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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_artificial_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_artificial_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 First artificial satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_artificial_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Soviet planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 United States planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sputnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sputnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Sputnik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sputnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 US response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CIA_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4.1 CIA assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4.2 US reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explorer_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explorer_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4.3 Explorer 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explorer_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4.4 Creation of NASA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_lunar_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_lunar_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early lunar probes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_lunar_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mammals_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mammals_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First mammals in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mammals_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_humans_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_humans_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 First humans in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_humans_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vostok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vostok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Vostok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vostok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Mercury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Exploration_of_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Exploration_of_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Exploration of Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Exploration_of_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedy_aims_for_the_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_aims_for_the_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Kennedy aims for the Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_aims_for_the_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_joint_US-USSR_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_joint_US-USSR_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Proposed joint US-USSR program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_joint_US-USSR_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_NASA_crewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_NASA_crewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 First NASA crewed spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_NASA_crewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voskhod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voskhod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Voskhod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voskhod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Gemini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_crewed_Moon_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_crewed_Moon_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Soviet crewed Moon programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_crewed_Moon_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_space_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_space_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Outer space treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_space_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Satellite_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Satellite_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Anti-Satellite research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Satellite_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Istrebitel-sputnikov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istrebitel-sputnikov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 Istrebitel-sputnikov </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istrebitel-sputnikov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SAINT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SAINT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.2 SAINT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SAINT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaster_strikes_both_sides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_strikes_both_sides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Disaster strikes both sides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_strikes_both_sides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apollo_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.1 Apollo 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soyuz_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soyuz_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11.2 Soyuz 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soyuz_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Both_programs_recover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Both_programs_recover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Both programs recover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Both_programs_recover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_humans_on_the_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_humans_on_the_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 First humans on the Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_humans_on_the_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_ramps_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_ramps_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Competition ramps down </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_ramps_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salyut_and_Skylab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salyut_and_Skylab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.1 Salyut and Skylab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salyut_and_Skylab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo–Soyuz_Test_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo–Soyuz_Test_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.2 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo–Soyuz_Test_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.3 Space Shuttles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_women_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_women_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.4 First women in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_women_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_modular_space_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_modular_space_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.5 First modular space station </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_modular_space_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Space Race</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtewedloop" title="Ruimtewedloop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtewedloop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="سباق الفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباق الفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_espacial" title="Carrera espacial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carrera espacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_yar%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Kosmik yarış – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik yarış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اوزای یاریشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوزای یاریشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মহাকাশ প্রতিযোগিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশ প্রতিযোগিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong_K%C4%93ng-cheng" title="Thài-khong Kēng-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong Kēng-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Йыһан ярышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йыһан ярышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Космическа надпревара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космическа надпревара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirska_utrka" title="Svemirska utrka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemirska utrka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursa_espacial" title="Cursa espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cursa espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADrn%C3%BD_z%C3%A1vod" title="Vesmírný závod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vesmírný závod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ras_Ofod" title="Y Ras Ofod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ras Ofod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumkapl%C3%B8bet" title="Rumkapløbet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumkapløbet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettlauf_ins_All" title="Wettlauf ins All – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wettlauf ins All" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αγώνας του διαστήματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγώνας του διαστήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_espacial" title="Carrera espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carrera espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmokonkuro" title="Kosmokonkuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmokonkuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazioko_lasterketa" title="Espazioko lasterketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazioko lasterketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="رقابت فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقابت فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_%C3%A0_l%27espace" title="Course à l'espace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Course à l'espace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreira_espacial" title="Carreira espacial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carreira espacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B2%BD%EC%9F%81" title="우주 경쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주 경쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirska_utrka" title="Svemirska utrka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svemirska utrka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmokonkurso" title="Kosmokonkurso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosmokonkurso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlombaan_Antariksa" title="Perlombaan Antariksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perlombaan Antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimkapphlaupi%C3%B0" title="Geimkapphlaupið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimkapphlaupið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_allo_spazio" title="Corsa allo spazio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsa allo spazio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="המרוץ לחלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרוץ לחלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmin%C4%97s_lenktyn%C4%97s" title="Kosminės lenktynės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosminės lenktynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rverseny" title="Űrverseny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrverseny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вселенска трка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вселенска трка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlumbaan_Angkasa" title="Perlumbaan Angkasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perlumbaan Angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="အာကာသပြိုင်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသပြိုင်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtewedloop" title="Ruimtewedloop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtewedloop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1" title="अन्तरिक्ष दौड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तरिक्ष दौड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E7%AB%B6%E4%BA%89" title="宇宙開発競争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙開発競争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romkappl%C3%B8pet" title="Romkappløpet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romkappløpet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8C%E0%A9%9C" title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਦੌੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਦੌੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%91" title="سپیس دوڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیس دوڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%9Bcig_kosmiczny" title="Wyścig kosmiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyścig kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrida_espacial" title="Corrida espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrida espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursa_Spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Cursa Spațială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cursa Spațială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursa_en_l%27univers" title="Cursa en l'univers – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cursa en l'univers" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космическая гонка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космическая гонка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruumtefeer" title="Ruumtefeer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruumtefeer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="අභ්‍යවකාශ තරගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභ්‍යවකාශ තරගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space Race" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADrne_preteky" title="Vesmírne preteky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vesmírne preteky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesoljska_tekma" title="Vesoljska tekma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesoljska tekma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پێشبڕکێی بۆشایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێشبڕکێی بۆشایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свемирска трка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемирска трка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirska_trka" title="Svemirska trka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svemirska trka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruuskilpa" title="Avaruuskilpa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruuskilpa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdkappl%C3%B6pningen" title="Rymdkapplöpningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdkapplöpningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karerang_Pangkalawakan" title="Karerang Pangkalawakan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karerang Pangkalawakan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="விண்வெளிப் போட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்வெளிப் போட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="การแข่งขันอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแข่งขันอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_Yar%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Uzay Yarışı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay Yarışı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Космічні перегони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічні перегони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%91" title="خلائی دوڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلائی دوڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A1y_%C4%91ua_v%C3%A0o_kh%C3%B4ng_gian" title="Chạy đua vào không gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chạy đua vào không gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/220px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/330px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/440px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Space probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Crewed spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spaceflight types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#000 2px solid; border-bottom:#000 2px solid;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/16px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/24px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/32px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Space Race (Russian: Космическая гонка <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐsˈmʲitɕɪskəjə ˈɡonkə]</a>) was a 20th-century competition between two <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> rivals, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, to achieve superior <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> capability. It had its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> between the two nations following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and had its peak with the more particular Moon Race to <a href="/wiki/Moonlanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonlanding">land on the Moon</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">US moonshot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_moonshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet moonshot">Soviet moonshot</a> programs. The technological advantage demonstrated by spaceflight achievement was seen as necessary for national security and became part of the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race brought pioneering launches of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellites</a>, robotic <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> and ultimately to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Public interest in space travel originated in the 1951 publication of a Soviet youth magazine and was promptly picked up by US magazines.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The competition began on July 30, 1955, when the United States announced its intent to launch artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a>. Four days later, the Soviet Union responded by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The launching of satellites was enabled by developments in ballistic missile capabilities since the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">[3]</a> The competition gained Western public attention with the "<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>", when the USSR achieved the first successful satellite launch, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, on October 4, 1957. It gained momentum when the USSR sent the first human, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, into space with the orbital flight of <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> on April 12, 1961. These were followed by a string of other firsts achieved by the Soviets over the next few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a460-4">[4]</a> Gagarin's flight led US president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to raise the stakes on May 25, 1961, by asking the US Congress to commit to the goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Special_Message-5">[5]</a> Both countries began developing <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift launch vehicles</a>, with the US successfully deploying the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, which was large enough to send a three-person orbiter and two-person lander to the Moon. Kennedy's Moon landing goal was achieved in July 1969, with the flight of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-orbit-8">[8]</a> The conclusion of Apollo 11 is regarded by most as ending the Space Race with an American victory.