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Bacterie - Wikipedia
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href="#Istoria_bacteriologiei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoria bacteriologiei</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoria_bacteriologiei-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoria bacteriologiei subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoria_bacteriologiei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_și_evoluție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_și_evoluție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origine și evoluție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_și_evoluție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologie_bacteriană" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologie_bacteriană"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morfologie bacteriană</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morfologie_bacteriană-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morfologie bacteriană subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morfologie_bacteriană-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mărimi_și_forme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mărimi_și_forme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mărimi și forme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mărimi_și_forme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grupări_și_asocieri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grupări_și_asocieri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grupări și asocieri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grupări_și_asocieri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structură_celulară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură_celulară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structură celulară</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structură_celulară-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structură celulară subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structură_celulară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structuri_intracelulare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structuri_intracelulare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structuri intracelulare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structuri_intracelulare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structuri_extracelulare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structuri_extracelulare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Structuri extracelulare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structuri_extracelulare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endosporii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endosporii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Endosporii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endosporii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Metabolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respirație_și_fermentație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respirație_și_fermentație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Respirație și fermentație</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respirație_și_fermentație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutriție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutriție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nutriție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutriție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creștere_și_reproducere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creștere_și_reproducere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Creștere și reproducere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creștere_și_reproducere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creștere și reproducere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creștere_și_reproducere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproducerea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducerea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reproducerea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducerea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creșterea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creșterea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Creșterea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creșterea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comportament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comportament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comportament</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comportament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comportament subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comportament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobilitate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilitate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mobilitate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilitate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comunicare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comunicare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Comunicare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comunicare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genetică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificare_și_identificare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificare_și_identificare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Clasificare și identificare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificare_și_identificare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filogenie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogenie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Filogenie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogenie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interacțiuni_cu_alte_organisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interacțiuni_cu_alte_organisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Interacțiuni cu alte organisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interacțiuni_cu_alte_organisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interacțiuni cu alte organisme subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interacțiuni_cu_alte_organisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comensale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comensale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Comensale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comensale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prădătoare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prădătoare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Prădătoare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prădătoare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutualiste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualiste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Mutualiste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualiste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patogene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patogene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Patogene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patogene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importanță_tehnologică_și_industrială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importanță_tehnologică_și_industrială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Importanță tehnologică și industrială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importanță_tehnologică_și_industrială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Galerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Disponibil în 170 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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Apăsați aici pentru mai multe informații." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 280px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: silver">Bacterii<br /><small>Fosilă: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Arhaic" title="Arhaic">Arhaic</a> sau mai devreme – <a href="/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen">prezent</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,3,129); left:0px; width:31.046030692967px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Had'n</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(238,0,125); left:31.046030692967px; width:21.895396930703px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,151); left:52.941427623671px; width:21.895396930703px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,124,163); left:74.836824554374px; width:21.895396930703px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,166,186); left:96.732221485077px; width:16.421547698027px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,0,124); left:31.046030692967px; width:82.107738490137px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" class="mw-redirect" title="Archean">Archean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,91,113); left:113.1537691831px; width:49.264643094082px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,184,114); left:162.41841227719px; width:32.843095396055px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,183,87); left:195.26150767324px; width:25.124967977982px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,76,104); left:113.1537691831px; width:107.23270646812px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(146,195,160); left:220.38647565122px; width:15.808476583968px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(7,202,234); left:236.19495223519px; width:10.192307271242px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(246,236,57); left:246.38725950643px; width:3.612740493566px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,218,237); left:220.38647565122px; width:29.613524348776px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerozoic">Pha.</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:41.993729158319px; width:208.00627084168px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42; filter:alpha(opacity=42);"></div> <div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:41.993729158319px; width:208.00627084168px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.{{{3}}}; filter:alpha(opacity={{{3}}});"></div> <div id="Range-Marker" style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:42.993729158319px; width:206.00627084168px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/250px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/375px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/500px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Imagine prin <a href="/wiki/Microscopie_electronic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopie electronică">microscopie electronică</a> cu scanare a unor bacili de <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, prelevați din cultură pură </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: silver"><a href="/wiki/Clasificare_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Clasificare științifică">Clasificare științifică</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domeniu: </td> <td><span class="domeniu" style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Bacteria</b></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Ehrenberg</a> 1828<br /><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Kandler — pagină inexistentă">Kandler</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wheelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wheelis — pagină inexistentă">Wheelis</a> 1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Ruggiero <i>et al.</i> 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Ruggiero_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggiero-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: silver"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">Încrengături</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteria" title="Acidobacteria">Acidobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificae" title="Aquificae">Aquificae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadetes" title="Armatimonadetes">Armatimonadetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidetes" title="Bacteroidetes">Bacteroidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldiserica" title="Caldiserica">Caldiserica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobi" title="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes — pagină inexistentă">Chrysiogenetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteres — pagină inexistentă">Deferribacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus — pagină inexistentă">Deinococcus-Thermus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi — pagină inexistentă">Dictyoglomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elusimicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elusimicrobia — pagină inexistentă">Elusimicrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres — pagină inexistentă">Fibrobacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes — pagină inexistentă">Gemmatimonadetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lentisphaerae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lentisphaerae — pagină inexistentă">Lentisphaerae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae — pagină inexistentă">Nitrospirae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes — pagină inexistentă">Planctomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Proteobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergistetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synergistetes — pagină inexistentă">Synergistetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenericutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenericutes — pagină inexistentă">Tenericutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Thermodesulfobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae — pagină inexistentă">Thermotogae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia — pagină inexistentă">Verrucomicrobia</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: silver"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(biologie)" title="Sinonim (biologie)">Sinonime</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Eubacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #C5C9E6 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Taxobox" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bacteriile</b> sunt <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariote</a> și alcătuiesc <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domeniul</a> <b>Bacteria</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(biologie)" title="Sinonim (biologie)">sinonim</a> <b>Eubacteria</b>). Prezintă de cele mai multe ori o lungime de câțiva <a href="/wiki/Micrometru" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometru">micrometri</a>, dar sunt foarte diverse din punct de vedere morfologic, regăsindu-se sub formă <a href="/wiki/Coc_(bacterie)" title="Coc (bacterie)">sferică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacil" title="Bacil">alungită</a> sau spiralată (elicoidală). Bacteriile au fost printre primele forme de viață care au apărut pe <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a> și sunt prezente în majoritatea <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitatelor</a> existente. Se regăsesc în <a href="/wiki/Sol" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sol">sol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izvor_termal" title="Izvor termal">izvoare termale</a>, <a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">deșeuri radioactive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chiar și la adâncimi mari din scoarța terestră. Bacteriile trăiesc în relații de <a href="/wiki/Simbioz%C4%83" title="Simbioză">simbioză</a> sau sunt uneori <a href="/wiki/Parazit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parazit">paraziți</a> ai plantelor și animalelor. Majoritatea acestora nu au fost caracterizate, iar aproximativ doar jumătate dintre <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">încrengăturile</a> bacteriene cuprind specii care pot fi <a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">crescute în laborator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rappe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Știința care se ocupă cu studiul bacteriilor se numește <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologie" title="Bacteriologie">bacteriologie</a> și este o ramură a <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbiologiei</a>. </p><p>Într-un gram de <a href="/wiki/Sol" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sol">sol</a> se regăsesc aproximativ 40 milioane de celule bacteriene, iar într-un mililitru de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_dulce" title="Apă dulce">apă dulce</a> se regăsesc aproximativ 1 milion de celule bacteriene. Un calcul ar indica faptul că pe Pământ există circa 5×10<sup>30</sup> bacterii,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9618454_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9618454-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> așadar acestea alcătuiesc o biomasă cu mult mai mare decât cea corespunzătoare plantelor și animalelor la un loc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile sunt organisme vitale în multe cicluri ecologice, având rolul de circulare al nutrienților, precum este cazul <a href="/wiki/Fixarea_azotului" title="Fixarea azotului">fixării azotului</a> din atmosfera terestră. Un alt exemplu este descompunerea <a href="/wiki/Cadavru" title="Cadavru">cadavrelor</a>, bacteriile fiind responsabile de etapele de <a href="/wiki/Putrefac%C8%9Bie" title="Putrefacție">putrefacție</a> ale acestui proces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În ecosistemele care au ca habitat izvoarele hidrotermale sau izvoarele reci, bacteriile <a href="/wiki/Extremofil" title="Extremofil">extremofile</a> joacă un rol esențial în aducerea aportului de <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrienți</a> necesari pentru viață, prin transformarea unor compuși precum <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfurat" title="Hidrogen sulfurat">hidrogenul sulfurat</a> și <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metanul</a> în <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a>. În octombrie 2012, datele adunate de către cercetători au sugerat faptul că bacteriile prosperă în <a href="/wiki/Groapa_Marianelor" title="Groapa Marianelor">Groapa Marianelor</a>, care este cel mai adânc punct de pe suprafața Pământului, fiind aflat la o adâncime de 11 kilometri.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20130317_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20130317-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alți cercetători au dedus prin studii similare faptul că bacteriile se dezvoltă chiar și în interiorul rocilor la o adâncime de 580 de metri sub fundul oceanic cu o adâncime de 2,6 kilometri, din apropierea coastei nord-vestice a Statelor Unite.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130314_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130314-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conform unuia dintre savanți, „Microbii pot fi întâlniți oriunde – sunt organisme extrem de adaptabile la orice condiții, și pot supraviețui oriunde se află.”<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nu de mult a fost demontat mitul conform căruia numărul de celule bacteriene din corpul uman îl depășește pe al celulelor umane în raport de 10:1. Aproximativ 39 de <a href="/wiki/Bilion" title="Bilion">bilioane</a> (39·10<sup>12</sup> sau 3,9·10<sup>13</sup>) de celule bacteriene se află în microflora normală a unei persoane de referință de gen masculin, ce cântărește 70 kg și are o înălțime de 170 cm, numărul total de celule umane fiind de 30 de bilioane (30·10<sup>12</sup>). Așadar, deși numărul de bacterii este mai mare, acesta este doar cu 30% mai mare, nu cu 900%.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cel mai mare număr de bacterii se regăsește în <a href="/wiki/Flor%C4%83_intestinal%C4%83" title="Floră intestinală">flora intestinală</a> și de asemenea un mare procent este reprezentat și de microflora <a href="/wiki/Piele" class="mw-disambig" title="Piele">pielii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasta majoritate de specii bacteriene care trăiesc în corpul uman sunt considerate ca fiind inofensive, datorită mecanismelor de apărare specifice organismului, precum este <a href="/wiki/Sistem_imunitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem imunitar">sistemul imunitar</a>. Există și bacterii care sunt chiar <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">benefice</a>, în special cele ce aparțin florei intestinale. În ciuda acestui fapt, unele specii sunt <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_patogen%C4%83" title="Bacterie patogenă">patogene</a> și, odată pătrunse în organism, produc diverse <a href="/wiki/Infec%C8%9Bie" title="Infecție">boli infecțioase</a>, printre care se numără <a href="/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră">holera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilisul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antrax" title="Antrax">antraxul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepr%C4%83" title="Lepră">lepra</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ciuma_bubonic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuma bubonică">ciuma bubonică</a>. Cele mai comune patologii infecțioase bacteriene fatale sunt infecțiile respiratorii, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculoz%C4%83" title="Tuberculoză">tuberculoza</a> fiind cauza de deces a aproximativ 2 milioane de persoane în fiecare an, cu precădere în <a href="/wiki/Africa_Subsaharian%C4%83" title="Africa Subsahariană">Africa Subsahariană</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aar%C4%83_dezvoltat%C4%83" title="Țară dezvoltată">țările dezvoltate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibioticele</a> sunt utilizate în tratamentul infecțiilor bacteriene, dar au aplicații și în domeniul agriculturii, ceea ce a dus la apariția unei probleme serioase, și anume fenomenul de <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_la_antibiotice" title="Rezistență la antibiotice">rezistență la antibiotice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile sunt extrem de folositoare în <a href="/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie">industrie</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Sta%C8%9Bie_de_epurare" title="Stație de epurare">epurarea apelor</a>, în obținerea de <a href="/wiki/Produse_lactate" title="Produse lactate">produse lactate</a> fermentate (precum <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2nz%C4%83" title="Brânză">brânza</a> și <a href="/wiki/Iaurt" title="Iaurt">iaurtul</a>), în recuperarea <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">paladiului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">cuprului</a> și a altor metale în industria minieră,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în <a href="/wiki/Biotehnologie" title="Biotehnologie">biotehnologie</a> și în procesul de fabricație al unor antibiotice și al altor <a href="/wiki/Compus_chimic" title="Compus chimic">compuși chimici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși erau considerate ca făcând parte din regnul <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>, alcătuind clasa <i>Schizomycetes</i>, în prezent se consideră că bacteriile sunt organisme <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariote</a>. Spre deosebire de celulele <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a>, care sunt specifice organismelor vegetale și animale, bacteriile nu prezintă <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_celular" title="Nucleu celular">nucleu celular</a> și rareori prezintă <a href="/wiki/Organit_celular" title="Organit celular">organite celulare</a> delimitate de membrană. Chiar dacă în mod tradițional se considera că termenul de <i>bacterie</i> făcea referire la toate procariotele, a fost dezvoltată o nouă <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">clasificare științifică</a>, după descoperirea în <a href="/wiki/Anii_1990" title="Anii 1990">anii 1990</a> a faptului că procariotele reunesc două grupuri distincte de organisme care au <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluat</a> de la un strămoș comun. Cele două <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domenii</a> au primit denumirile de <i>Bacteria</i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoria_bacteriologiei">Istoria bacteriologiei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoria bacteriologiei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoria bacteriologiei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologie" title="Bacteriologie">Bacteriologie</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/220px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/330px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/440px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> a fost primul <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbiolog</a> și prima persoană care a observat bacteriile utilizând un <a href="/wiki/Microscop" title="Microscop">microscop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacteriile au fost observate pentru prima dată în anul 1676 de către savantul danez <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, utilizând un <a href="/wiki/Microscop" title="Microscop">microscop</a> format din două lentile, pe care l-a construit însuși el.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulterior, acesta a publicat rezultatele observațiilor sale într-o serie de scrisori trimise către <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dintre toate studiile lui Leeuwenhoek, descoperirea bacteriilor este de departe cea mai remarcabilă. Bacteriile observate se aflau la limita structurilor pe care microscopul acestuia le putea observa și, în plus, următorul secol niciun alt om de știință nu a repetat această experiență.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leeuwenhoek a observat de asemenea și <a href="/wiki/Protozoare" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoare">protozoarele</a>, pe care le-a denumit <i>animalculum</i>, iar descoperirile sale au fost din nou privite prin prisma noilor descoperiri din domeniul <a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">teoriei celulare</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg</a> a introdus termenul <i>Bacterium</i> în anul <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fapt, termenul era folosit pentru un <a href="/wiki/Gen_(biologie)" title="Gen (biologie)">gen</a> de bacterii alungite și nesporulate,<sup id="cite_ref-status_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spre deosebire de termenul <i>Bacillus</i>, introdus în anul <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a>, care era folosit pentru un gen de bacterii alungite și sporulate (formatoare de spori).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În anul <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> a demonstrat faptul că dezvoltarea și creșterea microorganismelor este cauza procesului de <a href="/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie" title="Fermentație">fermentație</a> și că această creștere nu este nicidecum cauzată de o <a href="/wiki/Teoria_genera%C8%9Biei_spontane" title="Teoria generației spontane">generație spontană</a>. Împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, Pasteur a fost un susținător timpuriu al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_microbian%C4%83_a_bolilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria microbiană a bolilor — pagină inexistentă">teoriei microbiene a bolilor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Koch, un pionier al microbiologiei medicale, a studiat îndeaproape patologii precum <a href="/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră">holera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antrax" title="Antrax">antraxul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tuberculoz%C4%83" title="Tuberculoză">tuberculoza</a>. În urma studiilor pe tuberculoză, Koch a demonstrat relația cauzală între un microb și boala produsă de acesta, primind astfel în anul 1905 <a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fiziologie_sau_Medicin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină">Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Postulatele_lui_Koch" title="Postulatele lui Koch">Postulatele lui Koch</a></i> reprezintă un set de patru criterii care ajută să se stabilească dacă un organism este agentul etiologic al unei boli, fiind în uz chiar și astăzi.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif/350px-Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif/525px-Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif/700px-Cholerabaracke-HH-1892.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Pacienți bolnavi de <a href="/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră">holeră</a>, boală care este cauzată de <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> (vibrionul holeric).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a> este considerat a fi unul dintre fondatorii bacteriologiei, studiile sale datând din 1870. Acesta a fost primul care a clasificat bacteriile pe baza morfologiei lor.<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microbeworld1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microbeworld1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși în secolul al XIX-lea se cunoștea faptul că bacteriile sunt cauza multor boli, la acea vreme nu exista niciun tratament <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antibacterian</a> eficient.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1910, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> a dezvoltat primul <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a>, prin modificări structurale ale coloranților care colorau <i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a></i> (spirocheta care este agentul etiologic al <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilisului</a>). Astfel, acesta a obținut noi compuși bactericizi, selectivi pentru agentul patogen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrlich a primit în anul 1908 Premiul Nobel pentru studiile sale din domeniul <a href="/wiki/Imunologie" title="Imunologie">imunologiei</a> și a fost un pionier al utilizării metodelor de <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie" title="Colorație">colorație</a> pentru detectarea și identificarea bacteriilor. Pe baza lucrărilor sale, a fost dezvoltată <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Gram" title="Colorație Gram">colorația Gram</a> și ulterior <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Ziehl-Neelsen" title="Colorație Ziehl-Neelsen">colorația Ziehl-Neelsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un mare pas înainte în domeniu bacteriologiei a fost descoperirea din anul <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> a lui <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, care a concluzionat faptul că <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arheele</a> prezintă o linie evolutivă diferită de cea a bacteriilor.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această nouă <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a> <a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">filogenetică</a> a fost demonstrată prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secven%C8%9Biere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secvențiere — pagină inexistentă">secvențierea</a> <a href="/wiki/ARN_ribozomal_16s" title="ARN ribozomal 16s">ARN-ului ribozomal de tip 16S</a> și a dus la divizarea organismelor procariote în două domenii evolutive și respectiv începerea utilizării unui sistem de clasificare biologică bazat pe trei domenii (<a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_evolu%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia evoluției — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia evoluției</a></div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:center; position:relative; top:-1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/Format:Cronologia_evolu%C8%9Biei" title="Format:Cronologia evoluției"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Ve a esta línea de tiempo en su propia página">ver</span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Cronologia_evolu%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Cronologia evoluției — pagină inexistentă"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Comenta sobre esta plantilla">discusión</span></a> • <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="color:#002bb8;" title="Puedes editar esta línea de tiempo. 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margin-left:-3.6em; width:3.52em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.39647577092511em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5); border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.31718061674009em; margin-left:-3.6em; width:3.52em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.15859030837004em;"> </span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em"><div style="float: left;"><small>Scala: 1 milion de ani</small></div> <div style="float: left;"><small>Vezi și: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Cronologia_omului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Cronologia omului — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia omului</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Cronologia_naturii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Cronologia naturii — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia naturii</a></i></small></div> <div style="float:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imaginea de mai sus conține link-uri ce pot fi accesate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div></div> <p>Termenul <i>bacteria</i> este forma de <a href="/wiki/Plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural">plural</a> a cuvântului neolatin <i><span lang="la" style="font-style:italic">bacterium</span></i>, care este forma latinizată a termenului <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">grecesc</a> <span lang="el" style="font-style:italic">βακτήριον</span> (<i>bakterion</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forma de diminutiv a <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:βακτηρία">βακτηρία</a> (<i>bakteria</i>), care înseamnă „baston”.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această denumire provine de la faptul că primele bacterii care au fost descoperite aveau formă de <a href="/wiki/Bacil" title="Bacil">bastonaș</a> (bacil).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_și_evoluție"><span id="Origine_.C8.99i_evolu.C8.9Bie"></span>Origine și evoluție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Origine și evoluție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Origine și evoluție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strămoșii bacteriilor care trăiesc în ziua de azi erau <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisme</a> unicelulare, cel mai probabil <a href="/wiki/Abiogenez%C4%83" title="Abiogeneză">primele forme de viață</a> de pe Pământ, și au apărut acum aproximativ 4 miliarde de ani. Timp de 3 miliarde de ani, majoritatea organismelor vii erau microscopice, iar bacteriile și arhebacteriile erau formele dominante de viață.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși au fost identificate bacterii <a href="/wiki/Fosil%C4%83" title="Fosilă">fosile</a>, precum sunt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stromatolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stromatolit — pagină inexistentă">stromatolitele</a>, acestea nu oferă niciun detaliu distinctiv legat de morfologia lor, ceea ce duce la imposibilitatea de a examina istoria evolutivă a bacteriilor. Totuși, secvențele de gene pot fi folosite pentru reconstrucția <a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">filogeniei bacteriene</a>, iar aceste studii indică faptul că bacteriile au evoluat din ramura arhebacterii/eucariote.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În prezent se pune întrebarea dacă primele organisme procariote care au apărut au fost bacteriile sau arheele. Unii oameni de știință sunt de părere că domeniul Bacteria este mai vechi decât domeniul Archaea și că domeniul Eukarya a derivat de la acesta,<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în timp ce alții consideră că domeniul cel mai vechi este Archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se crede că cel mai recent strămoș comun al bacteriilor și arhebacteriilor este un organism <a href="/wiki/Termofil" title="Termofil">hipertermofil</a> care a trăit acum 2,5-3,2 miliarde de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În schimb, alți savanți susțin faptul că ambele domenii sunt relativ recente (de aproximativ 900 de milioane de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-smith2006a_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2006a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith2006b_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2006b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și că au evoluat pornind de la o <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-pozitiv%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-pozitivă">bacterie Gram-pozitivă</a> (cel mai probabil o <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">actinobacterie</a>), care a dat naștere cladei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neomura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neomura — pagină inexistentă">Neomura</a> prin înlocuirea peretelui de <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglican" title="Peptidoglican">peptidoglican</a> cu un perete <a href="/wiki/Glicoprotein%C4%83" title="Glicoproteină">glicoproteic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith2002b_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith2002b-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith2002_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteriile au luat parte la a doua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divergen%C8%9B%C4%83_evolutiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divergență evolutivă — pagină inexistentă">divergență evolutivă</a> majoră, anume cea a arhebacteriilor și eucariotelor. În cazul organismelor eucariote, evoluția a avut loc prin asocierea endosimbiotică a bacteriilor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyall_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyall-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest fenomen a însemnat ingerarea de către celulele proto-eucariote a unor <a href="/wiki/Simbioz%C4%83" title="Simbioză">simbionți</a> alfa-proteobacterieni, ceea ce a dus la transformarea acestora în organite precum <a href="/wiki/Mitocondrie" title="Mitocondrie">mitocondrii</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenozom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenozom — pagină inexistentă">hidrogenozomi</a>, încă prezente în celulele eucariote. Ulterior, unele celule eucariote care deja conțineau mitocondrii au ingerat organisme de tip <a href="/wiki/Cianobacterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cianobacterie">cianobacterii</a>, ceea ce a dus la formarea <a href="/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast">cloroplastelor</a> la alge și la plante.