan <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit Kelantan">Wayang Kulit Kelantan</a> (atau Wayang Kulit Siam) pernah bertapak di negeri Perak. Walau bagaimanapun, teater tradisional ini telah lama lenyap dari bumi Perak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masakan">Masakan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Masakan_Ipoh" title="Masakan Ipoh">Masakan Ipoh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/220px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/330px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/440px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kopi_putih_Ipoh" title="Kopi putih Ipoh">Kopi putih Ipoh</a>, minuman warisan Perak<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-341">[341]</a></figcaption></figure> Sebagai tempat mencairkan pelbagai budaya, Perak menampilkan pelbagai masakan. Lemang, makanan istimewa Melayu yang diperbuat daripada pulut yang dimasak dalam tabung buluh dengan api perlahan, sangat popular di negeri ini. Ia dihidangkan terutamanya semasa perayaan Aidilfitri (Hari Raya Aidilfitri) dan Aidil Adha (Hari Raya Haji), bersama dengan rendang.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-342">[342]</a> Kaedah penyediaannya dipercayai sebahagiannya berasal daripada Orang Asli Perak, menjelaskan asal-usul hidangan itu. Satu lagi juadah Melayu yang popular ialah tempoyak, ekstrak durian yang diawet dan disimpan dalam tempayan tradisional. Ia biasanya dicampur dengan cili api, dan dimakan bersama hidangan lain.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-342">[342]</a> Masakan Cina sangat biasa di Perak, kerana sejarah penghijrahan dan hubungan perdagangan orang Cina di negeri itu selama berabad-abad. Ia secara tradisinya popular terutamanya di Ipoh. Melalui lebih 2,000 tahun hubungan dengan India, pengaruh masakan India turut tersebar di Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-342">[342]</a> Negeri ini terkenal sebagai pengeluar buah limau bali (limau bali). Buah ini telah diperkenalkan oleh Hugh Low, Residen British keempat Perak, yang membawa anak benih dari negara jiran Hindia Belanda dan mengedarkannya di Pulau Pinang dan di Perak (terutamanya di Tambun).<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> Daerah lain juga terkenal dengan pengeluaran pertanian mereka: Bidor untuk jambu, Hulu Perak (durian), Menglembu (kacang tanah), dan Tapah (petai).<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Kopi putih Ipoh, minuman popular Malaysia, menjejaki asal-usulnya ke Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukan">Sukan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Perak_football_supporters,_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/220px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/330px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/440px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Penyokong bola sepak <a href="/wiki/Perak_FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak FA">Perak FA</a> di suku akhir <a href="/wiki/Piala_Malaysia_2017" title="Piala Malaysia 2017">Piala Malaysia</a> menentang <a href="/wiki/Pahang_FA" title="Pahang FA">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Perak" title="Stadium Perak">Stadium Perak</a>, Ipoh, 24 September 2017</figcaption></figure> Perak menjadi sebahagian daripada Tanah Melayu sejak 1957, dan atletnya telah mewakili Tanah Melayu, dan kemudiannya Malaysia, di Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas, Sukan Komanwel, Sukan Asia, dan Sukan Asia Tenggara. Jabatan Belia dan Sukan Negeri Perak telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1964 untuk meningkatkan taraf sukan di negeri ini.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> Perak menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Sukma pada 1994 dan 2018. Negeri ini mempunyai beberapa kompleks sukan, terletak di sekitar Ipoh dan di daerah lain.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> Kerajaan negeri memperuntukkan dana untuk pembangunan sukan kepada setiap persatuan sukan peringkat daerah.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> Stadium Perak Ipoh ialah stadium utama bagi Perak FA. Pasukan ini telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1951, walaupun negeri ini telah mempunyai pasukan bola sepak sejak tahun 1921.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Perak FA memenangi Piala FA Malaysia pada 1990 dan 2004; Piala Malaysia pada 1926, 1931, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1998, 2000, dan 2018; menjadi naib juara Liga Super Malaysia pada 2006–07 dan 2018; dan memenangi Piala Presiden Malaysia pada 2006–07, 2012 dan 2014. Pasukan bola sepak wanita negeri itu pernah menjadi naib juara Piala Tun Sharifah Rodziah pada 1977, 1979 dan 1992. Satu lagi stadium terkenal di negeri ini ialah Stadium Pangkalan Tentera Laut di Lumut. Kejohanan hoki padang tahunan di Perak, Piala Sultan Azlan Shah, menjejaki akar umbinya kepada bekas sultan negeri bernama Azlan Shah, seorang peminat setia sukan itu.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> Perak merupakan negeri pertama Malaysia yang memperkenalkan e-sukan, dalam Sukan Sukma. Kerajaan negeri terus menyasarkan pembangunan e-sukan dengan peningkatan minat belia.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negeri_bersebelahan">Negeri bersebelahan</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statistik-1"><a href="#cite_ref-statistik_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=RTRycHhPcisweHpMdlVwKzhMY25XUT09">"Perak @ a Glance"</a>. 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Dicapai pada 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Stories+And+Facts+Behind+How+The+13+States+Of+Malaysia+Got+Their+Names&rft.pub=Says.com&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.au=Tang+Ruxyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsays.com%2Fmy%2Flifestyle%2Fthe-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-varous_theories-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varous_theories_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varous_theories_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varous_theories_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909074614/http://mygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my/exportpdf00.jsp?kodnegeri=08">"Dokumen Gazetir (Perak Darul Ridzuan – Sejarah)"</a> [Gazette Document (Perak Darul Ridzuan - History)]. Geographical Names Database of Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my/exportpdf00.jsp?kodnegeri=08">yang asal</a> pada 9 September 2019. Dicapai pada 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dokumen+Gazetir+%28Perak+Darul+Ridzuan+%E2%80%93+Sejarah%29&rft.pub=Geographical+Names+Database+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my%2Fexportpdf00.jsp%3Fkodnegeri%3D08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Beck1909" class="citation book cs1">Richard Beck (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureoredeposi02beckgoog">The Nature of Ore Deposits</a>. Hill Publishing Company. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureoredeposi02beckgoog/page/n560">634</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Ore+Deposits&rft.pages=634-&rft.pub=Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Richard+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureoredeposi02beckgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_origin-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_origin_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_origin_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_origin_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509212649/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=31&section=sm03">"Origin of Place Names – Perak"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Malaysia (laman tidak wujud)">National Library of Malaysia</a>. 2000. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my:80/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=8&section=sm03">yang asal</a> pada 9 May 2012. Dicapai pada 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Place+Names+%E2%80%93+Perak&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsejarahmalaysia.pnm.my%3A80%2FportalBI%2Flist.php%3Fttl_id%3D8%26section%3Dsm03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908131026/http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/the-history-of-perak.html">"The History of Perak"</a>. Perak Tourism. 14 November 2014. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/the-history-of-perak.html">yang asal</a> pada 8 September 2019. Dicapai pada 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Perak&rft.pub=Perak+Tourism&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peraktourism.com.my%2Fabout-perak%2F2014-11-14-20-40-24%2Fthe-history-of-perak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Bryan_SouzaJeffrey_Scott_Turley2015" class="citation book cs1">George Bryan Souza; Jeffrey Scott Turley (20 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_W7sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA475">The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia</a>. BRILL. m/s. 475–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-30154-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-30154-2"><bdi>978-90-04-30154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Codex%3A+Transcription+and+Translation+of+an+Illustrated+Late+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+Manuscript+Concerning+the+Geography%2C+History+and+Ethnography+of+the+Pacific%2C+South-east+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=475-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30154-2&rft.au=George+Bryan+Souza&rft.au=Jeffrey+Scott+Turley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_W7sCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/kerajaan-negeri/info-umum/sejarah-ringkas">"Sejarah Ringkas"</a>. perak.gov.my. Dicapai pada 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perak.gov.my&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Ringkas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fkerajaan-negeri%2Finfo-umum%2Fsejarah-ringkas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah, nama ":0" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBagyo_PrasetyoRetno_Handini2001" class="citation book cs1">Bagyo Prasetyo; Retno Handini (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NT1YyR9lOVEC&pg=PA189">Sangiran: Man, Culture, and Environment in Pleistocene Times</a>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. m/s. 189–. GGKEY:FYGSB5XXWPX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sangiran%3A+Man%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment+in+Pleistocene+Times&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Bagyo+Prasetyo&rft.au=Retno+Handini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNT1YyR9lOVEC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSanz,_Nuria2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanz, Nuria (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3QPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia</a>. UNESCO. m/s. 212–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-92-3-100043-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-92-3-100043-0"><bdi>978-92-3-100043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+origin+sites+and+the+World+Heritage+Convention+in+Asia&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100043-0&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Nuria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3QPBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saad2016-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saad2016_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saad2016_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRosli_Saad2016" class="citation book cs1">Rosli Saad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCeNDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">Geophysical Studies Of Bukit Bunuh Meteorite Crater Evidence (Penerbit USM)</a>. Penerbit USM. m/s. 25–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-461-004-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-461-004-3"><bdi>978-967-461-004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geophysical+Studies+Of+Bukit+Bunuh+Meteorite+Crater+Evidence+%28Penerbit+USM%29&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Penerbit+USM&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-967-461-004-3&rft.au=Rosli+Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCeNDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZuraina_Majid2005" class="citation book cs1">Zuraina Majid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSuAAAAAMAAJ">The Perak man and other prehistoric skeletons of Malaysia</a>. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-3391-12-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-3391-12-7"><bdi>978-983-3391-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perak+man+and+other+prehistoric+skeletons+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Penerbit+Universiti+Sains+Malaysia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-3391-12-7&rft.au=Zuraina+Majid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSuAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Oppenheimer2012" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Oppenheimer (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0quSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP115">Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. m/s. 115–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-78033-753-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-78033-753-1"><bdi>978-1-78033-753-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Eden%3A+The+Peopling+of+the+World&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78033-753-1&rft.au=Stephen+Oppenheimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0quSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVicki_CummingsPeter_JordanMarek_Zvelebil2014" class="citation book cs1">Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan; Marek Zvelebil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348">The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 348–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-955122-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-955122-4"><bdi>978-0-19-955122-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+and+Anthropology+of+Hunter-gatherers&rft.pages=348-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955122-4&rft.au=Vicki+Cummings&rft.au=Peter+Jordan&rft.au=Marek+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4lSAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/07/21/prehistoric-find-in-perak-cave">"Prehistoric find in Perak cave"</a>. The Star. 21 July 2005. Dicapai pada 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+find+in+Perak+cave&rft.date=2005-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2005%2F07%2F21%2Fprehistoric-find-in-perak-cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Talib_Ahmad2014" class="citation book cs1">Abu Talib Ahmad (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krl1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 59–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-819-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-819-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-819-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums%2C+History+and+Culture+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=59-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-819-5&rft.au=Abu+Talib+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkrl1BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_brief_history-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_brief_history_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907015818/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/state-gov/about-perak/brief-history">"Brief History of Perak State"</a>. Government of Perak. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/state-gov/about-perak/brief-history">yang asal</a> pada 7 September 2019. Dicapai pada 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+Perak+State&rft.pub=Government+of+Perak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fstate-gov%2Fabout-perak%2Fbrief-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1880-1166">"axe | British Museum"</a>. The British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=axe+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FA_1880-1166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Hidalgo_TanStephen_Chia2011" class="citation journal cs1">Noel Hidalgo Tan; Stephen Chia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010032242/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/9967/11883">"Current Research on Rock Art at Gua Tambun, Perak, Malaysia"</a>. Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 17 (2): 93–108 (1–16). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/9967/11883">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 10 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Washington Libraries (laman tidak wujud)">University of Washington Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Global+Archaeological+Research%2C+Universiti+Sains+Malaysia%2C+Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Current+Research+on+Rock+Art+at+Gua+Tambun%2C+Perak%2C+Malaysia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-108+%281-16%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Noel+Hidalgo+Tan&rft.au=Stephen+Chia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F9967%2F11883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDominik_BonatzAndreas_ReineckeMai_Lin_Tjoa-Bonatz2012" class="citation book cs1">Dominik Bonatz; Andreas Reinecke; Mai Lin Tjoa-Bonatz (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq3GBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Crossing Borders: Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 181–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-642-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-642-9"><bdi>978-9971-69-642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+Borders%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+13th+International+Conference+of+the+European+Association+of+Southeast+Asian+Archaeologists&rft.pages=181-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-642-9&rft.au=Dominik+Bonatz&rft.au=Andreas+Reinecke&rft.au=Mai+Lin+Tjoa-Bonatz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCq3GBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Koh2006" class="citation web cs1">Christina Koh (4 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/12/04/gua-tambun-rediscovered/">"Gua Tambun rediscovered"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Gua+Tambun+rediscovered&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft.au=Christina+Koh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2006%2F12%2F04%2Fgua-tambun-rediscovered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReclAAAAMAAJ&q=Gangga+Negara">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>. The Branch. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.pub=The+Branch&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReclAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DGangga%2BNegara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCcaAQAAMAAJ&q=perak+buddhist+prehistory">Monographs on Malay Subjects</a>. 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monographs+on+Malay+Subjects&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCcaAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Bbuddhist%2Bprehistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMazwin_Nik_Anis2005" class="citation web cs1">Mazwin Nik Anis (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114115551/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/08/lost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi/">"Lost city is 'not Kota Gelanggi'"</a>. The Star. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/08/lost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi/">yang asal</a> pada 14 January 2018. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Lost+city+is+%27not+Kota+Gelanggi%27&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.au=Mazwin+Nik+Anis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2005%2F02%2F08%2Flost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_James_WilkinsonCuthbert_Woodville_Harrison1908" class="citation web cs1">Richard James Wilkinson; Cuthbert Woodville Harrison (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eventspriortobr00peragoog/page/n68">"Events Prior to British Ascendancy ...: Notes on Perak History ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. J. Russell at the F.M.S. gov't press, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. m/s. 59. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University&rft.atitle=Events+Prior+to+British+Ascendancy+...%3A+Notes+on+Perak+History+...&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Richard+James+Wilkinson&rft.au=Cuthbert+Woodville+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feventspriortobr00peragoog%2Fpage%2Fn68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Kay_Kim1986" class="citation journal cs1">Khoo Kay Kim (1986). "The Perak Sultanate: Ancient and Modern". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 59 (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41493032">41493032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Perak+Sultanate%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1986&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41493032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Khoo+Kay+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_commercial_relations-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_commercial_relations_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TfcCPR9HMC&q=perak+rivers&pg=PA486">Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years ...</a> U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. m/s. 486–488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Relations+of+the+United+States+with+Foreign+Countries+During+the+Years+...&rft.pages=486-488&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7TfcCPR9HMC%26q%3Dperak%2Brivers%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sultanate_of_Perak_background_27-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Teh_Leam_Seng2018" class="citation news cs1">Alan Teh Leam Seng (8 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/07/388675/story-behind-malaysias-second-oldest-sultanate-uncovered">"The story behind Malaysia's second oldest sultanate uncovered"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+Malaysia%27s+second+oldest+sultanate+uncovered&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft.au=Alan+Teh+Leam+Seng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fsunday-vibes%2F2018%2F07%2F388675%2Fstory-behind-malaysias-second-oldest-sultanate-uncovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907035014/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak">"Senarai Sultan Perak"</a> [List of Sultans of Perak]. The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak">yang asal</a> pada 7 September 2019. Dicapai pada 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Sultan+Perak&rft.pub=The+Administration+Office+of+His+Majesty+the+Sultan+of+Perak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsultan.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Finformasi-kesultanan%2Fsenarai-sultan-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015042530/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong">"Tok Temong (Keramat Tok Temong)"</a>. The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong">yang asal</a> pada 15 October 2019. Dicapai pada 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tok+Temong+%28Keramat+Tok+Temong%29&rft.pub=The+Administration+Office+of+His+Majesty+the+Sultan+of+Perak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsultan.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Finformasi-kesultanan%2Fsejarah%2Ftok-temong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UliAAAAMAAJ&q=Siak++">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UliAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSiak%2B%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPaulo_Jorge_de_Sousa_Pinto2012" class="citation book cs1">Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9hRAQAAMAAJ">The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka, 1575-1619: Power, Trade, and Diplomacy</a>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-9948-51-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-9948-51-6"><bdi>978-967-9948-51-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+and+the+Straits+of+Melaka%2C+1575-1619%3A+Power%2C+Trade%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-967-9948-51-6&rft.au=Paulo+Jorge+de+Sousa+Pinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9hRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Rashidi_PakriNik_Haslinda_Nik_Hussain2017" class="citation book cs1">Mohamad Rashidi Pakri; Nik Haslinda Nik Hussain (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rdw8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Klian Intan: Perlombongan Bijih Timah dan Perkembangan Sosioekonomi (Penerbit USM)</a> [Klian Intan: Tin Mining and Socio-Economic Development (USM Publisher)]. Penerbit USM. m/s. 35–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-461-134-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-461-134-7"><bdi>978-967-461-134-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klian+Intan%3A+Perlombongan+Bijih+Timah+dan+Perkembangan+Sosioekonomi+%28Penerbit+USM%29&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=Penerbit+USM&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-967-461-134-7&rft.au=Mohamad+Rashidi+Pakri&rft.au=Nik+Haslinda+Nik+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdw8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andaya1982-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_33-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_Andaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya (11 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">History Of Malaysia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. m/s. 61–117. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-349-16927-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-349-16927-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Malaysia&rft.pages=61-117&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1982-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16927-6&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkBdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput">pautan mati kekal</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152">The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia</a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. m/s. 152–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Register+for+British+and+Foreign+India%2C+China%2C+and+Australia&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76I3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blagden1925-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blagden1925_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blagden1925_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Otto_Blagden1925" class="citation book cs1">Charles Otto Blagden (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8QmAQAAMAAJ&q=tributary+Malays">British Malaya, 1824-67</a>. Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Malaya%2C+1824-67&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Charles+Otto+Blagden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8QmAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtributary%2BMalays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearn2019-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Stearn2019" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Stearn (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qX6ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56">Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy</a>. Proglen Trading Co., Ltd. m/s. 56–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-616-456-012-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-616-456-012-3"><bdi>978-616-456-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slices+of+Thai+History%3A+From+the+curious+%26+controversial+to+the+heroic+%26+hardy&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Proglen+Trading+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-616-456-012-3&rft.au=Duncan+Stearn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqX6ODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash1998-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash1998_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash1998_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOm_Prakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Om Prakash (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hciTRYbE27gC&pg=PA235">European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India</a>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 235–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-25758-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-25758-9"><bdi>978-0-521-25758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Commercial+Enterprise+in+Pre-Colonial+India&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25758-9&rft.au=Om+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhciTRYbE27gC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Hasymy1977" class="citation book cs1">Ali Hasymy (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8bAAAAIAAJ&q=Taj+ul-Alam+perak+tin+dutch">59 [i.e. Limapuluh sembilan] tahun Aceh merdeka di bawah pemerintahan ratu</a> [59 [i.e. Fifty nine] years of Aceh independence under the rule of queen] (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Bulan Bintang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=59+%26%2391%3Bi.e.+Limapuluh+sembilan%26%2393%3B+tahun+Aceh+merdeka+di+bawah+pemerintahan+ratu&rft.pub=Bulan+Bintang&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Ali+Hasymy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvk8bAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTaj%2Bul-Alam%2Bperak%2Btin%2Bdutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSher_Banu._A_Latiff_Khan2018" class="citation book cs1">Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">Sovereign Women in a Muslim Kingdom</a>. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. m/s. 106–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-981-325-005-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-981-325-005-5"><bdi>978-981-325-005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Women+in+a+Muslim+Kingdom&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=Flipside+Digital+Content+Company+Inc.&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.isbn=978-981-325-005-5&rft.au=Sher+Banu.+A+Latiff+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah5qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211091336/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/kota-belanda-pulau-pangkor">"Kota Belanda, Pulau Pangkor"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Archives_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Archives of Malaysia (laman tidak wujud)">National Archives of Malaysia</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/kota-belanda-pulau-pangkor">yang asal</a> pada 11 February 2015. Dicapai pada 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kota+Belanda%2C+Pulau+Pangkor&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fkota-belanda-pulau-pangkor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSher_Banu._A_Latiff_Khan2009" class="citation web cs1">Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912050521/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30695568.pdf">"Rule Behind the Silk Curtain: The Sultanahs of Aceh 1641-1699"</a> (PDF). Centre for Editing Lives and Letters (Cell) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_Mary_University_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queen Mary University of London (laman tidak wujud)">Queen Mary University of London</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30695568.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 12 September 2019. Dicapai pada 12 September 2019 – melalui CORE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rule+Behind+the+Silk+Curtain%3A+The+Sultanahs+of+Aceh+1641-1699&rft.pub=Centre+for+Editing+Lives+and+Letters+%28Cell%29+Queen+Mary+University+of+London&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Sher+Banu.+A+Latiff+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F30695568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReclAAAAMAAJ&q=15+December+1653+aceh+perak+dutch+tin+treaty">Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>. The Branch. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.pub=The+Branch&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReclAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D15%2BDecember%2B1653%2Baceh%2Bperak%2Bdutch%2Btin%2Btreaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915033845/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Sultan Muzaffar Shah III Of Perak Signed The Treaty Of Dutch Monopoly Over Trading Of Tin In Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 25 June 1747. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 15 September 2019. Dicapai pada 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultan+Muzaffar+Shah+III+Of+Perak+Signed+The+Treaty+Of+Dutch+Monopoly+Over+Trading+Of+Tin+In+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1747-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fsultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofmalaysi0000anda">A History of Malaysia</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York: St. Martin's Press. m/s. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-312-38120-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-312-38120-2"><bdi>978-0-312-38120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38120-2&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Watson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmalaysi0000anda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schliesinger2017-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schliesinger2017_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliesinger2017_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Schliesinger2017" class="citation book cs1">Joachim Schliesinger (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOgzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Traditional Slavery in Southeast Asia and Beyond</a>. Booksmango. m/s. 186–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-64153-020-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-64153-020-0"><bdi>978-1-64153-020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Slavery+in+Southeast+Asia+and+Beyond&rft.pages=186-&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-64153-020-0&rft.au=Joachim+Schliesinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOgzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhooLubis2005-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_46-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Salma_NasutionAbdur-Razzaq_Lubis2005" class="citation book cs1">Khoo Salma Nasution; Abdur-Razzaq Lubis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgsZvl1zTXgC&pg=PA5">Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development</a>. Areca Books. m/s. 5, 225, 228 and 310. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-42113-0-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-42113-0-1"><bdi>978-983-42113-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinta+Valley%3A+Pioneering+Malaysia%27s+Modern+Development&rft.pages=5%2C+225%2C+228+and+310&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-42113-0-1&rft.au=Khoo+Salma+Nasution&rft.au=Abdur-Razzaq+Lubis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgsZvl1zTXgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Kay_Kim1972" class="citation book cs1">Khoo Kay Kim (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PIXAAAAIAAJ&q=Chinese+miners+left">The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 39–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Malay+States%2C+1850-1873%3A+the+effects+of+commercial+development+on+Malay+politics&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Khoo+Kay+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PIXAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DChinese%2Bminers%2Bleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Todd_Harlow1964" class="citation book cs1">Vincent Todd Harlow (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingofsecond0002harl">The founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793</a>. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founding+of+the+Second+British+Empire%2C+1763-1793&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Vincent+Todd+Harlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingofsecond0002harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCheah_Boon_Kheng2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheah Boon Kheng (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MW6cAAAAMAAJ">New Perspectives and Research on Malaysian History: Essays on Malaysian Historiography</a>. MBRAS. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-9948-40-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-9948-40-0"><bdi>978-967-9948-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+and+Research+on+Malaysian+History%3A+Essays+on+Malaysian+Historiography&rft.pub=MBRAS&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-967-9948-40-0&rft.au=Cheah+Boon+Kheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMW6cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric_DurandRichard_Curtis2014" class="citation book cs1">Frédéric Durand; Richard Curtis (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-BUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress</a>. Editions Didier Millet. m/s. 52–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-10617-3-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-10617-3-2"><bdi>978-967-10617-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Malaysia+and+Borneo%3A+Discovery%2C+Statehood+and+Progress&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.isbn=978-967-10617-3-2&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Durand&rft.au=Richard+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-BUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFʻUdomsombat_(Lūang.)1993" class="citation book cs1">ʻUdomsombat (Lūang.) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yktxAAAAMAAJ&q=Fearing+a+Siamese+attack+upon+Kedah%2C+the+Sultan+agreed+to+allow+the+British+to+lease+Penang+">Rama III and the Siamese expedition to Kedah in 1839: the Dispatches of Luang Udomsombat</a>. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. m/s. 2–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7326-0521-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7326-0521-6"><bdi>978-0-7326-0521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rama+III+and+the+Siamese+expedition+to+Kedah+in+1839%3A+the+Dispatches+of+Luang+Udomsombat&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Center+for+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Monash+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7326-0521-6&rft.au=%CA%BBUdomsombat+%28L%C5%ABang.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyktxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFearing%2Ba%2BSiamese%2Battack%2Bupon%2BKedah%252C%2Bthe%2BSultan%2Bagreed%2Bto%2Ballow%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bto%2Blease%2BPenang%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler2019-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFL._Richmond_Wheeler2019" class="citation book cs1">L. Richmond Wheeler (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqqbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">The Modern Malay</a>. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 50–70. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-429-60316-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-429-60316-7"><bdi>978-0-429-60316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Malay&rft.pages=50-70&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-60316-7&rft.au=L.+Richmond+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqqbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Balfour1873" class="citation book cs1">Edward Balfour (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=perak+interior+characteristics+forest&pg=PA377">Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures</a>. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. m/s. 377–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Commercial%2C+Industrial+and+Scientific%3A+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures&rft.pages=377-&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Scottish+%26+Adelphi+presses&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Edward+Balfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9UBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Binterior%2Bcharacteristics%2Bforest%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKobkua_Suwwannathat-pian1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kobkua Suwwannathat-pian (1999). "A Brief Moment in Time: Kedah-Siam Relations Revisited". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 72 (2): 65–90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41493393">41493393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Moment+in+Time%3A+Kedah-Siam+Relations+Revisited&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-90&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41493393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kobkua+Suwwannathat-pian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnuar_Nik_Mahmud_(Nik.)1999" class="citation book cs1">Anuar Nik Mahmud (Nik.) (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMRwAAAAMAAJ">Sejarah perjuangan Melayu Patani, 1785-1954</a> [History of the Patani Malay struggle, 1785-1954]. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-967-942-443-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-967-942-443-0"><bdi>978-967-942-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+perjuangan+Melayu+Patani%2C+1785-1954&rft.pub=Penerbit+Universiti+Kebangsaan+Malaysia&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-967-942-443-0&rft.au=Anuar+Nik+Mahmud+%28Nik.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMRwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouenPaul_Bellamy2008" class="citation book cs1">Karl R. DeRouen; Paul Bellamy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpckqY51AUEC&pg=PA804">International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 804–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-275-99255-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-275-99255-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Security+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=804-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99255-2&rft.au=Karl+R.+DeRouen&rft.au=Paul+Bellamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpckqY51AUEC%26pg%3DPA804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSharom_Ahmad1971" class="citation web cs1">Sharom Ahmad (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910041655/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf">"Kedah-Siam Relations, 1821-1905"</a> (PDF). m/s. 97–99. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 10 September 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019 – melalui Siamese Heritage Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kedah-Siam+Relations%2C+1821-1905&rft.pages=97-99&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Sharom+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1971%2FJSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA153">The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia</a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. m/s. 153–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Register+for+British+and+Foreign+India%2C+China%2C+and+Australia&rft.pages=153-&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76I3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasparisGraaf1900_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasparisGraaf1900_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._de_CasparisHermanus_Johannes_de_GraafJoseph_KennedyWilliam_Henry_Scott1900" class="citation book cs1">J. G. de Casparis; Hermanus Johannes de Graaf; Joseph Kennedy; William Henry Scott (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137">Geschichte</a>. BRILL. m/s. 137–141. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/90-04-04859-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/90-04-04859-6"><bdi>90-04-04859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte.&rft.pages=137-141&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=90-04-04859-6&rft.au=J.+G.+de+Casparis&rft.au=Hermanus+Johannes+de+Graaf&rft.au=Joseph+Kennedy&rft.au=William+Henry+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYQeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915040018/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"The Treaty Between The States Of Selangor And Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 11 July 1823. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 15 September 2019. Dicapai pada 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+Between+The+States+Of+Selangor+And+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1823-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_James_BegbieDiptendra_M._Banerjee1834" class="citation book cs1">Peter James Begbie; Diptendra M. Banerjee (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog">The Malayan Peninsula: Embracing Its History, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants, Politics, Natural History, Etc. from Its Earliest Records</a>. Vepery Mission Press. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog/page/n61">85</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Peninsula%3A+Embracing+Its+History%2C+Manners+and+Customs+of+the+Inhabitants%2C+Politics%2C+Natural+History%2C+Etc.+from+Its+Earliest+Records&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Vepery+Mission+Press&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Peter+James+Begbie&rft.au=Diptendra+M.+Banerjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalayanpeninsul00banegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall1981-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_George_Edward_Hall1981" class="citation book cs1">Daniel George Edward Hall (1 May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">History of South East Asia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. m/s. 554–555. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-349-16521-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-349-16521-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=554-555&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1981-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16521-6&rft.au=Daniel+George+Edward+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD9dDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913061651/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"The Surrender of Reman Occupied Districts To Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 16 July 1909. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 13 September 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Surrender+of+Reman+Occupied+Districts+To+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1909-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fpenyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw2002-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2002_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2002_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Kershaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Roger Kershaw (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zq-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition</a>. Routledge. m/s. 189–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-66707-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-66707-9"><bdi>978-1-134-66707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy+in+South+East+Asia%3A+The+Faces+of+Tradition+in+Transition&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66707-9&rft.au=Roger+Kershaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzq-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-slAAAAMAAJ">Monographs on Malay Subjects</a>. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monographs+on+Malay+Subjects&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-slAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Mohd._Abu_HassanHakimah_Haji_YaacobKhairatul_Akmar_Ab._Latif2004" class="citation book cs1">Ismail Mohd. Abu Hassan; Hakimah Haji Yaacob; Khairatul Akmar Ab. Latif (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNKYAAAAMAAJ">Introduction to Malaysian legal history</a>. Ilmiah Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-3074-23-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-3074-23-5"><bdi>978-983-3074-23-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Malaysian+legal+history&rft.pub=Ilmiah+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-983-3074-23-5&rft.au=Ismail+Mohd.+Abu+Hassan&rft.au=Hakimah+Haji+Yaacob&rft.au=Khairatul+Akmar+Ab.+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNKYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1912_Perak_details-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1912_Perak_details_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1912_Perak_details_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4tEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1388">The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Sian, Netherlands India, Borneo, the Philippines, &c: With which are Incorporated "The China Directory" and "The Hong Kong List for the Far East" ...</a> Hong Kong Daily Press Office. 1912. m/s. 1388–1389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Directory+%26+Chronicle+for+China%2C+Japan%2C+Corea%2C+Indo-China%2C+Straits+Settlements%2C+Malay+States%2C+Sian%2C+Netherlands+India%2C+Borneo%2C+the+Philippines%2C+%26c%3A+With+which+are+Incorporated+%22The+China+Directory%22+and+%22The+Hong+Kong+List+for+the+Far+East%22+...&rft.pages=1388-1389&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4tEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFM_Hamzah1995" class="citation web cs1">M Hamzah (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916115618/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/470/2/BAB1.pdf">"Bab 1 (Pengenalan)"</a> [Chapter 1 (Introduction)] (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Malaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Malaya (laman tidak wujud)">University of Malaya</a> Students Repository. m/s. 8 [7/31]. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/470/2/BAB1.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 16 September 2019. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bab+1+%28Pengenalan%29&rft.pages=8+7%2F31&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Students+Repository&rft.date=1995&rft.au=M+Hamzah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudentsrepo.um.edu.my%2F470%2F2%2FBAB1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay2005-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay2005_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay2005_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Mackay2005" class="citation book cs1">Derek Mackay (24 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3EAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Hunt for Opium</a>. I.B.Tauris. m/s. 10–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-85771-230-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-85771-230-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Customs%3A+The+Customs+Service+in+British+Malaya+and+the+Hunt+for+Opium&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-230-1&rft.au=Derek+Mackay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3EAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJoginder_Singh_Jessy1963" class="citation book cs1">Joginder Singh Jessy (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwc5AQAAIAAJ&q=anglo+burmese+war+1824+siam+ally">History of Malaya, 1400-1959</a>. Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications. m/s. 82–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Malaya%2C+1400-1959&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Jointly+published+by+the+United+Publishers+and+Peninsular+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Joginder+Singh+Jessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddwc5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Danglo%2Bburmese%2Bwar%2B1824%2Bsiam%2Bally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Miller1966" class="citation book cs1">Harry Miller (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5luAAAAMAAJ&q=anglo+burmese+war+1824+siam+ally">A short history of Malaysia</a>. F.A. Praeger. m/s. 79–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=F.A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Harry+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5luAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Danglo%2Bburmese%2Bwar%2B1824%2Bsiam%2Bally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Thompson1941" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Thompson (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXTaAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1824%2C+the+year+of+Siam%27s+expansion+in+Selangor+and+Perak">Thailand, the new Siam</a>. The Macmillan company. m/s. 150–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780598971814" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780598971814"><bdi>9780598971814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%2C+the+new+Siam&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=9780598971814&rft.au=Virginia+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXTaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1824%252C%2Bthe%2Byear%2Bof%2BSiam%2527s%2Bexpansion%2Bin%2BSelangor%2Band%2BPerak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916044624/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c">"Signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (Treaty of London) of 1824 [17 March 1824]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>, Singapore. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c">yang asal</a> pada 16 September 2019. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signing+of+the+Anglo-Dutch+Treaty+%28Treaty+of+London%29+of+1824+%5B17+March+1824%5D&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British-Siam_negotiation_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Siam_negotiation_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913053751/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/rundingan-inggeris-siam/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"British-Siam Negotiation"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 31 July 1825. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/rundingan-inggeris-siam/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 13 September 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British-Siam+Negotiation&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Frundingan-inggeris-siam%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910054553/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Selangor-English Peace And Friendship Treaty"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 20 August 1825. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 10 September 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selangor-English+Peace+And+Friendship+Treaty&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_George_Edward_Hall1974" class="citation book cs1">Daniel George Edward Hall (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XRuAAAAMAAJ">Henry Burney: A Political Biography</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-713583-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-713583-9"><bdi>978-0-19-713583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Burney%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-713583-9&rft.au=Daniel+George+Edward+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XRuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThongchai_Winichakul1997" class="citation book cs1">Thongchai Winichakul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJEK4sHPlUsC&pg=PA62">Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation</a>. University of Hawaii Press. m/s. 62–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8248-1974-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8248-1974-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-1974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siam+Mapped%3A+A+History+of+the+Geo-Body+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=62-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1974-3&rft.au=Thongchai+Winichakul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJEK4sHPlUsC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Kay_Kim1983" class="citation journal cs1">Khoo Kay Kim (1983). "Succession to the Perak Sultanate". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 56 (2): 7–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41492955">41492955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Succession+to+the+Perak+Sultanate&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-29&rft.date=1983&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41492955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Khoo+Kay+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMervyn_Llewelyn_Wynne2000" class="citation book cs1">Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6irEoGgDrm4C&pg=PA282">Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies</a>. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 282–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-24397-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-24397-1"><bdi>978-0-415-24397-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triad+Societies%3A+Western+Accounts+of+the+History%2C+Sociology+and+Linguistics+of+Chinese+Secret+Societies&rft.pages=282-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24397-1&rft.au=Mervyn+Llewelyn+Wynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6irEoGgDrm4C%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_GroenveldMichael_Joseph_WintleAnglo-Dutch_Historical_Conference1992" class="citation book cs1">Simon Groenveld; Michael Joseph Wintle; Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v360AAAAIAAJ&q=Anglo-Dutch+Treaties+of+1870%E2%80%9371+dutch+aceh">State and Trade: Government and the Economy in Britain and the Netherlands Since the Middle Ages; [papers Delivered to the Tenth Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference, Nijmegen, 1988]</a>. Walburg Press. m/s. 117–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-6011-794-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-6011-794-1"><bdi>978-90-6011-794-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Trade%3A+Government+and+the+Economy+in+Britain+and+the+Netherlands+Since+the+Middle+Ages%3B+%26%2391%3Bpapers+Delivered+to+the+Tenth+Anglo-Dutch+Historical+Conference%2C+Nijmegen%2C+1988%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=117-&rft.pub=Walburg+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-6011-794-1&rft.au=Simon+Groenveld&rft.au=Michael+Joseph+Wintle&rft.au=Anglo-Dutch+Historical+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv360AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAnglo-Dutch%2BTreaties%2Bof%2B1870%25E2%2580%259371%2Bdutch%2Baceh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Cotterell2011" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Cotterell (4 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dY79QltL5fQC&pg=PA383">Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999</a>. John Wiley & Sons. m/s. 383–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-118-16999-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-118-16999-5"><bdi>978-1-118-16999-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Power+in+Asia%3A+Its+Slow+Rise+and+Swift+Fall%2C+1415+-+1999&rft.pages=383-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-118-16999-5&rft.au=Arthur+Cotterell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdY79QltL5fQC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1874_Pangkor_Treaty_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1874_Pangkor_Treaty_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1874_Pangkor_Treaty_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913052227/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/surat-raja-abdullah-kepada-gabenor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Raja Abdullah's Letter To The English Governor"</a>. National Library Board, Singapore. 