<a href="#cite_note-NatSecEncyclopedia-9">[9]</a> This view is contested by some historians,<a href="#cite_note-Frost-10">[10]</a> whilst space historian <a href="/wiki/Asif_A._Siddiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif A. Siddiqi">Asif A. Siddiqi</a> proposed a more balanced view.<a href="#cite_note-AAS-11">[11]</a> The USSR continued to pursue <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">crewed lunar programs</a> to launch and land on the Moon before the US with its <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1 rocket</a> but did not succeed, and eventually canceled it to concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> program, and the first landings <a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">on Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">on Mars</a>. Meanwhile, the US landed five more Apollo crews on the Moon<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and continued <a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">exploration of other extraterrestrial bodies</a> robotically. A period of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> followed with the April 1972 agreement on a cooperative <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a> (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard <a href="/wiki/APAS-75" class="mw-redirect" title="APAS-75">APAS-75</a>. Being considered as the final act of the Space Race,<a href="#cite_note-NatSecEncyclopedia-9">[9]</a> the competition was only gradually replaced with cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-technology-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> eventually allowed the US and the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> to end their Cold War competition also in space, by agreeing in 1993 on the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mir_deorbited-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Although Germans, Americans and Soviets experimented with small liquid-fuel rockets before World War II, launching satellites and humans into space required the development of larger <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic missiles">ballistic missiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aggregat_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggregat (rocket family)">Aggregat-4 (A-4)</a>, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Vergeltungswaffe_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergeltungswaffe 2">Vergeltungswaffe 2</a> (V-2) developed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to bomb the Allies in the war.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After the war, both the US and USSR acquired custody of German rocket development assets which they used to leverage the development of their own missiles. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg/220px-Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg/330px-Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg/440px-Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>Wernher von Braun's space station concept (1952)</figcaption></figure> Public interest in space flight was first aroused in October 1951 when the Soviet rocketry engineer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a> published "Flight to the Moon" in the newspaper Pionerskaya pravda for young readers. He described a two-person interplanetary spaceship of the future and the industrial and technological processes required to create it. He ended the short article with a clear forecast of the future: "We do not have long to wait. We can assume that the bold dream of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> will be realized within the next 10 to 15 years."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi200089-17">[17]</a> From March 1952 to April 1954, the US <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's magazine</a> reacted with a series of seven articles <a href="/wiki/Man_Will_Conquer_Space_Soon!" title="Man Will Conquer Space Soon!">Man Will Conquer Space Soon!</a> detailing <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>'s plans for crewed spaceflight. In March 1955, Disneyland's animated episode "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space" title="Man in Space">Man in Space</a>" in the US television with an audience of about 40 million people eventually fired the public enthusiasm for space travel and raised government interest, both in the US and USSR. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missile_race">Missile race</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Missile race">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">Intercontinental ballistic missile</a></div> Soon after the end of World War II, the two former allies became engaged in a state of political conflict and military tension known as the Cold War (1947–1991), which polarized Europe between the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> (often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>) and the states of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> allied with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz1999149–54-18">[18]</a> In August 1949, the Soviet Union became the second nuclear power after the United States with the successful <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">RDS-1</a> nuclear weapon test. In October 1957, the Soviet Union conducted the world’s first successful test of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), this was the <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a> (also known as SS-6 by NATO) and was seen as capable of striking U.S. territory with a nuclear payload.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Fears in the US due to this perceived threat became known as the <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a>. The first American ICBM, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas missile">Atlas missile</a>, was tested in late 1958.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> ICBMs presented the ability to strike targets on the other side of the globe in a very short amount of time and in a manner which was impervious to air interception such as bombers might have been. The value which ICBMs presented in a nuclear standoff were very substantial, and this fact greatly accelerated efforts to develop rocket and rocket interception technology.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_rocket_development">Soviet rocket development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet rocket development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_rocketry" title="Soviet rocketry">Soviet rocketry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg/220px-Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg/330px-Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg/440px-Roket_Launcher_R-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet stable of Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> were all derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7 Semyorka</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">ICBM</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first Soviet development of artillery rockets was in 1921 when the Soviet military sanctioned the <a href="/wiki/Gas_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Gas Dynamics Laboratory">Gas Dynamics Laboratory</a>, a small research laboratory to explore solid-fuel rockets, led by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhomirov_(chemical_engineer)" title="Nikolai Tikhomirov (chemical engineer)">Nikolai Tikhomirov</a>, who had begun studying solid and liquid-fueled rockets in 1894, and obtained a patent in 1915 for "self-propelled aerial and water-surface mines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi20006-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok2005164-5_Vol_1-24">[24]</a> The first test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok2005165_Vol_1-25">[25]</a> Further development was carried out in the 1930s by the <a href="/wiki/Group_for_the_Study_of_Reactive_Motion" title="Group for the Study of Reactive Motion">Group for the Study of Reactive Motion</a> (GIRD), where Soviet rocket pioneers <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolev">Sergey Korolev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zander" title="Friedrich Zander">Friedrich Zander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Dushkin" title="Leonid Dushkin">Leonid Dushkin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi20004-5-26">[26]</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Group_for_the_Study_of_Reactive_Motion#GIRD-X_rocket" title="Group for the Study of Reactive Motion">GIRD-X</a>, the first Soviet liquid-fueled rocket in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1933 the two <a href="/wiki/OKB" title="OKB">design bureaus</a> were combined into the <a href="/wiki/Reactive_Scientific_Research_Institute" title="Reactive Scientific Research Institute">Reactive Scientific Research Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-RSW_GDL-28">[28]</a> and produced the RP-318, the USSR's first <a href="/wiki/Korolyov_RP-318" title="Korolyov RP-318">rocket-powered aircraft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/RS-82_(rocket_family)" title="RS-82 (rocket family)">RS-82 and RS-132 missiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok2005167_vol_1-29">[29]</a> which became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launcher</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi20009-31">[31]</a> During the 1930s Soviet rocket technology was comparable to Germany's,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok2005167-8_Vol_1-32">[32]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> from 1936 to 1938 severely damaged its progress. In 1945 the Soviets captured several key <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> A-4 (<a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a>) rocket production facilities, and also gained the services of some <a href="/wiki/German_influence_on_the_Soviet_space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German influence on the Soviet space program">German scientists and engineers</a> related to the project. A-4s were assembled and studied and the experience derived from assembling and launching A4 rockets was directly applied to the Soviet copy, called the <a href="/wiki/R-1_(missile)" title="R-1 (missile)">R-1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi200024-39-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok200541_Vol_2-34">[34]</a> with NII-88 chief designer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> overseeing the R-1's development.,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi200049-35">[35]</a> The R-1 entered into service in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> on 28 November 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga20132-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga2013-37">[37]</a> By the latter half of 1946, Korolev and rocket engineer <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a> had, with extensive input from German engineers, outlined a successor to the R-1, the <a href="/wiki/R-2_(missile)" title="R-2 (missile)">R-2</a> with an extended frame and a new engine designed by Glushko, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi200042-38">[38]</a> which entered service in November, 1951, with a range of 600 kilometres (370 mi), twice that of the R-1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok200548-49_Vol_2-39">[39]</a> This was followed in 1951 with the development of the <a href="/wiki/R-5_Pobeda" title="R-5 Pobeda">R-5 Pobeda</a>, the Soviet Union's first real strategic missile, with a range of 1,200 km (750 mi) and capable of carrying a 1 megaton (mt) <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear</a> warhead. The R-5 entered service in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChertok2005242-285_Vol_2-40">[40]</a> Scientific versions of the R-1, R-2 and R-5 undertook various experiments between 1949 and 1958, including flights with <a href="/wiki/Russian_space_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian space dogs">space dogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rsp-41">[41]</a>: 21–23  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg/204px-Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg/307px-Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg/408px-Russia-Moscow-VDNH-Rocket_R-7-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>R-7 rocket, Moscow</figcaption></figure> Design work began in 1953 on the <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a> with the requirement for a missile with a launch mass of 170 to 200 tons, range of 8,500 km and carrying a 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) nuclear warhead, powerful enough to launch a nuclear warhead against the United States. In late 1953 the warhead's mass was increased to 5.5 to 6 tons to accommodate the then planned <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">theromonuclear bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000128-132-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASM-43">[43]</a> The R-7 was designed in a two-stage configuration, with four boosters that would jettison when empty.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On the 21 August 1957 the R-7 flew 6,000 km (3,700 mi), and became the worlds's first intercontinental ballistic missile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000160-161-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASM-43">[43]</a> Two months later the R-7 launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7 family</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a> <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">space launchers</a>, as well as later <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> variants. Several versions are still in use and it has become the world's most reliable space launcher.<a href="#cite_note-HSC-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_rocket_development">American rocket development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American rocket development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/204px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/307px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wernher_von_Braun.jpg/408px-Wernher_von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Wernher von Braun became the United States' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg/204px-Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg/306px-Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg/408px-Patrick_Air_Force_Base_-_SM-65_Atlas_ICBM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Patrick Air Force Base, SM-65 Atlas ICBM launch</figcaption></figure> Although American rocket pioneer <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> developed, patented, and flew small liquid-propellant rockets as early as 1914, the United States was the only one of the three major allied World War II powers to not have its own rocket program, until Von Braun and his engineers were expatriated from Nazi Germany in 1945. The US acquired a large number of V-2 rockets and recruited von Braun and most of his engineering team in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter199929-48">[48]</a> The team was sent to the Army's <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Proving Ground</a> in New Mexico, in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998123-49">[49]</a> They set about assembling the captured V-2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998129–34-50">[50]</a> These tests led to the <a href="/wiki/First_photos_of_Earth_from_space" class="mw-redirect" title="First photos of Earth from space">first photos of Earth from space</a>, and the first two-stage rocket, the <a href="/wiki/WAC_Corporal" title="WAC Corporal">WAC Corporal</a>-<a href="/wiki/V-2_sounding_rocket" title="V-2 sounding rocket">V-2</a> combination, in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998129–34-50">[50]</a> The German rocket team was moved from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a> to the Army's new <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998137-51">[51]</a> From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">Redstone rocket</a>, derivatives of which launched both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998137-51">[51]</a> It became the basis for both the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-C" title="Jupiter-C">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn family of rockets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1998137-51">[51]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_US_Rocket_Launchers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Early_US_Rocket_Launchers.jpg/297px-Early_US_Rocket_Launchers.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Early_US_Rocket_Launchers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The US stable of <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> launch vehicles were a varied group of ICBMs and the NASA-developed <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> rocket.</figcaption></figure> Each of the United States armed services had its own ICBM development program. The Air Force began ICBM research in 1945 with the <a href="/wiki/MX-774" class="mw-redirect" title="MX-774">MX-774</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-52">[52]</a> In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">PGM-11 Redstone</a> rocket family at Cape Canaveral.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> By 1957, a descendant of the Air Force MX-774 received top-priority funding.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-52">[52]</a> and evolved into the <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas-A</a>, the first successful American ICBM.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-52">[52]</a> The Atlas made use of a thin stainless steel fuel tank which relied on the internal pressure of the tank for structural integrity, this allowed an overall lighter weight design.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/WD-40" title="WD-40">WD-40</a> was developed to prevent rust on the Atlas rockets so that rust protecting paint could be avoided, in order to further reduce weight.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A later variant of the Atlas, the <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas-D</a>, served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> and the remote-controlled <a href="/wiki/Agena_Target_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Agena Target Vehicle">Agena Target Vehicle</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_artificial_satellites">First artificial satellites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First artificial satellites">edit</a>]</div> In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be used to launch objects into space, the stage was set for nationalistic competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">[3]</a> On July 29, 1955, <a href="/wiki/James_C._Hagerty" class="mw-redirect" title="James C. Hagerty">James C. Hagerty</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of the US contribution to the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (IGY).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">[3]</a> On August 2, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">Sixth Congress of the International Astronautical Federation</a> in Copenhagen, scientist <a href="/wiki/Leonid_I._Sedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid I. Sedov">Leonid I. Sedov</a> told international reporters at the Soviet embassy of his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_planning">Soviet planning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></div> On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a> to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> began a policy of treating development of its space program as top-secret. When the Sputnik project was first approved, one of the immediate courses of action the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> took was to consider what to announce to the world regarding their event. The <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union</a> (TASS) established precedents for all official announcements on the Soviet space program. The information eventually released did not offer details on who built and launched the satellite or why it was launched. However, the public release is illuminating in what it does reveal: "there is an abundance of arcane scientific and technical data... as if to overwhelm the reader with mathematics in the absence of even a picture of the object".