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest fenomen este cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbiogenez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbiogeneză — pagină inexistentă">endosimbioză primară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prin fenomene ulterioare de endosimbioză secundară, au apărut organisme autotrofe eucariote, organisme cheie în dezvoltarea vieții marine.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologie_bacteriană"><span id="Morfologie_bacterian.C4.83"></span>Morfologie bacteriană</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Morfologie bacteriană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Morfologie bacteriană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagramă a morfologiei bacteriene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg/350px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg/525px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg/700px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram-ro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Bacteriile prezintă o mare varietate de morfologii celulare și de asocieri</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mărimi_și_forme"><span id="M.C4.83rimi_.C8.99i_forme"></span>Mărimi și forme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mărimi și forme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Mărimi și forme"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteriile prezintă o mare varietate de forme și dimensiuni, iar forma este un criteriu important de clasificare și identificare a bacteriilor, aceasta variind în funcție de vârstă și de factori ereditari specifici, uneori depinzând chiar și de <a href="/wiki/Mediu_de_cultur%C4%83" title="Mediu de cultură">mediul de cultură</a>. Celulele bacteriene măsoară aproximativ o zecime din lungimea unei celule eucariote și au o lungime de 0,5 până la 5 <a href="/wiki/Micrometru" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometru">micrometri</a>. Există și unele excepții, cum este cazul a două specii care sunt vizibile cu ochiul liber: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiomargarita_namibiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiomargarita namibiensis — pagină inexistentă">Thiomargarita namibiensis</a></i> are jumătate de milimetru în lungime,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iar <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epulopiscium_fishelsoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epulopiscium fishelsoni — pagină inexistentă">Epulopiscium fishelsoni</a></i> poate ajunge chiar la 0,7 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printre cele mai mici bacterii se numără speciile din genul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycoplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycoplasma — pagină inexistentă">Mycoplasma</a></i>, care măsoară doar 0,3 micrometri, comparabil cu dimensiunea celor mai mari <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virusuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unele bacterii pot fi chiar mai mici în dimensiune, însă asemenea specii nu au fost încă studiate îndeajuns.<sup id="cite_ref-Velimirov2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velimirov2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majoritatea speciilor bacteriene prezintă ori formă sferică, fiind în acest caz <i><a href="/wiki/Coc_(bacterie)" title="Coc (bacterie)">coci</a></i> (din grecescul <i>kókkos</i>, „sămânță”), ori formă cilindrică sau alungită, de bastonaș, fiind în acest caz <i><a href="/wiki/Bacil" title="Bacil">bacili</a></i> (din latinescul <i>baculus</i>, „băț”).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La coci se pot deosebi și mai multe varietăți, fiind ovoidali, lanceolați sau reniformi, iar bacilii pot avea capete drepte (<i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i>), rotunjite (<i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>) sau ascuțite (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusiobacterium_fusiforme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusiobacterium fusiforme — pagină inexistentă">Fusiobacterium fusiforme</a></i>). Unele bacterii se aseamănă cu o <a href="/wiki/Virgul%C4%83" title="Virgulă">virgulă</a>, fiind în acest caz <i>vibrioni</i>, iar altele prezintă formă spiralată sau elicoidală, asemănător formei literei S, având spire neregulate sau regulate, fiind în acest caz <i>spirili</i> sau <i>spirochete</i>. Mai pot avea formă de filament, care ajunge la zeci de microni lungime, fără a prezenta diviziuni transversale. Există de asemenea pe lângă aceste forme principale de observație și forme specifice și anume speciile pedunculate și cele filamentoase (neramificate, pseudoramificate și ramificate). Au fost descrise și câteva specii cu forme neobișnuite, precum sunt bacteriile stelate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principalii factori care determină această mare varietate de forme bacteriene sunt <a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">peretele celular</a> și <a href="/wiki/Citoschelet" title="Citoschelet">citoscheletul</a>, iar forma are o importantă influență asupra capacității bacteriei de a procura nutrienții din mediu, de a se atașa de suprafețe, de a se deplasa prin medii lichide și de a scăpa de <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%83d%C4%83tor" title="Prădător">prădători</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg/220px-Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg/330px-Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg/440px-Scal%C4%83_relativ%C4%83.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Diferitele mărimi pe care le prezintă <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariotele</a>, în comparație cu cele ale altor organisme și <a href="/wiki/Biomolecul%C4%83" title="Biomoleculă">biomolecule</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grupări_și_asocieri"><span id="Grup.C4.83ri_.C8.99i_asocieri"></span>Grupări și asocieri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Grupări și asocieri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Grupări și asocieri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multe specii bacteriene trăiesc solitare, ca celule izolate, dar unele se asociază în anumite formate specifice: speciile de <i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria" title="Neisseria">Neisseria</a></i> se asociază în diplococi (în pereche), <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> formează lanțuri lungi, iar <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> se grupează sub formă de ciorchine de strugure. Cocii formează tetrada și sarcina, care sunt grupări constituite din patru, respectiv opt bacterii. Tetrada se formează prin înmulțirea într-un singur plan, dar în două direcții, iar sarcina prin înmulțire în două planuri distincte. Gruparea în palisadă este proprie bacililor și are loc atunci când aceștia sunt dispuși în paralel. Bacteriile se pot grupa chiar și în număr mari mare, formând structuri multicelulare, precum sunt filamentele alungite de <i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></i>, agregatele de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Myxobacteria</a></i> și hifele complexe de <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste structuri multicelulare sunt adesea observate doar în condiții specifice. De exemplu, în mediile sărace în <a href="/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid">aminoacizi</a>, speciile de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Myxobacteria</a> detectează prezența celulelor apropiate printr-un proces denumit <a href="/wiki/Detectare_de_cvorum" title="Detectare de cvorum">detectare de cvorum</a>, migrează una către cealaltă și se agregă, formând structuri ce ating lungimi de 500 μm și care sunt alcătuite din aproximativ 100.000 de celule.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În aceste structuri, fiecare bacterie va îndeplini un anumit rol; de exemplu, aproximativ una din zece celule migrează către partea superioară și se diferențiază într-un myxospor, o formă specializată, în stare latentă, mult mai rezistentă la uscăciune și la alte condiții neprielnice de mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteriile se pot atașa de suprafețe și pot forma agregate cunoscute sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilme</a>, sau formațiuni chiar mai mari în dimensiune. Biofilmele și asocierile mai mari pot măsura de la câțiva micrometri în grosime până la o jumătate de metru, și pot fi formate din mai multe specii bacteriene, <a href="/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste">protiste</a> și <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arhee</a>. Bacteriile care viețuiesc în biofilme prezintă un aranjament complex al componentelor celulare și extracelulare, formând și structuri secundare, precum microcoloniile, care au rețele complexe de canale ce permit o mai bună difuzie a nutrienților.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În mediul natural, de exemplu pe sol sau la suprafața plantelor, majoritatea bacteriilor sunt atașate de suprafețe în biofilme.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biofilmele prezintă o importanță în domeniul medical, deoarece aceste structuri se formează în urma unor infecții bacteriene cronice sau în infecții localizate la nivelul <a href="/wiki/Dispozitiv_medical" title="Dispozitiv medical">dispozitivelor medicale</a> <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Implant (medicină)">implantate</a>. Bacteriile care conviețuiesc în biofilme sunt mult mai dificil de distrus, în comparație cu bacteriile izolate.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structură_celulară"><span id="Structur.C4.83_celular.C4.83"></span>Structură celulară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură celulară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Structură celulară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Structura_celular%C4%83_a_bacteriilor" title="Structura celulară a bacteriilor">Structura celulară a bacteriilor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Structure_bacterienne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Structure_bacterienne.svg/300px-Structure_bacterienne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Structure_bacterienne.svg/450px-Structure_bacterienne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Structure_bacterienne.svg/600px-Structure_bacterienne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Structura unei celule bacteriene:<br />A-<a href="/wiki/Pil" title="Pil">Pili</a>; B-<a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">Ribozomi</a>; C-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsul%C4%83_bacterian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsulă bacteriană — pagină inexistentă">Capsula</a>; D-<a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">Perete celular</a>; E-<a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">Flagel</a>; F-<a href="/wiki/Citoplasm%C4%83" title="Citoplasmă">Citoplasmă</a>; G-<a href="/wiki/Vacuol%C4%83" title="Vacuolă">Vacuolă</a>; H-<a href="/wiki/Plasmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a>; I-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoid — pagină inexistentă">Nucleoid</a>; J-<a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">Membrană citoplasmatică</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacteriile sunt organisme cu structură relativ simplă și cu dimensiuni reduse. Frecvent măsoară doar 0,5-1,5 μm, dar bacilii pot ajunge la o lungime de 7-8 μm. Sunt organisme <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariote</a>, așadar pentru ele este caracteristică lipsa unui <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_celular" title="Nucleu celular">nucleu celular</a> delimitat de o membrană, iar materialul genetic este distribuit sub forma unei structuri citoplasmatice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoid — pagină inexistentă">nucleoidice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nucleoid_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nucleoid-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spațiul citoplasmatic este lipsit de organitele membranare și de formațiunile protoplasmatice specifice celulelor <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a>. Totuși, în citoplasmă se regăsesc <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmid">plasmide</a>, mici molecule circulare de ADN care coexistă cu nucleoidul și care conțin <a href="/wiki/Gen%C4%83" title="Genă">gene</a> ce pot fi transferate prin procesul de <a href="/wiki/Conjugare_bacterian%C4%83" title="Conjugare bacteriană">conjugare bacteriană</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-conjugare_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conjugare-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În citoplasmă se mai regăsesc și <a href="/wiki/Vacuol%C4%83" title="Vacuolă">vacuole</a>, organite bogate în substanțe de rezervă, și <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomi</a>, sediul sintezei proteice.<sup id="cite_ref-ribozomi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribozomi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">Membrana citoplasmatică</a>, formată dintr-un bistrat fosfolipidic, este asemănătoare cu cea a celulelor eucariote, însă majoritatea bacteriilor posedă și un <a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">perete celular</a> compus din <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglican" title="Peptidoglican">peptidoglican</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Murein%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mureină — pagină inexistentă">mureină</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-perete_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perete-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unele bacterii prezintă o a doua membrană lipidică, denumită membrană externă, care înconjoară peretele celular. Spațiul dintre membrana citoplasmatică și peretele celular este denumit spațiu periplasmic.<sup id="cite_ref-Microbiology_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microbiology-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unele specii prezintă o capsulă, iar altele sunt capabile să se diferențieze în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endospor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endospor — pagină inexistentă">endospori</a>, forme latente rezistente la condiții extreme de mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-endospori_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endospori-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printre structurile celulare externe tipice bacteriilor se numără flagelul bacterian și pilii.<sup id="cite_ref-flagel_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagel-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conjugare_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conjugare-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structuri_intracelulare">Structuri intracelulare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structuri intracelulare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Structuri intracelulare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prokaryote cell with structure and parts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg/langro-300px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg/langro-450px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg/langro-600px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Diagramă prezentând structura caracteristică a unei celule procariote.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiecare celulă bacteriană prezintă o <a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">membrană celulară</a>, care este alcătuită majoritar din <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid%C4%83" title="Fosfolipidă">fosfolipide</a>. Această membrană delimitează conținutul celular și funcționează pe post de barieră, menținând în <a href="/wiki/Citoplasm%C4%83" title="Citoplasmă">citoplasmă</a> compușii esențiali ai metabolismului bacterian.<sup id="cite_ref-Microbiology_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microbiology-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">celulele eucariote</a>, bacteriile sunt lipsite de structuri celulare mari și nu prezintă <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_celular" title="Nucleu celular">nucleu celular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitocondrie" title="Mitocondrie">mitocondrii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast">cloroplaste</a> sau alte organite prezente la eucariote.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, unele bacterii prezintă organite delimitate de structuri proteice citoplasmatice, care sunt specifice pentru diferitele activități metabolice bacteriene,<sup id="cite_ref-Bobik2006_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobik2006-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cum sunt de exemplu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxizom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxizom — pagină inexistentă">carboxizomii</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetozom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetozom — pagină inexistentă">magnetozomii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În plus, celulele bacteriene posedă un <a href="/wiki/Citoschelet" title="Citoschelet">citoschelet</a> format din mai multe componente, care are rolul de a controla localizarea proteinelor și acizilor nucleici de la nivel celular și de a dirija procesul de <a href="/wiki/Diviziune_celular%C4%83" title="Diviziune celulară">diviziune celulară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multe <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">reacții biochimice</a> importante, precum sunt cele generatoare de energie, au loc datorită <a href="/wiki/Difuzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Difuzie">gradientului de concentrație</a> de o parte și de alta a membranei, care creează o diferență de <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">potențial electrochimic</a>. Lipsa unor membrane interne de la nivelul celulelor bacteriene presupune faptul că aceste reacții, care includ chiar și procese de <a href="/wiki/Lan%C8%9Bul_transportor_de_electroni" title="Lanțul transportor de electroni">transport de electroni</a>, au loc de-a lungul membranei celulare, între citoplasmă și partea externă a celulei (spațiul periplasmatic).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, bacteriile fotosintetizatoare prezintă o membrană plasmatică foarte pliată, impregnând celula cu diverse straturi de membrane colectoare de lumină.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste complexe utilizate în <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a> pot forma chiar structuri lipidice denumite clorozomi, cum este cazul speciilor de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobiaceae — pagină inexistentă">Chlorobiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg/300px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg/450px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg/600px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_ro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Structura <a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">membranei citoplasmatice</a> bacteriene este foarte asemănătoare din punct de vedere structural cu cea vegetală și animală, cu mențiunea că aceasta nu prezintă <a href="/wiki/Colesterol" title="Colesterol">colesterol</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Majoritatea bacteriilor nu prezintă un nucleu delimitat de membrană, iar <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">materialul genetic</a> este reprezentat de un <a href="/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom">cromozom</a> bacterian specific, de cele mai multe ori circular, alcătuit din <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a>, care este localizat la nivel citoplasmatic sub forma unei structuri neregulate denumită <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoid — pagină inexistentă">nucleoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nucleoid_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nucleoid-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nucleoidul conține atât <a href="/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom">cromozomul</a> circular, cât și <a href="/wiki/Histon%C4%83" title="Histonă">proteinele asociate</a> și <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>-ul. Ordinul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes — pagină inexistentă">Planctomycetes</a> este o excepție, speciile conținând un nucleoid și diverse alte structuri citoplasmatice delimitate de membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuerst_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuerst-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ca toate organismele vii, bacteriile conțin <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomi</a>, cu rol în sinteza de proteine, însă structura ribozomilor bacterieni diferă de cea a ribozomilor din celulele <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a> sau din cele ale <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arheelor</a>, fiind de tip 70S.<sup id="cite_ref-ribozomi_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribozomi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ribozomii se găsesc liberi sau grupați în poliribozomi, aceștia din urmă fiind lanțuri de ribozomi asociați cu <a href="/wiki/ARN_mesager" title="ARN mesager">ARN-ul mesager</a> și parțial în legătură cu ADN-ul cromozomal.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multe bacterii prezintă <a href="/wiki/Vacuol%C4%83" title="Vacuolă">vacuole</a>, granule intracelulare utilizate pentru depozitul nutrienților precum <a href="/wiki/Glicogen" title="Glicogen">glicogenul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">polifosfații</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulful</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sau polihidroxialcanoații.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doar unele specii bacteriene, cum este cazul <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_albastr%C4%83-verde" title="Algă albastră-verde">algelor albastre-verzi</a> din încrengătura Cyanophyta, prezintă vacuole cu gaz utilizate pentru reglarea flotabilității, ceea ce le permite deplasarea în mediul acvatic la nivele cu diferite intensități luminoase și la nivele ce diferă în nutrienți, în funcție de nevoile metabolice.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structuri_extracelulare">Structuri extracelulare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structuri extracelulare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Structuri extracelulare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bacteria_envelope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bacteria_envelope.svg/200px-Bacteria_envelope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bacteria_envelope.svg/300px-Bacteria_envelope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bacteria_envelope.svg/400px-Bacteria_envelope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Peretele celular bacterian<br /><i>Sus:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-pozitiv%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-pozitivă">Bacterie Gram-pozitivă</a>. 1-<a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">membrană celulară</a>, 2-<a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">perete celular</a>, 3-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplasm%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplasmă — pagină inexistentă">spațiu periplasmic</a>.<br /><i>Jos:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-negativ%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-negativă">Bacterie Gram-negativă</a>. 4-<a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">membrană celulară</a>, 5-<a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">perete celular</a>, 6-anvelopa celulară, 7-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplasm%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplasmă — pagină inexistentă">spațiu periplasmic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Celulele bacteriene dispun de <a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">perete celular</a>, o structură ce delimitează membrana citoplasmatică. Peretele celular bacterian este format din <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglican" title="Peptidoglican">peptidoglican</a> sau mureină, care este un compus <a href="/wiki/Glucid%C4%83" title="Glucidă">glico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Peptid%C4%83" title="Peptidă">peptidic</a> alcătuit din catene <a href="/wiki/Polizaharid%C4%83" title="Polizaharidă">polizaharidice</a> legate de catene <a href="/wiki/Peptid%C4%83" title="Peptidă">peptidice</a>, formate la rândul lor din D-<a href="/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid">aminoacizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perete_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perete-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acești aminoacizi nu sunt prezenți în structura proteinelor, având aici rolul de protecție al peretelui celular de acțiunea distructivă a unor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptidaz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peptidază — pagină inexistentă">peptidaze</a>. Peretele celular bacterian este diferit de cel aflat la exteriorul celulelor vegetale sau fungice, care sunt compuse din <a href="/wiki/Celuloz%C4%83" title="Celuloză">celuloză</a> și respectiv <a href="/wiki/Chitin%C4%83" title="Chitină">chitină</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, există diferențe în ceea ce privește peretele celular chiar și în comparație cu arhebacteriile, care nu prezintă perete cu peptidoglican. Peretele celular este un component esențial al supraviețuirii organismului bacterian, iar <a href="/wiki/Penicilin%C4%83" title="Penicilină">penicilinele</a>, de exemplu, sunt <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotice</a> care omoară bacteriile prin inhibarea unei etape de sinteză a peptidoglicanului.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Există două tipuri de pereți celulari, ceea ce impune o clasificare a bacteriilor în două mari categorii, și anume: <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-pozitiv%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-pozitivă">bacteriile Gram-pozitive</a> și <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-negativ%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-negativă">bacteriile Gram-negative</a>. Denumirea acestor termeni provine de la afinitatea tinctorială a celulelor în cazul <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Gram" title="Colorație Gram">colorației Gram</a>, un test microbiologic utilizat pentru identificarea și clasificarea speciilor bacteriene.<sup id="cite_ref-Gram_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile Gram-pozitive prezintă un perete celular gros care este alcătuit din numeroase straturi de peptidoglican și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_teichoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid teichoic — pagină inexistentă">acid teichoic</a>. În schimb, bacteriile Gram-negative au un perete relativ subțire, constituit din mai puține straturi de peptidoglican, dar care este înconjurat de o a doua membrană lipidică, externă, alcătuită din lipopolizaharide și <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein%C4%83" title="Lipoproteină">lipoproteine</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycoplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycoplasma — pagină inexistentă">Micoplasmele</a> sunt o excepție, întrucât nu prezintă perete celular. Majoritatea bacteriilor aparțin clasei Gram-negativelor, iar singurele Gram-pozitive sunt speciile din încrengăturile <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a> și <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a>. Aceste două grupe de bacterii erau cunoscute în trecut sub denumirile de bacterii Gram-pozitive cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Con%C8%9Binut_GC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conținut GC — pagină inexistentă">conținut GC</a> scăzut și respectiv bacterii Gram-pozitive cu conținut GC ridicat, și prezintă un aranjament alternativ.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste diferențe ale particularităților structurale ale peretelui celular conduc la diferențe semnificative în ceea ce privește susceptibilitatea la tratamentul antibiotic. De exemplu, <a href="/wiki/Vancomicin%C4%83" title="Vancomicină">vancomicina</a> poate omorî doar bacterii Gram-pozitive și este inactivă pe agenții patogeni Gram-negativi, precum sunt <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> sau <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Din încrengătura Actinobacteria fac parte și <a href="/wiki/Micobacterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Micobacterie">micobacteriile</a> (speciile din genul <i>Mycobacterium</i>) care, deși sunt încadrate în clasa bacteriilor Gram-pozitive, nu se colorează pozitiv în urma testului Gram. Acest fapt se datorează prezenței unui perete celular gros, bogat în acizi micolici, ce prezintă un caracter hidrofob și rezistență crescută și de asemenea prezenței unui strat secundar exterior de natură lipidică.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EMpylori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Helicobacter pylori electron micrograph, showing multiple flagella on the cell surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EMpylori.jpg/220px-EMpylori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EMpylori.jpg/330px-EMpylori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EMpylori.jpg/440px-EMpylori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Imagine prin <a href="/wiki/Microscopie_electronic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopie electronică">microscopie electronică</a> a unei celule de <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i>, în care se observă <a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">flagelii</a> de la suprafața celulară.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:E._coli_fimbriae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._coli_fimbriae.png/200px-E._coli_fimbriae.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._coli_fimbriae.png/300px-E._coli_fimbriae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/E._coli_fimbriae.png/400px-E._coli_fimbriae.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Imagine prin <a href="/wiki/Microscopie_electronic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopie electronică">microscopie electronică</a> a unei celule de <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, în care se observă aproximativ 100-200 de fimbrii cu rol în adeziunea de celulele epiteliale ale tractului urogenital.</figcaption></figure> <p>Multe bacterii prezintă un strat S, alcătuit din molecule proteice cu structură rigidă, care protejează partea externă a peretelui celular.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest strat conferă protecție chimică și fizică suprafeței celulare și poate funcționa ca barieră de difuzie <a href="/wiki/Macromolecul%C4%83" title="Macromoleculă">macromoleculară</a>. Funcțiile straturilor S sunt diverse și nu sunt în întregime înțelese, însă se cunoaște, de exemplu, faptul că pot fi factori de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virulen%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virulență — pagină inexistentă">virulență</a> la speciile de <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i> și conțin <a href="/wiki/Enzim%C4%83" title="Enzimă">enzime</a> de la suprafață la specia <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_stearothermophilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillus stearothermophilus — pagină inexistentă">Bacillus stearothermophilus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">Flagelii</a> sunt structuri proteice filamentoase, care au 20 de nanometri în diametru și până la 20 de micrometri în lungime, a căror rol este <a href="/wiki/Motilitate" title="Motilitate">motilitatea</a> celulară. Mișcarea flagelilor este imprimată de energia obținută prin procesul de transfer al <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionilor</a>. Acest transfer este la rândul său antrenat de gradientul electrochimic care există de o parte și de alta a membranei citoplasmatice.<sup id="cite_ref-flagel_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagel-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fimbriile sunt structuri proteice filamentoase, de obicei cu un diametru de 2–10 nanometri și până la câțiva micrometri în lungime. Sunt distribuite la suprafața celulei bacteriene și se aseamănă, la observarea prin <a href="/wiki/Microscopie_electronic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopie electronică">microscopie electronică</a>, cu firele de păr. Principala funcție cunoscută a fimbriilor este adeziunea pe suprafețe solide sau pe alte celule, iar la unele specii patogene sunt factori de virulență.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pil" title="Pil">Pilii</a> sunt anexe celulare, puțin mai mari decât fimbriile, care au rolul de transfer al <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">materialului genetic</a> de la o celulă bacteriană la alta în cadrul unui proces denumit <a href="/wiki/Conjugare_bacterian%C4%83" title="Conjugare bacteriană">conjugare</a>. Aceste tipuri de pili pot fi întâlniți și sub denumirile de pili de conjugare sau pili de sex.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilii mai pot fi implicați și în motilitate, caz în care sunt denumiți pili de tipul IV.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg/300px-Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg/450px-Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg/600px-Bacterial_mucoid_diagram_svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Structuri extracelulare bacteriene:<br />1-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsul%C4%83_bacterian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsulă bacteriană — pagină inexistentă">capsulă</a>, 2-<a href="/wiki/Glicocalix" title="Glicocalix">glicocalix</a>, 3-<a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Multe specii bacteriene sunt capabile să secrete la exteriorul celulei diverse structuri <a href="/wiki/Glicoprotein%C4%83" title="Glicoproteină">glicoptoreice</a> cu scop de acoperire a suprafeței celulare. Depinzând de rigiditate și de relația lor cu celula, aceste structuri pot fi reprezentate de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsul%C4%83_bacterian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsulă bacteriană — pagină inexistentă">capsulă</a> sau de <a href="/wiki/Glicocalix" title="Glicocalix">glicocalix</a>. Capsula este o structură rigidă, atașată strâns de suprafața celulară, iar glicocalixul este o structură mai flexibilă. Principalul rol al acestor structuri extracelulare este de a proteja bacteriile de a fi <a href="/wiki/Fagocitoz%C4%83" title="Fagocitoză">fagocitate</a> de către unele celule eucariote, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Macrofag" title="Macrofag">macrofagele</a> (ce fac parte din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_imunitar" title="Sistemul imunitar">sistemul imunitar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, acestea pot acționa ca <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigene</a> și pot fi implicate în recunoașterea celulară, având și un rol în adeziunea de suprafețe și în formarea de <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formarea acestor structuri extracelulare depinde de așa-zisul sistem de <a href="/wiki/Secre%C8%9Bie" title="Secreție">secreție</a> bacterian. Acest sistem realizează transportul proteinelor din citoplasmă în periplasmă, iar apoi în spațiul exterior celulei. Se cunosc mai multe tipuri de sisteme de secreție, acestea fiind adesea factori esențiali pentru virulența unor specii patogene, astfel că studiul lor este de mare interes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endosporii">Endosporii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Endosporii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Endosporii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endospor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endospor — pagină inexistentă">Endospor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bakterien_Sporen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bakterien_Sporen.png/250px-Bakterien_Sporen.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bakterien_Sporen.png/375px-Bakterien_Sporen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bakterien_Sporen.png/500px-Bakterien_Sporen.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Variații în morfologia endosporilor:<br />1, 4 - endospori centrali;<br />2, 3, 5 - endospori terminali;<br />6 - endospor lateral.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reprezentanții anumitor genuri de bacterii Gram-pozitive, precum sunt <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporohalobacter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporohalobacter — pagină inexistentă">Sporohalobacter</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobacter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaerobacter — pagină inexistentă">Anaerobacter</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Heliobacterium</a></i>, au capacitatea de a forma structuri foarte rezistente, în stare latentă, denumite <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endospor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endospor — pagină inexistentă">endospori</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste specii formatoare de spori sunt denumite bacterii <i>sporulate</i>. Endosporii se dezvoltă în interiorul citoplasmei celulare și în general fiecare endospor se dezvoltă într-o singură celulă.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenney_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenney-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiecare endospor conține un nucleu de <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomi</a>, care este acoperit de un cortex și protejat de mai multe straturi rigide compuse din <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglican" title="Peptidoglican">peptidoglican</a> și diverse proteine.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenney_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenney-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endosporii nu prezintă un <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> detectabil și pot supraviețui în condiții fizice și chimice extreme, precum sunt nivelele crescute de <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">lumină UV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_gama" title="Radiație gama">radiații gama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergenți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dezinfectant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezinfectant">dezinfectanți</a>, căldură, îngheț, presiune și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desicare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desicare — pagină inexistentă">desicare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-endospori_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endospori-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odată intrate în această stare latentă, organismele pot continua să trăiască timp de milioane de ani,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> putând să reziste chiar și expunerii la <a href="/wiki/Vid" title="Vid">vidul</a> și radiația din spațiu.