30 December 1873. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/surat-raja-abdullah-kepada-gabenor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 13 September 2019. Dicapai pada 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raja+Abdullah%27s+Letter+To+The+English+Governor&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft.date=1873-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fsurat-raja-abdullah-kepada-gabenor-inggeris%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913051622/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/07f0aaea-4348-4e34-947e-69448be4407f">"Pangkor Treaty is Signed [20 January 1874]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>, Singapore. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/07f0aaea-4348-4e34-947e-69448be4407f">yang asal</a> pada 13 September 2019. Dicapai pada 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pangkor+Treaty+is+Signed+%5B20+January+1874%5D&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F07f0aaea-4348-4e34-947e-69448be4407f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Webster1998" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Webster (31 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH2ssfXKBLwC&pg=PA182">Gentleman Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia, 1770-1890</a>. I.B.Tauris. m/s. 182–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-86064-171-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-86064-171-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Capitalists%3A+British+Imperialism+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+1770-1890&rft.pages=182-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-171-8&rft.au=Anthony+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH2ssfXKBLwC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913121040/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/mesyuarat-durbar-negeri-negeri-melayu-bersekutu-yang-pertama-kuala-kangsar-julai1897">"The First Federated Malay States Durbar Meeting, Kuala Kangsar, July 1897"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 31 July 1825. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/mesyuarat-durbar-negeri-negeri-melayu-bersekutu-yang-pertama-kuala-kangsar-julai1897">yang asal</a> pada 13 September 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Federated+Malay+States+Durbar+Meeting%2C+Kuala+Kangsar%2C+July+1897&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fmesyuarat-durbar-negeri-negeri-melayu-bersekutu-yang-pertama-kuala-kangsar-julai1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Teh_Leam_Seng2018" class="citation news cs1">Alan Teh Leam Seng (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/07/386063/conference-rulers-how-it-all-started">"Conference of Rulers: How it all started"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Conference+of+Rulers%3A+How+it+all+started&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.au=Alan+Teh+Leam+Seng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fsunday-vibes%2F2018%2F07%2F386063%2Fconference-rulers-how-it-all-started&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916102849/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/residen-perak-j-w-w-birch-dibunuh/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"J.W.W. Birch, The Resident Of Perak Was Killed"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 2 November 1875. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/residen-perak-j-w-w-birch-dibunuh/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 16 September 2019. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.W.W.+Birch%2C+The+Resident+Of+Perak+Was+Killed&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1875-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fresiden-perak-j-w-w-birch-dibunuh%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarr2000-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Scarr2000_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDeryck_Scarr2000" class="citation book cs1">Deryck Scarr (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_anYGvvJKU0C&pg=PA106">Seychelles Since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-slavery Society</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. m/s. 106–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-85065-363-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-85065-363-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seychelles+Since+1770%3A+History+of+a+Slave+and+Post-slavery+Society&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-363-9&rft.au=Deryck+Scarr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_anYGvvJKU0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-innocent_Sultan_of_Perak-87"><a href="#cite_ref-innocent_Sultan_of_Perak_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJulien_Durup2010" class="citation web cs1">Julien Durup (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916105559/http://www.seychellesweekly.com/July%2011,%202010/top2_sultan.html">"The Innocent Sultan of Perak in the Seychelles"</a>. Seychelles Weekly. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seychellesweekly.com/July%2011,%202010/top2_sultan.html">yang asal</a> pada 16 September 2019. Dicapai pada 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Innocent+Sultan+of+Perak+in+the+Seychelles&rft.pub=Seychelles+Weekly&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.au=Julien+Durup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seychellesweekly.com%2FJuly%252011%2C%25202010%2Ftop2_sultan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-correspondence-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-correspondence_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-correspondence_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCheah_Boon_Kheng1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cheah Boon Kheng (1991). "Letters From Exile — Correspondence of Sultan Abdullah of Perak from Seychelles and Mauritius, 1877—1891". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 64 (1): 33–74. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41493172">41493172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Letters+From+Exile+%E2%80%94+Correspondence+of+Sultan+Abdullah+of+Perak+from+Seychelles+and+Mauritius%2C+1877%E2%80%941891&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41493172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cheah+Boon+Kheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206024453/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/dokumen-permohonan-pengampunan-sultan-abdullah-perak">"Pardon Application Documents Sultan Abdullah, Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 31 July 1825. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/dokumen-permohonan-pengampunan-sultan-abdullah-perak">yang asal</a> pada 6 February 2019. Dicapai pada 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pardon+Application+Documents+Sultan+Abdullah%2C+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fdokumen-permohonan-pengampunan-sultan-abdullah-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Sadka1954" class="citation journal cs1">Emily Sadka (1954). "The Journal of Sir Hugh Low, Perak, 1877". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27 (4): 1–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24249161">24249161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malayan+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+Sir+Hugh+Low%2C+Perak%2C+1877&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-108&rft.date=1954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24249161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Emily+Sadka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2004-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2004_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2004_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_M._Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">Susan M. Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtDTYPUl-yEC&pg=PA26">The Up Saga</a>. NIAS Press. m/s. 26–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-87-91114-51-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-87-91114-51-9"><bdi>978-87-91114-51-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Up+Saga&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-87-91114-51-9&rft.au=Susan+M.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtDTYPUl-yEC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_92-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAzrai_AbdullahIzdihar_BaharinRizal_Yaakop2012" class="citation journal cs1">Azrai Abdullah; Izdihar Baharin; Rizal Yaakop (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917090236/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6228/1/d.pdf">"The Transformation of Perak's Political and Economic Structure in the British Colonial Period in Malaya (1874-1957)"</a> (PDF). Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy, School of History, Politics & Strategy. 39 (2): 63–72. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2180-0251">2180-0251</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6228/1/d.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 17 September 2019 – melalui <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Kebangsaan_Malaysia" title="Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia">Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+History%2C+Politics+%26+Strategy%2C+School+of+History%2C+Politics+%26+Strategy&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Perak%27s+Political+and+Economic+Structure+in+the+British+Colonial+Period+in+Malaya+%281874-1957%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-72&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2180-0251&rft.au=Azrai+Abdullah&rft.au=Izdihar+Baharin&rft.au=Rizal+Yaakop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalarticle.ukm.my%2F6228%2F1%2Fd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917075317/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-british-siam-1909/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Anglo-Siamese Treaty Of 1909"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 10 March 1909. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-british-siam-1909/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">yang asal</a> pada 17 September 2019. Dicapai pada 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Siamese+Treaty+Of+1909&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1909-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-british-siam-1909%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1987-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_94-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Kennedy1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Kennedy (18 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcivilians0000kenn">British Civilians and the Japanese War in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-45</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcivilians0000kenn/page/26">26</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-349-08691-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-349-08691-7"><bdi>978-1-349-08691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Civilians+and+the+Japanese+War+in+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-45&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1987-06-18&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08691-7&rft.au=Joseph+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcivilians0000kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TX2FRHU6BYgC&q=Although+this+attack+was+itself+a+failure%2C+it+did+succeed+in+ultimately+getting+the+Japanese+across+the+Perak+River">Japanese Land Operations (from Japanese Sources), December 8, 1941, to June 8, 1942</a>. Military Intelligence Service, War Department. 1942. m/s. 31–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Land+Operations+%28from+Japanese+Sources%29%2C+December+8%2C+1941%2C+to+June+8%2C+1942&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Military+Intelligence+Service%2C+War+Department&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX2FRHU6BYgC%26q%3DAlthough%2Bthis%2Battack%2Bwas%2Bitself%2Ba%2Bfailure%252C%2Bit%2Bdid%2Bsucceed%2Bin%2Bultimately%2Bgetting%2Bthe%2BJapanese%2Bacross%2Bthe%2BPerak%2BRiver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFYōji_AkashiMako_Yoshimura2008" class="citation book cs1">Yōji Akashi; Mako Yoshimura (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHeGUGRrdtwC&pg=PA43">New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-1945</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 43–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-299-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-299-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Japanese+Occupation+in+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-1945&rft.pages=43-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-299-5&rft.au=Y%C5%8Dji+Akashi&rft.au=Mako+Yoshimura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHeGUGRrdtwC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Army_Service_Forces1944" class="citation book cs1">United States. Army Service Forces (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rIp7NV9vngC&q=japanese+northern+malay+state+thailand&pg=PA3">Civil Affairs Handbook: Japan</a>. Headquarters, Army Service Forces. m/s. 3–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Affairs+Handbook%3A+Japan&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Army+Service+Forces&rft.date=1944&rft.au=United+States.+Army+Service+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rIp7NV9vngC%26q%3Djapanese%2Bnorthern%2Bmalay%2Bstate%2Bthailand%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratoska1998-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska1998_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska1998_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_H._Kratoska1998" class="citation book cs1">Paul H. Kratoska (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bePxcx7BFLEC&pg=PA85">The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. m/s. 85–299. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-85065-284-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-85065-284-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-284-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Malaya%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=85-299&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-284-7&rft.au=Paul+H.+Kratoska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbePxcx7BFLEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHong_Kuan_Yap1957" class="citation book cs1">Hong Kuan Yap (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuWzAQAACAAJ">Perak Under the Japanese, 1942-1945</a>. University of Malaya, Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perak+Under+the+Japanese%2C+1942-1945&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya%2C+Singapore&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Hong+Kuan+Yap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuWzAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnnabel_Teh_Gallop2016" class="citation web cs1">Annabel Teh Gallop (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920071906/https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/05/the-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html">"The Perak Times: a rare Japanese-occupation newspaper from Malaya"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Library (laman tidak wujud)">British Library</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/05/the-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html">yang asal</a> pada 20 September 2019. Dicapai pada 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Perak+Times%3A+a+rare+Japanese-occupation+newspaper+from+Malaya&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.au=Annabel+Teh+Gallop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fasian-and-african%2F2016%2F05%2Fthe-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan2008-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2008_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2008_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_R._Duncan2008" class="citation book cs1">Christopher R. Duncan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqZYHdOMFsEC&pg=PA27">Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 27–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-418-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-418-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-418-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizing+the+Margins%3A+Southeast+Asian+Government+Policies+for+the+Development+of+Minorities&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-418-0&rft.au=Christopher+R.+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqZYHdOMFsEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_MorrisNaoko_ShimazuEdward_Vickers2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul Morris; Naoko Shimazu; Edward Vickers (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture</a>. Routledge. m/s. 200–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-134-68490-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-134-68490-8"><bdi>978-1-134-68490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Japan+in+Post-war+East+Asia%3A+Identity+Politics%2C+Schooling+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=200-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68490-8&rft.au=Paul+Morris&rft.au=Naoko+Shimazu&rft.au=Edward+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DUsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratoska2018-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2018_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2018_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_H._Kratoska2018" class="citation book cs1">Paul H. Kratoska (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941-45: A Social and Economic History</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 299–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-638-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-638-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-638-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-45%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=299-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-638-2&rft.au=Paul+H.+Kratoska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvlqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Babulal2017" class="citation news cs1">Veena Babulal (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/293647/forgotten-perak-town-was-backdrop-sybil-kathigasus-heroism">"Forgotten Perak town was backdrop of Sybil Kathigasu's heroism"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Forgotten+Perak+town+was+backdrop+of+Sybil+Kathigasu%27s+heroism&rft.date=2017-10-22&rft.au=Veena+Babulal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F10%2F293647%2Fforgotten-perak-town-was-backdrop-sybil-kathigasus-heroism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bunyan2018" class="citation news cs1">John Bunyan (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060643/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/07/14/memories-of-resistance-fighter-sybil-kathigasu-live-on/1652131">"Memories of resistance fighter Sybil Kathigasu live on"</a>. The Malay Mail. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/07/14/memories-of-resistance-fighter-sybil-kathigasu-live-on/1652131">yang asal</a> pada 2 October 2019. Dicapai pada 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Memories+of+resistance+fighter+Sybil+Kathigasu+live+on&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.au=John+Bunyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2018%2F07%2F14%2Fmemories-of-resistance-fighter-sybil-kathigasu-live-on%2F1652131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Chow2014" class="citation web cs1">Alex Chow (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002065659/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_68_2005-02-02.html">"Force 136 (Operation Gustavus in Malaya)"</a>. National Library Board, Singapore. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_68_2005-02-02.html">yang asal</a> pada 2 October 2019. Dicapai pada 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Force+136+%28Operation+Gustavus+in+Malaya%29&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.au=Alex+Chow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_68_2005-02-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLikhit_Dhiravegin1974" class="citation book cs1">Likhit Dhiravegin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5lGAAAAMAAJ&q=malay+states+return+to+british+american+economic+aid+thai">Siam and Colonialism, 1855-1909: An Analysis of Diplomatic Relations</a>. Thai Watana Panich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siam+and+Colonialism%2C+1855-1909%3A+An+Analysis+of+Diplomatic+Relations&rft.pub=Thai+Watana+Panich&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Likhit+Dhiravegin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5lGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmalay%2Bstates%2Breturn%2Bto%2Bbritish%2Bamerican%2Beconomic%2Baid%2Bthai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThak_Chaloemtiarana2007" class="citation book cs1">Thak Chaloemtiarana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6f0CMvP203wC&pg=PA20">Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism</a>. SEAP Publications. m/s. 20–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-87727-742-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-87727-742-2"><bdi>978-0-87727-742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+The+Politics+of+Despotic+Paternalism&rft.pages=20-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-742-2&rft.au=Thak+Chaloemtiarana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6f0CMvP203wC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kantowicz2000-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kantowicz2000_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kantowicz2000_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_R._Kantowicz2000" class="citation book cs1">Edward R. Kantowicz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant">Coming Apart, Coming Together</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/111">111</a>–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8028-4456-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8028-4456-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.pages=111-&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9&rft.au=Edward+R.+Kantowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomingapartcomin0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRonnie_Tan2018" class="citation web cs1">Ronnie Tan (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010100/http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2018/04/09/hunting-down-the-malayan-mata-hari/">"Hunting Down the Malayan Mata Hari"</a>. National Library Board, Singapore. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2018/04/09/hunting-down-the-malayan-mata-hari/">yang asal</a> pada 4 May 2018. Dicapai pada 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunting+Down+the+Malayan+Mata+Hari&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.au=Ronnie+Tan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fbiblioasia%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Fhunting-down-the-malayan-mata-hari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021336/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/darurat-angkara-komunis">"Emergency Brought by Communist"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/darurat-angkara-komunis">yang asal</a> pada 1 January 2019. Dicapai pada 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Brought+by+Communist&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fdarurat-angkara-komunis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFM._Ladd_Thomas1977" class="citation journal cs1">M. Ladd Thomas (1977). "The Malayan Communist Insurgency". Asian Affairs: An American Review. 4 (5): 306–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00927678.1977.10554134">10.1080/00927678.1977.10554134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/30171520">30171520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs%3A+An+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Communist+Insurgency&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=306-316&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00927678.1977.10554134&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30171520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=M.+Ladd+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGuan_Heng_Tan2008" class="citation book cs1">Guan Heng Tan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elthDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">100 Inspiring Rafflesians, 1823-2003</a>. World Scientific. m/s. 2–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-981-277-892-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-981-277-892-5"><bdi>978-981-277-892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Inspiring+Rafflesians%2C+1823-2003&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-277-892-5&rft.au=Guan+Heng+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelthDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Comber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leon Comber (2012). "The Malayan Emergency: General Templer and the Kinta Valley Home Guard, 1952—1954". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 85 (1): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24894129">24894129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+General+Templer+and+the+Kinta+Valley+Home+Guard%2C+1952%E2%80%941954&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24894129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leon+Comber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Comber2014" class="citation book cs1">Leon Comber (2014). "General Sir Gerald Templer, the MCA, and the Kinta Valley Home Guard (1952–54)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/templer-and-the-road-to-malayan-independence/general-sir-gerald-templer-the-mca-and-the-kinta-valley-home-guard-195254/093E3BA59735E07DFA0519006BC74A3B">General Sir Gerald Templer, the MCA, and the Kinta Valley Home Guard (1952–54). 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Archipel. 94 (94): 97–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.445">10.4000/archipel.445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158625010">158625010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Security+and+Early+Ideas+of+%27Greater+Malaysia%27%2C+1945-1961&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=97-119&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farchipel.445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158625010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Joseph+M.+Fernando&rft.au=Shanthiah+Rajagopal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Farchipel%2F445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Dept._of_State._International_Information_Administration._Documentary_Studies_SectionUnited_States_Information_Agency._Special_Materials_SectionUnited_States._International_Communication_Agency1964" class="citation book cs1">United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section; United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section; United States. International Communication Agency (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY4qAQAAMAAJ">Problems of Communism</a>. Special Materials Section, United States Information Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Communism&rft.pub=Special+Materials+Section%2C+United+States+Information+Agency&rft.date=1964&rft.au=United+States.+Dept.+of+State.+International+Information+Administration.+Documentary+Studies+Section&rft.au=United+States+Information+Agency.+Special+Materials+Section&rft.au=United+States.+International+Communication+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY4qAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRamses_Amer2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramses Amer (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Conflict Management and Dispute Settlement in East Asia</a>. Routledge. m/s. 52–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-16216-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-16216-2"><bdi>978-1-317-16216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Management+and+Dispute+Settlement+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-317-16216-2&rft.au=Ramses+Amer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081038/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/90e4ea74-e949-4269-a522-d0cca976b432">"Indonesia announces Konfrontasi (Confrontation) [19 January 1963]"</a>. National Library Board, Singapore. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/126b6b07-f796-4b4c-b658-938001e3213e">yang asal</a> pada 30 June 2018. Dicapai pada 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+announces+Konfrontasi+%28Confrontation%29+%5B19+January+1963%5D&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F126b6b07-f796-4b4c-b658-938001e3213e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19640907&id=MUBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843,1157289">"Aggression Must be Deterred"</a>. The Age. 7 September 1964. Dicapai pada 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Aggression+Must+be+Deterred&rft.date=1964-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1300%26dat%3D19640907%26id%3DMUBVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6843%2C1157289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo">"Confrontation in Borneo"</a>. NZ History. Government of New Zealand. Dicapai pada 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+History&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+Borneo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwar%2Fconfrontation-in-borneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOng_Weichong2014" class="citation book cs1">Ong Weichong (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TV-vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Malaysia's Defeat of Armed Communism: The Second Emergency, 1968-1989</a>. Routledge. m/s. 66–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-62689-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-62689-3"><bdi>978-1-317-62689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+Defeat+of+Armed+Communism%3A+The+Second+Emergency%2C+1968-1989&rft.pages=66-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62689-3&rft.au=Ong+Weichong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTV-vBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6-tPM-E0kC&pg=PT161">Translations on South and East Asia</a>. Joint Publications Research Service. m/s. 161–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translations+on+South+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=Joint+Publications+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRG6-tPM-E0kC%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHussin_MutalibEe_Heok_Kua1993" class="citation book cs1">Hussin Mutalib; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kua_Ee_Heok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kua Ee Heok (laman tidak wujud)">Ee Heok Kua</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDzqZoWS1soC&pg=PR10">Islam in Malaysia: From Revivalism to Islamic State?