<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57">[57]</a> The Soviet space program's use of secrecy served as both a tool to prevent the leaking of <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified information</a> between countries, and also to create a mysterious barrier between the space program and the Soviet populace. The program's nature embodied ambiguous messages concerning its goals, successes, and values. The program itself was so secret that a regular Soviet citizen could never achieve a concrete image of it, but rather a superficial picture of its history, present activities, or future endeavors. Launchings were not announced until they took place. <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">Cosmonaut</a> names were not released until they flew. Mission details were sparse. Outside observers did not know the size or shape of their rockets or cabins or most of their spaceships, except for the first Sputniks, lunar probes, and Venus probe.<a href="#cite_note-ebooks.ohiolink.edu-58">[58]</a> The Soviet military maintained control over the space program; Korolev's <a href="/wiki/OKB-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OKB-1">OKB-1</a> design bureau was subordinated under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Machine_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of General Machine Building">Ministry of General Machine Building</a>,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57">[57]</a> tasked with the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and continued to give its assets random identifiers into the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57">[57]</a> They cloaked the program in a shroud of secrecy; public pronouncements were uniformly positive. As far as the public knew, the Soviet space program had never experienced failure. According to historian James Andrews, "With almost no exceptions, coverage of Soviet space exploits, especially in the case of human space missions, omitted reports of failure or trouble".<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-57">[57]</a> Dominic Phelan says in the book Cold War Space Sleuths (Springer-Praxis 2013): "The <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was famously described by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as 'a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma' and nothing signified this more than the search for the truth behind its space program during the Cold War. Although the Space Race was literally played out above our heads, it was often obscured by a figurative 'space curtain' that took much effort to see through".<a href="#cite_note-ebooks.ohiolink.edu-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_planning">United States planning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/220px--1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv/1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1957-10-07_New_Moon.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>One of the first reports of Sputnik 1 by Universal Newsreel on October 7, 1957</figcaption></figure> Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi) might be seen as violating that nation's airspace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19998-59">[59]</a> He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19996-60">[60]</a> Eisenhower and his advisors were of the opinion that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend past the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, and they used the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19998-59">[59]</a> Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a "warmonger" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried <a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard rocket">Vanguard rocket</a>, which was a research-only rocket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter199915–18-61">[61]</a> This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter199915–18-61">[61]</a> On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of reentry vehicle technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter199915–18-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sputnik">Sputnik</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sputnik">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/150px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/225px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/299px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Soviet stamp commemorating Sputnik 1, 1957</figcaption></figure> Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test and, mistakenly thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since the R-7 was substantially more powerful than any of the US <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Object D</a> as his primary satellite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006154–57-62">[62]</a> It was given the designation 'D', to distinguish it from other R-7 payload designations 'A', 'B', 'V', and 'G' which were nuclear weapon payloads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a151-63">[63]</a> Object D dwarfed the proposed US satellites, having a weight of 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb), of which 300 kilograms (660 lb) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth, take readings on radiation levels, and check on the planet's magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a151-63">[63]</a> However, things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite, so in February 1957, Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to build a Prosteishy Sputnik (PS-1), or simple satellite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006154–57-62">[62]</a> The council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a155-64">[64]</a> The new Sputnik was a metallic sphere that would be a much lighter craft, weighing 83.8 kilograms (185 lb) and having a 58-centimeter (23 in) diameter.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had, but had two radio transmitters operating on different <a href="/wiki/Short_wave_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Short wave radio">short wave radio</a> frequencies, the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull, and the ability to detect the density of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardestyEisman200772–73-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1, 1957</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_beep.ogg" title="File:Sputnik beep.ogg">Beep ... beep ... beep</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Sputnik_beep.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Sputnik_beep.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Sputnik_beep.ogg/Sputnik_beep.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASputnik_beep.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASputnik_beep.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The signals of Sputnik 1 continued for 22 days</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of the R-7 rocket in August and September, which paved the way for the launch of Sputnik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a163–68-67">[67]</a> Word came that the US was planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in Washington D.C., with a paper titled "Satellite Over the Planet", on October 6, 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006163-68">[68]</a> Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter-C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5, in conjunction with the paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006163-68">[68]</a> He hastened the launch, moving it to October 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006163-68">[68]</a> The launch vehicle for PS-1 was a modified R-7 – vehicle 8K71PS number M1-PS – without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a163–68-67">[67]</a> It arrived at the Soviet missile base <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Tyura-Tam</a> in September and was prepared for its mission at <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">launch site number one</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a163–68-67">[67]</a> The first launch took place on Friday, October 4, 1957, at exactly 10:28:34 pm Moscow time, with the R-7 and the now named Sputnik 1 satellite lifting off the launch pad and placing the artificial "moon" into an orbit a few minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardestyEisman200774-69">[69]</a> This "fellow traveler", as the name is translated in English, was a small, beeping ball, less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds. But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down-range far east tracking station at <a href="/wiki/Yelizovo" title="Yelizovo">Kamchatka</a> received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from Sputnik 1's radio transmitters, indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardestyEisman200774-69">[69]</a> About 95 minutes after launch, the satellite flew over its launch site, and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura-Tam: that's when Korolev and his team celebrated the first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth-orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006164–65-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_response">US response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: US response">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="CIA_assessment">CIA assessment</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CIA assessment">edit</a>]</div> At the latest, the successful start of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a> with its weight of more than 500 kg proved that the USSR had achieved a leading advantage in rocket technology. The dumbfounded <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> estimated the launch weight at 500 metric tons requiring an initial thrust of more than 1,000 tons and supposed the use of a three-stage rocket. In a secret report, it concluded that ″the launching of two earth satellites must have been a stupendous scientific achievement. ... Launching of these satellites does indicate, however, that the USSR has perfected an ICBM which they can put on any desired target with accuracy."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In reality, the launch weight of the Soviet rocket was 267 metric tons with an initial thrust of 410 tons with one and a half stages. The CIA's misjudgement was caused by extrapolating the parameters of the US <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas</a> rocket developed at the same time (launch weight 82 tons, initial thrust 135 tones, maximum payload of 70 kg for <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In part, the favourable data of the Soviet launcher was based on concepts proposed by the German rocket scientists headed by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gr%C3%B6ttrup" title="Helmut Gröttrup">Helmut Gröttrup</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gorodomlya_Island" title="Gorodomlya Island">Gorodomlya Island</a>, such as, among other things, the rigorous weight saving, the control of the residual fuel quantities and a reduced thrust to weight relation of 1.4 instead of usual factor 2.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The CIA had heard about such details already in January 1954 when it interrogated Göttrup after his return from the USSR but did not take him seriously.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="US_reactions">US reactions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: US reactions">edit</a>]</div> The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States. For example, economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled "The Lessons of Defeat" to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>: "While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets, the Soviet Union is conquering space. ... It is Russia, not the United States, who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it. America is worried. It should be."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinski2007254–67-76">[76]</a> The December 6, 1957 <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_TV3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard TV3">Project Vanguard launch failure</a> occurred at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> in Florida. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik,<a href="#cite_note-O'Neill,_Terry_2002-77">[77]</a> and Dudnik.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In the United Nations, the Soviet delegate offered the US representative aid "under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations."<a href="#cite_note-O'Neill,_Terry_2002-77">[77]</a> Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the US's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> predicted that the US would catch up to and pass the USSR in space; "never doubt for a moment that America would be successful".<a href="#cite_note-time19571014-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Explorer_1">Explorer 1</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Explorer 1">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explorer1_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Explorer1_people.jpg/170px-Explorer1_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Explorer1_people.jpg/255px-Explorer1_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Explorer1_people.jpg/340px-Explorer1_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>, and Wernher von Braun display a full-scale model of Explorer 1 at a Washington, DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit.</figcaption></figure> On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage <a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a> rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral.<a href="#cite_note-nicogossian1993-81">[81]</a> The satellite <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> was 30.66 pounds (13.91 kg) in mass.<a href="#cite_note-nicogossian1993-81">[81]</a> The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds (8.32 kg). It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a <a href="/wiki/Geiger-M%C3%BCller_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiger-Müller tube">Geiger-Müller tube</a>. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a>, a space scientist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>, had theorized.<a href="#cite_note-nicogossian1993-81">[81]</a> The belt, named the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a>, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-82">[82]</a> Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Creation_of_NASA">Creation of NASA</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Creation of NASA">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">Creation of NASA</a></div> On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by <a href="/wiki/Party_Leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, responded by passing the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a>, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_on_Aeronautics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics</a> into the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, appointed by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight Center</a>, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn rocket family</a>, which when mature gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_lunar_probes">Early lunar probes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early lunar probes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luna_3_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/220px-Luna_3_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/330px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/440px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>The first photo of the far side of the moon, taken by Luna 3 moon</figcaption></figure> In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. The <a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a> began with three failed secret 1958 attempts to launch <a href="/wiki/Luna_E-1_No.1" title="Luna E-1 No.1">Luna E-1</a>-class <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)#Impactors" title="Lander (spacecraft)">impactor</a> probes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2018xv-86">[86]</a> The fourth attempt, <a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a>, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) <a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) <a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a> successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 7, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201814-87">[87]</a> The US first embarked on the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> in 1958 by launching the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_0" title="Pioneer 0">first probe</a>, albeit ending in failure. A subsequent probe named <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_1" title="Pioneer 1">Pioneer 1</a> was launched with the intention of orbiting the Moon only to result in a partial mission success when it reached an apogee of 113,800 km before falling back to Earth. The missions of <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_2" title="Pioneer 2">Pioneer 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_3" title="Pioneer 3">Pioneer 3</a> failed whereas <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a> had one partially successful lunar flyby in March 1959.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg/220px-First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg/330px-First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg/440px-First_Photo_from_the_Surface_of_the_Moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>First photo of the surface of the moon, taken by Luna 9</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger program</a> was started in 1959 by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. The Block I <a href="/wiki/Ranger_1" title="Ranger 1">Ranger 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranger_2" title="Ranger 2">Ranger 2</a> suffered <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Atlas-Agena</a> launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II <a href="/wiki/Ranger_3" title="Ranger 3">Ranger 3</a> launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) <a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a> became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panels</a> and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. <a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a> ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III <a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">Ranger 7</a> which impacted on July 31, 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi201841-90">[90]</a> Ranger had three successful impactors out of nine attempts.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1963, the Soviet Union's "2nd Generation" Luna programme was less successful, <a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">Luna 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">Luna 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">Luna 7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">Luna 8</a> were all met with mission failures. However, in 1966 <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> achieved the first soft-landing on the Moon, and successfully transmitted photography from the surface.