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Există bacterii sporulate care sunt și patogene; de exemplu, <a href="/wiki/Antrax" title="Antrax">antraxul</a> poate fi contractat în urma inhalării endosporilor de <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i>, iar <a href="/wiki/Tetanos" title="Tetanos">tetanosul</a> poate apărea în urma contaminării unor răni deschise cu endospori de <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Metabolism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Metabolism"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg/250px-Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg/375px-Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg/500px-Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i> observat în frotiu din <a href="/wiki/Lichid_cefalorahidian" title="Lichid cefalorahidian">lichidul cefalorahidian</a>, pe care s-a realizat o <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Gram" title="Colorație Gram">colorație Gram</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolismul</a> bacterian reprezintă totalitatea transformărilor biochimice enzimatice implicate în activitatea lor biologică, prin care substanțele nutritive din mediu sunt transformate în constituenți proprii, energie și produși de metabolism. Spre deosebire de organismele superioare, bacteriile prezintă o mare varietate de tipuri metabolice.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Răspândirea acestor tipuri metabolice în cadrul grupurilor de bacterii era tradițional utilizată ca factor decisiv pentru definirea relațiilor <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">taxonomice</a>, însă adesea aceste caractere nu corespund cu clasificarea genetică utilizată în prezent.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolismul bacterian poate fi clasificat în grupe nutriționale pe baza a trei criterii majore: <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">sursa energetică</a>, natura <a href="/wiki/Agent_reduc%C4%83tor" title="Agent reducător">donorilor de electroni</a> și sursa de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> utilizată pentru creștere. Un alt criteriu utilizat pentru clasificare este natura <a href="/wiki/Agent_oxidant" title="Agent oxidant">acceptorului de electroni</a> utilizat în procesul de <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie" title="Respirație">respirație</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolismul bacterian are câteva proprietăți caracteristice, fiind un metabolism flexibil (ceea ce permite adaptabilitatea crescută la mediu), reglat genetic (caracterizat prin diversitatea mecanismelor enzimatice și a produșilor metabolici), intens (permite o multiplicare extrem de rapidă a bacteriilor) și având o eficiență maximă.<sup id="cite_ref-herlea_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herlea-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majoritatea căilor metabolice cunoscute în <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimie</a> au fost descoperite inițial la microorganisme și apoi extrapolate la organismele superioare. Aceasta datorită avantajelor prezentate de bacterii: pot fi studiate sub formă de populații de celule individuale identice; pot fi obținute în cantități foarte mari; pot fi cultivate în medii sintetice și pot fi urmărite modificările pe care creșterea celulelor bacteriene le determină în mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-herlea_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herlea-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spre deosebire de concepția inițială a unui metabolism limitat, corespunzător structurii relativ simple a celulei bacteriene, în prezent se cunosc căi metabolice chiar mai complexe sau unice pentru bacterii, față de organismele superioare. Câteva exemple sunt: sinteza antibioticelor, fixarea azotului molecular atmosferic, respirația anaerobă și fotosinteza anoxigenică.<sup id="cite_ref-herlea_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herlea-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG/200px-Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG/300px-Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG/400px-Iron_bacteria_burn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferobacterie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferobacterie — pagină inexistentă">Ferobacterii</a> într-un curs de apă. Aceste microorganisme chemolitotrofe își procură <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energia</a> necesară proceselor celulare în urma procesului de <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidare</a> al <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_fier_(II)" title="Oxid de fier (II)">oxidului feros</a> la <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_fier_(III)" title="Oxid de fier (III)">oxid feric</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>După natura sursei de carbon utilizate, bacteriile pot fi: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterotrofie" title="Heterotrofie">heterotrofe</a></i>, când utilizează <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">compuși organici</a>, fiind descompunători;<sup id="cite_ref-Heterotrof_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heterotrof-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrofe</a></i>, când carbonul de la nivel celular se obține prin <a href="/wiki/Fixarea_carbonului" title="Fixarea carbonului">procesul de fixare</a> al <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxidului de carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autotrof_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autotrof-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Bacteriile tipice autotrofe sunt <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">cianobacteriiile</a> fotosintetizatoare, bacteriile din genul <i>Chlorobia</i> și unele bacterii purpurii. De asemenea, există și unele specii chimio-litotrofe, precum sunt bacteriile nitrificatoare și cele oxidante ale sulfului.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>După natura sursei de energie utilizate, bacteriile pot fi: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fototrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fototrofie — pagină inexistentă">fototrofe</a></i>, când utilizează <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină">energia luminoasă</a> prin procesul specific de <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-photosint_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photosint-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemotrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemotrofie — pagină inexistentă">chemotrofe</a></i>, când obțin energia pe baza oxidării unor substanțe chimice, având ca substrate acceptoare de electroni <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigenul</a> (în cazul <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_aerob%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirație aerobă">respirației aerobe</a>) sau substrate alternative (în cazul <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_anaerob%C4%83" title="Respirație anaerobă">respirației anaerobe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-chemotr_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemotr-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>După natura donorilor de electroni, bacteriile pot fi: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litotrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litotrofie — pagină inexistentă">litotrofe</a></i>, când utilizează pe post donori de electroni <a href="/wiki/Compus_anorganic" title="Compus anorganic">compuși anorganici</a>, de cele mai multe ori pe bază de <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulf</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotrofie — pagină inexistentă">organotrofe</a></i>, când utilizează pe post donori de electroni <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">compuși organici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microbial-nutrition-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Bacteriile chemotrofe se folosesc de donori de electroni pentru conservarea energiei (în timpul respirației aerobe, anaerobe și fermentative) și pentru desfășurarea reacțiilor biosintetice, în timp ce bacteriile fototrofe utilizează donorii de electroni doar pentru procese <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-photosint_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photosint-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chemotr_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemotr-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microbial-nutrition-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respirație_și_fermentație"><span id="Respira.C8.9Bie_.C8.99i_fermenta.C8.9Bie"></span>Respirație și fermentație</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Respirație și fermentație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Respirație și fermentație"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organismele care respiră utilizează compușii chimici ca sursă de energie, preluând electronii substratului redus și transferându-i la un <a href="/wiki/Lan%C8%9Bul_transportor_de_electroni" title="Lanțul transportor de electroni">acceptor terminal de electroni</a>, iar toate reacțiile care au loc sunt <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">procese de oxido-reducere</a>. În urma acestor reacții se obține energia necesară pentru biosinteza de <a href="/wiki/ATP" class="mw-disambig" title="ATP">acid adenozintrifosforic</a> (ATP) și pentru menținerea operantă a metabolismului. La <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_aerob%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirație aerobă">organismele aerobe</a>, oxigenul este acceptorul final de electroni, iar <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_anaerob%C4%83" title="Respirație anaerobă">organismele anaerobe</a> utilizează alți compuși anorganici drept acceptori de electroni, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Azotat" title="Azotat">nitrații</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfații</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxidul de carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MicroMetab_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroMetab-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Au loc astfel procese biochimice deosebit de importante, precum este <a href="/wiki/Denitrificare" title="Denitrificare">denitrificarea</a>, reducerea sulfaților și respectiv acetogeneza.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumft_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumft-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drake_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un alt proces important este <a href="/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie" title="Fermentație">fermentația</a>, un proces de <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidare</a> incompletă, total anaerobă, a cărui produs final de metabolizare este un <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">compus organic</a> care, atunci când va fi redus, va deveni acceptorul final de electroni. Exemple de produși ai fermentației sunt <a href="/wiki/Acid_lactic" title="Acid lactic">lactatul</a> (în <a href="/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie_lactic%C4%83" title="Fermentație lactică">fermentația lactică</a>), <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanolul</a> (în <a href="/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie_alcoolic%C4%83" title="Fermentație alcoolică">fermentația alcoolică</a>), <a href="/wiki/Acid_butiric" title="Acid butiric">butiratul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogenul</a>, etc. Fermentația este posibilă datorită faptului că energia substratelor este mai mare decât cea a produșilor metabolici, ceea ce permite microorganismelor să realizeze sinteza de ATP și să își mențină operant metabolismul. Organismele facultativ anaerobe sunt cele care își pot comuta modul de respirație între fermentație și alți acceptori terminali de electroni în funcție de condițiile de mediu în care se află.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutriție"><span id="Nutri.C8.9Bie"></span>Nutriție</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nutriție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Nutriție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg/220px-Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg/330px-Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg/440px-Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>O colonie de <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">cianobacterii</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosintetizatoare</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cunoașterea modului de nutriție a bacteriilor are importanță practică pentru cultivarea lor și prepararea vaccinurilor. Creșterea, dezvoltarea și multiplicarea bacteriilor sunt condiționate de pătrunderea nutrienților esențiali prin învelișurile celulare și eliminarea unor substanțe uzate rezultate din catabolism. Nutriția se realizează prin mecanisme de tip absorbtiv. Bacteriile își pot procura energia fie în urma procesului de <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosinteză</a>, fiind bacterii fototrofe, fie prin descompunerea compușilor din mediu în urma proceselor <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidative</a>, fiind bacterii chemotrofe.<sup id="cite_ref-MicroMetab_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroMetab-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile litotrofe pot utiliza compușii anorganici ca sursă de energie, iar cei mai comuni donori de electroni anorganici sunt hidrogenul, monoxidul de carbon și amoniacul (ceea ce conduce la nitrificare), fierul divalent și alți ioni metalici în stare redusă, precum și sulful în stare redusă. Există și bacterii denumite metanotrofe, care utilizează <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metanul</a> gazos atât ca sursă de electroni, cât și ca substrat al <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolismului</a> carbonului.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La bacteriile aerobe cu nutriție fototrofă și chemolitotrofă, oxigenul este acceptorul final de electroni, în timp în condiții anaerobe se utilizează compușii anorganici. Majoritatea organismelor litotofe sunt autotrofe, iar majoritatea organismelor organotrofe sunt heterotrofe.<sup id="cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microbial-nutrition-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În tabelul de mai jos se regăsesc majoritatea tipurilor de nutriție care fac parte din metabolismul bacteriilor:<sup id="cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microbial-nutrition-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Tipuri de nutriție în metabolismul bacterian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tipul de nutriție </th> <th>Sursa de energie </th> <th>Sursa de carbon </th> <th>Exemple </th></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fototrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fototrofie — pagină inexistentă">Fototrofă</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Lumină solară">Lumina solară</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Compuși organici (fotoheterotrofă) sau fixarea carbonului (fotoautotrofă) </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobiaceae — pagină inexistentă">Chlorobiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie_purpurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterie purpurie — pagină inexistentă">Bacterii purpurii</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithotrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithotrofie — pagină inexistentă">Litotrofă</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Compus_anorganic" title="Compus anorganic">Compuși anorganici</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Compuși organici (litoheterotrofă) sau fixarea carbonului (litoautotrofă) </td> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Thermodesulfobacteria</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenophilaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenophilaceae — pagină inexistentă">Hydrogenophilaceae</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae — pagină inexistentă">Nitrospirae</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotrofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotrofie — pagină inexistentă">Organotrofă</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">Compuși organici</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Compuși organici (chemoheterotrofă) sau fixarea carbonului (chemoautotrofă) </td> <td> <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriaceae</a></i>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prin diversele procese metabolice de care dispun, bacteriile sunt folositoare pentru stabilitatea ecologică și pentru societatea umană. Un exemplu este capacitatea acestora de a <a href="/wiki/Fixarea_azotului" title="Fixarea azotului">fixa azotul gazos</a>, utilizând enzima denumită nitrogenază.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astfel, au loc procese importante din punct de vedere ecologic, precum <a href="/wiki/Denitrificare" title="Denitrificare">denitrificarea</a>, fixarea sulfaților și obținerea de acetat.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumft_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumft-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drake_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metabolismul bacterian joacă un rol important în procesele de <a href="/wiki/Bioremediere" title="Bioremediere">bioremediere</a>, întrucât unele specii sunt capabile să realizeze tratarea apelor reziduale, iar altele pot degrada <a href="/wiki/Hidrocarbur%C4%83" title="Hidrocarbură">hidrocarburi</a>, substanțe toxice și inclusiv <a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">deșeuri radioactive</a>. Pe de altă parte, există și procese metabolice bacteriene care pot duce la <a href="/wiki/Poluare" title="Poluare">poluare</a>, cum este de exemplu cazul bacteriilor reducătoare de sulfat, responsabile pentru producerea formelor extrem de toxice ale <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">mercurului</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilmercur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilmercur — pagină inexistentă">metil-</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dimetilmercur" title="Dimetilmercur">dimetilmercur</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creștere_și_reproducere"><span id="Cre.C8.99tere_.C8.99i_reproducere"></span>Creștere și reproducere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Creștere și reproducere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Creștere și reproducere"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Binary_fission_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Binary_fission_anim.gif/250px-Binary_fission_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Binary_fission_anim.gif/375px-Binary_fission_anim.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Binary_fission_anim.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Animație reprezentând modul de diviziune prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisiune_binar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisiune binară — pagină inexistentă">fisiune binară</a> sau sciziparitate.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproducerea">Reproducerea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Reproducerea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Reproducerea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spre deosebire de organismele pluricelulare, pentru organismele unicelulare creșterea în dimensiune a celulei și reproducerea prin <a href="/wiki/Diviziune_celular%C4%83" title="Diviziune celulară">diviziune celulară</a> sunt procese strâns legate. Bacteriile cresc până la o anumită dimensiune, iar apoi se reproduc prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisiune_binar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisiune binară — pagină inexistentă">fisiune binară</a> sau diviziune simplă, care este o formă de <a href="/wiki/Reproducere_asexuat%C4%83" title="Reproducere asexuată">reproducere asexuată</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În condiții potrivite, o <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-pozitiv%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-pozitivă">bacterie Gram-pozitivă</a> se poate divide odată la fiecare 20-30 de minute, iar o <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_Gram-negativ%C4%83" title="Bacterie Gram-negativă">bacterie Gram-negativă</a> odată la 15-20 de minute, iar după aproximativ 16 ore numărul de celule al unei colonii care a proliferat dintr-o singură celulă poate atinge 5.000 de milioane. În condiții optime de viață, bacteriile sunt organisme care cresc și se divid extrem de rapid, astfel că fiecare populație bacteriană se poate dubla, pentru anumite specii, chiar și într-un timp de 9,8 minute.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În urma diviziunii celulare are loc producerea a două celule fiice identice. Unele bacteriile, deși prezintă și modul de reproducere asexuată prin diviziune directă, prezintă structuri reproductive mult mai complexe care ajută la dispersarea celulelor fiice nou formate.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemple includ: formarea corpilor de fructificație ce produc spori la speciile de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Myxobacteria</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dworkin_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formarea <a href="/wiki/Hif%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Hifă">hifelor</a> la speciile de <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i> și înmugurirea.<sup id="cite_ref-Lechevalier_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechevalier-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiplicarea prin fragmentare se întâlnește la bacteriile filamentoase, cu dezvoltare hifală (<i>Actinomycetes</i>), în care alungirea se face prin adăugarea de material nou numai la extremități și la locul de origine al ramificațiilor. După un timp are loc fragmentarea în porțiuni scurte și egale.<sup id="cite_ref-Lechevalier_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechevalier-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Enmugurire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Înmugurire — pagină inexistentă">Înmugurirea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">budding</span>) presupune formarea pe corpul celulei mamă a unei protuberanțe, de obicei de formă sferică, din care ulterior se vor dezvolta una sau mai multe celule fiice, mult mai mici în dimensiune.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși reproducerea asexuată este cel mai comun tip de diviziune întâlnit în rândul bacteriilor, există și un anumit tip de <a href="/wiki/Reproducere_sexuat%C4%83" title="Reproducere sexuată">reproducere sexuată</a>, denumită parasexualitate bacteriană. Acest fenomen are în vedere capacitatea bacteriilor de a schimba material genetic, prin intermediul unui proces cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Conjugare_bacterian%C4%83" title="Conjugare bacteriană">conjugare bacteriană</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-conjugare_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conjugare-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:E.-coli-growth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="E. coli colony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/E.-coli-growth.gif" decoding="async" width="99" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption>Creșterea unei colonii de <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creșterea"><span id="Cre.C8.99terea"></span>Creșterea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Creșterea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Creșterea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În laborator, bacteriile sunt crescute utilizând <a href="/wiki/Mediu_de_cultur%C4%83" title="Mediu de cultură">medii de cultură</a> de diferite consistențe. Mediile solide, precum sunt cele realizate din <a href="/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar">agar-agar</a>, sunt utilizate pentru izolarea culturilor pure ale unei anumite tulpini bacteriene. Spre deosebire de acestea, mediile lichide sunt utilizate atunci când este necesară măsurarea creșterii sau când este necesar un volum mare de celule. Prin utilizarea mediilor de cultură selective, care conțin anumiți nutrienți sau antibiotice, se poate realiza identificarea anumitor organisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majoritatea tehnicilor de creștere în laborator a bacteriilor se bazează pe utilizarea unor nivele crescute de nutrienți, având ca efect obținerea unui număr mare de celule, rapid și cu un cost redus. Totuși, în mediul natural, nutrienții sunt adesea limitați, ceea ce înseamnă că bacteriile nu se pot reproducere indefinit. Această limitare a nutrienților a dus la dezvoltarea evolutivă a diferitelor strategii de creștere. Unele organisme pot crește extrem de rapid dacă primesc nutrienții necesari, un exemplu fiind formarea coloniilor mari de <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Algă">alge</a> și de <a href="/wiki/Cianobacterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cianobacterie">cianobacterii</a> în lacuri, în timpul verii.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte organisme prezintă diverse adaptări la medii neprielnice, cum este de exemplu cazul speciilor de <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i> care produc mai multe tipuri de substanțe <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotice</a>, cu rol de inhibiție a evoluției microorganismelor concurente din mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În natură, multe organisme trăiesc în cadrul unor comunități (de exemplu, bacteriile se pot asocia în <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilme</a>), ceea ce le oferă o mai bună absorbție a nutrienților și o protecție față de factorii de stres din mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste relații de <a href="/wiki/Simbioz%C4%83" title="Simbioză">simbioză</a> pot fi în unele cazuri esențiale pentru creșterea unui anumit organism sau a unui grup de organisme.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg/400px-Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg/600px-Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg/800px-Curba_de_cre%C8%99tere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Curba de creștere a unei culturi bacteriene și fazele corespunzătoare creșterii. Aceasta reprezintă evoluția unei populații bacteriene care se multiplică prin diviziune simplă în funcție de timp</figcaption></figure> <p>Creșterea bacteriană, pentru o <a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">cultură bacteriană</a> discontinuă și asincronă, prezintă patru faze. În momentul intrării unei populații bacteriene într-un mediu bogat în nutrienții necesari creșterii acesteia, celulele trebuie în primul rând să se adapteze la mediu. Prima fază de creștere este <i>faza de adaptare</i> sau <i>faza de lag</i>, o perioadă în care celulele se multiplică foarte puțin și cresc în dimensiune, pregătindu-se pentru următoarea etapă de multiplicare. Această fază prezintă o rată mare a proceselor biosintetice, întrucât are loc producerea de proteine necesare pentru creșterea rapidă care urmează.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A doua fază, <i>faza logaritmică</i> sau <i>faza de log</i>, este perioada caracterizată printr-un ritm exponențial de creștere.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viteza cu care celulele cresc în această fază este cunoscută sub numele de rată de creștere (<i>k</i>), iar timpul necesar pentru dublarea numărului de celule este cunoscut sub numele de <i>timp de generație</i> (<i>tg</i>). În timpul fazei de log, are loc metabolizarea la viteză maximă a nutrienților disponibili, ceea ce are loc până în momentul în care unul dintre nutrienți se consumă. Cea de-a treia fază de creștere este <i>faza staționară</i> sau <i>faza de platou</i>, în care numărul de celule rămâne constant. Are loc o reducere a activității metabolice celulare și consumarea proteinelor celulare neesențiale. La speciile sporogene încep să se diferențieze sporii de rezistență și începe să se inițieze <a href="/wiki/Exprimare_genetic%C4%83" title="Exprimare genetică">exprimarea genelor</a> care induc procese de reparare ADN, metabolismul antioxidant și transportul nutrienților. Spre sfârșitul acestei faze, numărul de celule începe să scadă progresiv.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultima fază este <i>faza de declin și moarte celulară</i>, o perioadă de regresie exponențială care se finalizează cu moartea majorității sau a tuturor celulelor, aceasta fiind datorată epuizării nutrienților din mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comportament">Comportament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comportament" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Comportament"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobilitate">Mobilitate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mobilitate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Mobilitate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flagella2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flagella2.svg/220px-Flagella2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flagella2.svg/330px-Flagella2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flagella2.svg/440px-Flagella2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Diferitele tipuri bacterii conform dispoziției flagelilor bacterieni:<br /> A-monotriche; B-lofotriche;<br /> C-amfitriche; D-peritriche.</figcaption></figure> <p>Multe specii de bacterii sunt mobile, iar mobilitatea acestora se realizează prin diverse mecanisme, mai exact prin alunecare, prin contracție sau cu ajutorul flagelilor. Unele bacterii pot aluneca pe suprafețe solide în urma secreției unor substanțe vâscoase, însă mecanismul exact al propulsării celulare este încă necunoscut. Mișcarea bacteriilor prin contracție (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">twitching motility</span>) se realizează cu ajutorul unei structuri denumite <a href="/wiki/Pil" title="Pil">pil de tipul IV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iar mișcarea prin alunecare (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">gliding motility</span>) se realizează printr-un mecanism diferit. În cazul mișcării prin contracție, pilul se extinde, se atașează de substrat, iar apoi se retractă, ceea ce imprimă deplasarea celulei.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cea mai bine studiată structură a mobilității bacteriene este <a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">flagelul</a> bacterian, un organit filamentos de natură proteică care asigură mobilitatea prin mișcări de rotație.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardy_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flagelul bacterian este alcătuit din aproximativ 20 de proteine, iar alte 30 de proteine sunt necesare pentru reglarea și asamblarea acestuia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardy_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mișcarea de rotație a flagelului, care imprimă bacteriei o viteză de 30 până la 70 de micrometri pe secundă, este asigurată de un mecanism care utilizează ca sursă de energie gradientul electrochimic ce se stabilește de o parte și de alta a membranei.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg/300px-Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg/450px-Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg/600px-Flagellum_base_diagram_keys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">Flagelul</a> bacterian este o structură extracelulară care prezintă mișcări de rotație. Structura sa este:<br />1-filament, 2-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplasm%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplasmă — pagină inexistentă">spațiu periplasmic</a>, 3-cârlig, 4-articulație, 5-disc L, 6-ax, 7-disc P, 8-<a href="/wiki/Perete_celular" title="Perete celular">perete celular</a>, 9-<a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">stator</a>, 10-disc MS, 11-disc C, 12-<a href="/wiki/Secre%C8%9Bie" title="Secreție">sistem de secreție</a> de tipul III, 13-membrană externă, 14-<a href="/wiki/Membran%C4%83_celular%C4%83" title="Membrană celulară">membrană citoplasmatică</a>; Axul central și discurile alcătuiesc corpul bazal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bacteriile pot utiliza fragelii în diferite moduri pentru generarea mai multor tipuri de mișcări celulare. Multe specii (cum este, de exemplu, <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>) prezintă două tipuri de mobilități: mișcarea în linie dreaptă și mișcarea de rostogolire, cea din urmă fiind folositoare pentru reorientarea celulei bacteriene.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speciile diferă între ele prin numărul și aranjamentul flagelilor de la suprafața celulei; acestea pot prezenta un singur flagel (fiind specii <i>monotriche</i>), un mănunchi de flageli la o extremitate (fiind specii <i>lofotriche</i>), câte un flagel sau câte un mănunchi de flagel la fiecare extremitate (fiind specii <i>amfitriche</i>) sau pot fi acoperite în totalitate de flageli (fiind specii <i>peritriche</i>). Speciile care nu prezintă flagel sunt denumite, în mod analog, specii <i>atriche</i> sau <i>neflagelate</i>. La un grup specia de bacterii, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirochete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirochete — pagină inexistentă">spirochetele</a>, flagelii sunt localizați în spațiul periplasmic, între cele două membrane, și de aceea se numesc flageli interni. Aceștia produc o mișcare de rotație ce face ca celula să se miște similar unui <a href="/wiki/Tirbu%C8%99on" title="Tirbușon">tirbușon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardy_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardy-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteriile mobile pot prezenta mișcări de atracție sau de repulsie, determinate de diferiți stimuli recepționați din mediu. Acest comportament este un răspuns comportamental și este denumit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxie — pagină inexistentă">taxie</a>, fiind de mai multe tipuri, precum chemotaxia, fototaxia și magnetotaxia.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În grupul aparte al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria — pagină inexistentă">mixobacteriilor</a>, celulele individuale se deplasează împreună, formând „valuri” de celule, care se agregă cu scopul de a forma corpii de fructificație caracteristici.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dworkin_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deplasarea mixobacteriilor are loc doar pe suprafețe solide, spre deosebire de <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>, care se poate deplasa atât în medii lichide, cât și în medii solide. </p><p>Unele specii de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listeria — pagină inexistentă">Listeria</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigella — pagină inexistentă">Shigella</a></i> se deplasează în interiorul celulei gazdă folosindu-se de <a href="/wiki/Citoschelet" title="Citoschelet">citoschelet</a>, care este utilizat în mod normal pentru transportul intracelular al organitelor. Prin inițierea polimerizării <a href="/wiki/Actin%C4%83" title="Actină">actinei</a> la unul dintre polii celulelor lor, acestea pot forma o structură filamentoasă care le împinge de-a lungul citoplasmei celulei gazdă.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comunicare">Comunicare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comunicare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Comunicare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Biolumplate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Biolumplate.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">Cultură de bacterii</a> bioluminiscente</figcaption></figure> <p>Unele bacterii dispun de sisteme chimice generatoare de lumină. Acest fenomen, cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Bioluminiscen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Bioluminiscență">bioluminiscență</a>, se produce la speciile care trăiesc în asociere cu <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99te" title="Pește">peștii</a>, deci se crede că lumina are scopul de a atrage pești și alte animale mari.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, bacteriile se pot asocia formând agregate multicelulare denumite <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilme</a>, în care împărtășesc o varietate de semnale moleculare necesare comunicării intercelulare și prezintă un comportament care este coordonat la nivel multicelular.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro1_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-costerton1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costerton1-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg/330px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg/440px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> de <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> care s-a dezvoltat pe un <a href="/wiki/Cateter" title="Cateter">cateter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beneficiile comune ale agregatelor multicelulare includ divizarea activităților celulare, accesarea resurselor care nu pot fi utilizate doar de către o sigură celulă, apărarea colectivă față de pericole și optimizarea supraviețuirii populației microbiene prin diferențierea în mai multe tipuri de celule.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro1_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro1-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De exemplu, s-a constatat faptul că celulele bacteriene din biofilme pot prezenta o rezistență la <a href="/wiki/Bactericid" title="Bactericid">agenți antibacterieni</a> de până la 500 de ori mai mare în comparație cu celulele solitare, pentru aceeași specie luată în considerare.<sup id="cite_ref-costerton1_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costerton1-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un alt tip de comunicare intercelulară realizată prin semnalizare moleculară este <a href="/wiki/Detectare_de_cvorum" title="Detectare de cvorum">detectarea de cvorum</a>, a cărei principal scop este de a determina dacă densitatea populației bacteriene locale este îndeajuns de mare astfel încât va fi productivă inițierea unor procese care sunt avantajoase doar în cazul unui număr crescut de organisme. Astfel de procese au loc prin sincronizarea unui număr mare de celule, iar exemple sunt secreția enzimelor digestive și emiterea luminii. Detectarea de cvorum permite bacteriilor să își coordoneze procesul de <a href="/wiki/Exprimare_genetic%C4%83" title="Exprimare genetică">exprimare genetică</a>, ceea ce oferă posibilitatea de a produce și de a detecta <a href="/wiki/Feromon" title="Feromon">feromonii</a> acumulați odată cu creșterea populației celulare.