</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 10–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-180-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-180-6"><bdi>978-9971-69-180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Malaysia%3A+From+Revivalism+to+Islamic+State%3F&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-180-6&rft.au=Hussin+Mutalib&rft.au=Ee+Heok+Kua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDzqZoWS1soC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNorshahril_Saat2016" class="citation journal cs1">Norshahril Saat (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123002830/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_39.pdf">"Exclusivist Attitudes in Malaysian Islam Have Multifarious Roots"</a> (PDF). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute (39): 735 [1/12]. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2335-6677">2335-6677</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_39.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISEAS%E2%80%93Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.atitle=Exclusivist+Attitudes+in+Malaysian+Islam+Have+Multifarious+Roots&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=735+1%2F12&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2335-6677&rft.au=Norshahril+Saat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iseas.edu.sg%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FISEAS_Perspective_2016_39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-126"><a href="#cite_ref-statistics_126-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>statistics</code></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8483">"Marine Gazetteer Placedetails [Malaysian Exclusive Economic Zone]"</a>. Marineregions.org. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Gazetteer+Placedetails+%5BMalaysian+Exclusive+Economic+Zone%5D&rft.pub=Marineregions.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineregions.org%2Fgazetteer.php%3Fp%3Ddetails%26id%3D8483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009070510/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/21-perak-state-secretariat">"Information Access (Perak)"</a>. Government of Perak. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/21-perak-state-secretariat">yang asal</a> pada 9 October 2019. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019. <q>Perak or also known as Perak Darul Ridzuan is the second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia (after Pahang).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Access+%28Perak%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Perak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F21-perak-state-secretariat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Bowden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jim Bowden (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009070219/http://www.mtc.com.my/images/media/655/15_Nov_-_Timber_-_Forestry_eNews_-_Malaysia_-_responsibility_in_the_factory_and_deep_in_the_forests.pdf">"Malaysia: responsibility in the factory and deep in the forests"</a> (PDF). Timber & Forestry ENews (537): 3–4. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtc.com.my/images/media/655/15_Nov_-_Timber_-_Forestry_eNews_-_Malaysia_-_responsibility_in_the_factory_and_deep_in_the_forests.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 9 October 2019. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019 – melalui Malaysian Timber Council. <q>It was at the state forest in Perak, the fourth-largest of Malaysia's 13 states, that we saw how deep the responsibility for forest management has been planted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Timber+%26+Forestry+ENews&rft.atitle=Malaysia%3A+responsibility+in+the+factory+and+deep+in+the+forests&rft.issue=537&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.au=Jim+Bowden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtc.com.my%2Fimages%2Fmedia%2F655%2F15_Nov_-_Timber_-_Forestry_eNews_-_Malaysia_-_responsibility_in_the_factory_and_deep_in_the_forests.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIr._Ooi_Choon_Ann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ir. Ooi Choon Ann (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf">"Coastal erosion management in Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences: 9 (10). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019 – melalui Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Director+of+Coastal+Engineering+Division+Department+of+Irrigation+and+Drainage+of+Malaysia%2C+Proc.+13th+Annual+Seminar+of+the+Malaysian+Society+of+Marine+Sciences&rft.atitle=Coastal+erosion+management+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=9+%2810%29&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Ir.+Ooi+Choon+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwater.gov.my%2Fjps%2Fresources%2Fauto%2520download%2520images%2F5844e2ec68076.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Kin_OnnJ._van_RooijenL._Lee_GrismerDaicus_Belabut2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chan Kin Onn; J. van Rooijen; L. Lee Grismer; Daicus Belabut; Mohd. Abdul Muin Md. Akil; Hamidi Jamaludin; Rick Gregory; Norhayati Ahmad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mybis.gov.my/pd/14">"First Report on the Herpetofauna of Pulau Pangkor, Perak, Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Russian Journal of Herpetology. 17 (2): 139–146 – melalui Malaysia Biodiversity Information System.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=First+Report+on+the+Herpetofauna+of+Pulau+Pangkor%2C+Perak%2C+Malaysia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Chan+Kin+Onn&rft.au=J.+van+Rooijen&rft.au=L.+Lee+Grismer&rft.au=Daicus+Belabut&rft.au=Mohd.+Abdul+Muin+Md.+Akil&rft.au=Hamidi+Jamaludin&rft.au=Rick+Gregory&rft.au=Norhayati+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybis.gov.my%2Fpd%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Bird2010" class="citation book cs1">Eric Bird (25 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA1122">Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 1122–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-8638-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-8638-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-8638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Coastal+Landforms&rft.pages=1122-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0&rft.au=Eric+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMfo5TPb7SDsC%26pg%3DPA1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZulkifly_Ab_Latif2017" class="citation news cs1">Zulkifly Ab Latif (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2017/08/268815/naturally-beautiful">"Naturally beautiful"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Naturally+beautiful&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.au=Zulkifly+Ab+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fjom%2F2017%2F08%2F268815%2Fnaturally-beautiful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFF._L._Dunn1975" class="citation book cs1">F. L. Dunn (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fzOAAAAMAAJ&q=perak+interior+characteristics+forest">Rain-forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modern and Ancient Malaya</a>. MBRAS. m/s. 30–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain-forest+Collectors+and+Traders%3A+A+Study+of+Resource+Utilization+in+Modern+and+Ancient+Malaya&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=MBRAS&rft.date=1975&rft.au=F.+L.+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8fzOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Binterior%2Bcharacteristics%2Bforest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009084847/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/sumber-hutan.html">"Forest Resources"</a>. Perak State Forestry Department. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/sumber-hutan.html">yang asal</a> pada 9 October 2019. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+Resources&rft.pub=Perak+State+Forestry+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perakforestry.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmengenai-jpnpk%2Fmaklumat-perhutanan%2Fsumber-hutan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/12/10/peraks-forest-reserve-stands-at-over-900000ha/">"Perak's forest reserve stands at over 900,000ha"</a>. The Star. 10 December 2014. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Perak%27s+forest+reserve+stands+at+over+900%2C000ha&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F12%2F10%2Fperaks-forest-reserve-stands-at-over-900000ha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(U.S.)1895-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-(U.S.)1895_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-(U.S.)1895_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGeological_Survey_(U.S.)1895" class="citation book cs1">Geological Survey (U.S.) (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wn7pAAAAMAAJ&q=mountains+of+perak&pg=PA469">Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. m/s. 469–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+United+States+Geological+Survey+to+the+Secretary+of+the+Interior&rft.pages=469-&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Geological+Survey+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwn7pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmountains%2Bof%2Bperak%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIxIAAAAYAAJ&q=mount+korbu+highest+point+perak">Colonial Reports, Annual</a>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Reports%2C+Annual&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIxIAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmount%2Bkorbu%2Bhighest%2Bpoint%2Bperak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_University_(Washington,_D.C.)._Foreign_Areas_Studies_Division1965" class="citation book cs1">American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Areas Studies Division (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPdAAAAAIAAJ&q=mount+korbu+highest+point+perak&pg=PA12">Area Handbook for Malaysia and Singapore</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. m/s. 12–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pages=12-&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1965&rft.au=American+University+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29.+Foreign+Areas+Studies+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPdAAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmount%2Bkorbu%2Bhighest%2Bpoint%2Bperak%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwygeVqeln0C&q=perak+river+mountainous&pg=PA357">¬The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society0</a>. Murray. 1876. m/s. 357–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%ACThe+Journal+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society0&rft.pages=357-&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwygeVqeln0C%26q%3Dperak%2Briver%2Bmountainous%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012041038/http://www.jpsperak.gov.my/en/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw%3D&pid=bVSKQne%2FswI%3D">"The River, Basin & Reserves"</a>. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Perak. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpsperak.gov.my/en/Page?type=zByNQuF9FYw=&pid=bVSKQne/swI=">yang asal</a> pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+River%2C+Basin+%26+Reserves&rft.pub=Department+of+Irrigation+and+Drainage%2C+Perak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpsperak.gov.my%2Fen%2FPage%3Ftype%3DzByNQuF9FYw%3D%26pid%3DbVSKQne%2FswI%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNena_Vreeland1977" class="citation book cs1">Nena Vreeland (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3YhdAAAAIAAJ&q=perak+river+second+longest+pahang&pg=PA11">Area Handbook for Malaysia</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. m/s. 11–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Malaysia&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Nena+Vreeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3YhdAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Briver%2Bsecond%2Blongest%2Bpahang%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Thomas_Kurian1989" class="citation book cs1">George Thomas Kurian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lU1XAAAAMAAJ&q=perak+river+second+longest+pahang">Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia</a>. Gale Research Company. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-914746-31-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-914746-31-7"><bdi>978-0-914746-31-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geo-data%3A+The+World+Geographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-914746-31-7&rft.au=George+Thomas+Kurian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlU1XAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Briver%2Bsecond%2Blongest%2Bpahang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIndo-Pacific_Fishery_Commission1995" class="citation book cs1">Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkppK-KUaAC&q=perak+river+400+km&pg=PA230">Regional Symposium on Sustainable Development of Inland Fisheries Under Environmental Constraints: Bangkok, Thailand, 19-21 October 1994, and Country Reports Presented at the IPFC Working Party of Experts on Inland Fisheries : Bangkok, Thailand, 17-21 October 1994</a>. Food & Agriculture Org. m/s. 230–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-92-5-103559-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-92-5-103559-7"><bdi>978-92-5-103559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Symposium+on+Sustainable+Development+of+Inland+Fisheries+Under+Environmental+Constraints%3A+Bangkok%2C+Thailand%2C+19-21+October+1994%2C+and+Country+Reports+Presented+at+the+IPFC+Working+Party+of+Experts+on+Inland+Fisheries+%3A+Bangkok%2C+Thailand%2C+17-21+October+1994&rft.pages=230-&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-92-5-103559-7&rft.au=Indo-Pacific+Fishery+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHkppK-KUaAC%26q%3Dperak%2Briver%2B400%2Bkm%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524015804/https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/Compendium/kompendium2018.pdf">"Kompendium (Data dan Maklumat Asas JPS)"</a> [Compendium (DID Basic Data and Information)] (PDF). Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia. 2018. m/s. 23. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/Compendium/kompendium2018.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 24 May 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kompendium+%28Data+dan+Maklumat+Asas+JPS%29&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Department+of+Irrigation+and+Drainage%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.gov.my%2Fjps%2Fresources%2FCompendium%2Fkompendium2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.climate-data.org/asia/malaysia/perak-2626/">"Climate: Perak"</a>. Climate Data. Dicapai pada 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+Perak&rft.pub=Climate+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia%2Fperak-2626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFT._SuntharalingamMalaysia._Jabatan_Penyiasatan_Kajibumi1985" class="citation book cs1">T. Suntharalingam; Malaysia. Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L11PAQAAIAAJ&q=perak+humidity">Quaternary geology of the coastal plain of Beruas, Perak</a>. Geological Survey Headquarters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaternary+geology+of+the+coastal+plain+of+Beruas%2C+Perak&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+Headquarters&rft.date=1985&rft.au=T.+Suntharalingam&rft.au=Malaysia.+Jabatan+Penyiasatan+Kajibumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL11PAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Bhumidity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChin_Aik_YeapBirdLife_International._Important_Bird_Area_ProgrammeMalayan_Nature_Society2007" class="citation book cs1">Chin Aik Yeap; BirdLife International. 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Dicapai pada 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather&rft.pub=Perak+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peraktourism.com.my%2Fabout-perak%2F2014-11-14-20-40-24%2Fclimate-weather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWan_Nooraishah_Wan_Abdul_Kadir2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wan Nooraishah Wan Abdul Kadir (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010080030/http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/16006/1/D%20I%20S%20S%20E%20R%20T%20A%20T%20I%20O%20N.pdf32.pdf">"Flood Damage Assessment for Perak Tengah District"</a> (PDF): 11 [20/49]. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/16006/1/D%20I%20S%20S%20E%20R%20T%20A%20T%20I%20O%20N.pdf32.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 10 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_Petronas" title="Universiti Teknologi Petronas">Universiti Teknologi Petronas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+Damage+Assessment+for+Perak+Tengah+District&rft.pages=11+20%2F49&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Wan+Nooraishah+Wan+Abdul+Kadir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futpedia.utp.edu.my%2F16006%2F1%2FD%2520I%2520S%2520S%2520E%2520R%2520T%2520A%2520T%2520I%2520O%2520N.pdf32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFR._O._Winstedt1927" class="citation journal cs1">R. 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Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 5 (2): 295–309. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24249117">24249117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malayan+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Great+Flood%2C+1926&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-309&rft.date=1927&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24249117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=R.+O.+Winstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFiona_Williamson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fiona Williamson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fehs2.1248">"The "Great Flood" of 1926: environmental change and post‐disaster management in British Malaya"</a>. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability. 2 (11): e01248. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fehs2.1248">10.1002/ehs2.1248</a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosystem+Health+and+Sustainability&rft.atitle=The+%22Great+Flood%22+of+1926%3A+environmental+change+and+post%E2%80%90disaster+management+in+British+Malaya&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e01248&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fehs2.1248&rft.au=Fiona+Williamson&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fehs2.1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011055009/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/11/07/thorough-solution-needed-to-overcome-floods-in-hulu-perak-mb-says/1504227">"Thorough solution needed to overcome floods in Hulu Perak, MB says"</a>. Bernama. The Malay Mail. 7 November 2017. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2017/11/07/thorough-solution-needed-to-overcome-floods-in-hulu-perak-mb-says/1504227">yang asal</a> pada 11 October 2019. Dicapai pada 11 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Thorough+solution+needed+to+overcome+floods+in+Hulu+Perak%2C+MB+says&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2017%2F11%2F07%2Fthorough-solution-needed-to-overcome-floods-in-hulu-perak-mb-says%2F1504227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012035109/https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/584130f6ea786.pdf">"Managing the Flood Problem in Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia: 23. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/584130f6ea786.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Managing+the+Flood+Problem+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.gov.my%2Fjps%2Fresources%2Fauto%2520download%2520images%2F584130f6ea786.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Tinley_InghamErnest_Frederick_Bradford1960" class="citation book cs1">Frank Tinley Ingham; Ernest Frederick Bradford (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phXbAAAAMAAJ&q=northeast+monsoon+perak">The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Kinta Valley, Perak</a>. Federation of Malaya, Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geology+and+Mineral+Resources+of+the+Kinta+Valley%2C+Perak&rft.pub=Federation+of+Malaya%2C+Geological+Survey.&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Frank+Tinley+Ingham&rft.au=Ernest+Frederick+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphXbAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnortheast%2Bmonsoon%2Bperak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHafezatul_Rasyidah_Othman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hafezatul Rasyidah Othman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011053814/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159178777.pdf">"Wind Environment Evaluation on Major Town of Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang: 1–13 [2/24]. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159178777.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 11 October 2019 – melalui CORE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Civil+Engineering+%26+Earth+Resources%2C+Universiti+Malaysia+Pahang&rft.atitle=Wind+Environment+Evaluation+on+Major+Town+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=1-13+2%2F24&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hafezatul+Rasyidah+Othman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F159178777.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my/exportpdf00.jsp?kodnegeri=08">"Dokumen Gazetir Perak Darul Ridzuan"</a>. Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia. Dicapai pada 2022-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dokumen+Gazetir+Perak+Darul+Ridzuan&rft.pub=Jabatan+Ukur+dan+Pemetaan+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my%2Fexportpdf00.jsp%3Fkodnegeri%3D08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012091056/http://www.heritage.gov.my/media/k2/Warisan%20Dunia/RBSP/RBSP.pdf">"Royal Belum State Park"</a> (PDF). m/s. 5/9. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.gov.my/media/k2/Warisan%20Dunia/RBSP/RBSP.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019 – melalui Department of National Heritage, Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Belum+State+Park&rft.pages=5%2F9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.gov.my%2Fmedia%2Fk2%2FWarisan%2520Dunia%2FRBSP%2FRBSP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012090510/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6176/">"Royal Belum State Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6176/">yang asal</a> pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Belum+State+Park&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6176%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Erwan_Othman2018" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad Erwan Othman (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post/20180920/281943133795601">"Birdwatching: An ecotourism potential"</a>. The Borneo Post. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=PressReader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PressReader (laman tidak wujud)">PressReader</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Birdwatching%3A+An+ecotourism+potential&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.au=Ahmad+Erwan+Othman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fmalaysia%2Fthe-borneo-post%2F20180920%2F281943133795601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRahmah_IliasHamdon_Tak2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rahmah Ilias; Hamdon Tak (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012115222/http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/jurnal/JWP%202009-2010%20VOLUME%2026/JWP%202009-2010%20VOL%2026_10.pdf">"A Checklist of Birds at Three Forest Reserves of Pangkor Island, Perak"</a> (PDF). Journal of Wildlife and Parks. XXVI (26): 71–77. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/jurnal/JWP%202009-2010%20VOLUME%2026/JWP%202009-2010%20VOL%2026_10.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019 – melalui Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft.atitle=A+Checklist+of+Birds+at+Three+Forest+Reserves+of+Pangkor+Island%2C+Perak&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=71-77&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rahmah+Ilias&rft.au=Hamdon+Tak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlife.gov.my%2Fimages%2Fdocument%2Fpenerbitan%2Fjurnal%2FJWP%25202009-2010%2520VOLUME%252026%2FJWP%25202009-2010%2520VOL%252026_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012114429/http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/forest_protect/protect_projects/project_royal_belum/">"Royal Belum"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Wide Fund for Nature (laman tidak wujud)">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/forest_protect/protect_projects/project_royal_belum/">yang asal</a> pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Belum&rft.pub=World+Wide+Fund+for+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwf.org.my%2Fabout_wwf%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fforests_main%2Fforest_protect%2Fprotect_projects%2Fproject_royal_belum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013101817/https://www.mybis.gov.my/pa/208">"Pulau Sembilan"</a>. Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mybis.gov.my/pa/208">yang asal</a> pada 13 October 2019. Dicapai pada 13 October 2019 – melalui Malaysia Biodiversity Information System.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulau+Sembilan&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Water%2C+Land+and+Natural+Resources+of+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybis.gov.my%2Fpa%2F208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013102111/http://www.mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/destinasi-menarik/pulau-sembilan">"Pulau Sembilan"</a> [Nine Islands]. Manjung Municipal Council. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/destinasi-menarik/pulau-sembilan">yang asal</a> pada 13 October 2019. Dicapai pada 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulau+Sembilan&rft.pub=Manjung+Municipal+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpm.gov.my%2Fms%2Fpelawat%2Fdestinasi-menarik%2Fpulau-sembilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Keat_Chuan_NgTeow_Yeong_LimAmirrudin_B._AhmadMd_Zain_Khaironizam2019" class="citation journal cs1">Casey Keat Chuan Ng; Teow Yeong Lim; Amirrudin B. Ahmad; Md Zain Khaironizam (2019). "Provisional checklist of freshwater fish diversity and distribution in Perak, Malaysia, and some latest taxonomic concerns". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zootaxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zootaxa (laman tidak wujud)">Zootaxa</a>. 4567 (3): zootaxa.4567.3.5. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4567.3.5">10.11646/zootaxa.4567.3.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31715885">31715885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92400943">92400943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Provisional+checklist+of+freshwater+fish+diversity+and+distribution+in+Perak%2C+Malaysia%2C+and+some+latest+taxonomic+concerns&rft.volume=4567&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=zootaxa.4567.3.5&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92400943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31715885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4567.3.5&rft.au=Casey+Keat+Chuan+Ng&rft.au=Teow+Yeong+Lim&rft.au=Amirrudin+B.+Ahmad&rft.au=Md+Zain+Khaironizam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Yeap2017" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Yeap (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/10/02/park-becomes-states-newest-treasure-kinta-nature-park-gazetted-as-a-nature-reserve/">"Kinta Nature Park gazetted as a nature reserve"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Kinta+Nature+Park+gazetted+as+a+nature+reserve&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Amanda+Yeap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fmetro-news%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fpark-becomes-states-newest-treasure-kinta-nature-park-gazetted-as-a-nature-reserve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013104222/http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1619063">"Kinta nature park never leased out"</a>. Bernama. 25 July 2018. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1619063">yang asal</a> pada 13 October 2019. Dicapai pada 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kinta+nature+park+never+leased+out&rft.pub=Bernama&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernama.com%2Fstate-news%2Fberita.php%3Fid%3D1619063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFong_Kee_Soon2013" class="citation web cs1">Fong Kee Soon (23 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/02/23/committed-to-protect-the-forests/">"Committed to protect the forests"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Committed+to+protect+the+forests&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft.au=Fong+Kee+Soon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2013%2F02%2F23%2Fcommitted-to-protect-the-forests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014024825/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-jabatan/perancangan-pengurusan-hutan.html">"Forest Management & Planning"</a>. Perak State Forestry Department. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-jabatan/perancangan-pengurusan-hutan.html">yang asal</a> pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+Management+%26+Planning&rft.pub=Perak+State+Forestry+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perakforestry.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmengenai-jpnpk%2Fmaklumat-jabatan%2Fperancangan-pengurusan-hutan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012064036/http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/tanaman-pokok.html">"Tree Planting Program"</a>. Perak State Forestry Department. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perakforestry.gov.my/index.php/en/mengenai-jpnpk/maklumat-perhutanan/tanaman-pokok.html">yang asal</a> pada 12 October 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tree+Planting+Program&rft.pub=Perak+State+Forestry+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perakforestry.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmengenai-jpnpk%2Fmaklumat-perhutanan%2Ftanaman-pokok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033539/http://www.kats.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/A%20Common%20Vision%20on%20Biodiversity.pdf">A Common Vision on Biodiversity</a> (PDF). Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia. 2008. m/s. 7 (23/130). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-42956-8-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-42956-8-4"><bdi>978-983-42956-8-4</bdi></a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kats.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/A%20Common%20Vision%20on%20Biodiversity.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Common+Vision+on+Biodiversity&rft.pages=7+%2823%2F130%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Water%2C+Land+and+Natural+Resources+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-42956-8-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kats.gov.my%2Fms-my%2FPustakaMedia%2FPenerbitan%2FA%2520Common%2520Vision%2520on%2520Biodiversity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014034832/https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/04/only-23-tigers-left-in-royal-belum-temenggor/">"Only 23 tigers left in Royal Belum, Temenggor"</a>. Bernama. The Borneo Post. 4 August 2019. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/08/04/only-23-tigers-left-in-royal-belum-temenggor/">yang asal</a> pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Only+23+tigers+left+in+Royal+Belum%2C+Temenggor&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2019%2F08%2F04%2Fonly-23-tigers-left-in-royal-belum-temenggor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Hance2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Hance (26 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014041206/https://news.mongabay.com/2013/09/malaysia-clearcutting-forest-reserves-for-timber-and-palm-oil/">"Malaysia clearcutting forest reserves for timber and palm oil"</a>. Mongabay. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2013/09/malaysia-clearcutting-forest-reserves-for-timber-and-palm-oil/">yang asal</a> pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia+clearcutting+forest+reserves+for+timber+and+palm+oil&rft.pub=Mongabay&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.au=Jeremy+Hance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fmalaysia-clearcutting-forest-reserves-for-timber-and-palm-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-land-based_pollution_sources-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land-based_pollution_sources_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-land-based_pollution_sources_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Rita_Kaur" class="citation journal cs1">Cheryl Rita Kaur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014045826/http://www.mima.gov.my/images/Land-based_pollution.pdf">"Pollution from Land-Based Sources"</a> (PDF). Profile of the Straits of Malacca: Malaysia's Perspectives: 129 & 140 (2 & 8). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mima.gov.my/images/Land-based_pollution.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019 – melalui Maritime Institute of Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Profile+of+the+Straits+of+Malacca%3A+Malaysia%27s+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Pollution+from+Land-Based+Sources&rft.pages=129+%26+140+%282+%26+8%29&rft.au=Cheryl+Rita+Kaur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mima.gov.my%2Fimages%2FLand-based_pollution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZahratulhayat_Mat_Arif2019" class="citation news cs1">Zahratulhayat Mat Arif (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/469561/sungai-raja-hitam-falls-under-class-four-needs-extensive-treatment">"Sungai Raja Hitam falls under Class Four, needs extensive treatment"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Sungai+Raja+Hitam+falls+under+Class+Four%2C+needs+extensive+treatment&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.au=Zahratulhayat+Mat+Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F03%2F469561%2Fsungai-raja-hitam-falls-under-class-four-needs-extensive-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIli_Aqilah2019" class="citation web cs1">Ili Aqilah (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/05/perak-sets-up-taskforce-to-handle-pollution-in-sungai-rui/">"Perak sets up task force to handle pollution in Sungai Rui"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Perak+sets+up+task+force+to+handle+pollution+in+Sungai+Rui&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.au=Ili+Aqilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F04%2F05%2Fperak-sets-up-taskforce-to-handle-pollution-in-sungai-rui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2011" class="citation web cs1">Keith Bradsher (8 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/09/business/energy-environment/09rareside.html">"Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery"</a>. The New York Times. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Quietly+Cleans+Up+Its+Former+Refinery&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-environment%2F09rareside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014043946/https://consumer.org.my/chronology-of-events-in-the-bukit-merah-asian-rare-earth-development/">"Chronology of events in the Bukit Merah Asian Rare Earth development"</a>. Penang Consumer Association. 11 May 2011. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consumer.org.my/chronology-of-events-in-the-bukit-merah-asian-rare-earth-development/">yang asal</a> pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+events+in+the+Bukit+Merah+Asian+Rare+Earth+development&rft.pub=Penang+Consumer+Association&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsumer.org.my%2Fchronology-of-events-in-the-bukit-merah-asian-rare-earth-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJahara_YahayaSantha_Chenayah_Ramu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jahara Yahaya; Santha Chenayah Ramu (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014053256/https://www.um.edu.my/docs/librariesprovider7/working-papers/fea-wp-2003-002.pdf">"Coastal Resource Development in Malaysia: Is There a Need for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management?"</a> (PDF). FEA Working Paper No. 2003-2, Department of Development Studies Faculty of Economics & Administration and Department of Applied Economics Faculty of Economics & Administration: 10 (11). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.my/docs/librariesprovider7/working-papers/fea-wp-2003-002.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 14 October 2019. Dicapai pada 14 October 2019 – melalui University of Malaya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEA+Working+Paper+No.+2003-2%2C+Department+of+Development+Studies+Faculty+of+Economics+%26+Administration+and+Department+of+Applied+Economics+Faculty+of+Economics+%26+Administration&rft.atitle=Coastal+Resource+Development+in+Malaysia%3A+Is+There+a+Need+for+Sustainable+Mangrove+Forest+Management%3F&rft.pages=10+%2811%29&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Jahara+Yahaya&rft.au=Santha+Chenayah+Ramu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.my%2Fdocs%2Flibrariesprovider7%2Fworking-papers%2Ffea-wp-2003-002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Talib_Ahmad2014" class="citation book cs1">Abu Talib Ahmad (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krl1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242">Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia</a>. NUS Press. m/s. 242–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-69-819-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-69-819-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-819-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums%2C+History+and+Culture+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=242-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-819-5&rft.au=Abu+Talib+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkrl1BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/05/29/raja-nazrin-new-perak-sultan">"Raja Nazrin Shah proclaimed new Perak Sultan"</a>. The Star. 29 May 2014. Dicapai pada 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Raja+Nazrin+Shah+proclaimed+new+Perak+Sultan&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F05%2F29%2Fraja-nazrin-new-perak-sultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203190315/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/istana-iskandariah">"Istana Iskandariah"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/istana-iskandariah">yang asal</a> pada 3 February 2019. Dicapai pada 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istana+Iskandariah&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fistana-iskandariah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palaces_of_Perak-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palaces_of_Perak_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palaces_of_Perak_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427172107/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/hubungi-kami/pejabat-d-y-m-m-sultan-perak-darul-ridzuan">"Pejabat DYMM Paduka Seri Sultan Perak Darul Ridzuan"</a> [The Sultan of Perak Darul Ridzuan's Office]. The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. 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Dicapai pada 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pejabat+DYMM+Paduka+Seri+Sultan+Perak+Darul+Ridzuan&rft.pub=The+Administration+Office+of+His+Majesty+the+Sultan+of+Perak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsultan.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fhubungi-kami%2Fpejabat-d-y-m-m-sultan-perak-darul-ridzuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015062206/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/menu-other-articles/1058-perak-state-exco-members-sworn-in-19-may-2018">"Perak State Exco Members Sworn In"</a>. Government of Perak. 19 May 2018. 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Dicapai pada 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+State+Exco+Members+Sworn+In&rft.pub=Government+of+Perak&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmenu-other-articles%2F1058-perak-state-exco-members-sworn-in-19-may-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNST_Newsdesk2009" class="citation news cs1">NST Newsdesk (February 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/NewsBreak/20090205203428/Article/index_html">"PERAK IN CRISIS: Nizar joins Ningkan as the defiant ones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PERAK+IN+CRISIS%3A+Nizar+joins+Ningkan+as+the+defiant+ones&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.au=NST+Newsdesk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2FCurrent_News%2FNST%2FThursday%2FNewsBreak%2F20090205203428%2FArticle%2Findex_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221212209/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/18686-perak-speaker-suspends-entire-exco">"Perak Speaker suspends entire exco"</a>. The Malaysian Insider. February 18, 2009. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/18686-perak-speaker-suspends-entire-exco">yang asal</a> pada 2009-02-21. Dicapai pada 2009-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perak+Speaker+suspends+entire+exco&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaysianinsider.com%2Findex.php%2Fmalaysia%2F18686-perak-speaker-suspends-entire-exco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=393783">Perak: Mahkamah Keluar Perintah Larang Sidang DUN Tidak Sah.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kewangan.perak.gov.my/index.php/ms/">"LAMAN UTAMA"</a>. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prk.icu.gov.my/v3/index.php/ms/info-sdo/aktiviti-pppn/312-bagan-datuk-daerah-ke12">yang asal</a> pada 16 October 2019. 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Dicapai pada 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Bagan+Datuk+is+now+Perak%27s+12th+district&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F01%2F10%2Fbagan-datuk-is-now-peraks-12th-district-zahid-rm13bil-allotted-for-its-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNuradzimmah_Daim2017" class="citation news cs1">Nuradzimmah Daim (21 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/205952/transforming-bagan-datuk">"Transforming Bagan Datuk"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Transforming+Bagan+Datuk&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.au=Nuradzimmah+Daim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F205952%2Ftransforming-bagan-datuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081413/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09">"GDP By State (2010–2016)"</a>. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 6 September 2017. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09">yang asal</a> pada 4 August 2018. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+By+State+%282010%E2%80%932016%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fv1%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dcolumn%2FcthemeByCat%26cat%3D102%26bul_id%3DVS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09%26menu_id%3DTE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gullick2010" class="citation journal cs1">John Gullick (2010). "The Economy of Perak in the Mid-1870s". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 83 (2): 27–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2010.a405050">10.1353/ras.2010.a405050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41493778">41493778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154308185">154308185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Economy+of+Perak+in+the+Mid-1870s&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-46&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154308185%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41493778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fras.2010.a405050&rft.au=John+Gullick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Afiq_Ziekry_Mohd_Shukry" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Afiq Ziekry Mohd Shukry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018073022/http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/1226/1/Muhammad_Afiq_Ziekry_Bin_Mohd_Shukry.pdf">"Chapter 1 (Introduction – Background Study)"</a> (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/1226/1/Muhammad_Afiq_Ziekry_Bin_Mohd_Shukry.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 18 October 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019 – melalui Universiti Teknologi Petronas. <q>Most of the abandon tin mine sites has been converted to agricultural land due the closing of tin industry in Perak around 1980s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+%28Introduction+%E2%80%93+Background+Study%29&rft.au=Muhammad+Afiq+Ziekry+Mohd+Shukry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futpedia.utp.edu.my%2F1226%2F1%2FMuhammad_Afiq_Ziekry_Bin_Mohd_Shukry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investperak.gov.my/">"Home"</a>. InvestPerak Malaysia. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=InvestPerak+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investperak.gov.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804072828/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FpdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09">"GDP By State (2010–2014)"</a>. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. m/s. 2 and 5. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 4 August 2018. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+By+State+%282010%E2%80%932014%29&rft.pages=2+and+5&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fv1%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dcolumn%2FpdfPrev%26id%3DOFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018074448/http://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1668175">"Deputy YDP Agong launches Perak Museum's 135th anniversary"</a>. Bernama. 24 November 2018. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1668175">yang asal</a> pada 18 October 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deputy+YDP+Agong+launches+Perak+Museum%27s+135th+anniversary&rft.pub=Bernama&rft.date=2018-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernama.com%2Fen%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D1668175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018080045/https://www.fmm.org.my/Perak-@-State_News-@-Perak_State_Government_5_Year_Development_Plan_-_11th_Malaysia_Plan_(2016_to_2020).aspx">"Perak State Government 5 Year Development Plan - 11th Malaysia Plan (2016 to 2020)"</a>. Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmm.org.my/Perak-@-State_News-@-Perak_State_Government_5_Year_Development_Plan_-_11th_Malaysia_Plan_(2016_to_2020).aspx">yang asal</a> pada 18 October 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+State+Government+5+Year+Development+Plan+-+11th+Malaysia+Plan+%282016+to+2020%29&rft.pub=Federation+of+Malaysian+Manufacturers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmm.org.my%2FPerak-%40-State_News-%40-Perak_State_Government_5_Year_Development_Plan_-_11th_Malaysia_Plan_%282016_to_2020%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019081001/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/19-perak-gov">"Perak Government Development Corridor"</a>. Government of Perak. 27 May 2016. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/19-perak-gov">yang asal</a> pada 19 October 2019. Dicapai pada 19 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+Government+Development+Corridor&rft.pub=Government+of+Perak&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F19-perak-gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018080633/https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/08/07/perak-drive-economy-new-blueprint/">"Perak to drive economy with new blueprint"</a>. Bernama. The Malaysian Reserve. 7 August 2017. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1738048">yang asal</a> pada 18 October 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+records+RM1.43+bln+investments+for+Jan-March+2019&rft.pub=Bernama&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernama.com%2Fstate-news%2Fberita.php%3Fid%3D1738048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018081231/https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/04/perak-attracts-almost-rm2-billion-worth-of-investments/">"Perak attracts almost RM2 billion worth of investments"</a>. Bernama. The Borneo Post. 4 October 2018. 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Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Tanjung+Tualang%3A+Perak%27s+prawn+town&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.au=Ivan+Loh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fcommunity%2F2015%2F11%2F09%2Fperaks-prawn-town-sleepy-town-of-tanjung-tualang-a-popular-destination-for-seafoodloving-tourists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/138946/17589-youths-perak-venture-agriculture-sector-2015">"17,589 youths in Perak venture into agriculture sector as of 2015"</a>. Bernama. New Straits Times. 13 April 2016. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=17%2C589+youths+in+Perak+venture+into+agriculture+sector+as+of+2015&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2F138946%2F17589-youths-perak-venture-agriculture-sector-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621000512/http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1737471">"Perak SADC to initiate RM1 billion Agrovalley project"</a>. Bernama. 20 June 2016. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/state-news/berita.php?id=1737471">yang asal</a> pada 21 June 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+SADC+to+initiate+RM1+billion+Agrovalley+project&rft.pub=Bernama&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernama.com%2Fstate-news%2Fberita.php%3Fid%3D1737471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018090929/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/menu-other-articles/1539-perak-committed-to-be-a-major-contributor-to-country-s-agriculture-sector-28-september-2019">"Perak Committed To Be A Major Contributor To Country's Agriculture Sector"</a>. Government of Perak. 28 September 2019. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/menu-other-articles/1539-perak-committed-to-be-a-major-contributor-to-country-s-agriculture-sector-28-september-2019">yang asal</a> pada 18 October 2019. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+Committed+To+Be+A+Major+Contributor+To+Country%27s+Agriculture+Sector&rft.pub=Government+of+Perak&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmenu-other-articles%2F1539-perak-committed-to-be-a-major-contributor-to-country-s-agriculture-sector-28-september-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perakbiz-route.com.my/perak-biz-route-en/associations-en/malaysia-arowana-fans-club-2/">"Supplying 80% of national market Storehouse of aqua food"</a>. Perak Biz-Route. 7 September 2015. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplying+80%25+of+national+market+Storehouse+of+aqua+food&rft.pub=Perak+Biz-Route&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperakbiz-route.com.my%2Fperak-biz-route-en%2Fassociations-en%2Fmalaysia-arowana-fans-club-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perakbiz-route.com.my/perak-biz-route-en/focus-en/datuk-saarani-mohamad-2/">"Versatile agricultural policies to meet escalating demands"</a>. Perak Biz-Route. 7 September 2015. Dicapai pada 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Versatile+agricultural+policies+to+meet+escalating+demands&rft.pub=Perak+Biz-Route&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperakbiz-route.com.my%2Fperak-biz-route-en%2Ffocus-en%2Fdatuk-saarani-mohamad-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iproperty.com.my/news/major-contributor-to-peraks-gdp-construction-sector/">"Major Contributor to Perak's GDP: Construction sector"</a>. iProperty.com.my. 17 January 2017. 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Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Perak+is+No+2+for+local+tourists&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.au=Manjit+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fmetro-news%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Ftourism-numbers-up-state-official-reports-visitor-statistics-for-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Li_LeenZabidi_Tusin2005" class="citation web cs1">Chan Li Leen; Zabidi Tusin (22 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2005/09/22/royal-town-steeped-in-history-and-tradition_1">"Royal town steeped in history and tradition"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Royal+town+steeped+in+history+and+tradition&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.au=Chan+Li+Leen&rft.au=Zabidi+Tusin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2005%2F09%2F22%2Froyal-town-steeped-in-history-and-tradition_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Bowden2017" class="citation news cs1">David Bowden (16 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/02/212937/royal-town-kuala-kangsar">"The royal town of Kuala Kangsar"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=The+royal+town+of+Kuala+Kangsar&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.au=David+Bowden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F212937%2Froyal-town-kuala-kangsar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMing_Teoh2017" class="citation web cs1">Ming Teoh (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025012549/https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2017/09/19/exploring-kuala-kangsar-peraks-royal-town/">"Exploring Kuala Kangsar, Perak's royal town"</a>. Star2.com. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2017/09/19/exploring-kuala-kangsar-peraks-royal-town/">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Kuala+Kangsar%2C+Perak%27s+royal+town&rft.pub=Star2.com&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.au=Ming+Teoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star2.com%2Ftravel%2Fmalaysia%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fexploring-kuala-kangsar-peraks-royal-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmm.gov.my/en/museum/perak-museum">"Perak Museum"</a>. Department of Museums Malaysia. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+Museum&rft.pub=Department+of+Museums+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmm.gov.my%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fperak-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipoh_architecture-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_architecture_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_architecture_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Bedford2018" class="citation web cs1">Sam Bedford (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/the-most-beautiful-architecture-in-ipoh-malaysia/">"The Most Beautiful Architecture in Ipoh, Malaysia"</a>. Culture Trip. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Beautiful+Architecture+in+Ipoh%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Culture+Trip&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.au=Sam+Bedford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia%2Farticles%2Fthe-most-beautiful-architecture-in-ipoh-malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705055921/http://muzium.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/museums/pasir-salak-historical-complex">"Pasir Salak Historical Complex"</a>. Perak State Museum Board. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzium.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/museums/pasir-salak-historical-complex">yang asal</a> pada 5 July 2018. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasir+Salak+Historical+Complex&rft.pub=Perak+State+Museum+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzium.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmuseums%2Fpasir-salak-historical-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Li_Leen2017" class="citation web cs1">Chan Li Leen (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2017/11/13/more-than-just-about-birch-and-maharaja-lela-kampung-gajah-a-mustsee-for-tourists-as-it-is-steeped-i">"More than just about Birch and Maharaja Lela"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=More+than+just+about+Birch+and+Maharaja+Lela&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.au=Chan+Li+Leen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Ffocus%2F2017%2F11%2F13%2Fmore-than-just-about-birch-and-maharaja-lela-kampung-gajah-a-mustsee-for-tourists-as-it-is-steeped-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706110923/http://muzium.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/museums/darul-ridzuan-museum">"Darul Ridzuan Museum"</a>. Perak State Museum Board. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzium.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/museums/darul-ridzuan-museum">yang asal</a> pada 6 July 2018. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darul+Ridzuan+Museum&rft.pub=Perak+State+Museum+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzium.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fmuseums%2Fdarul-ridzuan-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025032257/http://www.mpti.gov.my/en/visitors/places-interest/menara-condong">"Menara Condong"</a> [Leaning Tower]. Teluk Intan Municipal Council. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpti.gov.my/en/visitors/places-interest/menara-condong">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menara+Condong&rft.pub=Teluk+Intan+Municipal+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpti.gov.my%2Fen%2Fvisitors%2Fplaces-interest%2Fmenara-condong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belum.com.my/">"Living tale of nature"</a>. Belum Temenggor. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+tale+of+nature&rft.pub=Belum+Temenggor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelum.com.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_nature_attractions_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_nature_attractions_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_nature_attractions_244-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_nature_attractions_244-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_nature_attractions_244-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Bedford2018" class="citation web cs1">Sam Bedford (23 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/8-gorgeous-natural-sights-near-ipoh-malaysia/">"8 Gorgeous Natural Sights near Ipoh, Malaysia"</a>. Culture Trip. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Gorgeous+Natural+Sights+near+Ipoh%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Culture+Trip&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.au=Sam+Bedford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia%2Farticles%2F8-gorgeous-natural-sights-near-ipoh-malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Bedford2018" class="citation web cs1">Sam Bedford (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/how-to-travel-to-pangkor-island/">"How to Travel to Pangkor Island"</a>. Culture Trip. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Travel+to+Pangkor+Island&rft.pub=Culture+Trip&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.au=Sam+Bedford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-travel-to-pangkor-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025020655/http://www.mdkampar.gov.my/en/visitors/places-interest/tempurung-cave">"Tempurung Cave"</a>. Kampar District Council. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdkampar.gov.my/en/visitors/places-interest/tempurung-cave">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. 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Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Perak%27s+garden+city&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.au=V.+P.+Sujata&rft.au=Lew+Yong+Kan&rft.au=Zabidi+Tusin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2005%2F09%2F08%2Fwelcome-to-peraks-garden-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaharu.com.my/">"Home"</a>. Gaharu Tea Valley Gopeng. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/11/24/perak-state-assembly-passes-state-budget-2016/1010581">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Perak+state+assembly+passes+State+Budget+2016&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2015%2F11%2F24%2Fperak-state-assembly-passes-state-budget-2016%2F1010581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021025825/https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/menu-other-articles/918-perak-allocates-rm1-17-billion-for-budget-2018-21-november-2017">"Perak Allocates RM1.17 Billion For Budget 2018"</a>. Government of Perak. 21 November 2017. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/index.php/en/menu-other-articles/918-perak-allocates-rm1-17-billion-for-budget-2018-21-november-2017">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8691/1/FSKTM_2002_9_A.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 21 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia" title="Universiti Putra Malaysia">Universiti Putra Malaysia</a>. <q>The generation facilities consist of four units with a total installed capacity of 348 MW.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Cascading+Module+for+Hydro+Energy+Decision+Support+System+%28HEDSS%29+for+Temengor-Bersiak-Kenering+Power+Plants&rft.pages=4+%2817-25%29&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ezuria+Nadzri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsasir.upm.edu.my%2Fid%2Feprint%2F8691%2F1%2FFSKTM_2002_9_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021045512/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/POEB/poeb113-data.pdf">"(Datasheet) Power Generation Plants in Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin (113): 45. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/POEB/poeb113-data.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 21 October 2019 – melalui Palm Information Online Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Oil+Engineering+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%28Datasheet%29+Power+Generation+Plants+in+Malaysia&rft.issue=113&rft.pages=45&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalmoilis.mpob.gov.my%2Fpublications%2FPOEB%2Fpoeb113-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSaim_Suratman1986" class="citation journal cs1">Saim Suratman (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021070045/https://gsm.org.my/products/702001-101397-PDF.pdf">"Engineering geology of Sungai Piah Hydro-Electric Project, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia"</a> (PDF). 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Dicapai pada 21 October 2019 – melalui Geological Society of Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Engineering+geology+of+Sungai+Piah+Hydro-Electric+Project%2C+Perak%2C+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.pages=871-881&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Saim+Suratman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsm.org.my%2Fproducts%2F702001-101397-PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021031557/https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/manjung-power-plant-perak/">"Manjung Power Plant, Perak"</a>. NS Energy. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/manjung-power-plant-perak/">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manjung+Power+Plant%2C+Perak&rft.pub=NS+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsenergybusiness.com%2Fprojects%2Fmanjung-power-plant-perak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021035536/https://www.malakoff.com.my/Our-Business/Power-Plant-and-Water-Desalination-Plant-Locations/">"Power Plant and Water Desalination Plant Locations (GB3 Power Plant)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malakoff_(power_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malakoff (power company) (laman tidak wujud)">Malakoff</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malakoff.com.my/Our-Business/Power-Plant-and-Water-Desalination-Plant-Locations/">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+Plant+and+Water+Desalination+Plant+Locations+%28GB3+Power+Plant%29&rft.pub=Malakoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malakoff.com.my%2FOur-Business%2FPower-Plant-and-Water-Desalination-Plant-Locations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021064432/http://www.lap.com.my/bi/index.php/profil-korporat/about-us">"About Us"</a>. Perak Water Board. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lap.com.my/bi/index.php/profil-korporat/about-us">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Perak+Water+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lap.com.my%2Fbi%2Findex.php%2Fprofil-korporat%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZahratulhayat_Mat_Arif2019" class="citation news cs1">Zahratulhayat Mat Arif (24 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/472451/water-major-perak-dams-remains-normal-level-despite-dry-spell">"Water at major Perak dams remains at normal level despite dry spell"</a>. New Straits Times. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Water+at+major+Perak+dams+remains+at+normal+level+despite+dry+spell&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft.au=Zahratulhayat+Mat+Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F03%2F472451%2Fwater-major-perak-dams-remains-normal-level-despite-dry-spell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702120800/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf">"Chapter 2: An Overview of the Telecommunications Industry in Malaysia"</a> (PDF). University of Malaya. m/s. 2/21 (7). 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New Straits Times. 17 May 1997. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Changing+role+of+the+Telecoms+Department&rft.date=1997-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1309%26dat%3D19970517%26id%3D6PxOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5076%2C2413004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021075101/https://www.theborneopost.com/2012/07/04/telekom-malaysia-puts-last-stop-to-telegram-service/">"Telekom Malaysia puts last 'stop' to telegram service"</a>. The Borneo Post. 4 July 2012. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2012/07/04/telekom-malaysia-puts-last-stop-to-telegram-service/">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019. <q>The first telegraph line was set up by the now defunct Department of Posts and Telegraph from Kuala Kangsar to Taiping in 1874. It signalled the beginning of an era of telecommunications in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Telekom+Malaysia+puts+last+%27stop%27+to+telegram+service&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2012%2F07%2F04%2Ftelekom-malaysia-puts-last-stop-to-telegram-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023040539/http://commonrepo.um.edu.my/259/1/FMS%20GOV%201921_2.pdf">"Supplement to the F.M.S. Government Gazette [XIV. – Posts and Telegraphs]"</a> (PDF). Federated Malay States Authority: 8 [10/36]. 1921. 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The Star. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Ringing+in+the+many+changes&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.au=Sharmila+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F08%2F31%2Fringing-in-the-many-changes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021080619/http://bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1751127">"Perak committed to implementing high-impact telecommunications development projects"</a>. Bernama. 27 July 2019. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1751127">yang asal</a> pada 21 October 2019. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+committed+to+implementing+high-impact+telecommunications+development+projects&rft.pub=Bernama&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernama.com%2Fen%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D1751127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIli_Aqilah2019" class="citation web cs1">Ili Aqilah (4 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/perak-to-be-first-state-to-introduce-highspeed-internet-in-rural-areas">"Perak to be first state to introduce high-speed Internet in rural areas"</a>. The Star. 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Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202016.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 15 September 2018. 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Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=100+years+old+and+going+strong+despite+apathy&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft.au=T.+Avineshwaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Ffocus%2F2017%2F04%2F15%2F100-years-old-and-going-strong-despite-apathy-the-ipoh-railway-station-once-was-a-hive-of-activity-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Grele2004" class="citation book cs1">Dominique Grele (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7C22s1cDfmgC&pg=PA71">100 Resorts Malaysia: Places with a Heart</a>. 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The Star. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=RM5bil+project+to+turn+Ipoh+railway+station+into+transport+hub&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.au=Manjit+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F10%2F10%2Frm5bil-project-to-turn-ipoh-railway-station-into-transport-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_AlbistonBrett_AtkinsonGreg_BenchwickCristian_Bonetto2016" class="citation book cs1">Isabel Albiston; Brett Atkinson; Greg Benchwick; Cristian Bonetto; Austin Bush; Robert Kelly; Simon Richmond; Richard Waters; Anita Isalska (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V064DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT347">Lonely Planet Malaysia Singapore & Brunei</a>. Lonely Planet. m/s. 347–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-76034-162-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-76034-162-6"><bdi>978-1-76034-162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Malaysia+Singapore+%26+Brunei&rft.pages=347-&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-76034-162-6&rft.au=Isabel+Albiston&rft.au=Brett+Atkinson&rft.au=Greg+Benchwick&rft.au=Cristian+Bonetto&rft.au=Austin+Bush&rft.au=Robert+Kelly&rft.au=Simon+Richmond&rft.au=Richard+Waters&rft.au=Anita+Isalska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV064DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourairports.com/countries/MY/08/airports.html">"Airports in Perak, Malaysia"</a>. OurAirports. Dicapai pada 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airports+in+Perak%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=OurAirports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourairports.com%2Fcountries%2FMY%2F08%2Fairports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014837/https://hrpb.moh.gov.my/baru/index.php/mengenai-kami/imbasan-sejarah-latar-belakang">"Sejarah Hospital"</a> [Hospital History]. Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrpb.moh.gov.my/baru/index.php/mengenai-kami/imbasan-sejarah-latar-belakang">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Hospital&rft.pub=Raja+Permaisuri+Bainun+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrpb.moh.gov.my%2Fbaru%2Findex.php%2Fmengenai-kami%2Fimbasan-sejarah-latar-belakang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022015237/http://jknperak.moh.gov.my/v4/index.php/en/awam/senarai-tadbiran-jknp/senarai-hospital.html">"Hospital"</a>. Perak State Health Department. 19 May 2011. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jknperak.moh.gov.my/v4/index.php/en/awam/senarai-tadbiran-jknp/senarai-hospital.html">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital&rft.pub=Perak+State+Health+Department&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjknperak.moh.gov.my%2Fv4%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fawam%2Fsenarai-tadbiran-jknp%2Fsenarai-hospital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022020811/http://jknperak.moh.gov.my/v4/index.php/en/hospital-dan-pusat-rawatan-swasta">"Hospital dan Pusat Rawatan Swasta"</a> [Hospitals and Private Treatment Centres]. Perak State Health Department. 9 February 2015. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jknperak.moh.gov.my/v4/index.php/en/hospital-dan-pusat-rawatan-swasta">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+dan+Pusat+Rawatan+Swasta&rft.pub=Perak+State+Health+Department&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjknperak.moh.gov.my%2Fv4%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fhospital-dan-pusat-rawatan-swasta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKamaliah_MNTeng_CLNordin_SNoraziah_AB2008–2009" class="citation web cs1">Kamaliah MN; Teng CL; Nordin S; Noraziah AB; Salmiah MS; Fauzia AM; Normimiroslina CO; Nadia FMG; Farah A; Mohd AY (2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914031909/http://www.crc.gov.my/nhsi/wp-content/uploads/publications/NHEWS_PrimaryCare/chapter3.pdf">"Workforce in Primary Care in Malaysia [Table 3.1 Number and Density of Primary Care Doctors in Malaysia by State and Sector]"</a> (PDF). National Healthcare Establishment and Workforce Statistics, Malaysia. m/s. 2/6 [8]. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crc.gov.my/nhsi/wp-content/uploads/publications/NHEWS_PrimaryCare/chapter3.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 14 September 2018. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workforce+in+Primary+Care+in+Malaysia+%5BTable+3.1+Number+and+Density+of+Primary+Care+Doctors+in+Malaysia+by+State+and+Sector%5D&rft.pages=2%2F6+8&rft.pub=National+Healthcare+Establishment+and+Workforce+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft.au=Kamaliah+MN&rft.au=Teng+CL&rft.au=Nordin+S&rft.au=Noraziah+AB&rft.au=Salmiah+MS&rft.au=Fauzia+AM&rft.au=Normimiroslina+CO&rft.au=Nadia+FMG&rft.au=Farah+A&rft.au=Mohd+AY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crc.gov.my%2Fnhsi%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2FNHEWS_PrimaryCare%2Fchapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022081309/https://www.asc2017.net/utar-kampar-campus/">"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Kampar Campus"</a>. Asian Science Camp 2017. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asc2017.net/utar-kampar-campus/">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiti+Tunku+Abdul+Rahman+%28UTAR%29+Kampar+Campus&rft.pub=Asian+Science+Camp+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc2017.net%2Futar-kampar-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118230103/http://jpnperak.moe.gov.my/">"Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak (Perak State Education Department)"</a>. Perak State Education Department. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpnperak.moe.gov.my/">yang asal</a> pada 18 November 2016. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jabatan+Pendidikan+Negeri+Perak+%28Perak+State+Education+Department%29&rft.pub=Perak+State+Education+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpnperak.moe.gov.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAnabelle_Ong2015" class="citation web cs1">Anabelle Ong (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914003938/https://says.com/my/news/old-school-sekolah-menengahs-that-are-over-100-years-old-and-still-going-strong">"14 SMKs That Are Over 100 Years Old And Still Going Strong"</a>. Says.com. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://says.com/my/news/old-school-sekolah-menengahs-that-are-over-100-years-old-and-still-going-strong">yang asal</a> pada 14 September 2018. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14+SMKs+That+Are+Over+100+Years+Old+And+Still+Going+Strong&rft.pub=Says.com&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.au=Anabelle+Ong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsays.com%2Fmy%2Fnews%2Fold-school-sekolah-menengahs-that-are-over-100-years-old-and-still-going-strong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022025103/http://myschoolchildren.com/data/SEK_MEN_Perak.htm">"Senarai Nama Semua Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Perak (Sejumlah 250 buah) (List of All Secondary Schools in Perak) [Total 250]"</a>. Educational Management Information System. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myschoolchildren.com/data/SEK_MEN_Perak.htm">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019 – melalui MySchoolChildren.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Educational+Management+Information+System&rft.atitle=Senarai+Nama+Semua+Sekolah+Menengah+di+Negeri+Perak+%28Sejumlah+250+buah%29+%28List+of+All+Secondary+Schools+in+Perak%29+%5BTotal+250%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyschoolchildren.com%2Fdata%2FSEK_MEN_Perak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityharbour.edu.my/">"Home"</a>. City Harbour International School. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=City+Harbour+International+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityharbour.edu.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairview.edu.my/fv_live/welcome-to-fairview-ipoh-campus/">"Ipoh Campus"</a>. Fairview International School Ipoh Campus. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipoh+Campus&rft.pub=Fairview+International+School+Ipoh+Campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairview.edu.my%2Ffv_live%2Fwelcome-to-fairview-ipoh-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.edu.my/">"Imperial International School Ipoh Campus"</a>. Imperial International School. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+International+School+Ipoh+Campus&rft.pub=Imperial+International+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.edu.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbis.edu.my/">"Home"</a>. Seri Botani International School. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Seri+Botani+International+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbis.edu.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tenby.edu.my/ipoh">"Home"</a>. Tenby Schools Ipoh. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Tenby+Schools+Ipoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenby.edu.my%2Fipoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westlakeschool.edu.my/">"Home"</a>. Westlake International School. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Westlake+International+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westlakeschool.edu.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schoolmalaysia.com/school/list.php?page=2&type=9">"List of Chinese Independent Schools [Perak]"</a>. School Malaysia. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Chinese+Independent+Schools+%5BPerak%5D&rft.pub=School+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolmalaysia.com%2Fschool%2Flist.php%3Fpage%3D2%26type%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfkl.org.my/language/learners/list-of-japanese-language-school-in-malaysia/">"List of Japanese Language School in Malaysia [Perak]"</a>. Japan Foundation Kuala Lumpur. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Japanese+Language+School+in+Malaysia+%5BPerak%5D&rft.pub=Japan+Foundation+Kuala+Lumpur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfkl.org.my%2Flanguage%2Flearners%2Flist-of-japanese-language-school-in-malaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qiup.edu.my/about-us/about-the-university/">"About QIUP"</a>. Quest International University. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+QIUP&rft.pub=Quest+International+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qiup.edu.my%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-the-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091516/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=234">"Universiti Kuala Lumpur - Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (UniKL MIMET)"</a>. Malaysian Qualifications Register. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=234">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiti+Kuala+Lumpur+-+Malaysian+Institute+of+Marine+Engineering+Technology+%28UniKL+MIMET%29&rft.pub=Malaysian+Qualifications+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mqa.gov.my%2Fmqr%2Fenglish%2FeakrKPList.cfm%3FIDAkrIPTS%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091556/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr//english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=186">"Universiti Kuala Lumpur - Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP) (Previously known as: Kolej Perubatan DiRaja Perak)"</a>. Malaysian Qualifications Register. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr//english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=186">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiti+Kuala+Lumpur+-+Royal+College+of+Medicine+Perak+%28UniKL+RCMP%29+%28Previously+known+as%3A+Kolej+Perubatan+DiRaja+Perak%29&rft.pub=Malaysian+Qualifications+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mqa.gov.my%2Fmqr%2F%2Fenglish%2FeakrKPList.cfm%3FIDAkrIPTS%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091217/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=239">"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Perak Campus"</a>. Malaysian Qualifications Register. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eakrKPList.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=239">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universiti+Tunku+Abdul+Rahman+%28UTAR%29%2C+Perak+Campus&rft.pub=Malaysian+Qualifications+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mqa.gov.my%2Fmqr%2Fenglish%2FeakrKPList.cfm%3FIDAkrIPTS%3D239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022043836/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=574">"Sultan Azlan Shah Polytechnic"</a>. Malaysian Qualifications Register. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=574">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultan+Azlan+Shah+Polytechnic&rft.pub=Malaysian+Qualifications+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mqa.gov.my%2Fmqr%2Fenglish%2FeiptaKPListAA.cfm%3FIDAkrIPTS%3D574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022043610/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=539">"Ungku Omar Polytechnic"</a>. Malaysian Qualifications Register. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=539">yang asal</a> pada 22 October 2019. Dicapai pada 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ungku+Omar+Polytechnic&rft.pub=Malaysian+Qualifications+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mqa.gov.my%2Fmqr%2Fenglish%2FeiptaKPListAA.cfm%3FIDAkrIPTS%3D539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistik-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistik_304-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer">"PENEMUAN UTAMA BANCI PENDUDUK DAN PERUMAHAN MALAYSIA 2020"</a>. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. m/s. 57. Dicapai pada 7 Jun 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PENEMUAN+UTAMA+BANCI+PENDUDUK+DAN+PERUMAHAN+MALAYSIA+2020&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Jabatan+Perangkaan+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloud.stats.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fs%2FBG11nZfaBh09RaX%23pdfviewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-305"><a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British_305-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>transformation of Perak under the British</code></li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Loh_Kok_Wah1988" class="citation book cs1">Francis Loh Kok Wah (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023035209/http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/bitstream/123456789/3318/1/JB1288_BTMK.pdf">Beyond the Tin Mines: Coolies, Squatters and New Villagers in the Kinta Valley, Malaysia, c.1880–1980</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. m/s. 1–13 [1/10]. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/bitstream/123456789/3318/1/JB1288_BTMK.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 23 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Malaysia (laman tidak wujud)">National Library of Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Tin+Mines%3A+Coolies%2C+Squatters+and+New+Villagers+in+the+Kinta+Valley%2C+Malaysia%2C+c.1880%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=1-13+1%2F10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Francis+Loh+Kok+Wah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyrepositori.pnm.gov.my%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F3318%2F1%2FJB1288_BTMK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_J._Pryor1979" class="citation book cs1">Robin J. Pryor (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNHpAAAAIAAJ&q=perak+tin+fall+migrate+penang+selangor+kuala+lumpur">Migration and development in South-East Asia: a demographic perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. m/s. 85–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780195804218" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780195804218"><bdi>9780195804218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+development+in+South-East+Asia%3A+a+demographic+perspective&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780195804218&rft.au=Robin+J.+Pryor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNHpAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Btin%2Bfall%2Bmigrate%2Bpenang%2Bselangor%2Bkuala%2Blumpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJMSAQAAIAAJ&q=perak+tin+fall+migrate+penang+selangor+kuala+lumpur">Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography</a>. Department of Geography, University of Malaya. 1994. m/s. 85–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+Tropical+Geography&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Department+of+Geography%2C+University+of+Malaya&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJMSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Btin%2Bfall%2Bmigrate%2Bpenang%2Bselangor%2Bkuala%2Blumpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMegat2020" class="citation news cs1">Megat, Suhaila (7 Disember 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themalayapost.my/etnik-banjar-di-perak/">"Etnik Banjar di Perak"</a>. The Malaya Post. Dicapai pada 8 Jun 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malaya+Post&rft.atitle=Etnik+Banjar+di+Perak&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Megat&rft.aufirst=Suhaila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemalayapost.my%2Fetnik-banjar-di-perak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThatsanawadi_Kaeosanit2016" class="citation web cs1">Thatsanawadi Kaeosanit (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gscm.nida.ac.th/uploads/files/1536032634.pdf">"Dynamic Construction of the Siamese-Malaysians' Ethnic Identity, Malaysia"</a> (PDF). A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication Arts and Innovation). m/s. 143 [153/384]. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019 – melalui Graduate School of Communication Arts and Management Innovation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Development_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Development Administration (laman tidak wujud)">National Institute of Development Administration</a>, Thailand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dissertation+Submitted+in+Partial+Fulfillment+of+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28Communication+Arts+and+Innovation%29&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Construction+of+the+Siamese-Malaysians%27+Ethnic+Identity%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=143+153%2F384&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Thatsanawadi+Kaeosanit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgscm.nida.ac.th%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F1536032634.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RumleyMinghi2014-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RumleyMinghi2014_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RumleyMinghi2014_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_RumleyJulian_V._Minghi2014" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Rumley; Julian V. Minghi (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVivBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT132">The Geography of Border Landscapes</a>. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 132–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-59879-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-59879-4"><bdi>978-1-317-59879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Border+Landscapes&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59879-4&rft.au=Dennis+Rumley&rft.au=Julian+V.+Minghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVivBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_in_the_Malay_States-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_in_the_Malay_States_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_in_the_Malay_States_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&pg=PA1184">World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. m/s. 1184–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7614-7642-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7614-7642-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=1184-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC%26pg%3DPA1184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_EmberCarol_R._EmberIan_Skoggard2004" class="citation book cs1">Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA274">Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 274–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-306-48321-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-306-48321-9"><bdi>978-0-306-48321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pages=274-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48321-9&rft.au=Melvin+Ember&rft.au=Carol+R.