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a> marked the first man-made object to establish an orbit around the Moon,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">Luna 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">Luna 12</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">Luna 14</a> which also successfully established orbits. <a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">Luna 12</a> was able to transmit detailed photography of the surface from orbit.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Luna 10, 12, and <a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">Luna 14</a> conducted <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray spectrometry">Gamma ray spectrometry</a> of the Moon, among other tests. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg/155px-Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg/232px-Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg/309px-Postage_stamp_of_the_USSR_-_a_picture_of_the_Earth_from_Zond-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Soviet stamp from 1969 showing Earth from Zond 7</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_landing_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moon_landing_map.jpg/186px-Moon_landing_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moon_landing_map.jpg/279px-Moon_landing_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moon_landing_map.jpg/372px-Moon_landing_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>The near side of the moon, showing Luna probe landing locations with red triangles, Surveyor in yellow, and the later Apollo landings in Green</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond programme</a> was orchestrated alongside the Luna programme with <a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a> launching in 1964, intended as flyby missions, however both failed.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a> however was successful, and transmitted high quality photography from the far side of the moon.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In late 1966, <a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">Luna 13</a> became the third spacecraft to make a soft-landing on the Moon, with the American <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a> having now taken second.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Later on, to aid the Apollo missions, the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a> was conducted by NASA, with five successful soft landings out of seven attempts from 1966 to 1968. The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter program</a> had five successes out of five attempts in 1966–1967.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_mammals_in_space">First mammals in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First mammals in space">edit</a>]</div> The US and the USSR sent animals into space to determine the safety of the environment before sending the first humans. The USSR used <a href="/wiki/Space_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Space dogs">dogs</a> for this purpose, and the US used <a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">monkeys and apes</a>. The first mammal in space was <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_(monkey)" title="Albert II (monkey)">Albert II</a>, a rhesus monkey launched by the US on a sub-orbital flight on June 14, 1949, who died on landing due to a parachute malfunction.<a href="#cite_note-albert2-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg/220px-Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg/330px-Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg/440px-Posta_Romana_-_1959_-_Laika_120_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Laika on a Romanian post stamp</figcaption></figure> The USSR sent the dog <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a> into orbit on <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a> on November 3, 1957, for an intended ten-day flight. They did not yet have the technology to return Laika safely to Earth, and the government reported Laika died when the oxygen ran out,<a href="#cite_note-Beischer1962-103">[103]</a> but in October 2002 her true cause of death was reported as stress and overheating on the fourth orbit<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> due to failure of the air conditioning system.<a href="#cite_note-AT-20171103-105">[105]</a> At a Moscow press conference in 1998 <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gazenko" title="Oleg Gazenko">Oleg Gazenko</a>, a senior Soviet scientist involved in the project, stated "The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of the dog...".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On August 19, 1960, the dogs <a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a> were sent into orbit aboard <a href="/wiki/Korabl-Sputnik_2" title="Korabl-Sputnik 2">Sputnik 5</a> and safely returned. The Americans sent the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a> on a suborbital flight of the Mercury capsule on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a> and recovered him safely on January 31, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-csrvlmt-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-chsent-108">[108]</a> The chimpanzee <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a> was launched on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">Mercury-Atlas 5</a> on November 29, 1961, into what was supposed to be a three-orbit flight.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, the mission was aborted after two orbits due to capsule overheating, and a malfunctioning "avoidance conditioning" test subjecting him to 76 electrical shocks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_humans_in_space">First humans in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First humans in space">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vostok">Vostok</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vostok">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok programme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/170px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/255px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg/340px-Vostok_spacecraft_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a> spacecraft bus</figcaption></figure> The Soviets designed their first human <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> using the same <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus">spacecraft bus</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Zenit_spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit spy satellite">Zenit spy satellite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> forcing them to keep the details and true appearance secret until after the Vostok program was over. The craft consisted of a spherical descent module with a mass of 2.46 tonnes (5,400 lb) and a diameter of 2.3 meters (7.5 ft), with a cylindrical inner cabin housing the cosmonaut, instruments, and escape system; and a <a href="/wiki/Biconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biconic">biconic</a> instrument module with a mass of 2.27 tonnes (5,000 lb), 2.25 meters (7.4 ft) long and 2.43 meters (8.0 ft) in diameter, containing the engine system and propellant. After reentry, the cosmonaut would eject at about 7,000 meters (23,000 ft) over the USSR and descend via parachute, while the capsule would land separately, because the descent module made an extremely rough landing that could have left a cosmonaut seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001149–57-112">[112]</a> The "Vostok spaceship" was first displayed at the July 1961 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_air_show" title="Soviet air show">Tushino air show</a>, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place concealing the spherical capsule. A tail section with eight fins was added in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976254-113">[113]</a> The Soviets finally revealed the true appearance of their Vostok capsule at the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg/170px-Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Yuri Gagarin, the first person in space, 1961</figcaption></figure> On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world by launching <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> into a single, 108-minute orbit around the Earth in a craft called <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001149–57-112">[112]</a> They dubbed Gagarin the first <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a>, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as "sailor of the universe". Gagarin's capsule was flown in automatic mode, since doctors did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space; but Gagarin was given an envelope containing the code that would unlock manual control in an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001149–57-112">[112]</a> Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Parade_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Victory Parade of 1945">World War II Victory Parade of 1945</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> April 12 was declared <a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics_Day" title="Cosmonautics Day">Cosmonautics Day</a> in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia."<a href="#cite_note-32FZ-115">[115]</a> In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The USSR demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and launched two piloted spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Vostok_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok 3">Vostok 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vostok_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok 4">Vostok 4</a>, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001183,_192-117">[117]</a> The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles) of one another, close enough for radio communication,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976117–18-118">[118]</a> but then drifted as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). The Vostok had no maneuvering rockets to keep the two craft a controlled distance apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001185–91-119">[119]</a> Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. The first woman, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, was launched into space on <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a> on June 16, 1963,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001194–218-120">[120]</a> as (possibly) a medical experiment. She was the only one to fly of a small group of female parachutist factory workers (unlike the male cosmonauts who were military test pilots),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> chosen by the head of cosmonaut training because he read a tabloid article about the "<a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a>" group of women wanting to become astronauts, and got the mistaken idea that NASA was actually entertaining this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgessHall2009229-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2001194–218-120">[120]</a> Five months after her flight, Tereshkova married <a href="/wiki/Vostok_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok 3">Vostok 3</a> cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev" title="Andriyan Nikolayev">Andriyan Nikolayev</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and they had a daughter.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mercury">Mercury</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mercury">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Spacecraft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/220px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/330px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/440px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway of the Mercury capsule</figcaption></figure> The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a>. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">ballistic re-entry capsule</a> launched on a derivative <a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas missile</a>, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency's <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. The Mercury spacecraft was designed by the STG's chief engineer <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>. NASA selected a new group of <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> (from the Greek for "star sailor") candidates from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> test pilots, and narrowed this down to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">a group of seven</a> for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone missile</a>, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unpiloted, then carry a non-human primate, then finally humans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Mercury spacecraft's principal designer was <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>, who started research for human spaceflight during the time of the NACA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001150-125">[125]</a> It consisted of a conical capsule with a cylindrical pack of three solid-fuel <a href="/wiki/Retro-rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro-rocket">retro-rockets</a> strapped over a <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> on the blunt end. Base diameter at the blunt end was 6.0 feet (1.8 m) and length was 10.8 feet (3.3 m); with the launch escape system added, the overall length was 25.9 feet (7.9 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131-126">[126]</a> With 100 cubic feet (2.8 m3) of habitable volume, the capsule was just large enough for a single astronaut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196647-127">[127]</a> The first suborbital spacecraft weighed 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg); the heaviest, Mercury-Atlas 9, weighed 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) fully loaded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966490-128">[128]</a> On reentry, the astronaut would stay in the craft through splashdown by parachute in the Atlantic Ocean. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg/220px-Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg/330px-Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg/440px-Alan_Shepard_during_Mercury-Redstone_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, the first American in space, 1961</figcaption></figure> On May 5, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American in space, launching in a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">ballistic trajectory</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a>, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999138–43-129">[129]</a> Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">attitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retro-rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro-rocket">retro-rocket</a> firing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976153–54-130">[130]</a> After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> from <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn62.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/220px-Glenn62.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/330px-Glenn62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/440px-Glenn62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, the first American in orbit, 1962</figcaption></figure> American <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a> repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4">Liberty Bell 7</a> on July 21, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999156–164-133">[133]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a> mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999156–164-133">[133]</a> On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy awarded Glenn with the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a <a href="/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade" title="Ticker-tape parade">ticker-tape parade</a> in New York City, reminiscent of that given for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>. The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: <a href="/wiki/Aurora_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora 7">Aurora 7</a> on May 24, 1962, duplicated Glenn's three orbits, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Sigma 7</a> on October 3, 1962, six orbits, and <a href="/wiki/Faith_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith 7">Faith 7</a> on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Exploration_of_Venus">The Exploration of Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Exploration of Venus">edit</a>]</div> Venus was of great interest in the field of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a> due to its thick and opaque atmosphere, the atmospheres of other planets being a novel area of research at the time. In 1961 the <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera Programme</a> was initiated by the Soviet Union, with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a>. The programme would go on to mark many firsts in the exploration of another planet. Despite the later successes however, <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a>, intended to flyby Venus, resulted in failure due to losses of contact. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/220px-Mariner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/330px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/440px-Mariner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of Mariner 2, the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft</figcaption></figure> NASA would then initiate the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a>. Mariner 1 failed shortly after launch,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> however Mariner 2 would become the first man-made object to flyby another Planet in December 1962 when the probe passed by Venus.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Later in 1965/66, <a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a>, marked the first time a man-made object made contact with another planet after it impacted Venus on March 1, 1966, despite operational difficulties resulting in loss of contact with the craft. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> flew by Venus and conducted atmospheric analysis. In 1970 <a href="/wiki/Venera#Venera_7" title="Venera">Venera 7</a> marked the first time a spacecraft was able to return data after landing on another planet.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[139]</a> Venera 7 held a resistant <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> and an aneroid <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> to measure the temperature and atmospheric pressure on the surface, the transmitted data showed 475 C at the surface, and a pressure of 92 bar.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/313px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/470px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/626px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Surface of Venus taken by Venera 9</figcaption></figure>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> flew by Venus on its mission to Mercury. In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> established an orbit around Venus and successfully returned the first photography of the surface of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> landed on Venus and followed with further photography shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> NASA initiated the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a> in 1978, successfully deploying probes into the Venusian atmosphere. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_of_Venus_taken_by_Venera_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Surface_of_Venus_taken_by_Venera_13.jpg/308px-Surface_of_Venus_taken_by_Venera_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Surface_of_Venus_taken_by_Venera_13.