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11544353_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11544353-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetică"><span id="Genetic.C4.83"></span>Genetică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Genetică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Genetică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Majoritatea bacteriilor prezintă un singur <a href="/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom">cromozom</a> circular, a cărui dimensiune poate varia de la 160.000 <a href="/wiki/Pereche_de_baze" title="Pereche de baze">perechi de baze</a> (la bacteria endosimbiontă <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidatus_Carsonella_ruddii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candidatus Carsonella ruddii — pagină inexistentă">Carsonella ruddii</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> până la 12.200.000 perechi de baze (12,2 Mpb, la specia <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorangium_cellulosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorangium cellulosum — pagină inexistentă">Sorangium cellulosum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, există multe excepții, câteva exemple fiind unele specii de <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Borrelia" title="Borrelia">Borrelia</a></i> care conțin un singur cromozom linear,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și unele specii de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibrio — pagină inexistentă">Vibrio</a></i> care conțin mai mulți cromozomi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În afara cromozomilor, bacteriile dispun și de <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmid">plasmide</a>, molecule de <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a> extra-cromozomial care conțin gene ce codifică diverse funcții, precum <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_la_antibiotice" title="Rezistență la antibiotice">rezistența la antibiotice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">abilități metabolice</a> și diferiți <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virulen%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virulență — pagină inexistentă">factori de virulență</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kado2014_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kado2014-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">Genomul</a> bacterian codifică, de obicei, câteva sute până la câteva mii de <a href="/wiki/Gen%C4%83" title="Genă">gene</a>. Genele bacteriene sunt alcătuite în general dintr-o singură catenă continuă de ADN. Deși s-a remarcat prezența câtorva tipuri de <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introni</a> la bacterii, aceștia sunt mult mai rar în comparație cu genomul eucariotelor.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Phage_S-PM2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/220px-Phage_S-PM2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/330px-Phage_S-PM2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/440px-Phage_S-PM2.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Imagine prin microscopie electronică a unui <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofag</a>, un virus ce infectează bacterii</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiind organisme cu reproducere asexuată, bacteriile prezintă o copie identică a genomului părinte, astfel că celulele fiice pot fi considerate a fi clonele lor. Totuși, bacteriile dispun de o capacitate ridicată de a evolua prin producerea unor schimbări la nivelul materialului genetic, acestea fiind cauzate prin procesele de <a href="/wiki/Recombinare_genetic%C4%83" title="Recombinare genetică">recombinare genetică</a> și de <a href="/wiki/Muta%C8%9Bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutație">mutație</a>. Mutațiile provin din erori care s-au produs în timpul replicării ADN-ului sau în urma expunerii la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutagen — pagină inexistentă">agenți mutageni</a>. Ritmul în care au loc mutațiile variază foarte mult între diferitele specii bacteriene, chiar și în cadrul diferitelor clone ale aceleași specii bacteriene.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schimbările care se produc la nivelul genomului bacterian provin ori din mutații aleatorii ce au loc în timpul diviziunii, ori din mutații cauzate de stres, astfel că genele implicate într-un anumit proces limitator al creșterii au o rată crescută de mutații.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De asemenea, unele specii bacteriene prezintă metode speciale de transfer al materialului genetic, iar acest transfer poate avea loc în trei moduri diferite. În primul rând, bacteriile pot importa ADN exogen de la alte celule din mediu, printr-un proces cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformare_(genetic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformare (genetică) — pagină inexistentă">transformare bacteriană</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru multe specii preluarea de ADN de la alte celule este un proces natural, însă unele pot face asta doar prin alterări chimice.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S-a constat faptul că dezvoltarea unor abilități este, în mod natural, asociată cu condițiile solicitante de mediu și că este o adaptare ce facilitează procesele de reparare ale AND-ului.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A doua metodă de transfer al materialului genetic la bacterii este <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transduc%C8%9Bie_(genetic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transducție (genetică) — pagină inexistentă">transducția</a>, care are loc prin integrarea unui ADN străin în cromozomul bacterian prin intermediul <a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">bacteriofagilor</a>. Există o mare varietate de bacteriofagi, unii infectând și apoi lizând celula bacteriană gazdă, în timp ce alții inserează ADN-ul direct în cromozomul bacterian.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile rezistă la infecția bacteriofagilor utilizând sistemele de restricție și de modificare, care au rolul de a degrada ADN-ul străin,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și utilizând un sistem care utilizează secvențele <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a> pentru a reține fragmente din genomul fagilor cu care bacteria a venit în contact în trecut, ceea ce permite blocarea replicării virale printr-o formă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferen%C8%9B%C4%83_ARN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferență ARN — pagină inexistentă">interferență ARN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A treia metodă de transfer genetic este <a href="/wiki/Conjugare_bacterian%C4%83" title="Conjugare bacteriană">conjugarea</a>, un fenomen de parasexualitate bacteriană prin care ADN-ul este transferat în urma contactului direct dintre celule, realizat prin intermediul <a href="/wiki/Pil" title="Pil">pililor</a>. În condiții obișnuite, transducția, conjugarea și transformarea presupun transferul de ADN între bacteriile individuale aparținând aceleași specii, dar ocazional transferul poate ava loc între indivizi de specii diferite, ceea ce poate avea consecințe semnificative, precum transferul genelor de rezistență la antibiotice.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În asemenea cazuri, transferul de gene de la o altă bacterie sau din mediu poartă numele de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_orizontal_de_gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer orizontal de gene — pagină inexistentă">transfer orizontal de gene</a>, și poate fi un proces comun în condiții naturale.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificare_și_identificare"><span id="Clasificare_.C8.99i_identificare"></span>Clasificare și identificare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificare și identificare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificare și identificare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_bacteriilor" title="Clasificarea bacteriilor">Clasificarea bacteriilor</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ecoli_colonies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ecoli_colonies.png/220px-Ecoli_colonies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ecoli_colonies.png/330px-Ecoli_colonies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ecoli_colonies.png/440px-Ecoli_colonies.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Cultură de <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>, unde fiecare punct reprezintă o altă colonie.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/330px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/440px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Cultură bacteriană realizată pe un mediu solid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scopul <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">clasificării taxonomice</a> este de a descrie și de a diferenția ampla diversitate de specii bacteriene existente, conferind denumirile necesare <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxonilor</a> și grupând organismele pe baza unor caractere comune. Bacteriile pot fi clasificate pe baza mai multor criterii diferite, precum structura celulară, metabolismul și pe baza anumitor componenți celulari, precum <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a>-ul, <a href="/wiki/Acid_gras" title="Acid gras">acizii grași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmenții secretați</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenele</a> și <a href="/wiki/Chinon%C4%83" title="Chinonă">chinonele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, deși de cele mai multe ori aceste criterii permit identificarea și clasificarea unor tulpini bacteriene, nu este clar dacă aceste diferențe au reprezentat variații între specii diferite sau între tulpini diferite ale aceleași specii. Această incertitudine se bazează pe lipsa unor structuri distinctive la majoritatea bacteriilor, dar și transferului orizontal de gene dintre speciile diferite,<sup id="cite_ref-Boucher_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boucher-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ceea ce face ca bacteriile înrudite să prezinte aspecte de morfologie și de metabolism foarte diferite. Din această cauză, tocmai pentru a elimina riscul incertitudinii, clasificarea bacteriană actuală se bazează pe utilizarea unor tehnici moleculare moderne, de <a href="/wiki/Filogenie_molecular%C4%83" title="Filogenie moleculară">filogenie moleculară</a>, precum sunt determinarea raportului de <a href="/wiki/Guanin%C4%83" title="Guanină">guanină</a>/<a href="/wiki/Citozin%C4%83" title="Citozină">citozină</a>, hibridizarea genom-genom sau <a href="/wiki/Secven%C8%9Bierea_ADN" title="Secvențierea ADN">secvențierea genelor</a> care nu au suferit procese ample de transfer orizontal, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/ARN_ribozomal" title="ARN ribozomal">genele ARNr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comitetul Internațional de Sistematică a Procariotelor (ICSP) este organismul desemnat cu nomenclatura, taxonomia și normele după care se realizează clasificarea organismelor procariote.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICSP este responsabil de publicarea Codului Internațional de Nomenclatură a Bacteriilor, o listă a denumirilor aprobate pentru speciile și taxonii bacterieni.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, ICSP publică și Jurnalul Internațional de Bacteriologie Sistematică (<i>International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și Manualul de Bacteriologie Sistematică Bergey (<i>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termenul de „bacterie” era utilizat în mod tradițional pentru desemnarea tuturor organismelor procariote unicelulare și microscopice. Totuși, cercetările recente de sistematică moleculară au indicat faptul că organismele procariote alcătuiesc de fapt două domenii separate, denumite original <i>Eubacteria</i> și <i>Archaebacteria</i>, și denumite în prezent <i>Bacteria</i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></i>, care au evoluat în mod independent de la același strămoș comun.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arheele și eucariotele sunt mai înrudite între ele decât sunt oricare dintre cele două cu bacteriile. Aceste două domenii, împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">Eukarya</a>, alcătuiesc baza unui sistem de trei domenii, care este cel mai utilizat sistem în mod curent în microbiologie.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Din cauza introducerii relativ recente a metodelor de sistematică moleculară și a creșterii rapide a numărului de secvențe genomice disponibile, se poate concluziona faptul că procesul clasificării bacteriilor este un domeniu schimbător și care se extinde rapid.<sup id="cite_ref-Rappe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unii biologi ar susține idea că arheele și eucariotele au evoluat din bacteriile Gram-pozitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith2002_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg/250px-Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg/375px-Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg/500px-Streptococcus_mutans_Gram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Celule de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_mutans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus mutans — pagină inexistentă">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> vizualizate cu ajutorul <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Gram" title="Colorație Gram">colorației Gram</a>. Fiecare punct violet reprezintă o celulă bacteriană.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg/250px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg/375px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg/500px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Celule de <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> vizualizate cu ajutorul <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Ziehl-Neelsen" title="Colorație Ziehl-Neelsen">colorației Ziehl-Neelsen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Identificarea bacteriilor în <a href="/wiki/Laborator" title="Laborator">laborator</a> este în particular importantă în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicinei</a>, unde determinarea speciei cauzatoare a unei infecții este de o deosebită importanță pentru aplicarea tratamentului corespunzător. Astfel, necesitatea identificării agenților patogeni bacterieni la om a dus la dezvoltarea mai multor tehnici de identificare bacteriană.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Gram" title="Colorație Gram">Colorația Gram</a>, o metodă dezvoltată în anul 1884 de către <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Gram" title="Hans Christian Gram">Hans Christian Gram</a>, ajută la diferențierea bacteriilor pe baza particularităților structurale ale peretelui celular.<sup id="cite_ref-Gram_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gram-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metoda constă în menținerea unor mostre de celule bacteriene într-o serie de <a href="/wiki/Colorant" title="Colorant">coloranți</a>, urmând la final ca interpretarea să se facă în funcție de afinitatea tinctorială a peretelui celular (cu alte cuvinte, dacă acesta se colorează sau nu).<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astfel, peretele celular gros al bacteriilor Gram-pozitive se va colora în violet, iar peretele subțire al bacteriilor Gram-negative se va colora în roz deschis. Prin combinarea aspectelor de morfologie cu afinitatea în colorația Gram, majoritatea speciilor bacteriene pot fi clasificate în una din patru mari grupe (coci Gram-pozitivi, bacili Gram-pozitivi, coci Gram-negativi și bacili Gram-negativi). Totuși, există și specii a căror identificare se realizează utilizând alte metode de colorație, cum este cazul <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">micobacteriilor</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocardia — pagină inexistentă">nocardiilor</a>, care prezintă <a href="/wiki/Acid-rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Acid-rezistență">acid-rezistență</a> și se colorează cu ajutorul <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie_Ziehl-Neelsen" title="Colorație Ziehl-Neelsen">colorației Ziehl-Neelsen</a> sau a altor metode.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte organisme pot fi identificate doar în urma cultivării pe medii speciale, sau prin utilizarea unor tehnici speciale, precum sunt cele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serologice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serologice — pagină inexistentă">serologice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În diagnosticul medical se utilizează <a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">tehnici de cultivare</a>, prin intermediul cărora se realizează creșterea și identificarea anumitor bacterii și inhibarea creșterii unor specii nedorite. Adesea, aceste metode sunt specifice; de exemplu, pentru o mostră de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sput%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spută — pagină inexistentă">spută</a> se vor realiza culturi pentru identificarea unor agenți cauzatori ai <a href="/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie">pneumoniei</a>, în timp ce în mostrele de <a href="/wiki/Excrement" title="Excrement">scaun</a> se dorește identificarea unor organisme cauzatoare ale <a href="/wiki/Diaree" title="Diaree">diareei</a>. În toate aceste cazuri, se dorește inhibarea creșterii bacteriilor non-patogene. Mostrele care se prelevă sterile, precum <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sângele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urin%C4%83" title="Urină">urina</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Lichid_cefalorahidian" title="Lichid cefalorahidian">lichidul cefalorahidian</a>, se cultivă în condiții speciale care permit creșterea tuturor bacteriilor.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odată ce un organism patogen a fost izolat, acesta poate fi caracterizat din punctul de vedere al morfologiei, particularităților de creștere (de exemplu, creștere aerobă sau anaerobă), al producerii hemolizei și al afinităților tinctoriale.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ca și în cazul clasificării, în identificarea bacteriilor se utilizează din ce în ce mai mult metodele moleculare. Diagnosticul pe baza metodelor ADN, precum este <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_de_polimerizare_%C3%AEn_lan%C8%9B" title="Reacție de polimerizare în lanț">reacția de polimerizare în lanț</a>, sunt din ce în ce mai populare, datorită specificității lor ridicate și a rapidității de desfășurare, în comparație cu metodele de cultivare.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste metode permit detectarea și identificarea celulelor care sunt active din punct de vedere metabolic, dar care nu se divid, deci care nu pot fi cultivate pe medii de cultură.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, chiar și utilizând metodele descrise, numărul total al speciilor bacteriene nu este cunoscut și nici nu poate să fie estimat cu certitudine. Conform clasificării actuale, sunt cunoscute în jur de 9.300 de specii de procariote, incluzând bacteriile și arheele.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unele estimări ale diversității bacteriene plasează numărul total al speciilor în jurul valorilor de 10<sup>7</sup> până la 10<sup>9</sup>, cu toate că aceste estimări ar putea fi eronate cu câteva ordine de mărime.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filogenie">Filogenie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Filogenie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Filogenie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anillo_de_la_vida.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anillo_de_la_vida.png/325px-Anillo_de_la_vida.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anillo_de_la_vida.png/488px-Anillo_de_la_vida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anillo_de_la_vida.png/650px-Anillo_de_la_vida.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Un model evolutiv probabil al principalelor <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">încrengături</a> și <a href="/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă">clade</a> bacteriene.</figcaption></figure> <p>Relațiile filogenetice dintre organismele vii sunt adesea controversate și nu există un acord general în ceea ce privește corectitudinea filogeniei prezentate. Majoritatea <a href="/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic">arborilor filogenetici</a> indică faptul că grupele bazale sunt încrengăturile <a href="/wiki/Termofil" title="Termofil">termofile</a> precum <a href="/wiki/Aquificae" title="Aquificae">Aquificae</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae — pagină inexistentă">Thermotogae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAM9_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM9-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ceea ce susține originea termofilă a domeniilor Archaea și Bacteria. În schimb, unii arbori prezintă încrengătura <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a> (ce include bacteriile Gram-pozitive) ca fiind cea mai antică.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conform teoriilor lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cavalier-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith — pagină inexistentă">Cavalier-Smith</a>, principala divergență este un grup de bacterii fotosintetice, denumit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Chlorobacteria</a> (Chloroflexi).<sup id="cite_ref-smith2006b_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith2006b-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte studii filogenetice, genomice sau proteice plasează pe poziția de bază încrengăturile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes — pagină inexistentă">Planctomycetes</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Proteobacteria</a>. S-a propus ideea că a avut loc o divergență timpurie între două supergrupe, și anume <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gracilicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gracilicutes — pagină inexistentă">Gracilicutes</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrabacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrabacteria — pagină inexistentă">Terrabacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În concluzie, în prezent nu există un sistem stabil de filogenie bacteriană care ar prezenta cu certitudine istoria evolutivă timpurie a bacteriilor. Acest lucru se datorează cel mai probabil fenomenului de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferului_orizontal_de_gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferului orizontal de gene — pagină inexistentă">transferului orizontal de gene</a>, care este tipic organismelor procariote.<sup id="cite_ref-Boucher_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boucher-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Principalele încrengături bacteriene se pot organiza în trei mari grupe: termofile, bacterii Gram-pozitive și Gracilicutes. Bacteriile <a href="/wiki/Termofil" title="Termofil">termofile</a> sunt cele mai divergente, formând un grup parafiletic bazal. Specia <i>Thermotoga maritima</i>, ce aparține acestei grupe, este una dintre cele mai neobișnuite bacterii, întrucât este o specie hipertermofilă care prezintă o structură și o compoziție unică.<sup id="cite_ref-SAM9_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM9-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interacțiuni_cu_alte_organisme"><span id="Interac.C8.9Biuni_cu_alte_organisme"></span>Interacțiuni cu alte organisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Interacțiuni cu alte organisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Interacțiuni cu alte organisme"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg/300px-Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg/450px-Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg/600px-Infec%C8%9Bii_bacteriene_%C8%99i_specii_implicate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2746" data-file-height="2709" /></a><figcaption>Principalele infecții bacteriene și speciile implicate în apariția acestora.<sup id="cite_ref-Microbiology33_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microbiology33-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>În ciuda organizării lor aparent simplă, bacteriile sunt capabile să formeze asociații complexe cu alte organisme. Aceste relații <a href="/wiki/Simbioz%C4%83" title="Simbioză">simbiotice</a> pot fi plasate în sfera <a href="/wiki/Parazitism" title="Parazitism">parazitismului</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutualism — pagină inexistentă">mutualismului</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Comensalism" title="Comensalism">comensalismului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mutualism_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutualism-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pathogenesis_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathogenesis-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comensale">Comensale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Comensale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Comensale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datorită dimensiunii lor reduse, bacteriile comensale sunt ubicue și cresc atât pe animale, cât și plante, în același mod în care se dezvoltă pe orice altă suprafață. În plus, creșterea lor poate fi accelerată de <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldură</a> de și <a href="/wiki/Transpira%C8%9Bie" title="Transpirație">transpirație</a>, astfel că populațiile mari de organisme comensale sunt cauza mirosului corporal.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prădătoare"><span id="Pr.C4.83d.C4.83toare"></span>Prădătoare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prădătoare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Prădătoare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteriile așa-zise „prădătoare” sunt cele capabile să omoare și să se hrănească cu alte microorganisme.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printre acestea se numără specii precum <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxococcus_xanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxococcus xanthus — pagină inexistentă">Myxococcus xanthus</a></i>, a cărui celule se adună, omoară și digeră bacteriile din mediu.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte bacterii prădătoare atacă microorganismele cu scopul de a le digera și de a le absorbi nutrienții, cum este cazul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampirovibrio_chlorellavorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus — pagină inexistentă">Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-GromovBV_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GromovBV-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sau invadează alte celule și se multiplică în interiorul acestora, la nivel citosolic, cum procedează speciile de <i>Daptobacter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11542073_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11542073-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se crede că aceste bacterii au evoluat de la specii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detritivor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detritivor — pagină inexistentă">saprofage</a> care se hrăneau de pe microorganisme moarte, prin adaptări care le-au permis să prindă și să omoare alte organisme.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19174136_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19174136-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutualiste">Mutualiste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mutualiste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Mutualiste"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anumite bacterii formează asociații intime cu alte organisme, ceea ce este esențial pentru supraviețuire. Una dintre aceste asociații <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutualism — pagină inexistentă">mutualiste</a> este transferul de <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> între specii. Acesta are are loc între grupurile de bacterii anaerobe care consumă <a href="/wiki/Acid_organic" title="Acid organic">acizi organici</a>, precum <a href="/wiki/Acid_butiric" title="Acid butiric">acidul butiric</a> și <a href="/wiki/Acid_propionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid propionic">acidul propionic</a>, și produc hidrogen, și arheele metanogene care consumă hidrogenul obținut.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriile din această asociere nu sunt capabile să consume acizii organici când hidrogenul se acumulează în mediul înconjurător. Doar asocierea cu arheele consumatoare de hidrogen menține gazul în concentrații îndeajuns de mici, astfel încât să se permită creșterea bacteriilor. </p><p>În sol, microorganismele sunt răspândire la nivelul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizosfer%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizosferă — pagină inexistentă">rizosferei</a> (zona care include suprafețele <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83cin%C4%83" title="Rădăcină">rădăcinilor</a> și solul care aderă la acestea) și au rolul de a realiza <a href="/wiki/Fixarea_azotului" title="Fixarea azotului">fixarea azotului</a> prin transformarea azotului atmosferic în fază gazoasă în compuși nitrogenați.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest proces este folositor deoarece furnizează plantelor o formă ușor absorbabilă de azot, întrucât acestea nu pot fixa azotul atmosferic în mod direct. </p><p>Multe alte specii bacteriene se regăsesc în relație de simbioză cu organismele umane și animale. De exemplu, prezența celor peste 1000 de specii bacteriene în <a href="/wiki/Flora_intestinal%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora intestinală">flora intestinală</a> normală a omului contribuie la desfășurarea unor procese precum imunitatea, sinteza de <a href="/wiki/Vitamin%C4%83" title="Vitamină">vitamine</a> (cum sunt <a href="/wiki/Acid_folic" title="Acid folic">acidul folic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_K" title="Vitamina K">vitamina K</a> și <a href="/wiki/Biotin%C4%83" title="Biotină">biotina</a>), convertirea <a href="/wiki/Glucid%C4%83" title="Glucidă">glucidelor</a> la <a href="/wiki/Acid_lactic" title="Acid lactic">acid lactic</a> (speciile de <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i>), dar și <a href="/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie" title="Fermentație">fermentarea</a> carbohidraților complecși care sunt nedigerabili.<sup id="cite_ref-mutualism_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutualism-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prezența bacteriilor din flora intestinală normală inhibă creșterea bacteriilor potențial patogene, de obicei prin mecanism competitiv, astfel că bacteriile benefice sunt comercializate sub formă de <a href="/wiki/Supliment_alimentar" title="Supliment alimentar">suplimente alimentare</a> <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patogene">Patogene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Patogene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Patogene"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_patogen%C4%83" title="Bacterie patogenă">Bacterie patogenă</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SalmonellaNIAID.jpg/250px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SalmonellaNIAID.jpg/375px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SalmonellaNIAID.jpg/500px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>Imagine prin microscopie electronică, ulterior colorată, ce prezintă celule de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmonella_enterica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmonella enterica — pagină inexistentă">Salmonella enterica</a></i> (cu roșu) invadând celulele umane în cultură.</figcaption></figure> <p>Doar o mică fracțiune dintre bacterii produc patologii la om: dintre cele 15.919 specii înregistrate în baza de date a NCBI, doar 538 de specii sunt <a href="/wiki/Bacterie_patogen%C4%83" title="Bacterie patogenă">bacterii patogene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiar și în acest caz, câteva dintre speciile patogene sunt unele dintre principalele cauze ale bolilor și ale mortalității în rândul oamenilor, cauzând boli infecțioase bacteriene precum: <a href="/wiki/Tetanos" title="Tetanos">tetanosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83_tifoid%C4%83" title="Febră tifoidă">febra tifoidă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difterie" title="Difterie">difteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilisul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră">holera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intoxica%C8%9Bie_alimentar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intoxicație alimentară — pagină inexistentă">intoxicațiile alimentare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepr%C4%83" title="Lepră">lepra</a> și <a href="/wiki/Tuberculoz%C4%83" title="Tuberculoză">tuberculoza</a>. În unele cazuri, agentul etiologic al unei boli este descoperit doar după mulți ani, cum a fost de exemplu cazul <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_gastroduodenal" title="Ulcer gastroduodenal">ulcerului gastroduodenal</a> și descoperirea bacteriei cauzatoare <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i>. Infecțiile bacteriene afectează atât plantele, cât și animalele, ceea ce are consecințe în <a href="/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83" title="Agricultură">agricultură</a>; un exemplu de boală bacteriană a plantelor este <a href="/wiki/Focul_bacterian" title="Focul bacterian">ciuma de foc</a> (sau focul bacterian), iar la animalele de fermă sunt întâlnite paratuberculoza, mastita, salmoneloza și antraxul.<sup id="cite_ref-pathogenesis_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathogenesis-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiecare specie patogenă prezintă un spectru caracteristic de interacțiuni cu gazda umană. Unele organisme, precum cele din genul <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> sau <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i>, pot cauza infecții cutanate, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie">pneumonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningit%C4%83" title="Meningită">meningită</a> sau chiar <a href="/wiki/Septicemie" title="Septicemie">septicemie</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Inflama%C8%9Bie" title="Inflamație">răspuns inflamator</a> sistemic ce produce șoc, vasodilatație masivă și moarte.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, aceste specii fac parte și din flora normală a organismului și trăiesc de obicei localizat la nivelul pielii sau a nasului, fără să cauzeze vreo boală. Alte organisme produc invariabil boli la om, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">rickettsiile</a>, care sunt paraziți obligatoriu intracelulari ce pot crește și se pot reproduce doar în celulele altor organisme. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rickettsia_prowazekii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rickettsia prowazekii — pagină inexistentă">Rickettsia prowazekii</a></i> produce <a href="/wiki/Tifos_exantematic" title="Tifos exantematic">tifosul exantematic</a>, iar <i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a></i> produce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Febra_p%C4%83tat%C4%83_a_Mun%C8%9Bilor_St%C3%A2nco%C8%99i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febra pătată a Munților Stâncoși — pagină inexistentă">febra pătată a Munților Stâncoși</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia">Chlamydia</a></i>, un alt gen de paraziți obligatoriu intracelulari, conține specii care cauzează pneumonii, <a href="/wiki/Infec%C8%9Bie_de_tract_urinar" title="Infecție de tract urinar">infecții de tract urinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boli_cu_transmitere_sexual%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli cu transmitere sexuală">boli cu transmitere sexuală</a> și poate provoca și <a href="/wiki/Boal%C4%83_arterial%C4%83_coronarian%C4%83" title="Boală arterială coronariană">cardiopatie ischemică</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În final, există specii, precum <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_cenocepacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkholderia cenocepacia — pagină inexistentă">Burkholderia cenocepacia</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_avium_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycobacterium avium complex — pagină inexistentă">Mycobacterium avium</a></i>, care sunt bacterii <a href="/wiki/Germen_oportunist" title="Germen oportunist">patogene oportuniste</a>, cauzând boli doar la pacienții <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunosupresie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunosupresie — pagină inexistentă">imunodeprimați</a> sau la cei cu <a href="/wiki/Fibroz%C4%83_chistic%C4%83" title="Fibroză chistică">fibroză chistică</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saiman_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saiman-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infecțiile bacteriene sunt tratate cu ajutorul <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibioticelor</a>, care sunt <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament">medicamente</a> <a href="/wiki/Bactericid" title="Bactericid">bactericide</a> (în cazul în care omoară bacteriile) sau <a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic" title="Bacteriostatic">bacteriostatice</a> (dacă previn creșterea bacteriană). Există mai multe tipuri de antibiotice, iar fiecare clasă inhibă un proces a cărui desfășurare este diferită la agentul patogen și respectiv la gazdă. Exemple de antibiotice care produc toxicitate selectivă sunt <a href="/wiki/Cloramfenicol" title="Cloramfenicol">cloramfenicolul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Puromicin%C4%83" title="Puromicină">puromicina</a>, care inhibă <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomul</a> bacterian și nu afectează ribozomul eucariot, cel din urmă fiind diferit din punct de vedere structural.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibioticele sunt utilizate atât în tratamentul bolilor infecțioase umane, cât și în <a href="/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83_intensiv%C4%83" title="Agricultură intensivă">agricultura intensivă</a>, pentru promovarea creșterii animalelor, dar în acest caz utilizarea lor contribuie la dezvoltarea rapidă a fenomenului de <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_la_antibiotice" title="Rezistență la antibiotice">rezistență la antibiotice</a> a populațiilor bacteriene.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest fapt are implicații semnificative, deoarece speciile bacteriene patogene care prezintă rezistență crescută la antibiotice produc boli care sunt extrem de greu de tratat și care au o rată mare a mortalității.