+Ember&rft.au=Ian+Skoggard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omar2015-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_314-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_314-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_314-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_314-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji_Omar2015" class="citation book cs1">Asmah Haji Omar (16 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings</a>. Routledge. m/s. 16–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-36421-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-36421-4"><bdi>978-1-317-36421-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+Malaysian+Education+System%3A+Monolingual+strands+in+multilingual+settings&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36421-4&rft.au=Asmah+Haji+Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaQ0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jakoa.gov.my/orang-asli/taburan-etnik-orang-asli-mengikut-etnik-sub-etnik-mengikut-negeri/">"Taburan etnik orang asli mengikut etnik sub-etnik mengikut negeri"</a>. Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli. Dicapai pada 9 Jun 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taburan+etnik+orang+asli+mengikut+etnik+sub-etnik+mengikut+negeri&rft.pub=Jabatan+Kemajuan+Orang+Asli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakoa.gov.my%2Forang-asli%2Ftaburan-etnik-orang-asli-mengikut-etnik-sub-etnik-mengikut-negeri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jakoa.gov.my/orang-asli/suku-kaum/">"Suku kaum"</a>. Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli. Dicapai pada 9 Jun 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suku+kaum&rft.pub=Jabatan+Kemajuan+Orang+Asli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakoa.gov.my%2Forang-asli%2Fsuku-kaum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNgUAQAAIAAJ&q=perak+state+religion">Who's who in Malaysia and Guide to Singapore</a>. J. V. Morais. 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Malaysia+and+Guide+to+Singapore&rft.pub=J.+V.+Morais.&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNgUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Bstate%2Breligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb1995" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OO4pAQAAMAAJ&q=perak+state+religion">The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9789004098343" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9789004098343"><bdi>9789004098343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+NED-SAM&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004098343&rft.au=Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen+Gibb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOO4pAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Bstate%2Breligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Harding2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Harding (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZV6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141">The Constitution of Malaysia: A Contextual Analysis</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. m/s. 141–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-84731-983-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-84731-983-8"><bdi>978-1-84731-983-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Malaysia%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-983-8&rft.au=Andrew+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZV6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Hugh_Charles_CliffordSir_Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham1894" class="citation book cs1">Sir Hugh Charles Clifford; Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarymala00swetgoog">A Dictionary of the Malay Language</a>. Authors at the Government's Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Malay+Language&rft.pub=Authors+at+the+Government%27s+Printing+Office&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Sir+Hugh+Charles+Clifford&rft.au=Sir+Frank+Athelstane+Swettenham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarymala00swetgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_321-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_321-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTien-Ping_TanSang-Seong_GohYen-Min_Khaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Tien-Ping Tan; Sang-Seong Goh; Yen-Min Khaw (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024033022/http://language.cs.usm.my/publications/tienping/ialp2012-synthesis.pdf">"A Malay Dialect Translation and Synthesis System: Proposal and Preliminary System"</a> (PDF). 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing. m/s. 1–4 [109–112]. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIALP.2012.14">10.1109/IALP.2012.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4673-6113-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4673-6113-2"><bdi>978-1-4673-6113-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15342784">15342784</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://language.cs.usm.my/publications/tienping/ialp2012-synthesis.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 24 October 2019 – melalui Speech Processing Group, School of Computer Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Malay+Dialect+Translation+and+Synthesis+System%3A+Proposal+and+Preliminary+System&rft.btitle=2012+International+Conference+on+Asian+Language+Processing&rft.pages=1-4+109-112&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15342784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIALP.2012.14&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-6113-2&rft.au=Tien-Ping+Tan&rft.au=Sang-Seong+Goh&rft.au=Yen-Min+Khaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguage.cs.usm.my%2Fpublications%2Ftienping%2Fialp2012-synthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNoriah_Mohamed2016" class="citation journal cs1">Noriah Mohamed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024021613/http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_01.pdf">"Hybrid Language and Identity among the Samsam, Baba Nyonya and Jawi Peranakan Communities in North Peninsular Malaysia"</a> (PDF). A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication Arts and Innovation): 1–23. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_01.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 24 October 2019 – melalui Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dissertation+Submitted+in+Partial+Fulfillment+of+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28Communication+Arts+and+Innovation%29&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Language+and+Identity+among+the+Samsam%2C+Baba+Nyonya+and+Jawi+Peranakan+Communities+in+North+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Noriah+Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkajh%2Fvol23_s1_2016%2Fkajh23s12016_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJacquetta_MegarryStanley_NisbetEric_Hoyle2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacquetta Megarry; Stanley Nisbet; Eric Hoyle (8 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIErNLnCT1MC&pg=PA166">World Yearbook of Education: Education of Minorities</a>. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 166–. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-39297-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-39297-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Yearbook+of+Education%3A+Education+of+Minorities&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39297-6&rft.au=Jacquetta+Megarry&rft.au=Stanley+Nisbet&rft.au=Eric+Hoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwIErNLnCT1MC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFA._Y._Yong2017" class="citation web cs1">A. Y. Yong (9 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2017/12/09/the-rise-and-fall-of-languages-and-dialects/">"The rise and fall of languages and dialects"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+languages+and+dialects&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.au=A.+Y.+Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fletters%2F2017%2F12%2F09%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-languages-and-dialects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024041319/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=100379">"Language unites Malay and Siamese community"</a>. Bernama. Daily Express. 5 June 2015. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=100379">yang asal</a> pada 24 October 2019. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019. <q>Thai was widely used among the Malays who live in villages shared by the Siamese community, especially in states like Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Terengganu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Language+unites+Malay+and+Siamese+community&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews.cfm%3FNewsID%3D100379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSylvia_Looi2019" class="citation news cs1">Sylvia Looi (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024041813/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/10/17/how-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work/1801084">"How knowing Mandarin helps this Perak veterinarian in her work"</a>. The Malay Mail. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/10/17/how-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work/1801084">yang asal</a> pada 24 October 2019. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=How+knowing+Mandarin+helps+this+Perak+veterinarian+in+her+work&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.au=Sylvia+Looi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fhow-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work%2F1801084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery_327-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAzmi_Arifin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Azmi Arifin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024091848/http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_07.pdf">"Traditional Malay Pottery of Kuala Kangsar: Its History and Development"</a> (PDF). Malaysia Research. 33 (2): 113–133. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_07.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 24 October 2019 – melalui Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysia+Research&rft.atitle=Traditional+Malay+Pottery+of+Kuala+Kangsar%3A+Its+History+and+Development&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-133&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Azmi+Arifin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2F33%28Supp.2%292015%2Fkm33s22015_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRachael_Lum2019" class="citation web cs1">Rachael Lum (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024085612/https://www.goingplacesmagazine.com/golden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery/">"Golden Heritage: The Malaysian Art Of Gold Embroidery"</a>. Going Places Magazine. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goingplacesmagazine.com/golden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery/">yang asal</a> pada 24 October 2019. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019 – melalui Malaysia Airlines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Heritage%3A+The+Malaysian+Art+Of+Gold+Embroidery&rft.pub=Going+Places+Magazine&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.au=Rachael+Lum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goingplacesmagazine.com%2Fgolden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Loh2017" class="citation web cs1">Ivan Loh (16 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/16/bringing-old-dances-to-new-audiences">"Bringing old dances to new audiences"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Bringing+old+dances+to+new+audiences&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft.au=Ivan+Loh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fmetro-news%2F2017%2F09%2F16%2Fbringing-old-dances-to-new-audiences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kkmm.gov.my/pdf/buku/dabus.pdf">"Dabus (Pengenalan)"</a> [Dabus (Introduction)] (PDF). Ministry of Communications and Multimedia of Malaysia. 2003. Dicapai pada 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dabus+%28Pengenalan%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Communications+and+Multimedia+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkmm.gov.my%2Fpdf%2Fbuku%2Fdabus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025225806/https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/the-many-colours-of-malaysia">"The Many Colours of Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism Malaysia">Tourism Malaysia</a>. 24 March 2003. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/the-many-colours-of-malaysia">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019. <q>The most famous product which has every tourist in awe is the labu sayong - a calabash shaped <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urn (laman tidak wujud)">urn</a> used during mystical rituals or simply for storing water. It's a wonder as the water stored in it is always cool. The people of Perak even have a dance called the labu sayong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Colours+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Tourism+Malaysia&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.my%2Fmedia%2Fview%2Fthe-many-colours-of-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025231001/http://commonrepo.um.edu.my/7275/1/Perak-perkenal_n2-241287.jpg">"Perak perkenal Tarian Bubu sebagai seni budaya Melayu"</a>. 1987. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonrepo.um.edu.my/7275/1/Perak-perkenal_n2-241287.jpg">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 Oktober 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+perkenal+Tarian+Bubu+sebagai+seni+budaya+Melayu&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonrepo.um.edu.my%2F7275%2F1%2FPerak-perkenal_n2-241287.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025082500/http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2987465/ipohs_old_town_revival.html">"Ipoh's Old Town Revival"</a>. Travel + Leisure. 25 March 2016. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2987465/ipohs_old_town_revival.html">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travel+%2B+Leisure&rft.atitle=Ipoh%27s+Old+Town+Revival&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelandleisureasia.com%2Ffeatures%2F2987465%2Fipohs_old_town_revival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChan_Li_Lin2011" class="citation web cs1">Chan Li Lin (5 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025082559/http://mysinchew.sinchew.com.my/node/61711">"Untiring commitment for Cantonese opera"</a>. Sin Chew Daily. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysinchew.sinchew.com.my/node/61711">yang asal</a> pada 25 October 2019. Dicapai pada 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untiring+commitment+for+Cantonese+opera&rft.pub=Sin+Chew+Daily&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.au=Chan+Li+Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysinchew.sinchew.com.my%2Fnode%2F61711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNgo_Sheau_Shi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ngo Sheau Shi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025090805/http://web.usm.my/km/29(Supp1)2011/KM%20Vol.%2029%20Supp.%201%20-%20Art.%205%20-%20(Ngo%20Sheau%20Shi).pdf">"The Shaw Brothers' Wuxia Pian: An Early Identity and Business-Cultural Connection for the Chinese in Malaya"</a> (PDF). Malaysia Research. 29 (1): 75–93. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/29(Supp1)2011/KM%20Vol.%2029%20Supp.%201%20-%20Art.%205%20-%20(Ngo%20Sheau%20Shi).pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 25 October 2019 – melalui Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysia+Research&rft.atitle=The+Shaw+Brothers%27+Wuxia+Pian%3A+An+Early+Identity+and+Business-Cultural+Connection+for+the+Chinese+in+Malaya&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-93&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ngo+Sheau+Shi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2F29%28Supp1%292011%2FKM%2520Vol.%252029%2520Supp.%25201%2520-%2520Art.%25205%2520-%2520%28Ngo%2520Sheau%2520Shi%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Chong2016" class="citation news cs1">Vivian Chong (24 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026023020/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2016/07/24/a-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/1167711">"A walk through time at Ipoh's Qing Xin Ling Leisure & Cultural Village"</a>. The Malay Mail. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2016/07/24/a-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/1167711">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=A+walk+through+time+at+Ipoh%27s+Qing+Xin+Ling+Leisure+%26+Cultural+Village&rft.date=2016-07-24&rft.au=Vivian+Chong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2016%2F07%2F24%2Fa-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village%2F1167711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMing_Teoh2018" class="citation web cs1">Ming Teoh (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026023329/https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2018/03/19/qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/">"What to do at Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village in Ipoh, Perak"</a>. Star2.com. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2018/03/19/qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+do+at+Qing+Xin+Ling+Leisure+and+Cultural+Village+in+Ipoh%2C+Perak&rft.pub=Star2.com&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.au=Ming+Teoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star2.com%2Ftravel%2Fmalaysia%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fqing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Yeap2015" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Yeap (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/11/26/booming-township-bercham-a-former-tin-mining-centre-has-been-developing-rapidly-since-the-british-co">"Bercham - former tin mining centre turned booming township"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Bercham+-+former+tin+mining+centre+turned+booming+township&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft.au=Amanda+Yeap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fcommunity%2F2015%2F11%2F26%2Fbooming-township-bercham-a-former-tin-mining-centre-has-been-developing-rapidly-since-the-british-co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Yeap2017" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Yeap (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/01/16/insight-into-chinese-culture-cultural-tourist-centre-to-have-displays-on-bercham-new-villages-60year">"Insight into Chinese culture"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Insight+into+Chinese+culture&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.au=Amanda+Yeap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fcommunity%2F2017%2F01%2F16%2Finsight-into-chinese-culture-cultural-tourist-centre-to-have-displays-on-bercham-new-villages-60year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026025300/http://www.jmm.gov.my/files/5-PERAK.pdf">"Senarai Persatuan/Pertubuhan Tarian dan Seni Kebudayaan Kaum di Perak"</a> [List of Ethnic Folk Dance and Cultural Arts Association/Organisation in Perak] (PDF). Department of Museums Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmm.gov.my/files/5-PERAK.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Persatuan%2FPertubuhan+Tarian+dan+Seni+Kebudayaan+Kaum+di+Perak&rft.pub=Department+of+Museums+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmm.gov.my%2Ffiles%2F5-PERAK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_white_coffee_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_white_coffee_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Avran2019" class="citation news cs1">Dave Avran (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026044300/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/09/10/intriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee/">"Intriguing and interesting inception of Ipoh White Coffee"</a>. Free Malaysia Today. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/09/10/intriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee/">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Malaysia+Today&rft.atitle=Intriguing+and+interesting+inception+of+Ipoh+White+Coffee&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.au=Dave+Avran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fleisure%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fintriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_cuisine-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_342-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_342-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026031613/http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/food-and-cuisine.html">"Food and Cuisine"</a>. Perak Tourism. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/food-and-cuisine.html">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+and+Cuisine&rft.pub=Perak+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peraktourism.com.my%2Fabout-perak%2F2014-11-14-20-40-24%2Ffood-and-cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Ng2015" class="citation journal cs1">Casey Ng (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026033640/http://eprints.utar.edu.my/1975/1/Pomelo_-_Citrus_maxima_-_the_indigenous_mega-citrus_of_South-East_Asia.pdf">"Pomelo—Citrus maxima—the indigenous mega-citrus of South-East Asia"</a> (PDF). UTAR Agriculture Science Journal. 1 (3). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utar.edu.my/1975/1/Pomelo_-_Citrus_maxima_-_the_indigenous_mega-citrus_of_South-East_Asia.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 26 October 2019 – melalui <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman">Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UTAR+Agriculture+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Pomelo%E2%80%94Citrus+maxima%E2%80%94the+indigenous+mega-citrus+of+South-East+Asia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Casey+Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.utar.edu.my%2F1975%2F1%2FPomelo_-_Citrus_maxima_-_the_indigenous_mega-citrus_of_South-East_Asia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZari_Mahmood2007" class="citation web cs1">Zari Mahmood (1 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2007/08/01/please-keep-pomelos-special-to-perak">"Please keep pomelos special to Perak"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019. <q>Talking about fruits, Perak is one state where particular districts are known for certain fruits. Bidor is famous for the guava, Tapah the petai, Menglembu the groundnuts, Hulu Perak the durians, and of course Tambun for the pomelo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Please+keep+pomelos+special+to+Perak&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.au=Zari+Mahmood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fletters%2F2007%2F08%2F01%2Fplease-keep-pomelos-special-to-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051521/http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html">"Sejarah JBS Perak"</a> [History of Perak YSD]. Perak State Youth and Sports Department. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-05-18.html">yang asal</a> pada 19 September 2018. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+JBS+Perak&rft.pub=Perak+State+Youth+and+Sports+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbsn.gov.my%2Fen%2F2015-12-09-03-05-18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026053250/http://www.mbi.gov.my/en/citizens/services/sports-complex">"Sports Complex"</a>. Ipoh City Council. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbi.gov.my/en/citizens/services/sports-complex">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+Complex&rft.pub=Ipoh+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbi.gov.my%2Fen%2Fcitizens%2Fservices%2Fsports-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIli_Aqilah2019" class="citation web cs1">Ili Aqilah (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/community-sports/2019/10/01/boost-in-funding-for-district-level-sports-associations">"Boost in funding for district-level sports associations"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Boost+in+funding+for+district-level+sports+associations&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.au=Ili+Aqilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fsport%2Fcommunity-sports%2F2019%2F10%2F01%2Fboost-in-funding-for-district-level-sports-associations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026054540/http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/team/perak-fa/">"Perak FA"</a>. Johor Southern Tigers. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/team/perak-fa/">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+FA&rft.pub=Johor+Southern+Tigers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohorsoutherntigers.com.my%2Fteam%2Fperak-fa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDorairaj_Nadason2014" class="citation web cs1">Dorairaj Nadason (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/why-not/2014/05/30/a-sultans-legacy">"A Sultan's legacy"</a>. The Star. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=A+Sultan%27s+legacy&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.au=Dorairaj+Nadason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fwhy-not%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2Fa-sultans-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAzuan2018" class="citation web cs1">Azuan (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026055230/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/03/536657/perak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports">"Perak Menjadi Negeri Pertama Memperkenalkan E-Sukan Dalam Temasya SUKMA 2018"</a> [Perak Becomes The First State To Introduce E-Sports At SUKMA Games 2018]. TeknoRatz. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teknoratz.com/perak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018/">yang asal</a> pada 26 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+Menjadi+Negeri+Pertama+Memperkenalkan+E-Sukan+Dalam+Temasya+SUKMA+2018&rft.pub=TeknoRatz&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.au=Azuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteknoratz.com%2Fperak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFShamsul_Kamal_Amarudin2019" class="citation news cs1">Shamsul Kamal Amarudin (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030065109/https://teknoratz.com/perak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018/">"Perak mahu bina stadium e-sports"</a> [Perak wants to build an e-sports stadium]. Berita Harian. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/03/536657/perak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports">yang asal</a> pada 30 October 2019. Dicapai pada 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Harian&rft.atitle=Perak+mahu+bina+stadium+e-sports&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.au=Shamsul+Kamal+Amarudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharian.com.my%2Fberita%2Fwilayah%2F2019%2F03%2F536657%2Fperak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Perak" title="Bahasa Melayu Perak">Bahasa Melayu Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Perak" title="Sejarah Perak">Sejarah Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identiti_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Identiti Perak">Identiti Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Perak" title="Sultan Perak">Sultan Perak</a> + <a href="/wiki/Raja_Permaisuri_Perak" title="Raja Permaisuri Perak">Raja Permaisuri Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Muda_Perak" title="Raja Muda Perak">Raja Muda Perak</a> + <a href="/wiki/Raja_Puan_Besar_Perak" title="Raja Puan Besar Perak">Raja Puan Besar Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Bendahara_Perak" title="Raja Bendahara Perak">Raja Bendahara Perak</a> (1750-1958) + Raja Puan Bendahara Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Di-Hilir_Perak" title="Raja Di-Hilir Perak">Raja Di-Hilir Perak</a> + <a href="/wiki/Raja_Puan_Muda_Perak" title="Raja Puan Muda Perak">Raja Puan Muda Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kecil_Besar" title="Raja Kecil Besar">Raja Kecil Besar</a> Perak + Raja Puan Bendahara Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kecil_Sulong" title="Raja Kecil Sulong">Raja Kecil Sulong</a> Perak + Raja Puan bendahara Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kecil_Tengah" title="Raja Kecil Tengah">Raja Kecil Tengah</a> Perak + Raja Puan Bendahara Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kecil_Bongsu" title="Raja Kecil Bongsu">Raja Kecil Bongsu</a> Perak + Raja Puan Bendahara Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Puan_Mahkota_Perak" title="Raja Puan Mahkota Perak">Raja Puan Mahkota Perak</a> (1963-1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjah_Kebesaran_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjah Kebesaran Negeri Perak">Darjah Kebesaran Negeri Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_di_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid di Perak">Masjid di Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_orang_dari_Perak" title="Senarai orang dari Perak">Senarai orang dari Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli_di_Perak" title="Orang Asli di Perak">Orang Asli di Perak</a></li> <li>Pentadbiran Umum Kerajaan Negeri Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadbiran_Agama_Islam_di_Perak" title="Pentadbiran Agama Islam di Perak">Pentadbiran Agama Islam di Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelancongan_di_Negeri_Perak" title="Pelancongan di Negeri Perak">Pelancongan di Negeri Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan_di_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengangkutan di Negeri Perak">Pengangkutan di Negeri Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_Residen_British_di_Perak" title="Senarai Residen British di Perak">Senarai Residen British di Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_sekolah_kebangsaan_di_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai sekolah kebangsaan di Perak">Senarai sekolah kebangsaan di Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_sekolah_menengah_di_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai sekolah menengah di Perak">Senarai sekolah menengah di Perak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orangperak.com">Laman berinformasi berkenaan dengan negeri Perak</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.orangperak.com">http://www.orangperak.