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Surface of Venus taken by Venera 13</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5278._1982._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-13%C2%BB_%D0%B8_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-14%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5278._1982._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-13%C2%BB_%D0%B8_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-14%C2%BB.jpg/157px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5278._1982._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-13%C2%BB_%D0%B8_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-14%C2%BB.jpg/236px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%E2%84%96_5278._1982._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-13%C2%BB_%D0%B8_%C2%AB%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-14%C2%BB.jpg/314px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet stamp from 1982 showing Venera 13 and 14</figcaption></figure>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> performed a successful soft-landing on Venus and marked the first probe to drill into the surface of another planet and take a sample.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Venera 13 also took an audio sample of the Venusian environment, marking another first.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Venera 13 returned the first color images of the surface of Venus, revealing an orange-brown flat bedrock surface covered with loose <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> and small flat thin angular rocks.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a>, an identical spacecraft to Venera 13, was launched 5 days apart with a similar mission profile.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In total ten Venera probes achieved a soft landing on the surface of Venus. In 1984, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega programme</a> began and ended with the launch of two crafts launched six days apart, <a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a>. Both crafts deployed a balloon in addition to a lander, marking a first in spaceflight.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The US never caught up or matched the Soviet efforts to explore Venus, but did claim the title of the first successful probe to have flown by her. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy_aims_for_the_Moon">Kennedy aims for the Moon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kennedy aims for the Moon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 3px; color: #202122;background-color: #CCCCCC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> These are extraordinary times. And we face an extraordinary challenge. Our strength, as well as our convictions, have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom's cause. ... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the Sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take. ... Now it is time to take longer strides – time for a great new American enterprise – time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. ... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines, which gives them many months of lead-time, and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes, we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own. ... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space, and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. ... Let it be clear that I am asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action—a course which will last for many years and carry very heavy costs: 531 million dollars in fiscal '62—an estimated seven to nine billion dollars additional over the next five years. If we are to go only half way, or reduce our sights in the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be better not to go at all. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">John F. Kennedy, Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961<a href="#cite_note-Special_Message-5">[5]</a></cite> </div> Before Gagarin's flight, US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Space_policy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s support for America's piloted space program was lukewarm. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> of MIT, who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, and himself an opponent of sending humans into space, remarked, "If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgment, he would have."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> As late as March 1961, when NASA administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970, Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Some were surprised by Kennedy's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration's inefficiency during the election.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a>, planned before his term began but executed during it, was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the US forces.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Looking for something to save political face, he sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> the opportunity to catch up.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The two major options at the time were either the establishment of an Earth orbital space station or a crewed landing on the Moon. Johnson, in turn, consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first.<a href="#cite_note-lbjmemo-159">[159]</a> Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs". <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special_Message_to_the_Congress_on_Urgent_National_Needs" class="extiw" title="s:Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs">Full text</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields.<a href="#cite_note-wechoose-160">[160]</a> He rallied popular support for the program in his "<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> facility.<a href="#cite_note-wechoose-160">[160]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_moon" class="extiw" title="s:We choose to go to the moon">Full text</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's challenge with silence, refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a "Moon race". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">two competing crewed lunar programs</a>. Soviet Decree 655–268, On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space, issued in August 1964, directed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomei" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Chelomei">Vladimir Chelomei</a> to develop a Moon flyby program with a projected first flight by the end of 1966, and directed Korolev to develop the Moon landing program with a first flight by the end of 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Stabell2012-161">[161]</a> In September 1965, Chelomei's flyby program was assigned to Korolev, who redesigned the cislunar mission to use his own <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Soyuz 7K-L1</a> spacecraft and Chelomei's <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton rocket</a>. After Korolev's death in January 1966, another government decree of February 1967 moved the first crewed flyby to mid-1967, and the first crewed landing to the end of 1968. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_joint_US-USSR_program">Proposed joint US-USSR program</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proposed joint US-USSR program">edit</a>]</div> After a first US-USSR <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Dryden">Dryden</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Blagonravov" title="Anatoly Blagonravov">Blagonravov</a> agreement and cooperation on the <a href="/wiki/Project_Echo" title="Project Echo">Echo II balloon satellite</a> in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-technology-13">[13]</a> President Kennedy proposed on September 20, 1963, in a speech before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-JFK_Library_1963-162">[162]</a> Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race, preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> initially rejected Kennedy's proposal.<a href="#cite_note-spacedaily-164">[164]</a> However, on October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei</a> claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a> on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he lacked the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-spacedaily-164">[164]</a> Some cooperation in robotic space exploration nevertheless did take place,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> such as a combined <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> data analysis under a joint Soviet–American working group of <a href="/wiki/COSPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="COSPAR">COSPAR</a> in 1969, allowing a more complete drawing of the profile of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Eventually the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz mission">Apollo-Soyuz mission</a> was realized afterall, which furthermore laid the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir program">Shuttle-Mir program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>. As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_11129" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 11129">Executive Order 11129</a> renaming the Cape Canaveral and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Apollo launch</a> facilities after Kennedy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_NASA_crewed_spacecraft">First NASA crewed spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: First NASA crewed spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-person spacecraft that would support the later three-person Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking of two craft</a>, flight durations of sufficient length to go to the Moon and back, and <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">extra-vehicular activity</a> to perform work outside the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a383-169">[169]</a> Meanwhile, Korolev had planned further long-term missions for the Vostok spacecraft, and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his <a href="/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia">OKB-1</a> facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a384–86-170">[170]</a> The Americans' announced plans for Gemini represented major advances over the Mercury and Vostok capsules, and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a384–86-170">[170]</a> He had already begun designing the Vostok's replacement, the next-generation <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a>, a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999149-171">[171]</a> Soyuz would not be available for at least three years, and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999198-172">[172]</a> Political pressure in early 1964 – which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials – pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews, and the duration of missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a384–86-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voskhod">Voskhod</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Voskhod">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod programme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png/220px-Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png/330px-Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png/440px-Vostok_and_Voskhod_crew_seating.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Korolev modified the one-person Vostok capsule into carrying three people, or two plus an airlock for spacewalk capability.</figcaption></figure> Korolev's conversion of his surplus Vostok capsules to the <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskhod spacecraft">Voskhod spacecraft</a> allowed the Soviet space program to beat the Gemini program in achieving the first spaceflight with a multi-person crew, and the first "spacewalk". Gemini took a year longer than planned to make its first flight, so <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_1" title="Voskhod 1">Voskhod 1</a> became the first spaceflight with a three-person crew on October 12, 1964.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The USSR touted another "technological achievement" during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999199–200-174">[174]</a> However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this was because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999199–200-174">[174]</a> This was not repeated until the US <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command Module">Apollo Command Module</a> flew in 1968; the command module cabin was designed to transport three astronauts in a low pressure, pure oxygen <a href="/wiki/Shirt-sleeve_environment" title="Shirt-sleeve environment">shirt-sleeve environment</a> while in space. On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR launched the two-cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> mission with <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Belyayev" title="Pavel Belyayev">Pavel Belyayev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT650319-175">[175]</a> Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a448-176">[176]</a> Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-NYT650319-175">[175]</a> A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999205-177">[177]</a> In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999205-177">[177]</a> He succeeded in safely re-entering the spacecraft, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a454–460-178">[178]</a> The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the city of <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a454–460-178">[178]</a> By October 16, 1964, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the "Wednesday conspiracy".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, canceling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on reaching the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a510–11-180">[180]</a> Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it became the last of the space firsts that the USSR achieved during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked "the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a460-4">[4]</a> There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999207-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gemini">Gemini</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gemini">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/220px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/330px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg/440px-Gemini_7_in_orbit_-_GPN-2006-000035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4069" /></a><figcaption>Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7, December 1965</figcaption></figure> Though delayed a year to reach its first flight, Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet superiority in piloted spaceflight. Gemini had ten crewed missions between March 1965 and November 1966: <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_8" title="Gemini 8">Gemini 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_10" title="Gemini 10">Gemini 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_11" title="Gemini 11">Gemini 11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a>; and accomplished the following: <ul><li>Every mission demonstrated the ability to adjust the crafts' inclination and apsis without issue.</li> <li>Gemini 5 demonstrated eight-day endurance, long enough for a round trip to the Moon. Gemini 7 demonstrated a fourteen-day endurance flight.</li> <li>Gemini 6A demonstrated rendezvous and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">station-keeping</a> with Gemini 7 for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot (0.30 m).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Gemini 9A also achieved rendezvous with an <a href="/wiki/Agena_Target_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Agena Target Vehicle">Agena Target Vehicle</a> (ATV).</li> <li>Rendezvous and <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a> with the ATV was achieved on Gemini 8, 10, 11, and 12. Gemini 11 achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) was perfected through increasing practice on Gemini 4, 9A, 10, 11, and 12. On Gemini 12, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Aldrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a> spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.</li> <li>Gemini 10, 11, and 12 used the ATV's engine to make large changes in its orbit while docked. Gemini 11 used the Agena's rocket to achieve a crewed Earth orbit record <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 742 nautical miles (1,374 km).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg/220px-Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg/330px-Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gemini_docking_system_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Gemini docking system diagram</figcaption></figure> Gemini 8 experienced the first in-space mission abort on March 17, 1966, just after achieving the world's first docking, when a stuck or shorted thruster sent the craft into an uncontrolled spin. Command pilot <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> was able to shut off the stuck thruster and stop the spin by using the re-entry control system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976176-183">[183]</a> He and his crewmate <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> landed and were recovered safely.<a href="#cite_note-Gemini_8_Crew_and_PJs-184">[184]</a> Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions. With the completion of Gemini, the US had demonstrated many of the key technologies necessary to make Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon, namely manned spacecraft docking, with the exception of developing a large enough launch vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/440px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/660px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/880px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Progress in the Space Race, showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_crewed_Moon_programs">Soviet crewed Moon programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soviet crewed Moon programs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_(left)_and_N-1_(drawn_to_scale).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg/170px-RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg/255px-RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg/340px-RP1357_p174_Saturn_V_%28left%29_and_N-1_%28drawn_to_scale%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> and Soviet <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1-L3</a> launch vehicles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_vs_LOK_(RP1357,_p176,_191-220).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg/170px-Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg/255px-Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg/340px-Apollo_vs_LOK_%28RP1357%2C_p176%2C_191-220%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_and_Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command and Service Module">Apollo Command and Service Module</a> and Soyuz 7K-L3 (Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl) lunar orbiters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png/170px-Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png/255px-Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png/340px-Manned_Moon_landers_LK_vs_LM_-_to_scale_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Soviet LK (Lunniy Korabl) and American <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> lunar landers</figcaption></figure> Korolev's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight (March 1962 and May 1963), the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design. At the same time, another bureau, <a href="/wiki/OKB-52" class="mw-redirect" title="OKB-52">OKB-52</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomey" title="Vladimir Chelomey">Vladimir Chelomey</a>, was developing the <a href="/wiki/LK-1" title="LK-1">LK-1</a> lunar flyby spacecraft, which would be launched by Chelomey's <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton UR-500</a> rocket. The Soviet government rejected Korolev's proposals, opting to support Chelomey's project, who gained favor with Khrushchev by employing his son.