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prevenirea infecțiilor bacteriene se poate face prin utilizarea metodelor de <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">asepsie</a>, precum sunt sterilizarea înaintea injectării unui ac de siringă sau înaintea introducerii unor catetere. Dispozitivele chirurgicale sau stomatologice trebuie să fie de asemenea <a href="/wiki/Sterilizare" class="mw-disambig" title="Sterilizare">sterilizate</a> pentru a preveni contaminarea bacteriană a acestora. <a href="/wiki/Dezinfectant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezinfectant">Dezinfectanții</a> sunt utilizați pentru distrugerea bacteriilor sau a altor agenți patogeni aflați pe suprafețe, ceea ce reduce și mai mult riscul infectării.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În tabelul de mai jos se regăsesc unele dintre infecțiile umane produse de către bacterii: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <th>Boală </th> <th>Agent patogen </th> <th>Principalele simptome </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruceloz%C4%83" title="Bruceloză">Bruceloză</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Brucella" title="Brucella">Brucella</a></i> spp. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83" title="Febră">Febră</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenopatie" title="Adenopatie">adenopatie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocardit%C4%83" title="Endocardită">endocardită</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie">pneumonie</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Antrax" title="Antrax">Antrax</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, erupții cutanate, <a href="/wiki/Septicemie" title="Septicemie">septicemie</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră">Holeră</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaree" title="Diaree">Diaree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vom%C4%83" title="Vomă">vomă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshidratare" title="Deshidratare">deshidratare</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Difterie" title="Difterie">Difterie</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae" title="Corynebacterium diphtheriae">Corynebacterium diphtheriae</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, <a href="/wiki/Amigdalit%C4%83" title="Amigdalită">amigdalită</a>, leziuni ale <a href="/wiki/Piele" class="mw-disambig" title="Piele">pielii</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarlatin%C4%83" title="Scarlatină">Scarlatină</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, amigdalită, <a href="/wiki/Eritem" title="Eritem">eritem</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erizipel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erizipel — pagină inexistentă">Erizipel</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> spp. </td> <td>Febră, eritem, <a href="/wiki/Prurit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prurit">prurit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durere" title="Durere">durere</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83_Q" title="Febră Q">Febră Q</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coxiella_burnetii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coxiella burnetii — pagină inexistentă">Coxiella burnetii</a></i> </td> <td>Febră înaltă, <a href="/wiki/Cefalee" title="Cefalee">cefalee</a> intensă, <a href="/wiki/Mialgie" title="Mialgie">mialgie</a>, confuzie, vomă , <a href="/wiki/Diaree" title="Diaree">diaree</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83_tifoid%C4%83" title="Febră tifoidă">Febră tifoidă</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Febr%C4%83_paratifoid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febră paratifoidă — pagină inexistentă">Febră paratifoidă</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmonella_enterica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmonella enterica — pagină inexistentă">Salmonella typhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmonella_enterica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmonella enterica — pagină inexistentă">S. paratyphi</a></i> </td> <td>Febră înaltă, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriemie" title="Bacteriemie">bacteriemie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefalalgie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefalalgie — pagină inexistentă">cefalalgie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupoare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stupoare — pagină inexistentă">stupoare</a>, tumefacția mucoasei nazale, <a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenomegalie" title="Hepatosplenomegalie">hepatosplenomegalie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaree" title="Diaree">diaree</a>, perforații intestinale. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Legioneloz%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Legioneloză">Legioneloză</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionella_pneumophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionella pneumophila — pagină inexistentă">Legionella pneumophila</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie">pneumonie</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie">Pneumonie</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycoplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycoplasma — pagină inexistentă">Mycoplasma</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydophila pneumoniae — pagină inexistentă">Chlamydophila pneumoniae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a></i> spp. </td> <td>Febră înaltă, <a href="/wiki/Expectora%C8%9Bie" title="Expectorație">expectorație</a> gălbuie sau sanguinolentă, durere toracică. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-EOP10_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOP10-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuberculoz%C4%83" title="Tuberculoză">Tuberculoză</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oboseal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oboseală — pagină inexistentă">oboseală</a>, transpirații nocturne, <a href="/wiki/Tuse" title="Tuse">tuse</a> cronică cu <a href="/wiki/Hemoptizie" title="Hemoptizie">hemoptizie</a>, scădere în greutate, <a href="/wiki/Necroz%C4%83" title="Necroză">necroză</a> <a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%83m%C3%A2n" title="Plămân">pulmonară</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetanos" title="Tetanos">Tetanos</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i> </td> <td>Febră, <a href="/wiki/Paralizie" title="Paralizie">paralizie</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importanță_tehnologică_și_industrială"><span id="Importan.C8.9B.C4.83_tehnologic.C4.83_.C8.99i_industrial.C4.83"></span>Importanță tehnologică și industrială</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Importanță tehnologică și industrială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Importanță tehnologică și industrială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multe substanțe chimice importante, precum <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">alcoolul etilic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_acetic" title="Acid acetic">acidul acetic</a> și <a href="/wiki/Aceton%C4%83" title="Acetonă">acetona</a>, sunt produse ca parte a metabolismului specific bacterian. Unele specii bacteriene, în special bacteriile lactice din genurile <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactococcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactococcus — pagină inexistentă">Lactococcus</a></i>, au fost utilizate de mii de ani în combinație cu <a href="/wiki/Drojdie" title="Drojdie">drojdiile</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mucegai" title="Mucegai">mucegaiurile</a> pentru obținerea alimentelor fermentate, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2nz%C4%83" title="Brânză">brânza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mur%C4%83turi" title="Murături">murăturile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sos_de_soia" title="Sos de soia">sosul de soia</a>, varza murată, <a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bet" title="Oțet">oțetul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vinul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Iaurt" title="Iaurt">iaurtul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abilitatea bacteriilor de a descompune o mare varietate de compuși organici este remarcabilă, și a fost utilizată în procesarea reziduurilor și în <a href="/wiki/Bioremediere" title="Bioremediere">bioremediere</a>. Bacteriile care pot digera hidrocarburile din <a href="/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol">petrol</a> sunt adesea utilizate pentru remedierea scurgerilor de petrol.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De exemplu, după accidentul ecologic <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a>, au fost utilizați fertilizatori pe plajele din împrejurimile <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" class="extiw" title="en:Prince William Sound">strâmtorii Prince William</a> cu scopul de a promova creșterea acestor bacterii. Rezultatele au fost favorabile doar pe plajele care nu erau acoperite într-un strat prea gros de petrol. De asemenea, bacteriile pot fi folosite și pentru bioremedierea reziduurilor toxice industriale.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În domeniul <a href="/wiki/Industrie_chimic%C4%83" title="Industrie chimică">industriei chimice</a>, principala utilizare a bacteriilor este producerea de compuși chimici <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiopuri</a>, folosiți apoi ca <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament">medicamente</a> sau substanțe agrochimice.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteriile pot fi utilizate în locul <a href="/wiki/Pesticid" title="Pesticid">pesticidelor</a>, în controlul biologic al dăunătorilor. În acest caz, este comună utilizarea speciei <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_thuringiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillus thuringiensis — pagină inexistentă">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i>, o bacterie Gram-pozitivă care trăiește în sol. Subspeciile acestei bacterii sunt folosite ca <a href="/wiki/Insecticid" title="Insecticid">insecticide</a> cu specificitate pentru <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidoptera">lepidoptere</a>, cu denumirea comună de Dipel și Thuricide.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datorită specificității lor, aceste pesticide sunt considerate a fi ecologice, fără să prezinte un anumit efect asupra oamenilor, vietăților din mediul natural, insectelor polenizatoare sau a celor benefice.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Datorită abilității lor de a crește foarte repede și de a ușurinței relative cu care pot fi manipulate, bacteriile sunt uneltele perfecte care pot fi utilizate în cercetarea în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">biologiei moleculare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">geneticii</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimiei</a>. Prin producerea artificială a mutațiilor în ADN-ul bacterian și examinarea <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotipurilor</a> rezultate, oamenii de știință pot determina care este funcția genelor, <a href="/wiki/Enzim%C4%83" title="Enzimă">enzimelor</a> și a <a href="/wiki/Cale_metabolic%C4%83" title="Cale metabolică">căilor metabolice</a> bacteriene, iar apoi pot aplica același raționament și la organismele mai complexe.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru înțelegerea proceselor biochimice de la nivel celular este nevoie de un nivel mare de informații legate de <a href="/wiki/Cinetic%C4%83_enzimatic%C4%83" title="Cinetică enzimatică">cinetica enzimatică</a> și de <a href="/wiki/Exprimare_genetic%C4%83" title="Exprimare genetică">exprimarea genică</a>, însă astfel se pot concepe <a href="/wiki/Modelare_matematic%C4%83" title="Modelare matematică">modele matematice</a> valabile pentru întreg organismul. Acestea se pot realiza pentru unele bacterii bine cunoscute, astfel că în prezent are loc producerea și testarea unor noi modele metabolice pentru <i>Escherichia coli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14985762_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14985762-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această înțelegere a metabolismului și a geneticii bacteriene a permis utilizarea biotehnologiilor pentru a obține bacterii ce pot să producă anumite proteine de uz terapeutic, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Insulin%C4%83" title="Insulină">insulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_de_cre%C8%99tere" title="Factor de creștere">factorii de creștere</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Anticorp" title="Anticorp">anticorpii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie">Galerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifică secțiunea: Galerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Galerie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Actinobacteria)"><img alt="Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Actinobacteria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg/120px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg/180px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg/240px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Thermus_aquaticus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermus aquaticus (Deinococcus-Thermus)"><img alt="Thermus aquaticus (Deinococcus-Thermus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thermus_aquaticus.JPG/120px-Thermus_aquaticus.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thermus_aquaticus.JPG/180px-Thermus_aquaticus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Thermus_aquaticus.JPG/240px-Thermus_aquaticus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermus — pagină inexistentă">Thermus aquaticus</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus — pagină inexistentă">Deinococcus-Thermus</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:O._oeni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oenococcus oeni (Firmicutes)"><img alt="Oenococcus oeni (Firmicutes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/O._oeni.jpg/120px-O._oeni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/O._oeni.jpg/180px-O._oeni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/O._oeni.jpg/240px-O._oeni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oenococcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oenococcus — pagină inexistentă">Oenococcus oeni</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:BacillusCereus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacillus cereus (Firmicutes)"><img alt="Bacillus cereus (Firmicutes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BacillusCereus.jpg/120px-BacillusCereus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BacillusCereus.jpg/180px-BacillusCereus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BacillusCereus.jpg/240px-BacillusCereus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staphylococcus aureus (Firmicutes)"><img alt="Staphylococcus aureus (Firmicutes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg/120px-Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg/180px-Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg/240px-Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campylobacter jejuni (Proteobacteria)"><img alt="Campylobacter jejuni (Proteobacteria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/90px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/135px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg/180px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter_jejuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campylobacter jejuni — pagină inexistentă">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Proteobacteria</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bordetella bronchiseptica (Proteobacteria)"><img alt="Bordetella bronchiseptica (Proteobacteria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg/120px-Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg/180px-Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg/240px-Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bordetella_bronchiseptica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bordetella bronchiseptica — pagină inexistentă">Bordetella bronchiseptica</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Proteobacteria</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vibrio cholerae (Proteobacteria)"><img alt="Vibrio cholerae (Proteobacteria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/120px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/180px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/240px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Proteobacteria</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leptospira spp. (Spirochaetes)"><img alt="Leptospira spp. (Spirochaetes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg/120px-Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg/180px-Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg/240px-Leptospira_scanning_micrograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Leptospira" title="Leptospira">Leptospira spp.</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:TreponemaPallidum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Treponema pallidum (Spirochaetes)"><img alt="Treponema pallidum (Spirochaetes)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TreponemaPallidum.jpg/120px-TreponemaPallidum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TreponemaPallidum.jpg/180px-TreponemaPallidum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TreponemaPallidum.jpg/240px-TreponemaPallidum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treponema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treponema — pagină inexistentă">Treponema pallidum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a>)</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Woese-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (iunie 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">„Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-79&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruggiero-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruggiero_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ruggiero, MA; Gordon, DP; Orrell, TM; Bailly, N; Bourgoin, T; Brusca, RC; Cavalier-Smith, T; Guiry, MD (<time datetime="2015">2015</time>). „A higher level classification of all living organisms”. <i>PLoS ONE</i> (în engleză). <b>10</b> (6): e0130114. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0130114">10.1371/journal.pone.0130114</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5822602522">5822602522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521">25923521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+classification+of+all+living+organisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0130114&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5822602522&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0130114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1977-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese CR, Fox GE (noiembrie 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104">„Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>74</b> (11): 5088–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PNAS...74.5088W">1977PNAS...74.5088W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088">10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104">432104</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/270744">270744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+structure+of+the+prokaryotic+domain%3A+the+primary+kingdoms&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5088-90&rft.date=1977-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC432104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F270744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977PNAS...74.5088W&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC432104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, Kennedy D, Li SM, Kostandarithes HM, Daly MJ, Romine MF, Brockman FJ (iulie 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC444790">„Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state”</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>70</b> (7): 4230–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004">10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC444790">444790</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240306">15240306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Geomicrobiology+of+high-level+nuclear+waste-contaminated+vadose+sediments+at+the+Hanford+site%2C+Washington+state&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=4230-41&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC444790&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15240306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC444790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappe-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rappe_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rappe_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rappé MS, Giovannoni SJ (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). „The uncultured microbial majority”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>57</b>: 369–94. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.57.030502.090759">10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527284">14527284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+uncultured+microbial+majority&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=369-94&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.57.030502.090759&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14527284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9618454-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9618454_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ (iunie 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">„Prokaryotes: the unseen majority”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>95</b> (12): 6578–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6578W">1998PNAS...95.6578W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578">10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">33863</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618454">9618454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Prokaryotes%3A+the+unseen+majority&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6578-83&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9618454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.6578W&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480"><i>Bacteria</i>. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132823/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-05-11">11 mai 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Forbes SL (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). „Decomposition Chemistry in a Burial Environment”. În Tibbett M, Carter DO. <i>Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy</i>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2013-03-17">17 martie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microbes+Thrive+in+Deepest+Spot+on+Earth&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20130317-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20130317_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Glud R, Wenzhöfer F, Middelboe M, Oguri K, Turnewitsch R, Canfield DE, Kitazato H (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1773.html">„High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Geoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Geoscience — pagină inexistentă">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>6</b> (4): 284–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatGe...6..284G">2013NatGe...6..284G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1773">10.1038/ngeo1773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=High+rates+of+microbial+carbon+turnover+in+sediments+in+the+deepest+oceanic+trench+on+Earth&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-88&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo1773&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatGe...6..284G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fngeo%2Fjournal%2Fvaop%2Fncurrent%2Ffull%2Fngeo1773.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20130314-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130314_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Oskin, Becky (<time datetime="2013-03-14">14 martie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html">„Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LiveScience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LiveScience — pagină inexistentă">LiveScience</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402235647/http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-04-02">2 aprilie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-03-17">17 martie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intraterrestrials%3A+Life+Thrives+in+Ocean+Floor&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Text original: „<i>You can find microbes everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are</i>.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016). "Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body". bioRxiv doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036103v1">036103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sears CL (octombrie 2005). „A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora”. <i>Anaerobe</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 247–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anaerobe.2005.05.001">10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701579">16701579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaerobe&rft.atitle=A+dynamic+partnership%3A+celebrating+our+gut+flora&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=247-51&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anaerobe.2005.05.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16701579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2002revised/en/index.html">„2002 WHO mortality data”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060502/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2002revised/en/index.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-10-23">23 octombrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-01-20">20 ianuarie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+WHO+mortality+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealthinfo%2Fbodgbd2002revised%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2014-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/">„Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet N°194”</a>. <i>who.int</i>. aprilie 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310081111/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2015-03-10">10 martie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-03-07">7 martie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+resistance+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0194&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs194%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901191137.htm">„Metal-Mining Bacteria Are Green Chemists”</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. <time datetime="2010-09-02">2 septembrie 2010</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831041203/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100901191137.htm">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2017-08-31">31 august 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Metal-Mining+Bacteria+Are+Green+Chemists&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F09%2F100901191137.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ishige T, Honda K, Shimizu S (aprilie 2005). „Whole organism biocatalysis”. <i>Current Opinion in Chemical Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 174–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2005.02.001">10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15811802">15811802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Whole+organism+biocatalysis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=174-80&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2005.02.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15811802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Porter JR (iunie 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">„Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria”</a>. <i>Bacteriological Reviews</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 260–69. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">413956</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/786250">786250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%3A+tercentenary+of+his+discovery+of+bacteria&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-69&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F786250&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Leeuwenhoek A (<time datetime="1684">1684</time>). „An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leevvenhoek at Delft, dated Sep. 17, 1683, Containing Some Microscopical Observations, about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth, the Substance Call'd Worms in the Nose, the Cuticula Consisting of Scales”. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>14</b> (155–166): 568–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030">10.1098/rstl.1684.0030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=An+abstract+of+a+letter+from+Mr.+Anthony+Leevvenhoek+at+Delft%2C+dated+Sep.+17%2C+1683%2C+Containing+Some+Microscopical+Observations%2C+about+Animals+in+the+Scurf+of+the+Teeth%2C+the+Substance+Call%27d+Worms+in+the+Nose%2C+the+Cuticula+Consisting+of+Scales&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=155%E2%80%93166&rft.pages=568-74&rft.date=1684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Leeuwenhoek A (<time datetime="1700">1700</time>). „Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs”. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>22</b> (260–276): 509–518. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013">10.1098/rstl.1700.0013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+concerning+the+Worms+in+Sheeps+Livers%2C+Gnats%2C+and+Animalcula+in+the+Excrements+of+Frogs&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=260%E2%80%93276&rft.pages=509-518&rft.date=1700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Leeuwenhoek A (<time datetime="1702">1702</time>). „Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. 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S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them”. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>23</b> (277–288): 1304–11. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1702.0042">10.1098/rstl.1702.0042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+F.+R.+S.+concerning+Green+Weeds+Growing+in+Water%2C+and+Some+Animalcula+Found+about+Them&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=277%E2%80%93288&rft.pages=1304-11&rft.date=1702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1702.0042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Asimov I (<time datetime="1982">1982</time>). <i>Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i> (ed. 2nd). Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asimov%27s+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ehrenberg CG (<time datetime="1828">1828</time>). <i>Symbolae Physioe. 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Berlin: Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 143–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dritter+Beitrag+zur+Erkenntniss+grosser+Organisation+in+der+Richtung+des+kleinsten+Raumes.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=143-336&rft.pub=Physikalische+Abhandlungen+der+Koeniglichen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII">„Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory”</a>. LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218123426/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2006-12-18">18 decembrie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brown JR, Doolittle WF (decembrie 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232621">„Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 456–502. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232621">232621</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9409149">9409149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Archaea+and+the+prokaryote-to-eukaryote+transition&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=456-502&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232621&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9409149&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gupta RS (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). „The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes”. <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 111–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410091154219">10.1080/10408410091154219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10890353">10890353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+natural+evolutionary+relationships+among+prokaryotes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-31&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408410091154219&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10890353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang M, Yafremava LS, Caetano-Anollés D, Mittenthal JE, Caetano-Anollés G (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17908824">„Reductive evolution of architectural repertoires in proteomes and the birth of the tripartite world”</a>. <i>Genome Res</i>. <b>17</b> (11): 1572–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6454307">10.1101/gr.6454307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908824">17908824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&rft.atitle=Reductive+evolution+of+architectural+repertoires+in+proteomes+and+the+birth+of+the+tripartite+world&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1572-85&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.6454307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17908824&rft.au=Wang+M%2C+Yafremava+LS%2C+Caetano-Anoll%C3%A9s+D%2C+Mittenthal+JE%2C+Caetano-Anoll%C3%A9s+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17908824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Di Giulio M (decembrie 2003). „The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles”. <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 721–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMolE..57..721D">2003JMolE..57..721D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2522-6">10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745541">14745541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+universal+ancestor+and+the+ancestor+of+bacteria+were+hyperthermophiles&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=721-30&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14745541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2522-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMolE..57..721D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB (noiembrie 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871">„A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land”</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>4</b>: 44. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-4-44">10.1186/1471-2148-4-44</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871">533871</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15535883">15535883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=A+genomic+timescale+of+prokaryote+evolution%3A+insights+into+the+origin+of+methanogenesis%2C+phototrophy%2C+and+the+colonization+of+land&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC533871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15535883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-4-44&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC533871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith2006a-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith2006a_46-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith T (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/0164755512w92302/fulltext.pdf">„Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>. <b>361</b> (1470): 969–1006. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754610">16754610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+R+Soc+Lond+B+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=Cell+evolution+and+Earth+history%3A+stasis+and+revolution&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1470&rft.pages=969-1006&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16754610&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2F0164755512w92302%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/0164755512w92302/fulltext.pdf"><i>arhivă</i></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith2006b-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith2006b_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith2006b_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Cavalier-Smith (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1586193">Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529030605/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1586193/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2020-05-29">29 mai 2020</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Biol Direct. 1: 19. doi: 10.1186/1745-6150 de enero de 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith2002b-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith2002b_48-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">T. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Poole AM, Penny D (ianuarie 2007). „Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes”. <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 74–84. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20516">10.1002/bies.20516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17187354">17187354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Evaluating+hypotheses+for+the+origin+of+eukaryotes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-84&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17187354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyall-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyall_51-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dyall SD, Brown MT, Johnson PJ (aprilie 2004). „Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles”. <i>Science</i>. <b>304</b> (5668): 253–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...304..253D">2004Sci...304..253D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1094884">10.1126/science.1094884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073369">15073369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+invasions%3A+from+endosymbionts+to+organelles&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5668&rft.pages=253-7&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15073369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1094884&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...304..253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lang BF, Gray MW, Burger G (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). „Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes”. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. <b>33</b>: 351–97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.33.1.351">10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10690412">10690412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+genome+evolution+and+the+origin+of+eukaryotes&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=351-97&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.33.1.351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10690412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McFadden GI (decembrie 1999). „Endosymbiosis and evolution of the plant cell”. <i>Current Opinion in Plant Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 513–19. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1369-5266%2899%2900025-4">10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00025-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607659">10607659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Endosymbiosis+and+evolution+of+the+plant+cell&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=513-19&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1369-5266%2899%2900025-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10607659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McFadden GI (aprilie 2002). „Primary and seconday endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids”. <i>Journal of Phycology</i>. <b>37</b> (6): 951–959. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2001.01126.x">10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01126.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phycology&rft.atitle=Primary+and+seconday+endosymbiosis+and+the+origin+of+plastids&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=951-959&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2001.01126.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gould SB, Waller RF, McFadden GI (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). „Plastid evolution”. <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>59</b>: 491–517. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092915">10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315522">18315522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Plastid+evolution&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=491-517&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092915&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18315522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schulz HN, Jorgensen BB (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „Big bacteria”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>55</b>: 105–37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.105">10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544351">11544351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Big+bacteria&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=105-37&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.105&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11544351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2011-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2011_57-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Williams, Caroline (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). „Who are you calling simple?”. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>211</b> (2821): 38–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2961709-0">10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61709-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Who+are+you+calling+simple%3F&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=2821&rft.pages=38-41&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2961709-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robertson J, Gomersall M, Gill P (noiembrie 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC235991">„Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells”</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>124</b> (2): 1007–18. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC235991">235991</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1102522">1102522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Mycoplasma+hominis%3A+growth%2C+reproduction%2C+and+isolation+of+small+viable+cells&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1007-18&rft.date=1975-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC235991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1102522&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC235991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velimirov2001-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Velimirov2001_59-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Velimirov B (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium”. <i>Microbes and Environments</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 67–77. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1264%2Fjsme2.2001.67">10.1264/jsme2.2001.67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbes+and+Environments&rft.atitle=Nanobacteria%2C+Ultramicrobacteria+and+Starvation+Forms%3A+A+Search+for+the+Smallest+Metabolizing+Bacterium&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-77&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1264%2Fjsme2.2001.67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, David B (2009). <i>Living at Micro Scale</i>, pp. 20–25. 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Microbiology</i>. <b>3</b> (8): 601–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1205">10.1038/nrmicro1205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012516">16012516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+cell+shape&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=601-10&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1205&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16012516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Young KD (septembrie 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594593">„The selective value of bacterial shape”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 660–703. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00001-06">10.1128/MMBR.00001-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594593">1594593</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959965">16959965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+selective+value+of+bacterial+shape&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=660-703&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594593&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16959965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00001-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Claessen D, Rozen DE, Kuipers OP, Søgaard-Andersen L, van Wezel GP (februarie 2014). „Bacterial solutions to multicellularity: a tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies”. <i>Nature Reviews. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kaiser D (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Signaling in myxobacteria”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>58</b>: 75–98. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.58.030603.123620">10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487930">15487930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Signaling+in+myxobacteria&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=75-98&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.58.030603.123620&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15487930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Donlan RM (septembrie 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732559">„Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces”</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>8</b> (9): 881–90. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.020063">10.3201/eid0809.020063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732559">2732559</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194761">12194761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+microbial+life+on+surfaces&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=881-90&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732559&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12194761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0809.020063&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Branda SS, Vik S, Friedman L, Kolter R (ianuarie 2005). „Biofilms: the matrix revisited”. <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 20–26. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2004.11.006">10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639628">15639628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+the+matrix+revisited&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-26&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2004.11.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15639628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davey_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davey ME, O'toole GA (decembrie 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99016">„Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 847–67. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.4.847-867.2000">10.1128/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99016">99016</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11104821">11104821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Microbial+biofilms%3A+from+ecology+to+molecular+genetics&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=847-67&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11104821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.64.4.847-867.2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Donlan RM, Costerton JW (aprilie 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC118068">„Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms”</a>. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 167–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.15.2.167-193.2002">10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC118068">118068</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932229">11932229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Biofilms%3A+survival+mechanisms+of+clinically+relevant+microorganisms&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-93&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC118068&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11932229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.15.2.167-193.2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC118068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nucleoid-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nucleoid_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nucleoid_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thanbichler M, Wang SC, Shapiro L (octombrie 2005). „The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure”. <i>Journal of Cellular Biochemistry</i>. <b>96</b> (3): 506–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20519">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988757">15988757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cellular+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+nucleoid%3A+a+highly+organized+and+dynamic+structure&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-21&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.20519&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conjugare-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conjugare_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conjugare_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conjugare_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Griffiths, Anthony JF; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. 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Microbiology</i>. <b>3</b> (11): 870–81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1265">10.1038/nrmicro1265</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16261170">16261170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+ribosome+as+a+target+for+antibiotics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=870-81&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1265&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16261170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perete-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perete_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perete_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Heijenoort J (martie 2001). „Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan”. <i>Glycobiology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 25R–36R. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fglycob%2F11.3.25R">10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320055">11320055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glycobiology&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+glycan+chains+in+the+synthesis+of+bacterial+peptidoglycan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25R-36R&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fglycob%2F11.3.25R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11320055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microbiology-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microbiology_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microbiology_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Slonczewski JL, Foster JW (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>Microbiology : an Evolving Science</i> (ed. 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New York: W W Norton. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780393123678" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780393123678">9780393123678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology+%3A+an+Evolving+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=W+W+Norton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393123678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endospori-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endospori_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-endospori_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nicholson WL, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Rebeil R, Slieman TA, Riesenman PJ, Law JF, Xue Y (august 2002). „Bacterial endospores and their significance in stress resistance”. <i>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</i>. <b>81</b> (1–4): 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020561122764">10.1023/A:1020561122764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12448702">12448702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek&rft.atitle=Bacterial+endospores+and+their+significance+in+stress+resistance&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=27-32&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020561122764&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12448702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flagel-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flagel_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flagel_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kojima S, Blair DF (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>The bacterial flagellar motor: structure and function of a complex molecular machine</i>. International Review of Cytology. <b>233</b>. pp. 93–134. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2804%2933003-2">10.1016/S0074-7696(04)33003-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-12-364637-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-12-364637-8">978-0-12-364637-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037363">15037363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bacterial+flagellar+motor%3A+structure+and+function+of+a+complex+molecular+machine&rft.series=International+Review+of+Cytology&rft.pages=93-134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15037363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-7696%2804%2933003-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-364637-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stryer-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stryer_78-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Scott MP (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>Molecular Cell Biology</i> (ed. 7th). WH Freeman. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781429234139" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781429234139">9781429234139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=WH+Freeman&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781429234139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobik2006-79"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bobik2006_79-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bobik TA (mai 2006). „Polyhedral organelles compartmenting bacterial metabolic processes”. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>70</b> (5): 517–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-005-0295-0">10.1007/s00253-005-0295-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16525780">16525780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Polyhedral+organelles+compartmenting+bacterial+metabolic+processes&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=517-25&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-005-0295-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16525780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC, Shively JM (septembrie 2008). „Protein-based organelles in bacteria: carboxysomes and related microcompartments”. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b> (9): 681–91. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1913">10.1038/nrmicro1913</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679172">18679172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Protein-based+organelles+in+bacteria%3A+carboxysomes+and+related+microcompartments&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=681-91&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1913&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18679172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, Nguyen CV, Phillips M, Beeby M, Yeates TO (august 2005). „Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles”. <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5736): 936–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309..936K">2005Sci...309..936K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113397">10.1126/science.1113397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16081736">16081736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Protein+structures+forming+the+shell+of+primitive+bacterial+organelles&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5736&rft.pages=936-8&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16081736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1113397&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...309..936K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_82-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gitai Z (martie 2005). „The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture”. <i>Cell</i>. <b>120</b> (5): 577–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.02.026">10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766522">15766522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+new+bacterial+cell+biology%3A+moving+parts+and+subcellular+architecture&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=577-86&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.02.026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15766522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shih YL, Rothfield L (septembrie 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594594">„The bacterial cytoskeleton”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 729–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00017-06">10.1128/MMBR.00017-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594594">1594594</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959967">16959967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+cytoskeleton&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=729-54&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594594&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16959967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00017-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Norris V, den Blaauwen T, Cabin-Flaman A, Doi RH, Harshey R, Janniere L, Jimenez-Sanchez A, Jin DJ, Levin PA, Mileykovskaya E, Minsky A, Saier M, Skarstad K (martie 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847379">„Functional taxonomy of bacterial hyperstructures”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 230–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00035-06">10.1128/MMBR.00035-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847379">1847379</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347523">17347523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Functional+taxonomy+of+bacterial+hyperstructures&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=230-53&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1847379&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17347523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00035-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1847379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harold FM (iunie 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408323">„Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes”</a>. <i>Bacteriological Reviews</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 172–230. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408323">408323</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4261111">4261111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Conservation+and+transformation+of+energy+by+bacterial+membranes&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-230&rft.date=1972-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC408323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4261111&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC408323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantfrigaard-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_86-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bryant DA, Frigaard NU (noiembrie 2006). „Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated”. <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 488–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001">10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997562">16997562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+photosynthesis+and+phototrophy+illuminated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=488-96&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16997562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Psencík J, Ikonen TP, Laurinmäki P, Merckel MC, Butcher SJ, Serimaa RE, Tuma R (august 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304455">„Lamellar organization of pigments in chlorosomes, the light harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria”</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>87</b> (2): 1165–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BpJ....87.1165P">2004BpJ....87.1165P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1529%2Fbiophysj.104.040956">10.1529/biophysj.104.040956</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304455">1304455</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298919">15298919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Lamellar+organization+of+pigments+in+chlorosomes%2C+the+light+harvesting+complexes+of+green+photosynthetic+bacteria&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1165-72&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1304455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15298919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1529%2Fbiophysj.104.040956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004BpJ....87.1165P&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1304455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuerst-88"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuerst_88-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fuerst J (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). „Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes”. <i>Annu Rev Microbiol</i>. <b>59</b>: 299–328. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910279">15910279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Intracellular+compartmentation+in+planctomycetes&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=299-328&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15910279&rft.au=Fuerst+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kadouri D, Jurkevitch E, Okon Y, Castro-Sowinski S (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). „Ecological and agricultural significance of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates”. <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 55–67. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410590899228">10.1080/10408410590899228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986831">15986831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Ecological+and+agricultural+significance+of+bacterial+polyhydroxyalkanoates&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-67&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408410590899228&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15986831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Walsby AE (martie 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372955">„Gas vesicles”</a>. <i>Microbiological Reviews</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 94–144. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372955">372955</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8177173">8177173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Gas+vesicles&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-144&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372955&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8177173&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koch AL (octombrie 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC207114">„Bacterial wall as target for attack: past, present, and future research”</a>. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 673–87. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.16.4.673-687.2003">10.1128/CMR.16.4.673-687.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC207114">207114</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14557293">14557293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Bacterial+wall+as+target+for+attack%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future+research&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=673-87&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC207114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14557293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.16.4.673-687.2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC207114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gram-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gram_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gram_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Gram" title="Hans Christian Gram">Gram, HC</a> (<time datetime="1884">1884</time>). „Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten”. <i>Fortschr. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alderwick LJ, Harrison J, Lloyd GS, Birch HL (martie 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526729">„The Mycobacterial Cell Wall--Peptidoglycan and Arabinogalactan”</a>. <i>Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine</i>. <b>5</b> (8): a021113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a021113">10.1101/cshperspect.a021113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526729">4526729</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818664">25818664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Mycobacterial+Cell+Wall--Peptidoglycan+and+Arabinogalactan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=a021113&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4526729&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25818664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a021113&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4526729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Engelhardt H, Peters J (decembrie 1998). „Structural research on surface layers: a focus on stability, surface layer homology domains, and surface layer-cell wall interactions”. <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>. <b>124</b> (2–3): 276–302. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjsbi.1998.4070">10.1006/jsbi.1998.4070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049812">10049812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Biology&rft.atitle=Structural+research+on+surface+layers%3A+a+focus+on+stability%2C+surface+layer+homology+domains%2C+and+surface+layer-cell+wall+interactions&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=276-302&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjsbi.1998.4070&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10049812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beveridge TJ, Pouwels PH, Sára M, Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Kari K, Kerosuo E, Haapasalo M, Egelseer EM, Schocher I, Sleytr UB, Morelli L, Callegari ML, Nomellini JF, Bingle WH, Smit J, Leibovitz E, Lemaire M, Miras I, Salamitou S, Béguin P, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Matuschek M, Koval SF (iunie 1997). „Functions of S-layers”. <i>FEMS Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>20</b> (1–2): 99–149. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-6445%2897%2900043-0">10.1016/S0168-6445(97)00043-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9276929">9276929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Functions+of+S-layers&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=99-149&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0168-6445%2897%2900043-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9276929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beachey EH (martie 1981). „Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surface”. <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>143</b> (3): 325–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F143.3.325">10.1093/infdis/143.3.325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7014727">7014727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Bacterial+adherence%3A+adhesin-receptor+interactions+mediating+the+attachment+of+bacteria+to+mucosal+surface&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-45&rft.date=1981-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2F143.3.325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7014727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Silverman PM (februarie 1997). „Towards a structural biology of bacterial conjugation”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 423–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1997.2411604.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.2411604.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9044277">9044277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Towards+a+structural+biology+of+bacterial+conjugation&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-29&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1997.2411604.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9044277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Costa TR, Felisberto-Rodrigues C, Meir A, Prevost MS, Redzej A, Trokter M, Waksman G (iunie 2015). „Secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria: structural and mechanistic insights”. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 343–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro3456">10.1038/nrmicro3456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25978706">25978706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Secretion+systems+in+Gram-negative+bacteria%3A+structural+and+mechanistic+insights&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=343-59&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro3456&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25978706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stokes RW, Norris-Jones R, Brooks DE, Beveridge TJ, Doxsee D, Thorson LM (octombrie 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC517526">„The glycan-rich outer layer of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acts as an antiphagocytic capsule limiting the association of the bacterium with macrophages”</a>. <i>Infection and Immunity</i>. <b>72</b> (10): 5676–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.72.10.5676-5686.2004">10.1128/IAI.72.10.5676-5686.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC517526">517526</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15385466">15385466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=The+glycan-rich+outer+layer+of+the+cell+wall+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+acts+as+an+antiphagocytic+capsule+limiting+the+association+of+the+bacterium+with+macrophages&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5676-86&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC517526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15385466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.72.10.5676-5686.2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC517526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Daffé M, Etienne G (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). „The capsule of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity”. <i>Tubercle and Lung Disease</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 153–69. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1054%2Ftuld.1998.0200">10.1054/tuld.1998.0200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656114">10656114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tubercle+and+Lung+Disease&rft.atitle=The+capsule+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+and+its+implications+for+pathogenicity&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-69&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1054%2Ftuld.1998.0200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10656114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Finlay BB, Falkow S (iunie 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232605">„Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 136–69. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232605">232605</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9184008">9184008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Common+themes+in+microbial+pathogenicity+revisited&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-69&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232605&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9184008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh HJ, Setlow P (septembrie 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99004">„Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 548–72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.3.548-572.2000">10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99004">99004</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10974126">10974126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Resistance+of+Bacillus+endospores+to+extreme+terrestrial+and+extraterrestrial+environments&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=548-72&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10974126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.64.3.548-572.2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenney-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKenney_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKenney_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McKenney PT, Driks A, Eichenberger P (ianuarie 2013). „The Bacillus subtilis endospore: assembly and functions of the multilayered coat”. <i>Nature Reviews. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cano RJ, Borucki MK (mai 1995). „Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber”. <i>Science</i>. <b>268</b> (5213): 1060–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1060C">1995Sci...268.1060C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7538699">10.1126/science.7538699</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7538699">7538699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Revival+and+identification+of+bacterial+spores+in+25-+to+40-million-year-old+Dominican+amber&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=5213&rft.pages=1060-64&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7538699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7538699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...268.1060C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nicholson WL, Schuerger AC, Setlow P (aprilie 2005). „The solar UV environment and bacterial spore UV resistance: considerations for Earth-to-Mars transport by natural processes and human spaceflight”. <i>Mutation Research</i>. <b>571</b> (1–2): 249–64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2004.10.012">10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15748651">15748651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&rft.atitle=The+solar+UV+environment+and+bacterial+spore+UV+resistance%3A+considerations+for+Earth-to-Mars+transport+by+natural+processes+and+human+spaceflight&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=249-64&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2004.10.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15748651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hatheway CL (ianuarie 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358141">„Toxigenic clostridia”</a>. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 66–98. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358141">358141</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2404569">2404569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Toxigenic+clostridia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-98&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC358141&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2404569&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC358141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Xu J (iunie 2006). „Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances”. <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. <b>15</b> (7): 1713–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2006.02882.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02882.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689892">16689892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&rft.atitle=Microbial+ecology+in+the+age+of+genomics+and+metagenomics%3A+concepts%2C+tools%2C+and+recent+advances&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1713-31&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2006.02882.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16689892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herlea-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herlea_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herlea_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herlea_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Victoria Herlea (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). „Particularități specifice metabolismului bacterian”. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184905/http://www.bio.unibuc.ro/pdf/micro/documente_de_studiat/Herlea_Micro%20Generala%20139-142.pdf"><i>Microbiologie generală</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pfennig N (octombrie 1977). „Phototrophic green and purple bacteria: a comparative, systematic survey”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 275–290. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.31.100177.001423">10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.001423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Phototrophic+green+and+purple+bacteria%3A+a+comparative%2C+systematic+survey&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=275-290&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.31.100177.001423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photosint-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-photosint_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-photosint_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pfennig N (octombrie 1967). „Photosynthetic Bacteria”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>21</b>: 285–324. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.21.100167.001441">10.1146/annurev.mi.21.100167.001441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Photosynthetic+Bacteria&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=285-324&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.21.100167.001441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemotr-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemotr_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemotr_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K (martie 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/41/1/100.full.pdf">„Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bacteriology Reviews</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 100–180. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/860983">860983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Energy+conservation+in+chemotrophic+anaerobic+bacteria&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-180&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F860983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcontent%2Fmmbr%2F41%2F1%2F100.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Friedrich CG, Rother D, Bardischewsky F, Quentmeier A, Fischer J (iulie 2001). „Oxidation of Reduced Inorganic Sulfur Compounds by Bacteria: Emergence of a Common Mechanism?”. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>67</b> (7): 2873–2882. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.67.7.2873-2882.2001">10.1128/AEM.67.7.2873-2882.2001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Oxidation+of+Reduced+Inorganic+Sulfur+Compounds+by+Bacteria%3A+Emergence+of+a+Common+Mechanism%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2873-2882&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.67.7.2873-2882.2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microbial-nutrition-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-microbial-nutrition_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Bruslind" class="citation">Linda Bruslind, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122615/http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/microbiology/chapter/microbial-nutrition/">„Microbial Nutrition: Nutritional Types of Microorganisms”</a>, <i>Oregon State University</i>, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/microbiology/chapter/microbial-nutrition/">original</a> la <time datetime="2019-02-20">20 februarie 2019</time><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2019-02-20">20 februarie 2019</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+State+University&rft.atitle=Microbial+Nutrition%3A+Nutritional+Types+of+Microorganisms&rft.au=Linda+Bruslind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.open.oregonstate.edu%2Fmicrobiology%2Fchapter%2Fmicrobial-nutrition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MicroMetab-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MicroMetab_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MicroMetab_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Slonczewski JL, Foster JW. <i>Microbiology: An Evolving Science</i> (ed. 3). 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Drake HL, Daniel SL, Küsel K, Matthies C, Kuhner C, Braus-Stromeyer S (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). „Acetogenic bacteria: what are the in situ consequences of their diverse metabolic versatilities?”. <i>BioFactors</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.5520060103">10.1002/biof.5520060103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9233536">9233536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioFactors&rft.atitle=Acetogenic+bacteria%3A+what+are+the+in+situ+consequences+of+their+diverse+metabolic+versatilities%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiof.5520060103&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9233536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Volker Müller (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/370c/a9e2d6f5525450098f3529e55bf7dfa5993d.pdf">„Bacterial Fermentation”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpg.els.0001415">10.1038/npg.els.0001415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Fermentation&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpg.els.0001415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F370c%2Fa9e2d6f5525450098f3529e55bf7dfa5993d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dalton H (iunie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569495">„The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 the natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidizing bacteria”</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>360</b> (1458): 1207–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2005.1657">10.1098/rstb.2005.1657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569495">1569495</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16147517">16147517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Leeuwenhoek+Lecture+2000+the+natural+and+unnatural+history+of+methane-oxidizing+bacteria&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=1458&rft.pages=1207-22&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1569495&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16147517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2005.1657&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1569495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zehr JP, Jenkins BD, Short SM, Steward GF (iulie 2003). „Nitrogenase gene diversity and microbial community structure: a cross-system comparison”. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>5</b> (7): 539–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1462-2920.2003.00451.x">10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00451.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823187">12823187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Nitrogenase+gene+diversity+and+microbial+community+structure%3A+a+cross-system+comparison&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=539-54&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1462-2920.2003.00451.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12823187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Morel FM, Kraepiel AM, Amyot M (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). „The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury”. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>29</b>: 543–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.29.1.543">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=The+chemical+cycle+and+bioaccumulation+of+mercury&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=543-66&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.29.1.543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koch AL (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). „Control of the bacterial cell cycle by cytoplasmic growth”. <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 61–77. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1040-840291046696">10.1080/1040-840291046696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12003041">12003041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Control+of+the+bacterial+cell+cycle+by+cytoplasmic+growth&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-77&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1040-840291046696&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12003041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eagon RG (aprilie 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279347">„Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes”</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 736–37. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279347">279347</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13888946">13888946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Pseudomonas+natriegens%2C+a+marine+bacterium+with+a+generation+time+of+less+than+10+minutes&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=736-37&rft.date=1962-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13888946&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC279347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Angert ER (martie 2005). „Alternatives to binary fission in bacteria”. <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 214–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1096">10.1038/nrmicro1096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15738949">15738949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Alternatives+to+binary+fission+in+bacteria&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214-24&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1096&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15738949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hirsch P (octombrie 1974). „Budding Bacteria”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i> (în engleză). <b>28</b>: 391–440. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.28.100174.002135">10.1146/annurev.mi.28.100174.002135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Budding+Bacteria&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=391-440&rft.date=1974-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.28.100174.002135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stewart EJ, Madden R, Paul G, Taddei F (februarie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC546039">„Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division”</a>. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (2): e45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030045">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC546039">546039</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685293">15685293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.atitle=Aging+and+death+in+an+organism+that+reproduces+by+morphologically+symmetric+division&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e45&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC546039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15685293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030045&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC546039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson RB, Bertram H (decembrie 2001). „Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections”. <i>Infectious Disease Clinics of North America</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 1047–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0891-5520%2805%2970186-0">10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70186-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11780267">11780267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infectious+Disease+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Laboratory+diagnosis+of+central+nervous+system+infections&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1047-71&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0891-5520%2805%2970186-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11780267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Paerl HW, Fulton RS, Moisander PH, Dyble J (aprilie 2001). „Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria”. <i>TheScientificWorldJournal</i>. <b>1</b>: 76–113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1100%2Ftsw.2001.16">10.1100/tsw.2001.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805693">12805693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheScientificWorldJournal&rft.atitle=Harmful+freshwater+algal+blooms%2C+with+an+emphasis+on+cyanobacteria&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=76-113&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1100%2Ftsw.2001.16&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12805693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6083932/">6083932</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Challis GL, Hopwood DA (noiembrie 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304118">„Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 100 Suppl 2 (90002): 14555–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..10014555C">2003PNAS..10014555C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1934677100">10.1073/pnas.1934677100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304118">304118</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970466">12970466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Synergy+and+contingency+as+driving+forces+for+the+evolution+of+multiple+secondary+metabolite+production+by+Streptomyces+species&rft.volume=100+Suppl+2&rft.issue=90002&rft.pages=14555-61&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC304118&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12970466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1934677100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..10014555C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC304118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kooijman SA, Auger P, Poggiale JC, Kooi BW (august 2003). „Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasis”. <i>Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 435–63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1464793102006127">10.1017/S1464793102006127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14558592">14558592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Quantitative+steps+in+symbiogenesis+and+the+evolution+of+homeostasis&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-63&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1464793102006127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14558592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Prats C, López D, Giró A, Ferrer J, Valls J (august 2006). „Individual-based modelling of bacterial cultures to study the microscopic causes of the lag phase”. <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>241</b> (4): 939–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2006.01.029">10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16524598">16524598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=Individual-based+modelling+of+bacterial+cultures+to+study+the+microscopic+causes+of+the+lag+phase&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=939-53&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2006.01.029&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16524598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">M. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2019-02-21">21 februarie 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Modeling+of+the+Bacterial+Growth+Curve&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1875-1881&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16348228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faem.asm.org%2Fcontent%2Faem%2F56%2F6%2F1875.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hecker M, Völker U (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <i>General stress response of Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria</i>. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardy-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bardy_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardy_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardy_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF (februarie 2003). „Prokaryotic motility structures”. <i>Microbiology</i>. <b>149</b> (Pt 2): 295–304. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.25948-0">10.1099/mic.0.25948-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624192">12624192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+motility+structures&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=295-304&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.25948-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12624192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Macnab RM (decembrie 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC103673">„The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propellor and type III export apparatus”</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>181</b> (23): 7149–53. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC103673">103673</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10572114">10572114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+flagellum%3A+reversible+rotary+propellor+and+type+III+export+apparatus&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=7149-53&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC103673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10572114&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC103673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lux R, Shi W (iulie 2004). „Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria”. <i>Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 207–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F154411130401500404">10.1177/154411130401500404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284186">15284186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oral+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Chemotaxis-guided+movements+in+bacteria&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=207-20&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F154411130401500404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15284186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schweinitzer T, Josenhans C (iulie 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886117">„Bacterial energy taxis: a global strategy?”</a>. <i>Archives of Microbiology</i>. <b>192</b> (7): 507–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00203-010-0575-7">10.1007/s00203-010-0575-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886117">2886117</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20411245">20411245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+energy+taxis%3A+a+global+strategy%3F&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=507-20&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2886117&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20411245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00203-010-0575-7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2886117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Johnson MS, Taylor BL (august 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180996">„Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria”</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 994–1000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BpJ....73..994F">1997BpJ....73..994F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2897%2978132-3">10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180996">1180996</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9251816">9251816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Magneto-aerotaxis+in+marine+coccoid+bacteria&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=994-1000&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9251816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2897%2978132-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997BpJ....73..994F&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldberg MB (decembrie 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99042">„Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens”</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 595–626, table of contents. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.65.4.595-626.2001">10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99042">99042</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729265">11729265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Actin-based+motility+of+intracellular+microbial+pathogens&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-626%2C+table+of+contents&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99042&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11729265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.65.4.595-626.2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, David B (1996). <i>Life at Small Scale</i>. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11544353-160"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11544353_160-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Miller MB, Bassler BL (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „Quorum sensing in bacteria”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>55</b>: 165–99. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.165">10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544353">11544353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Quorum+sensing+in+bacteria&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=165-99&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.165&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11544353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar HE, Moran NA, Hattori M (octombrie 2006). „The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella”. <i>Science</i>. <b>314</b> (5797): 267. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134196">10.1126/science.1134196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038615">17038615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+160-kilobase+genome+of+the+bacterial+endosymbiont+Carsonella&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5797&rft.pages=267&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1134196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17038615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pradella S, Hans A, Spröer C, Reichenbach H, Gerth K, Beyer S (decembrie 2002). „Characterisation, genome size and genetic manipulation of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56”. <i>Archives of Microbiology</i>. <b>178</b> (6): 484–92. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00203-002-0479-2">10.1007/s00203-002-0479-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12420170">12420170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Characterisation%2C+genome+size+and+genetic+manipulation+of+the+myxobacterium+Sorangium+cellulosum+So+ce56&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=484-92&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00203-002-0479-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12420170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-163"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_163-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hinnebusch J, Tilly K (decembrie 1993). „Linear plasmids and chromosomes in bacteria”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 917–22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1993.tb00963.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00963.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7934868">7934868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Linear+plasmids+and+chromosomes+in+bacteria&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=917-22&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1993.tb00963.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7934868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lin YS, Kieser HM, Hopwood DA, Chen CW (decembrie 1993). „The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 923–33. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1993.tb00964.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00964.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7934869">7934869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+chromosomal+DNA+of+Streptomyces+lividans+66+is+linear&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=923-33&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1993.tb00964.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7934869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-165"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_165-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Val ME, Soler-Bistué A, Bland MJ, Mazel D (decembrie 2014). „Management of multipartite genomes: the Vibrio cholerae model”. <i>Current Opinion in Microbiology</i>. <b>22</b>: 120–26. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2014.10.003">10.1016/j.mib.2014.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460805">25460805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Management+of+multipartite+genomes%3A+the+Vibrio+cholerae+model&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=120-26&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2014.10.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25460805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kado2014-166"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kado2014_166-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kado CI (octombrie 2014). <i>Historical Events That Spawned the Field of Plasmid Biology</i>. <i>Microbiology Spectrum</i>. <b>2</b>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.PLAS-0019-2013">10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0019-2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781555818975" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781555818975">9781555818975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104369">26104369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Events+That+Spawned+the+Field+of+Plasmid+Biology&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26104369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.PLAS-0019-2013&rft.isbn=9781555818975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Belfort M, Reaban ME, Coetzee T, Dalgaard JZ (iulie 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177115">„Prokaryotic introns and inteins: a panoply of form and function”</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>177</b> (14): 3897–903. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.177.14.3897-3903.1995">10.1128/jb.177.14.3897-3903.1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177115">177115</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7608058">7608058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+introns+and+inteins%3A+a+panoply+of+form+and+function&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3897-903&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC177115&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7608058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.177.14.3897-3903.1995&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC177115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Denamur E, Matic I (mai 2006). „Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 820–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05150.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05150.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677295">16677295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+mutation+rates+in+bacteria&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=820-7&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05150.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16677295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wright BE (mai 2004). „Stress-directed adaptive mutations and evolution”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 643–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2004.04012.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04012.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15101972">15101972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Stress-directed+adaptive+mutations+and+evolution&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=643-50&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2004.04012.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15101972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chen I, Dubnau D (martie 2004). „DNA uptake during bacterial transformation”. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 241–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro844">10.1038/nrmicro844</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15083159">15083159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=DNA+uptake+during+bacterial+transformation&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-9&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15083159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnsborg O, Eldholm V, Håvarstein LS (decembrie 2007). „Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function”. <i>Research in Microbiology</i>. <b>158</b> (10): 767–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resmic.2007.09.004">10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997281">17997281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Natural+genetic+transformation%3A+prevalence%2C+mechanisms+and+function&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=767-78&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resmic.2007.09.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17997281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (2012). 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bickle TA, Krüger DH (iunie 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918">„Biology of DNA restriction”</a>. <i>Microbiological Reviews</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 434–50. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918">372918</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8336674">8336674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Biology+of+DNA+restriction&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-50&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372918&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8336674&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P (martie 2007). „CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes”. <i>Science</i>. <b>315</b> (5819): 1709–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315.1709B">2007Sci...315.1709B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1138140">10.1126/science.1138140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379808">17379808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=CRISPR+provides+acquired+resistance+against+viruses+in+prokaryotes&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=5819&rft.pages=1709-12&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17379808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1138140&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...315.1709B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brouns SJ, Jore MM, Lundgren M, Westra ER, Slijkhuis RJ, Snijders AP, Dickman MJ, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, van der Oost J (august 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5898235">„Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes”</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>321</b> (5891): 960–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..960B">2008Sci...321..960B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1159689">10.1126/science.1159689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5898235">5898235</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703739">18703739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Small+CRISPR+RNAs+guide+antiviral+defense+in+prokaryotes&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5891&rft.pages=960-64&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5898235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18703739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1159689&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321..960B&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5898235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (mai 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hummingbirds.arizona.edu/Faculty/Michod/Downloads/IGE%20review%20sex.pdf">„Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Infection, Genetics and Evolution</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 267–85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2008.01.002">10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295550">18295550</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121043/http://www.hummingbirds.arizona.edu/Faculty/Michod/Downloads/IGE%20review%20sex.pdf">Arhivat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> din originalul de la <time datetime="2016-12-30">30 decembrie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection%2C+Genetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Adaptive+value+of+sex+in+microbial+pathogens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-85&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.meegid.2008.01.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18295550&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hummingbirds.arizona.edu%2FFaculty%2FMichod%2FDownloads%2FIGE%2520review%2520sex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boucher-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boucher_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boucher Y, Douady CJ, Papke RT, Walsh DA, Boudreau ME, Nesbø CL, Case RJ, Doolittle WF (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). „Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups”. <i>Annual Review of Genetics</i>. <b>37</b>: 283–328. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.37.050503.084247">10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616063">14616063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genetics&rft.atitle=Lateral+gene+transfer+and+the+origins+of+prokaryotic+groups&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=283-328&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.37.050503.084247&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14616063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Trüper, HG, Tindall, BJ (<time datetime="2005-11-28">28 noiembrie 2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819070745/http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/ICSP_intro.htm">„The Role of the ICSP (International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes) in the Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Prokaryotes”</a> (în engleză). ICSP. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/ICSP_intro.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-08-19">19 august 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-09-02">2 septembrie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+ICSP+%28International+Committee+on+Systematics+of+Prokaryotes%29+in+the+Nomenclature+and+Taxonomy+of+Prokaryotes&rft.pub=ICSP&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%BCper%2C+HG&rft.aufirst=Tindall%2C+BJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-icsp.org%2Fmisc%2FICSP_intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Euzéby, JP (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230104903/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/">„List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)”</a> (în engleză). 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Ijs.sgmjournals.org. <time datetime="2011-10-28">28 octombrie 2011</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019160924/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2011-10-19">19 octombrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-11-04">4 noiembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IJSEM+Home&rft.pub=Ijs.sgmjournals.org&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijs.sgmjournals.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergeys.org/">„Bergey's Manual Trust”</a>. Bergeys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107002356/http://www.bergeys.org/">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2011-11-07">7 noiembrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-11-04">4 noiembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+Trust&rft.pub=Bergeys.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergeys.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Doolittle RF (iunie 2005). „Evolutionary aspects of whole-genome biology”. <i>Current Opinion in Structural Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 248–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbi.2005.04.001">10.1016/j.sbi.2005.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963888">15963888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Structural+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+aspects+of+whole-genome+biology&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-53&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbi.2005.04.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15963888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> Baron S, <i>Medical Microbiology</i> (ediția a 4-a). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (1996), capitolul 10: <i>Principles of Diagnosis</i>; <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21413287">21413287</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-188"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_188-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (ed. 4th ed.). 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lyons NF, Taylor JD (decembrie 1990). „Serological detection and identification of bacteria from plants by the conjugated Staphylococcus aureus slide agglutination test”. <i>Plant Pathology</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 584–590. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.1990.tb02537.x">10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02537.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Serological+detection+and+identification+of+bacteria+from+plants+by+the+conjugated+Staphylococcus+aureus+slide+agglutination+test&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=584-590&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3059.1990.tb02537.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Weinstein MP (martie 1994). „Clinical importance of blood cultures”. <i>Clinics in Laboratory Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8181237">8181237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+importance+of+blood+cultures&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8181237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Louie M, Louie L, Simor AE (august 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/163/3/301">„The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases”</a>. <i>CMAJ</i>. <b>163</b> (3): 301–09. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80298">80298</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951731">10951731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614185831/http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/163/3/301">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2006-06-14">14 iunie 2006</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=The+role+of+DNA+amplification+technology+in+the+diagnosis+of+infectious+diseases&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-09&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC80298&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10951731&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmaj.ca%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F163%2F3%2F301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oliver JD (februarie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032546/http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134">„The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria”</a>. <i>Journal of Microbiology</i>. 43 Spec No: 93–100. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15765062">15765062</a>. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Velicer GJ, Stredwick KL (august 2002). „Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus”. <i>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</i>. <b>81</b> (1–4): 155–64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020546130033">10.1023/A:1020546130033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12448714">12448714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek&rft.atitle=Experimental+social+evolution+with+Myxococcus+xanthus&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=155-64&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020546130033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12448714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GromovBV-208"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GromovBV_208-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gromov BV (<time datetime="1972">1972</time>). „Electron Microscope Study of Parasitism by Bdellovibrio Chorellavorus Bacteria on Cells of the Green Alga Chorella Vulgaris”. <i>Tsitologiya</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 256–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tsitologiya&rft.atitle=Electron+Microscope+Study+of+Parasitism+by+Bdellovibrio+Chorellavorus+Bacteria+on+Cells+of+the+Green+Alga+Chorella+Vulgaris&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-60&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11542073-209"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11542073_209-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Guerrero R, Pedros-Alio C, Esteve I, Mas J, Chase D, Margulis L (aprilie 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC323246">„Predatory prokaryotes: predation and primary consumption evolved in bacteria”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>83</b> (7): 2138–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PNAS...83.2138G">1986PNAS...83.2138G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.7.2138">10.1073/pnas.83.7.2138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC323246">323246</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542073">11542073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Predatory+prokaryotes%3A+predation+and+primary+consumption+evolved+in+bacteria&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2138-42&rft.date=1986-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC323246&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11542073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.83.7.2138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PNAS...83.2138G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC323246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19174136-210"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19174136_210-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Velicer GJ, Mendes-Soares H (ianuarie 2009). „Bacterial predators”. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): R55–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.043">10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174136">19174136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+predators&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=R55-56&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.043&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19174136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stams AJ, de Bok FA, Plugge CM, van Eekert MH, Dolfing J, Schraa G (martie 2006). „Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities”. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 371–82. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2006.00989.x">10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478444">16478444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Exocellular+electron+transfer+in+anaerobic+microbial+communities&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-82&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2006.00989.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16478444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C (iulie 2005). „Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere”. <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i>. <b>56</b> (417): 1761–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Feri197">10.1093/jxb/eri197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911555">15911555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Microbial+co-operation+in+the+rhizosphere&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=417&rft.pages=1761-78&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Feri197&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15911555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">O'Hara AM, Shanahan F (iulie 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500832">„The gut flora as a forgotten organ”</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (7): 688–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400731">10.1038/sj.embor.7400731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500832">1500832</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16819463">16819463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=The+gut+flora+as+a+forgotten+organ&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=688-93&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1500832&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16819463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400731&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1500832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zoetendal EG, Vaughan EE, de Vos WM (martie 2006). „A microbial world within us”. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>. <b>59</b> (6): 1639–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05056.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16553872">16553872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+microbial+world+within+us&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1639-50&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05056.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16553872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Gorbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherwood Gorbach — pagină inexistentă">Gorbach SL</a> (februarie 1990). „Lactic acid bacteria and human health”. <i>Annals of Medicine</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 37–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F07853899009147239">10.3109/07853899009147239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2109988">2109988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lactic+acid+bacteria+and+human+health&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F07853899009147239&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2109988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Erin Gill & Fiona Brinkman 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3504072/">The proportional lack of archaeal pathogens: Do viruses/phages hold the key?</a> Bioessays. 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yonath A, Bashan A (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>58</b>: 233–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.58.030603.123822">10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487937">15487937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Ribosomal+crystallography%3A+initiation%2C+peptide+bond+formation%2C+and+amino+acid+polymerization+are+hampered+by+antibiotics&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=233-51&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.58.030603.123822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15487937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Corbel MJ (aprilie 1997). „Brucellosis: an overview”. <i>Emerging infectious diseases</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 213–221. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0302.970219">10.3201/eid0302.970219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204307">9204307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+infectious+diseases&rft.atitle=Brucellosis%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-221&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0302.970219&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9204307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mock M, Fouet A (octombrie 2001). „Anthrax”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>55</b>: 647–671. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.647">10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Anthrax&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=647-671&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">JB Kaper, JG Morris, Jr, MM Levine (ianuarie 1995). „Cholera”. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 48–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.8.1.48">10.1128/CMR.8.1.48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Cholera&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-86&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.8.1.48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pappenheimer AM Jr., Michael Gill D (octombrie 1973). „Diphtheria”. <i>Science</i>. <b>182</b>: 353–358. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1737276">1737276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Diphtheria&rft.volume=182&rft.pages=353-358&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1737276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonnetblanc JM, Bédane C (august 2012). „Erysipelas”. <i>American Journal of Clinical Dermatology</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 157–163. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00128071-200304030-00002">10.2165/00128071-200304030-00002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Erysipelas&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=157-163&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00128071-200304030-00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maurin M, Raoult D (octombrie 1999). „Q Fever”. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 518–553. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.12.4.518">10.1128/CMR.12.4.518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Q+Fever&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=518-553&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.12.4.518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crump JA, Mintz ED (ianuarie 2010). „Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever”. <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 241–246. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649541">10.1086/649541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Global+Trends+in+Typhoid+and+Paratyphoid+Fever&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-246&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F649541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">JE Stout, VL Yu (septembrie 1997). „Legionellosis”. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>337</b>: 682–687. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199709043371006">10.1056/NEJM199709043371006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Legionellosis&rft.volume=337&rft.pages=682-687&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199709043371006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOP10-235"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOP10_235-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anevlavis S, Bouros D (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). „Community acquired bacterial pneumonia”. <i>Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 361–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656560903508770">10.1517/14656560903508770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085502">20085502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Community+acquired+bacterial+pneumonia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-74&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656560903508770&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20085502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-236"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_236-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>Robbins Basic Pathology</i> (ed. 8th). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 516–522. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4160-2973-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4160-2973-1">978-1-4160-2973-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.pages=516-522&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1&rft.au=Kumar+V%2C+Abbas+AK%2C+Fausto+N%2C+Mitchell+RN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM (septembrie 2001). „Tetanus: a review of the literature”. <i>British Journal of Anesthesia</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 477–487. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F87.3.477">10.1093/bja/87.3.477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anesthesia&rft.atitle=Tetanus%3A+a+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-487&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbja%2F87.3.477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnson ME, Lucey JA (aprilie 2006). „Major technological advances and trends in cheese”. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>89</b> (4): 1174–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2806%2972186-5">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72186-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537950">16537950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Major+technological+advances+and+trends+in+cheese&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1174-8&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2806%2972186-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16537950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hagedorn S, Kaphammer B (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). „Microbial biocatalysis in the generation of flavor and fragrance chemicals”. <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i>. <b>48</b>: 773–800. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.48.100194.004013">10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.004013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7826026">7826026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+biocatalysis+in+the+generation+of+flavor+and+fragrance+chemicals&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=773-800&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.mi.48.100194.004013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7826026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cohen Y (decembrie 2002). „Bioremediation of oil by marine microbial mats”. <i>International Microbiology</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 189–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10123-002-0089-5">10.1007/s10123-002-0089-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12497184">12497184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bioremediation+of+oil+by+marine+microbial+mats&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=189-93&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10123-002-0089-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12497184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neves LC, Miyamura TT, Moraes DA, Penna TC, Converti A (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). „Biofiltration methods for the removal of phenolic residues”. <i>Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology</i>. 129-132: 130–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1385%2FABAB%3A129%3A1%3A130">10.1385/ABAB:129:1:130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915636">16915636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Biochemistry+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Biofiltration+methods+for+the+removal+of+phenolic+residues&rft.volume=129-132&rft.pages=130-52&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1385%2FABAB%3A129%3A1%3A130&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16915636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liese A, Filho MV (decembrie 1999). „Production of fine chemicals using biocatalysis”. <i>Current Opinion in Biotechnology</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 595–603. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2899%2900040-3">10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00040-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600695">10600695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Production+of+fine+chemicals+using+biocatalysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=595-603&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2899%2900040-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10600695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aronson AI, Shai Y (februarie 2001). „Why Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins are so effective: unique features of their mode of action”. <i>FEMS Microbiology Letters</i>. <b>195</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2001.tb10489.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10489.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11166987">11166987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Why+Bacillus+thuringiensis+insecticidal+toxins+are+so+effective%3A+unique+features+of+their+mode+of+action&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2001.tb10489.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11166987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bozsik A (iulie 2006). „Susceptibility of adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to insecticides with different modes of action”. <i>Pest Management Science</i>. <b>62</b> (7): 651–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.1221">10.1002/ps.1221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649191">16649191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pest+Management+Science&rft.atitle=Susceptibility+of+adult+Coccinella+septempunctata+%28Coleoptera%3A+Coccinellidae%29+to+insecticides+with+different+modes+of+action&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=651-54&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fps.1221&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16649191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chattopadhyay A, Bhatnagar NB, Bhatnagar R (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Bacterial insecticidal toxins”. <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 33–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410490270712">10.1080/10408410490270712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116762">15116762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+insecticidal+toxins&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-54&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408410490270712&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15116762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Serres MH, Gopal S, Nahum LA, Liang P, Gaasterland T, Riley M (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56896">„A functional update of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome”</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (9): RESEARCH0035. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2001-2-9-research0035">10.1186/gb-2001-2-9-research0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56896">56896</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574054">11574054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=A+functional+update+of+the+Escherichia+coli+K-12+genome&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=RESEARCH0035&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC56896&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11574054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2001-2-9-research0035&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC56896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14985762-247"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14985762_247-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Almaas E, Kovács B, Vicsek T, Oltvai ZN, Barabási AL (februarie 2004). „Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia coli”. <i>Nature</i>. <b>427</b> (6977): 839–43. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0403001">q-bio/0403001</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427..839A">2004Natur.427..839A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02289">10.1038/nature02289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985762">14985762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Global+organization+of+metabolic+fluxes+in+the+bacterium+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6977&rft.pages=839-43&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0403001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14985762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02289&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427..839A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reed JL, Vo TD, Schilling CH, Palsson BO (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193654">„An expanded genome-scale model of Escherichia coli K-12 (iJR904 GSM/GPR)”</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (9): R54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-9-r54">10.1186/gb-2003-4-9-r54</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193654">193654</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952533">12952533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=An+expanded+genome-scale+model+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12+%28iJR904+GSM%2FGPR%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=R54&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC193654&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12952533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2003-4-9-r54&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC193654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Walsh G (aprilie 2005). „Therapeutic insulins and their large-scale manufacture”. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 151–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-004-1809-x">10.1007/s00253-004-1809-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15580495">15580495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+insulins+and+their+large-scale+manufacture&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-59&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-004-1809-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15580495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Graumann K, Premstaller A (februarie 2006). „Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems”. <i>Biotechnology Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 164–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiot.200500051">10.1002/biot.200500051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16892246">16892246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+Journal&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+of+recombinant+therapeutic+proteins+in+microbial+systems&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-86&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiot.200500051&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16892246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12727094">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks infobox bordered" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#efefef; font-size:1em">Resurse bibliotecare</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em"> Despre Bacteria</th></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Bacteria&library=OLBP">Cărți online</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Bacteria">Resurse în biblioteca ta</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Bacteria&library=0CHOOSE0">Resurse în alte biblioteci</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>În limba română</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">L.Debeleac (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <i>Microbiologie</i>. București: Ed. Medicală Amaltea. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/973-9628-60-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/973-9628-60-5">973-9628-60-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiologie&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Ed.+Medical%C4%83+Amaltea&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=973-9628-60-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">O.M. Dorobăț (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/243551988/BACTERIOLOGIE-MEDICALA-OLGA-MIHAELA-DOROBAT-1-pdf"><i>Bacteriologie medicală</i></a>. București: Editura Universității „Titu Maiorescu”. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/973-7674-00-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/973-7674-00-6">973-7674-00-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacteriologie+medical%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+%E2%80%9ETitu+Maiorescu%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=973-7674-00-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F243551988%2FBACTERIOLOGIE-MEDICALA-OLGA-MIHAELA-DOROBAT-1-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Nestorescu" title="Nicolae Nestorescu">N. Nestorescu</a> (<time datetime="1961">1961</time>). <i>Bacteriologie medicală</i>. București: Editura Medicală.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacteriologie+medical%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Medical%C4%83&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Zarnea" title="Gheorghe Zarnea">G. Zarnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Popescu" title="Octavian Popescu">O.V. Popescu</a> (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <i>Dicționar de microbiologie generală și biologie moleculară</i>. București: Editura Academiei Române.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+de+microbiologie+general%C4%83+%C8%99i+biologie+molecular%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <dl><dt>În limbi străine</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Alcamo IE (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <i>Fundamentals of microbiology</i>. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7637-1067-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7637-1067-5">978-0-7637-1067-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+microbiology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-1067-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Atlas RM (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <i>Principles of microbiology</i>. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8016-7790-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8016-7790-8">978-0-8016-7790-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+microbiology&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8016-7790-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Martinko JM, Madigan MT (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</i> (ed. 11th). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-13-144329-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-13-144329-7">978-0-13-144329-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-144329-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Holt JC, Bergey DH (<time datetime="1994">1994</time>). <i>Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology</i> (ed. 9th). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-683-00603-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-683-00603-2">978-0-683-00603-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bergey%27s+manual+of+determinative+bacteriology&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-683-00603-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR (septembrie 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121802/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676">„Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity”</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>180</b> (18): 4765–74. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC107498">107498</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9733676">9733676</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-09-14">14 septembrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-02-18">18 februarie 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Impact+of+culture-independent+studies+on+the+emerging+phylogenetic+view+of+bacterial+diversity&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4765-74&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC107498&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9733676&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F180%2F18%2F4765%3Fview%3Dfull%26pmid%3D9733676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>Microbiology: an introduction</i> (ed. 8th). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8053-7614-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8053-7614-2">978-0-8053-7614-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-7614-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ogunseitan OA (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Microbial Diversity: Form and Function in Prokaryotes</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4051-4448-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4051-4448-3">978-1-4051-4448-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Diversity%3A+Form+and+Function+in+Prokaryotes&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4448-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shively JM (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs)</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-540-32524-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-540-32524-6">978-3-540-32524-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complex+Intracellular+Structures+in+Prokaryotes+%28Microbiology+Monographs%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32524-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABacterie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Utilizeaz%C4%83_parametrul_autori" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterie_patogen%C4%83" title="Bacterie patogenă">Bacterie patogenă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriofag" title="Bacteriofag">Bacteriofag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriologie" title="Bacteriologie">Bacteriologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_bacteriilor" title="Clasificarea bacteriilor">Clasificarea bacteriilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremofil" title="Extremofil">Extremofile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_bacterii" title="Listă de bacterii">Listă de bacterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Boli_bacteriene" title="Categorie:Boli bacteriene">Categorie:Boli bacteriene</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterie&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Materiale media legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bacteria?uselang=ro">bacterie</a></b></span> la <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/12px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/18px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span> Date legate de <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" class="extiw" title="species:Bacteria">Bacteria</a> la <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki">MicrobeWiki</a>, un proiect <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> complet despre <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm">bacterii</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm">virusuri</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615034141/http://ncppb.com/">Bacteriile care pot afecta culturile de cereale și alte plante</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm">Nomenclatura bacteriană actuală de la DSMZ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083605/http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-09-29">29 septembrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917230856/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html">Genuri de bacterii</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth">Tree of Life: Eubacteria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015145/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-10-21">21 octombrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html">Videouri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105182817/http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2015-11-05">5 noiembrie 2015</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. în care se observă diverse metode de deplasare ale bacteriilor.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_bacteria.html">Planet of the Bacteria</a> de <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/">Manual online de bacteriologie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-09-13">13 septembrie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html">Un ghid animat al structurii celulare bacteriene</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbiologie.umftgm.ro/atlas/bact_index.php">Atlas de bacteriologie generală și specială</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.unibuc.ro/pdf/Masterat_2014/microbiologie_generala.pdf">Curs de microbiologie generală</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222174526/http://www.bio.unibuc.ro/pdf/Masterat_2014/microbiologie_generala.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-12-22">22 decembrie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umft.ro/data_files/documente-atasate-sectiuni/4563/curs_20de_20bacteriologie_20speciala.pdf">curs de bacteriologie specială</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111924/http://www.umft.ro/data_files/documente-atasate-sectiuni/4563/curs_20de_20bacteriologie_20speciala.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-02-21">21 februarie 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbio.ucoz.com/Prelegeri/Romana/Ultrastr_bacteriilor.pdf">Ultrastructura bacteriilor; elemente permanente și nepermanente de structură</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Identificatori_taxonomici" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajutor:Identificatori taxonomici">Identificatori taxonomici</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10876">Q10876</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bacteria">Bacteria</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14778">14778</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/288">288</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BACTK">1BACTK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3">3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/67333">67333</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=50">50</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature — pagină inexistentă">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/domain/bacteria">bacteria</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/562108">562108</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2">2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/50966b34-a83a-4324-9136-d64696ca3d52">50966b34-a83a-4324-9136-d64696ca3d52</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_Life_Web_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree of Life Web Project — pagină inexistentă">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Bacteria">Bacteria</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=6">6</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525557">XX525557</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004296-0">4004296-0</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85010813">sh85010813</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570000">00570000</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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title="Materie">Materie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83" title="Particulă">particule</a> • <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">elemente chimice</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83#Schimbare" title="Matematică">Schimbare</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bele_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Științele Pământului">Științele Pământului</a> • <a href="/wiki/Istoria_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Istoria Pământului">Istoria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_geologic%C4%83_a_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria geologică a Pământului — pagină inexistentă">geologică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Straturile_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Straturile 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title="Ploaie">Ploaie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83pad%C4%83" title="Zăpadă">Zăpadă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Lumină solară">Lumină solară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maree" title="Maree">Maree</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt" title="Vânt">Vânt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornad%C4%83" title="Tornadă">tornadă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclon_tropical" title="Ciclon tropical">ciclon tropical</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu">Mediu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem">Ecosistem</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Câmp (fizică)">Câmp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">Radiație</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83lb%C4%83ticie" title="Sălbăticie">Sălbăticie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Incendiu_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Incendiu de pădure">Incendiu de pădure</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">Viață</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenez%C4%83" title="Abiogeneză">Origine <span style="font-size:90%;">(abiogeneză)</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Istoria_evolu%C8%9Bionar%C4%83_a_vie%C8%9Bii" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria evoluționară a vieții">Istorie evoluționară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biosfer%C4%83" title="Biosferă">Biosferă</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizare_biologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizare biologică — pagină inexistentă">Ierarhie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">Biologie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">astrobiologie</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversitate" title="Biodiversitate">Biodiversitate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">Eucariote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flor%C4%83" title="Floră">floră</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">plante</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Faun%C4%83" title="Faună">faună</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regnul_Animalia" title="Regnul Animalia">animale</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi">fungi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste">protiste</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">Procariote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arhee" title="Arhee">arhee</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bacterie</a>) • <i><a href="/wiki/Virusuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Virusuri">Virusuri</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Natur%C4%83" 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