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/perak.htm">http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/perak.htm</a></li> <li>Caer MNP</li> <li>Amar Proton</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="40px&#124;Bendera_Negeri_Perak_Perak_Darul_Ridzuan_35px&#124;Lambang_Negeri_Perak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perak" title="Templat:Perak"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";background:lightsteelblue;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Perak" title="Perbincangan templat:Perak"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";background:lightsteelblue;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perak&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";background:lightsteelblue;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="40px&#124;Bendera_Negeri_Perak_Perak_Darul_Ridzuan_35px&#124;Lambang_Negeri_Perak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Negeri Perak"><img alt="Bendera Negeri Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/40px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/60px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/80px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Perak">Perak Darul Ridzuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Negeri Perak"><img alt="Lambang Negeri Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="438" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Ibu_negeri:_Ipoh_-_Bandar_diraja:_Kuala_Kangsar">Ibu negeri: <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> - Bandar diraja: <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_rencana_berkaitan_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks rencana berkaitan Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Perak" title="Sejarah Perak">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Perak" title="Geografi Perak">Geografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_pewarisan_takhta_negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem pewarisan takhta negeri Perak">Sistem Beraja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjah_kebesaran_negeri_Perak" title="Darjah kebesaran negeri Perak">Darjah kebesaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_negeri_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan negeri Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_negeri_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan negeri Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri Perak">Perundangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badan_kehakiman_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badan kehakiman di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Kehakiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Orang_dari_Perak" title="Kategori:Orang dari Perak">Penduduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identiti_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Identiti Perak">Simbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan">Lagu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan_di_Perak" title="Pengangkutan di Perak">Pengangkutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_raya_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan raya di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Jalan raya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pelancongan_di_Perak" title="Kategori:Pelancongan di Perak">Tarikan pengunjung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_masjid_di_Perak" title="Senarai masjid di Perak">Masjid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg/90px-Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg/135px-Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg/180px-Mukims_of_Perak_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1462" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masyarakat</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenayah_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenayah di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Jenayah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masakan_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masakan Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Masakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografi_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografi Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesihatan_di_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesihatan di Perak (laman tidak wujud)">Kesihatan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemik_COVID-19_di_Perak" title="Pandemik COVID-19 di Perak">Pandemik COVID-19</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik_di_Perak" title="Kategori:Politik di Perak">Politik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pilihan_raya_negeri_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kategori:Pilihan raya negeri Perak">Pilihan raya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pemerintahan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diraja" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diraja</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Perak" title="Sultan Perak">Sultan Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Muda_Perak" title="Raja Muda Perak">Raja Muda Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara_Negeri_Perak" title="Dewan Negara Negeri Perak">Dewan Negara Negeri Perak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eksekutif</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_Perak" title="Menteri Besar Perak">Menteri Besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis_Mesyuarat_Kerajaan_Negeri_Perak" title="Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri Perak">Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Negeri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahagian pentadbiran</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daerah</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinta" title="Kinta">Kinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Larut,_Matang_dan_Selama" title="Daerah Larut, Matang dan Selama">Larut, Matang dan Selama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilir_Perak" title="Hilir Perak">Hilir Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjung" title="Manjung">Manjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Padang" title="Batang Padang">Batang Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerian" title="Kerian">Kerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Kuala_Kangsar" title="Daerah Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak" title="Hulu Perak">Hulu Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Tengah" title="Perak Tengah">Perak Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampar" title="Kampar">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muallim_(daerah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muallim (daerah)">Muallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Bagan_Datuk" title="Daerah Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bandar raya</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bandar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Tawar" title="Ayer Tawar">Ayer Tawar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagan Datoh">Bagan Datoh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Serai" title="Bagan Serai">Bagan Serai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Sungai_Burong" title="Bagan Sungai Burong">Bagan Sungai Burong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banir" title="Banir">Banir</a> • <a href="/wiki/Batak_Rabit" title="Batak Rabit">Batak Rabit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah,_Perak" title="Batu Gajah, Perak">Batu Gajah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behrang" title="Behrang">Behrang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bercham" title="Bercham">Bercham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pekan_Beruas" title="Pekan Beruas">Beruas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bikam" title="Bikam">Bikam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bota" title="Bota">Bota</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Gantang" title="Bukit Gantang">Bukit Gantang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Merah,_Perak" title="Bukit Merah, Perak">Bukit Merah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Changkat_Jering" title="Changkat Jering">Changkat Jering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Changkat_Keruing" title="Changkat Keruing">Changkat Keruing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chemor" title="Chemor">Chemor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chikus" title="Chikus">Chikus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Damar_Laut" title="Damar Laut">Damar Laut</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gopeng" title="Gopeng">Gopeng</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gua_Tempurung" title="Gua Tempurung">Gua Tempurung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hutan_Melintang" title="Hutan Melintang">Hutan Melintang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jelapang" title="Jelapang">Jelapang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jenderata" title="Jenderata">Jenderata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerlun,_Perak" title="Jerlun, Perak">Jerlun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kamunting" title="Kamunting">Kamunting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karai" title="Karai">Karai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kota_Setia" title="Kota Setia">Kota Setia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kurau" title="Kuala Kurau">Kuala Kurau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Sepetang" title="Kuala Sepetang">Kuala Sepetang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Langkap" title="Langkap">Langkap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lekir" title="Lekir">Lekir</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lumut,_Perak" title="Lumut, Perak">Lumut</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manjoi" title="Manjoi">Manjoi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malim_Nawar" title="Malim Nawar">Malim Nawar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mambang_Di_Awan" title="Mambang Di Awan">Mambang Di Awan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manong" title="Manong">Manong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Menglembu" title="Menglembu">Menglembu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meru,_Perak" title="Meru, Perak">Meru</a> • <a href="/wiki/Padang_Rengas" title="Padang Rengas">Padang Rengas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Remis" title="Pantai Remis">Pantai Remis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parit,_Perak" title="Parit, Perak">Parit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">Parit Buntar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Salak" title="Pasir Salak">Pasir Salak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pekan_Gurney" title="Pekan Gurney">Pekan Gurney</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Hulu" title="Pengkalan Hulu">Pengkalan Hulu</a> (Keroh) • <a href="/wiki/Bandar_raya_Proton" title="Bandar raya Proton">Bandar raya Proton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayong" title="Sayong">Sayong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Selama" class="mw-redirect" title="Selama">Selama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">Seri Iskandar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">Seri Manjung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simpang_Tiga" title="Simpang Tiga">Simpang Tiga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sitiawan" title="Sitiawan">Sitiawan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slim,_Perak" title="Slim, Perak">Slim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slim_River" title="Slim River">Slim River</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Sungai_Siput" title="Bandar Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sungkai" title="Sungkai">Sungkai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Taiping" title="Bandar Taiping">Taiping</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Piandang" title="Tanjung Piandang">Tanjung Piandang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Rambutan" title="Tanjung Rambutan">Tanjung Rambutan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Tualang" title="Tanjung Tualang">Tanjung Tualang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tapah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapah">Tapah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tapah_Road" title="Tapah Road">Tapah Road</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Batik" title="Teluk Batik">Teluk Batik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">Teluk Intan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Rubiah" title="Teluk Rubiah">Teluk Rubiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temoh" title="Temoh">Temoh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temoh_Road" title="Temoh Road">Temoh Road</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trolak" title="Trolak">Trolak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trong" title="Trong">Trong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tronoh" title="Tronoh">Tronoh</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tempat menarik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pulau</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pangkor" title="Pulau Pangkor">Pulau Pangkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Banding" title="Pulau Banding">Pulau Banding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tasik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tasik_Temenggor" title="Tasik Temenggor">Tasik Temenggor</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahagian pilihan raya</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Perak&#124;link=Perak_Bahagian_pilihan_raya_di_Perak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bahagian_pilihan_raya_negeri_di_Perak" title="Templat:Bahagian pilihan raya negeri di Perak"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Bahagian_pilihan_raya_negeri_di_Perak" title="Perbincangan templat:Bahagian pilihan raya negeri di Perak"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bahagian_pilihan_raya_negeri_di_Perak&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Perak&#124;link=Perak_Bahagian_pilihan_raya_di_Perak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><img alt="Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_kawasan_pengundian_di_Malaysia#Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai kawasan pengundian di Malaysia">Bahagian pilihan raya</a> di Perak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td style="padding:0px;padding-right:1em;;;;width:20%;"><div> P054 <a href="/wiki/Gerik_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Gerik (kawasan persekutuan)">Gerik</a> N01 <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Hulu_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pengkalan Hulu (kawasan negeri)">Pengkalan Hulu</a> N02 <a href="/wiki/Temenggor_(kawasan_negeri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temenggor (kawasan negeri)">Temenggor</a> P055 <a href="/wiki/Lenggong_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Lenggong (kawasan persekutuan)">Lenggong</a> N03 <a href="/wiki/Kenering_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kenering (kawasan negeri)">Kenering</a> N04 <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tampan_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kota Tampan (kawasan negeri)">Kota Tampan</a> P056 <a href="/wiki/Larut_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Larut (kawasan persekutuan)">Larut</a> N05 <a href="/wiki/Selama_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Selama (kawasan negeri)">Selama</a> N06 <a href="/wiki/Kubu_Gajah_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kubu Gajah (kawasan negeri)">Kubu Gajah</a> N07 <a href="/wiki/Batu_Kurau_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Batu Kurau (kawasan negeri)">Batu Kurau</a> P057 <a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Parit Buntar (kawasan persekutuan)">Parit Buntar</a> N08 <a href="/wiki/Titi_Serong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Titi Serong (kawasan negeri)">Titi Serong</a> N09 <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kurau_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kuala Kurau (kawasan negeri)">Kuala Kurau</a> P058 <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Serai_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Bagan Serai (kawasan persekutuan)">Bagan Serai</a> N10 <a href="/wiki/Alor_Pongsu_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Alor Pongsu (kawasan negeri)">Alor Pongsu</a> N11 <a href="/wiki/Gunong_Semanggol_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Gunong Semanggol (kawasan negeri)">Gunong Semanggol</a> N12 <a href="/wiki/Selinsing_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Selinsing (kawasan negeri)">Selinsing</a> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-right:1em;;;;width:20%;"><div> P059 <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Gantang_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Bukit Gantang (kawasan persekutuan)">Bukit Gantang</a> N13 <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Sepetang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kuala Sepetang (kawasan negeri)">Kuala Sepetang</a> N14 <a href="/wiki/Changkat_Jering_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Changkat Jering (kawasan negeri)">Changkat Jering</a> N15 <a href="/wiki/Trong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Trong (kawasan negeri)">Trong</a> P060 <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Taiping (kawasan persekutuan)">Taiping</a> N16 <a href="/wiki/Kamunting_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kamunting (kawasan negeri)">Kamunting</a> N17 <a href="/wiki/Pokok_Assam_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pokok Assam (kawasan negeri)">Pokok Assam</a> N18 <a href="/wiki/Aulong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Aulong (kawasan negeri)">Aulong</a> P061 <a href="/wiki/Padang_Rengas_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Padang Rengas (kawasan persekutuan)">Padang Rengas</a> N19 <a href="/wiki/Chenderoh_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Chenderoh (kawasan negeri)">Chenderoh</a> N20 <a href="/wiki/Lubok_Merbau_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Lubok Merbau (kawasan negeri)">Lubok Merbau</a> P062 <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Sungai Siput (kawasan persekutuan)">Sungai Siput</a> N21 <a href="/wiki/Lintang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Lintang (kawasan negeri)">Lintang</a> N22 <a href="/wiki/Jalong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Jalong (kawasan negeri)">Jalong</a> P063 <a href="/wiki/Tambun_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Tambun (kawasan persekutuan)">Tambun</a> N23 <a href="/wiki/Manjoi_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Manjoi (kawasan negeri)">Manjoi</a> N24 <a href="/wiki/Hulu_Kinta_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Hulu Kinta (kawasan negeri)">Hulu Kinta</a> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-right:1em;;;;width:20%;"><div> P064 <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_Timor_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Ipoh Timor (kawasan persekutuan)">Ipoh Timor</a> N25 <a href="/wiki/Canning_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Canning (kawasan negeri)">Canning</a> N26 <a href="/wiki/Tebing_Tinggi_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Tebing Tinggi (kawasan negeri)">Tebing Tinggi</a> N27 <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Pinji_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pasir Pinji (kawasan negeri)">Pasir Pinji</a> P065 <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_Barat_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Ipoh Barat (kawasan persekutuan)">Ipoh Barat</a> N28 <a href="/wiki/Bercham_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Bercham (kawasan negeri)">Bercham</a> N29 <a href="/wiki/Kepayang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kepayang (kawasan negeri)">Kepayang</a> N30 <a href="/wiki/Buntong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Buntong (kawasan negeri)">Buntong</a> P066 <a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Batu Gajah (kawasan persekutuan)">Batu Gajah</a> N31 <a href="/wiki/Jelapang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Jelapang (kawasan negeri)">Jelapang</a> N32 <a href="/wiki/Menglembu_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Menglembu (kawasan negeri)">Menglembu</a> N33 <a href="/wiki/Tronoh_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Tronoh (kawasan negeri)">Tronoh</a> P067 <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Kuala Kangsar (kawasan persekutuan)">Kuala Kangsar</a> N34 <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Chandan_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Bukit Chandan (kawasan negeri)">Bukit Chandan</a> N35 <a href="/wiki/Manong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Manong (kawasan negeri)">Manong</a> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-right:1em;;;;width:20%;"><div> P068 <a href="/wiki/Beruas_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Beruas (kawasan persekutuan)">Beruas</a> N36 <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Baharu_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pengkalan Baharu (kawasan negeri)">Pengkalan Baharu</a> N37 <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Remis_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pantai Remis (kawasan negeri)">Pantai Remis</a> N38 <a href="/wiki/Astaka_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Astaka (kawasan negeri)">Astaka</a> P069 <a href="/wiki/Parit_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Parit (kawasan persekutuan)">Parit</a> N39 <a href="/wiki/Belanja_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Belanja (kawasan negeri)">Belanja</a> N40 <a href="/wiki/Bota_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Bota (kawasan negeri)">Bota</a> P070 <a href="/wiki/Kampar_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Kampar (kawasan persekutuan)">Kampar</a> N41 <a href="/wiki/Malim_Nawar_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Malim Nawar (kawasan negeri)">Malim Nawar</a> N42 <a href="/wiki/Keranji_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Keranji (kawasan negeri)">Keranji</a> N43 <a href="/wiki/Tualang_Sekah_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Tualang Sekah (kawasan negeri)">Tualang Sekah</a> P071 <a href="/wiki/Gopeng_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Gopeng (kawasan persekutuan)">Gopeng</a> N44 <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Rapat_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Sungai Rapat (kawasan negeri)">Sungai Rapat</a> N45 <a href="/wiki/Simpang_Pulai_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Simpang Pulai (kawasan negeri)">Simpang Pulai</a> N46 <a href="/wiki/Teja_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Teja (kawasan negeri)">Teja</a> P072 <a href="/wiki/Tapah_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Tapah (kawasan persekutuan)">Tapah</a> N47 <a href="/wiki/Chenderiang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Chenderiang (kawasan negeri)">Chenderiang</a> N48 <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Kuning_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Ayer Kuning (kawasan negeri)">Ayer Kuning</a> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-right:1em;;;;width:20%;"><div> P073 <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Salak_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Pasir Salak (kawasan persekutuan)">Pasir Salak</a> N49 <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Manik_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Sungai Manik (kawasan negeri)">Sungai Manik</a> N50 <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Gajah_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Kampong Gajah (kawasan negeri)">Kampong Gajah</a> P074 <a href="/wiki/Lumut_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Lumut (kawasan persekutuan)">Lumut</a> N51 <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Panjang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pasir Panjang (kawasan negeri)">Pasir Panjang</a> N52 <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pangkor (kawasan negeri)">Pangkor</a> P075 <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Bagan Datuk (kawasan persekutuan)">Bagan Datuk</a> N53 <a href="/wiki/Rungkup_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Rungkup (kawasan negeri)">Rungkup</a> N54 <a href="/wiki/Hutan_Melintang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Hutan Melintang (kawasan negeri)">Hutan Melintang</a> P076 <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Teluk Intan (kawasan persekutuan)">Teluk Intan</a> N55 <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Bedamar_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Pasir Bedamar (kawasan negeri)">Pasir Bedamar</a> N56 <a href="/wiki/Changkat_Jong_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Changkat Jong (kawasan negeri)">Changkat Jong</a> P077 <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Malim_(kawasan_persekutuan)" title="Tanjong Malim (kawasan persekutuan)">Tanjong Malim</a> N57 <a href="/wiki/Sungkai_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Sungkai (kawasan negeri)">Sungkai</a> N58 <a href="/wiki/Slim_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Slim (kawasan negeri)">Slim</a> N59 <a href="/wiki/Behrang_(kawasan_negeri)" title="Behrang (kawasan negeri)">Behrang</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Senarai_bekas_daerah_mengundi_negeri_di_Malaysia" title="Senarai bekas daerah mengundi negeri di Malaysia">Senarai bekas daerah mengundi negeri di Malaysia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Laman Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Perak" class="extiw" title="commons:Negeri Perak">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="Laman Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://ms.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Negeri_Perak" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Negeri Perak">Wikisource</a></li> <li><img alt="Kategori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Perak" title="Kategori:Perak">Category</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="40px&#124;Bendera_Malaysia_Negeri_dan_Wilayah_Persekutuan_di_Malaysia_40px&#124;Lambang_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negeri_dan_Wilayah_Persekutuan_Malaysia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";background:lightsteelblue;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="40px&#124;Bendera_Malaysia_Negeri_dan_Wilayah_Persekutuan_di_Malaysia_40px&#124;Lambang_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Malaysia"><img alt="Bendera Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" 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navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/25px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/38px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/50px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/25px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/38px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/50px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Melaka" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/25px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/38px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/50px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/25px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/38px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/50px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perak</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/25px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/38px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/50px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/25px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/38px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/50px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/25px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/38px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/50px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg/100px-Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg/150px-Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg/200px-Malaysia_location_map_with_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Wilayah</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/25px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/38px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/50px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/25px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/38px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/50px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Persekutuan" title="Wilayah Persekutuan">Wilayah Persekutuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/25px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/38px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/50px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perak&oldid=6381876">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perak&oldid=6381876</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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