<a href="#cite_note-FAS_1997-186">[186]</a> Officially, the Soviet lunar program was established on August 3, 1964, with the adoption of Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655-268 (On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space) The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967, and the landings to start in 1968, intending to land a person on the Moon before the Apollo flights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree19953-5-187">[187]</a> Both of the bureaus submitted their projects for a crewed lunar landing. Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1 super rocket</a> and a more advanced <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">Soyuz 7K-L3</a> spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module ("Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander ("Lunniy Korabl", <a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a>), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree19953-5-187">[187]</a> The N1/L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit, a fourth stage for Earth departure, and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist. The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three-stage US <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo</a>-Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28% (45,400 kN vs. 33,000 kN), but had only about half the <a href="/wiki/Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a> payload capability.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The Saturn V used <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant#Hydrogen" title="Liquid rocket propellant">liquid hydrogen fuel</a> in its two upper stages, and carried a 48.6-tonne (107,000 lb) payload to the Moon,<a href="#cite_note-svgiw-189">[189]</a> enough for a three-person <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_and_Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command and Service Module">orbiter</a> and two-person <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">lander</a>. The USSR did not use liquid hydrogen until after the N-1 was canceled, therefore it was only capable of a 23.5-tonne (52,000 lb) translunar payload. Chelomey's program assumed using a <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> lander based on the LK-1, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, which would be launched using his proposed <a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket#UR-700" title="Universal Rocket">UR-700</a> rocket. Following Khrushchev's ouster from power, Chelomey lost his support in the Soviet government, and his proposal didn't receive any funding. Additionally, in August 1965, due to Korolev's opposition, work on the LK-1 was suspended, and later stopped completely. As a replacement, the circumlunar mission would use a stripped-down <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Soyuz 7K-L1</a> "Zond", while still retaining the Proton UR-500 booster. In order to fit two crewmembers, the Zond had to omit the Soyuz orbital module, sacrificing equipment for habitable cabin volume.<a href="#cite_note-FAS_1997-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree199512-13-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_space_treaty">Outer space treaty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Outer space treaty">edit</a>]</div> The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-inesap-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> which created a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly in December 1962, which not only urged member nations to "extend the rules of international law to outer space," but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American and Soviet space program.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starfish5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Starfish5.JPG/220px-Starfish5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Starfish5.JPG/330px-Starfish5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Starfish5.JPG/440px-Starfish5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Starfish Prime nuclear fireball in space seen from <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></figcaption></figure> In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> was signed by more than 100 signatories, including both the United States and the Soviet Union. This treaty followed the US test of a nuclear bomb detonated in outer space the year earlier called <a href="/wiki/Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a>. The UN ultimately created a <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies</a>, which was signed by the United States, the USSR, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> on January 27, 1967, and came into force the following October 10.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty_of_1967" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967">Outer Space Treaty of 1967</a></div></div></div> </div> This treaty: <ul><li>bars party States from placing <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> in Earth orbit, on the Moon, or any other celestial body;</li> <li>exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes, and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications;</li> <li>declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States;</li> <li>explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">common heritage of mankind</a>, "not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". However, the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object;</li> <li>holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object;</li> <li>declares that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty", and "States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities"; and</li> <li>"A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."</li></ul> The treaty remains in force, signed by 107 member states. – As of July 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit">[update]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Satellite_research">Anti-Satellite research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Anti-Satellite research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Istrebitel-sputnikov">Istrebitel-sputnikov</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Istrebitel-sputnikov">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg/220px-IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg/330px-IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg/440px-IS_anti_satellite_weapon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>An artist’s illustration of the Soviet-era Istrebitel Sputnikov <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite</a> system</figcaption></figure> In November 1968, dismay gripped the United States Central Intelligence Agency when a successful satellite destruction simulation was successfully orchestrated by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:0-197">[197]</a> As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Istrebitel_Sputnikov" title="Istrebitel Sputnikov">Istrebitel Sputnikov</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite weapons</a> research programme, the Kosmos 248 Soviet satellite was successfully destroyed by Kosmos 252 which was able to intercept within the 5km 'kill radius' and destroyed Kosmos 248 by detonating its onboard warhead. This wasn't the beginning of the programme, years earlier intercept attempts had begun with the rendezvous of the <a href="/wiki/Polyot_(satellite)" title="Polyot (satellite)">Polyot</a> satellites in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SAINT">SAINT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: SAINT">edit</a>]</div> Possibly as a response to the Soviet programme, the United States began <a href="/wiki/Project_SAINT" title="Project SAINT">Project SAINT</a>, which was intended to provide anti-satellite capability to be used in the case of war with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> However, less is known about the mission profiles of this project compared to the Soviet programme, and the project was cancelled early on due to budget constraints.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_strikes_both_sides">Disaster strikes both sides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Disaster strikes both sides">edit</a>]</div> In 1967, both nations' space programs faced serious challenges that brought them to temporary halts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo_1">Apollo 1</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Apollo 1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the crew</figcaption></figure> On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil "Gus" Grissom</a>, Senior Pilot <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a>, and Pilot <a href="/wiki/Roger_Chaffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Chaffee">Roger Chaffee</a>, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's atmosphere of pure oxygen at greater than one standard atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the <a href="/wiki/Plug_door" title="Plug door">plug door</a> hatch cover against the internal pressure.<a href="#cite_note-sea5-205">[205]</a> The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures.<a href="#cite_note-sea5-205">[205]</a> All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made.<a href="#cite_note-sea5-205">[205]</a> Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soyuz_1">Soyuz 1</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Soyuz 1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallen_Astronaut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fallen_Astronaut.jpg/220px-Fallen_Astronaut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fallen_Astronaut.jpg/330px-Fallen_Astronaut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fallen_Astronaut.jpg/440px-Fallen_Astronaut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque and the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a> sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts</figcaption></figure> On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mikhaylovich_Komarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov">Vladimir Komarov</a>, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a>, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> had deployed. Then the automatic <a href="/wiki/Attitude_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude control system">attitude control system</a> began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute, causing descent speed to reach as high as 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph). Shortly thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a> impacted the ground 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, exploding into a ball of flames. The official autopsy states Komarov died of blunt force trauma on impact, and that the subsequent heat mutilation of his corpse was a result of the explosive impact. Fixing the spacecraft's faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Both_programs_recover">Both programs recover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Both programs recover">edit</a>]</div> The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_and_Service_Module#Major_differences_between_Block_I_and_Block_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command and Service Module">Block II command module</a>. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>) and the Lunar Module (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a>) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006310–12,_314–16-207">[207]</a> The first Saturn V flight was an unqualified success, and although the second suffered some non-catastrophic engine failures, it was considered a partial success and the launcher achieved human rating qualification. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, launched on October 11, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox1990323–24-209">[209]</a> The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_3" title="Soyuz 3">Soyuz 3</a> was launched on October 26, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2003144–47-210">[210]</a> The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2003144–47-210">[210]</a> Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Beregovoy" title="Georgy Beregovoy">Georgy Beregovoy</a> took control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2003144–47-210">[210]</a> He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler2003144–47-210">[210]</a> The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">Soyuz 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">Soyuz 5</a> missions. It was the first-ever docking of two crewed spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZOND.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ZOND.jpg/220px-ZOND.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ZOND.jpg/330px-ZOND.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ZOND.jpg/440px-ZOND.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Soyuz 7K-L1 Zond spacecraft, artist view</figcaption></figure> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond spacecraft</a> was not yet ready for piloted <a href="/wiki/Circumlunar" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumlunar">circumlunar</a> missions in 1968, after six unsuccessful automated test launches: <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_146" title="Kosmos 146">Kosmos 146</a> on March 10, 1967; <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_154" title="Kosmos 154">Kosmos 154</a> on April 8, 1967; <a href="/wiki/Zond_1967A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1967A">Zond 1967A</a> on September 28, 1967; <a href="/wiki/Zond_1967B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1967B">Zond 1967B</a> on November 22, 1967; <a href="/wiki/Zond_1968A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968A">Zond 1968A</a> on April 23, 1968; and <a href="/wiki/Zond_1968B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968B">Zond 1968B</a> in July 1968.<a href="#cite_note-tent-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a> was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b616–618-213">[213]</a> but encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallShayler200325-214">[214]</a> The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b616–618-213">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/170px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/255px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/340px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>, as seen from Apollo 8, December 24, 1968 (photograph by astronaut <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> into lunar orbit without the LM in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft2001284–97-215">[215]</a> This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight in late 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin199457–58-216">[216]</a> In September 1968, <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> made a circumlunar flight with <a href="/wiki/Tortoises" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoises">tortoises</a> on board and returned safely to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b654–56-217">[217]</a> It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnhill2004134-218">[218]</a> On November 10, 1968, another automated test flight, <a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a>, was launched. It encountered difficulties in Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b663–66-219">[219]</a> It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006318–19-220">[220]</a> On December 21, 1968, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James Lovell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space, on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, entering lunar orbit on December 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200819–34-221">[221]</a> They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Christmas Eve program</a> from lunar orbit, which concluded with a reading from the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200819–34-221">[221]</a> Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first <a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">trans-Earth injection</a> to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200819–34-221">[221]</a> Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200819–34-221">[221]</a> The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> in March 1969. The next mission, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin.<a href="#cite_note-chariots12-7-222">[222]</a> With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the landing. Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2006318–19-220">[220]</a> After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b665,_832–34-223">[223]</a> The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969, was a significant setback.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b690–93-224">[224]</a> The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003b690–93-224">[224]</a> Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2009178–79-225">[225]</a> At the same time the Soviet Union developed the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod rovers</a>, and attempted to land on the Moon robotically in early 1969, but failed to launch and land Lunokhod 0. <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> succeeded in 1970, being the first successful Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return mission</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_humans_on_the_Moon">First humans on the Moon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: First humans on the Moon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/170px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/255px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/340px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, the first person to walk on the Moon, 1969</figcaption></figure> Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tranquility">Sea of Tranquility</a>, just half a year after the first crewed flight to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2009144–51-226">[226]</a> The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994138-227">[227]</a> They trained for the mission until just before the launch day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994163–83-228">[228]</a> On July 16, 1969, at 9:32 am <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39</a> in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry200938–44-229">[229]</a> The trip to the Moon took just over three days.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module named <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a>, leaving Collins in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a> <a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a>, and began their descent. Despite the interruption of alarms from an overloaded <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">computer</a> caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft) to correct a slight downrange guidance error, and set the Eagle down on a safe <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">landing spot</a> at 20:18:04 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coordinated_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Coordinated Time">UTC</a>, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone#Central_Daylight_Time" title="Central Time Zone">CDT</a>). Six hours later, at 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong left the Eagle to become the first human to set foot on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox1990356-231">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/220px--Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv/Apollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_11_Landing_-_first_steps_on_the_moon.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Armstrong describes the lunar surface.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav" title="File:Neil Armstrong small step.wav">Neil Armstrong's historic first words on the Moon.</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav/Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav/Neil_Armstrong_small_step.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANeil_Armstrong_small_step.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANeil_Armstrong_small_step.wav&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Lander_-_5927_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 Lunar Lander - Buzz Aldrin facing away from camera</figcaption></figure> The first step was witnessed on live television by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox1990356-231">[231]</a> Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Collins in Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2009250–51-235">[235]</a> But before they return ascended the Space Race came to a particular culmination.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Few days before Apollo 11 left Earth the Soviet Union launched the <a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a> probe, entering lunar orbit just before Apollo 11 and eventually sharing it with Apollo 11. Aware of Luna 15, Apollo 8 astronaut Frank Borman was asked to use his goodwill contacts in the Soviet Union to prevent any collision. Subsequently, in one of the first instances of Soviet–American space communication the Soviet Union released Luna 15's flight plan to ensure it would not collide with Apollo 11, although its exact mission was not publicized.<a href="#cite_note-audio-237">[237]</a> But as Apollo 11 was wrapping up surface activities, the Soviet mission command hastened Luna 15 and attempted its robotic <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return mission</a> before Apollo 11 would return. As Luna 15 descended just two hours before Apollo 11's launch and impacted at 15:50 UTC some hundred kilometers away from Apollo 11, British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 recorded the situation, with one commenting:“I say, this has really been drama of the highest order”.<a href="#cite_note-a357-238">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg/220px-NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg/330px-NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg/440px-NASA_Apollo_17_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>NASA Apollo 17 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></figcaption></figure> Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2009252–62-239">[239]</a> When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox1990347-240">[240]</a> With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999288-241">[241]</a> Armstrong and his crew became worldwide celebrities, feted with ticker-tape parades on August 13 in New York City and Chicago, attended by an estimated six million.<a href="#cite_note-LADinner-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> That evening in Los Angeles they were honored at an official <a href="/wiki/State_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinner">state dinner</a> attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, and ambassadors from 83 nations. The President and Vice president presented each astronaut with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LADinner-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The astronauts spoke before a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of Congress</a> on September 16, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> This began a 38-day world tour to 22 foreign countries and included visits with the leaders of many countries.<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_11_Crew_Starts_World_Tour-246">[246]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveyor_Crater,_Before_and_After_(LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png/220px-Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png/330px-Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png/440px-Surveyor_Crater%2C_Before_and_After_%28LROC609_-_AS12-48-7099HR%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>An image of the Surveyor 3 craft, taken by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969</figcaption></figure>The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> in November 1969, within walking distance of the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> spacecraft which landed on April 20, 1967. In total the Apollo programme involved six manned Moon landings from 1969 to 1972, and a total of twelve astronauts walked on the surface of the Moon. These were <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_ramps_down">Competition ramps down</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Competition ramps down">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_moonrover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/220px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/330px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/440px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>In 1970 the Soviet Union landed the first ever rover (<a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a>) on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body, in its first successful <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return mission</a></figcaption></figure> NASA had ambitious follow-on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite1999186-248">[248]</a> A victim of its own success, Apollo had achieved its first landing goal with enough spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for a total of ten lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-duration missions and transporting the landing crews in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> on the last five. NASA also planned an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a> (AAP) to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>) from a spent <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> upper stage, to be constructed in orbit using several launches of the smaller <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> launch vehicle. In February 1969, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a> convened a "<a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">space task group</a>" to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program, headed by his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Spiro_T._Agnew" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiro T. Agnew">Spiro T. Agnew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite1999123-249">[249]</a> Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA's follow-up plans for permanent <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a> in Earth and lunar orbit, perhaps a base on the lunar surface, and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite1999136–50-250">[250]</a> These would be serviced by an infrastructure of a reusable <a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a>, including an Earth-to-orbit <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. Nixon had a better sense of the declining political support in Congress for new Apollo-style programs, which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing, and he intended to pursue détente with the USSR and China, which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions. He cut the spending proposal he sent to Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle, with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite1999150–77-251">[251]</a> AAP planners decided the Earth orbital workshop could be accomplished more efficiently by prefabricating it on the ground and launching it with a single Saturn V, which immediately eliminated Apollo 20. Budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 due to an in-flight spacecraft failure but returned its crew safely to Earth. The Apollo program made its <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">final</a> lunar landing in December 1972; the two unused Saturn Vs were used as outdoor visitor displays and allowed to deteriorate due to the effects of weathering. The USSR continued trying to develop its N1 rocket, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972, finally canceling it in May 1974, without achieving a single successful uncrewed test flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortree19955-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salyut_and_Skylab">Salyut and Skylab</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Salyut and Skylab">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_(Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky,_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_4060_stamp_%28Cosmonauts_Georgy_Dobrovolsky%2C_Vladislav_Volkov_and_Viktor_Patsayev%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure> Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 and then launched a series of six successful space stations (plus two failures to achieve orbit and one station rendered uninhabitable due to damage from explosion of the launcher's upper stage) on their <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> heavy-lift launcher in their <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Kerim_Kerimov" title="Kerim Kerimov">Kerim Kerimov</a>. Each one weighed between 18,500 and 19,824 kilograms (40,786 and 43,704 lb), was 20 meters (66 ft) long by 4 meters (13 ft) in diameter, and had a habitable volume of 99 cubic meters (3,500 cu ft). All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, but three of them were covers for military <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> reconnaissance stations: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a> (failed),<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-astrospies-254">[254]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg/220px-Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg/330px-Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg/440px-Skylab_and_Earth_Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="3870" /></a><figcaption>Skylab Orbital Workshop as photographed by the Skylab 4 CSM during the final fly-around by the CSM before returning home.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a>, the first space station, was launched by the Soviets on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_10" title="Soyuz 10">Soyuz 10</a> crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">Soyuz 11</a> crew of <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Volkov" title="Vladislav Volkov">Vladislav Volkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dobrovolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Dobrovolski">Georgi Dobrovolski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev" title="Viktor Patsayev">Viktor Patsayev</a> successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiated" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiated">asphyxiated</a> when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.<a href="#cite_note-part-257">[257]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg/220px-Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg/330px-Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg/440px-Salyut-7kosmos1686mayakT-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Salyut-7 with Kosmos1686 and Soyuz T-15 docked, truss extended, May 31 1986</figcaption></figure> The United States launched a single orbital workstation, <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, on May 14, 1973. It was launched using a leftover Saturn-5 rocket from the Apollo programme.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Skylab weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, and had a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station, and the third and final mission's crew, <a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a>, set a human endurance record (at the time) with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.<a href="#cite_note-lewis1984-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a> broke Skylab's occupation record at 92 days. <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> were second-generation stations designed for long duration, and were occupied for 683 and 816 days. <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> improved upon earlier designs by allowing long-duration crewed missions and more complex experiments. These stations, with their expanded crew capacity and amenities for long term stay, carrying electric stoves, a refrigerator, and constant hot water.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo–Soyuz_Test_Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="the five crew members of ASTP sitting around a miniature model of their spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8232" data-file-height="6586" /></a><figcaption>Apollo-Soyuz crew: From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Donald "Deke" Slayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patten_Stafford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patten Stafford">Thomas Patten Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_Brand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vance Brand">Vance Brand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Kubasov" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeri Kubasov">Valeri Kubasov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/220px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/330px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/440px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>American Stafford and Russian Leonov shake hands in space aboard the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> docking adapter.</figcaption></figure> In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> negotiated an easing of relations known as détente, creating a temporary "thaw" in the Cold War. The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a> (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz-to-Soyuz as well as Soyuz-to-Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_16" title="Soyuz 16">Soyuz 16</a> mission in December 1974 to test modifications of the Soyuz atmosphere and the docking adapter to prepare for ASTP.<a href="#cite_note-clark-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-newkirk-262">[262]</a> The joint mission began when <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 19">Soyuz 19</a> was first launched on July 15, 1975, at 12:20 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_Shuttles">Space Shuttles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Space Shuttles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz,_Space_Shuttle,_Buran_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg/220px-Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg/330px-Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg/440px-Soyuz%2C_Space_Shuttle%2C_Buran_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Soyuz, US Space Shuttle, and Energia-Buran</figcaption></figure> NASA achieved the first approach and landing test of its <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Boeing 747 carrier plane</a> on August 12, 1977, and the <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">first orbital test flight</a> of a complete, crewed Space Shuttle, consisting of the orbiter, an <a href="/wiki/External_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="External tank">external fuel tank</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Boosters" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters">solid rocket boosters</a>, on April 12, 1981. The designers underestimated the time and cost of refurbishment between flights, which reduced the cost benefit of its reusability. They also overestimated its safety: two of the fleet of five orbiters were lost in fatal flight accidents: one during launch, due to failure of a solid rocket booster seal; and one on reentry, due to launch damage of a wing heat shield. The Air Force was also supposed to use the Shuttle to launch its military payloads, but shunned it in favor of its expendable launchers after the first Shuttle loss. NASA ceased production of its Apollo spacecraft and Saturn IB launcher, and used the Shuttle as its orbital workhorse until <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">2011</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Retirement_of_the_Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Retirement of the Space Shuttle">retired</a> it due to the safety concern. Originally, more than 150 flights over a 15-year operation were expected; actually, the Shuttle made 135 flights in its 30-year lifespan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets mistook the Shuttle as a military surveillance vehicle and decided they had to develop their own shuttle, which they named <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, beginning in 1974. They copied the aerodynamic design of NASA's Shuttle orbiter, which they strapped to the side of their expendable, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant#Hydrogen" title="Liquid rocket propellant">liquid hydrogen-fueled</a> <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia launcher</a>. The Buran could be fitted with four <a href="/wiki/Saturn_AL-31" title="Saturn AL-31">Saturn AL-31</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines and a fuel tank in its payload bay, allowing it to make its own atmospheric test flights, which began in November 1985. Also unlike the US Shuttle, it could be flown pilotlessly and landed automatically. Energia-Buran made only one orbital test flight in November 1988, but US <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> baited the Soviets with disinformation about the heat shield design, and it was not reusable for repeated flight.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Buran was the largest and most expensive Soviet program in the history of the Space Race,<a href="#cite_note-harvey-265">[265]</a> and was effectively canceled by the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, due to lack of funding. The Energia was also canceled at the same time, after only two flights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_women_in_space">First women in space</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: First women in space">edit</a>]</div> The first woman in space was from the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>. NASA did not welcome female astronauts into its corps until 1978, when six female <a href="/wiki/Mission_specialist" title="Mission specialist">mission specialists</a> were recruited. This first class included scientist <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a>, who became America's first woman in space on <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a> in June 1983. NASA included women mission specialists in the next four astronaut candidate classes, and admitted female pilots starting in 1990. <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a> from this class became the first pilot to fly on Space Shuttle flight <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a> in February 1995, and the first female commander of a spaceflight on <a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a> in July 1999. The USSR admitted its first female test pilot as a cosmonaut, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya" title="Svetlana Savitskaya">Svetlana Savitskaya</a>, in 1980. She became the first female to fly since Tereshkova, on <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> in December 1981. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_modular_space_station">First modular space station</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: First modular space station">edit</a>]</div> The USSR turned its space program to the development of the low Earth orbit modular space station <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (peace or world) assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. At 129,700 kilograms (285,900 lb), it held records for the largest spacecraft and the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days, until the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> was built starting in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Mirrecord-266">[266]</a> Mir's operation continued after the 1991 replacement of the USSR's space program with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> until 2001, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/220px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/330px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/440px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>International Space Station in 2010</figcaption></figure> According to American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Samuels" title="Richard J. Samuels">Richard J. Samuels</a>, the space race is generally regarded as a "decisive American victory" after Apollo 11.<a href="#cite_note-NatSecEncyclopedia-9">[9]</a> However, according to historian Jennifer Frost, "[i]f we define the 'space race' as spaceflight capability, the Soviets won it hands down".<a href="#cite_note-Frost-10">[10]</a> Space historian <a href="/wiki/Asif_A._Siddiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif A. Siddiqi">Asif A. Siddiqi</a> proposes a more nuanced view:<a href="#cite_note-AAS-11">[11]</a> <blockquote> Before that landing [Apollo 11], there was an enormous amount of investment in the robotic exploration of the Moon, both by the Soviets and the US, in terms of all sorts of smaller benchmarks like the first lunar impact, the first pictures of the far side of the Moon, the first soft lunar landing, and the first lunar orbit. We forget, but in those little races, the Soviet Union dominated almost every benchmark, but it is forgotten as the United States won the big one. </blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/250px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/375px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/500px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle (US) docked to Mir (USSR/Russia) (1995), both products of the ending competition, joined in the Shuttle-Mir program (1993–1998) which facilitated the ongoing <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the assets of the USSR's space program passed mainly to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Since then, the United States and Russia have cooperated in space with the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle-Mir Program</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The Russians continue to use their <a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7 rocket family</a> as their orbital workhorse to launch the Soyuz crewed spacecraft and its <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> derivative uncrewed cargo craft as shuttles to the ISS. After the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle, American crews were dependent on the R-7–Soyuz to reach the ISS,<a href="#cite_note-Chow-268">[268]</a> until the 2020 first flight of the US <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew Development</a> vehicle. In 2023 the Russian Federation resumed the Luna missions as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> programme with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> (47 years after the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a>),<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> amidst American reignition of interest in the Moon with the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> beginning with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_playground_equipment" title="Cold War playground equipment">Cold War playground equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_exploration_milestones,_1957%E2%80%931969" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969">List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Shot" title="Moon Shot">Moon Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEDS" class="mw-redirect" title="SEDS">SEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">Timeline of space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Conference" title="Woods Hole Conference">Woods Hole Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/11px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/23px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race">"The Space Race"</a>. 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Quickly picked up by US magazines, the idea of extending the Cold War playing board to outer space soon energized the imaginations of politicians, military leaders, and the private sector.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gozerog.com&rft.atitle=How+Did+NASA%27S+%22Vomit+Comet%22+Get+Its+Name%3F+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gozerog.com%2Farticle%2Fnasa-vomit-comet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchefter19993–5_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchefter1999">Schefter 1999</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a460-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a460_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2003a460_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiddiqi2003a">Siddiqi 2003a</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_Message-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Special_Message_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_Message_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Kennedy, John F. 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Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.atitle=Apollo+11+Mission+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fexplore-and-learn%2Ftopics%2Fapollo%2Fapollo-program%2Flanding-missions%2Fapollo11.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatSecEncyclopedia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatSecEncyclopedia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatSecEncyclopedia_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatSecEncyclopedia_9-2">c</a> Both the Apollo 11 Moon landing and the ASTP have been identified as the end of the Space Race,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Samuels" title="Richard J. Samuels">Samuels, Richard J.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT747">Encyclopedia of United States National Security</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2927-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-2927-7</bdi></a>. <q>Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive American victory. 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We have carried out detailed studies on this point, taking into account the increase in engine weights and the weights of the components used to transmit thrust. It turned out that a starting acceleration of a considerably smaller value can be optimal. One of our projects was designed for a starting acceleration of 1.4 g.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aus+den+Arbeiten+des+deutschen+Raketen-Kollektivs+in+der+Sowjet-Union.&rft.series=Raketentechnik+und+Raumfahrtforschung&rft.pages=58-62&rft.pub=Deutsche+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Raketentechnik+und+Raumfahrt&rft.date=1958-04&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6ttrup&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP80-00810A003300530005-2">"Development of guided missiles at Bleicherode and Institut 88"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA Historical Collections</a>. January 22, 1954. Retrieved September 30, 2022. <q>It was generally held up to now that the ratio thrust/take-off weights should be approximately two. 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Retrieved July 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Human+Spaceflight+Program+Still+Strong%2C+NASA+Chief+Says&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F13664-nasa-future-space-exploration-progress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpublished2020" class="citation web cs1">published, Meghan Bartels (May 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/luna-russian-moon-lander-program-2020s.html">"Russia wants to land 3 next-generation Luna spacecraft on the moon by 2025"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved November 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Russia+wants+to+land+3+next-generation+Luna+spacecraft+on+the+moon+by+2025&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=published&rft.aufirst=Meghan+Bartels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fluna-russian-moon-lander-program-2020s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaceRef2021" class="citation web cs1">SpaceRef (November 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-outlines-challenges-progress-for-artemis-moon-missions/">"NASA Outlines Challenges, Progress for Artemis Moon Missions"</a>. SpaceNews. Retrieved November 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=NASA+Outlines+Challenges%2C+Progress+for+Artemis+Moon+Missions&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.au=SpaceRef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-outlines-challenges-progress-for-artemis-moon-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUIjAAAAMAAJ">Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles</a>. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-048909-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-048909-1"><bdi>0-16-048909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn%3A+A+Technological+History+of+the+Apollo%2FSaturn+Launch+Vehicles&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Scientific+and+Technical+Information+Branch%2C+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-16-048909-1&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUIjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessHall2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdVPtCNL9AC">The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team</a>. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-84824-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-84824-2"><bdi>978-0-387-84824-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008935694">2008935694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Soviet+Cosmonaut+Team&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008935694&rft.isbn=978-0-387-84824-2&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Hall%2C+Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrdVPtCNL9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessKate_DoolanBert_Vis2003" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Kate Doolan; Bert Vis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ8WwRBNgk0C">Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6212-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6212-4"><bdi>0-8032-6212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Astronauts%3A+Heroes+Who+Died+Reaching+for+the+Moon&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8032-6212-4&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Kate+Doolan&rft.au=Bert+Vis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJ8WwRBNgk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski2007" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Matthew (2007). Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8147-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-8147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Moon+Rising%3A+Sputnik+and+the+Hidden+Rivalries+that+Ingnited+the+Space+Race&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books%2C+Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8147-3&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1998" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, William E. (1998). This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44521-0"><bdi>978-0-679-44521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+The+Story+of+the+First+Space+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44521-0&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2006" class="citation book cs1">Cadbury, Deborah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaceraceepicbat00cadb">Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space</a>. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084553-7"><bdi>978-0-06-084553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Race%3A+The+Epic+Battle+Between+America+and+the+Soviet+Union+for+Dominance+of+Space&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-084553-7&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspaceraceepicbat00cadb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin1994" class="citation book cs1">Chaikin, Andrew (1994). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027201-1"><bdi>0-14-027201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+on+the+Moon%3A+The+Triumphant+Story+of+the+Apollo+Space+Program&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-14-027201-1&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChertok2005" class="citation book cs1">Chertok, Boris (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/rockets_people_vol1_detail.html">Rockets and People Volumes 1-4</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockets+and+People+Volumes+1-4&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chertok&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fconnect%2Febooks%2Frockets_people_vol1_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2003" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersscientist00corn">Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03075-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03075-9"><bdi>0-670-03075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Scientists%3A+Science%2C+War%2C+and+the+Devil%27s+Pact&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-670-03075-9&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersscientist00corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2003" class="citation book cs1">Dallek, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfinishedlifejo00dall_0">An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-17238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-17238-3"><bdi>0-316-17238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Life%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1917%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-316-17238-3&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfinishedlifejo00dall_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2019" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108200457/https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/Moon-Rush/Leonard-David/9781426220050">Moon Rush</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-2005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-2005-0"><bdi>978-1-4262-2005-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/Moon-Rush/Leonard-David/9781426220050">the original</a> on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Rush&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-2005-0&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonandschuster.co.uk%2Fbooks%2FMoon-Rush%2FLeonard-David%2F9781426220050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGainor2001" class="citation book cs1">Gainor, Chris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723213816/http://www.space.com/spacelibrary/books/library_gainor_020125.html">Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race</a>. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896522-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-896522-83-1"><bdi>1-896522-83-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowstomoonavro0000gain">the original</a> on July 23, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrows+to+the+Moon%3A+Avro%27s+Engineers+and+the+Space+Race&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-896522-83-1&rft.aulast=Gainor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farrowstomoonavro0000gain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatland1976" class="citation book cs1">Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-542820-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-542820-9"><bdi>0-02-542820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manned+Spacecraft%2C+Second+Revision&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-02-542820-9&rft.aulast=Gatland&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallShayler2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Rex; Shayler, David J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zndYLKa26wAC">The Rocket Men: Vostok & Voskhod, The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer–Praxis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-391-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-391-X"><bdi>1-85233-391-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+Men%3A+Vostok+%26+Voskhod%2C+The+First+Soviet+Manned+Spaceflights&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer%E2%80%93Praxis+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85233-391-X&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft.au=Shayler%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzndYLKa26wAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallShayler2003" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Rex; Shayler, David J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C">Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer–Praxis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-657-9"><bdi>1-85233-657-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soyuz%3A+A+Universal+Spacecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer%E2%80%93Praxis+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85233-657-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft.au=Shayler%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbGchpi1HP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardestyEisman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicrivalryinsid0000hard">Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race</a>. Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev. Washington: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0119-6"><bdi>978-1-4262-0119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Rivalry%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Soviet+and+American+Space+Race&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0119-6&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft.au=Eisman%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicrivalryinsid0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarford1997" class="citation book cs1">Harford, James J. (1997). Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon (1 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14853-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-14853-9"><bdi>0-471-14853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korolev%3A+How+One+Man+Masterminded+the+Soviet+Drive+to+Beat+America+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-14853-9&rft.aulast=Harford&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepplewhite1999" class="citation book cs1">Hepplewhite, T.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/sp4221.htm">The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle</a>. Washington, DC: NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Space+Shuttle+Decision%3A+NASA%27s+Search+for+a+Reusable+Space+Vehicle&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hepplewhite&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4221%2Fsp4221.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Eric M. (January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116013417/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html">"Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal"</a>. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. Internet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.atitle=Apollo+11+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa11%2Fa11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2001" class="citation book cs1">Kraft, Christopher C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flight00chri">Flight: My Life in Mission Control</a>. New York: Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7"><bdi>0-525-94571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight%3A+My+Life+in+Mission+Control&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-525-94571-7&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflight00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayCox1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray, Charles</a>; Cox, Catherine Bly (1990). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Touchstone (<a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70625-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-70625-X"><bdi>0-671-70625-X</bdi></a>. <q>The link is to the 2004 edition, pages differ, but content the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Touchstone+%28Simon+%26+Schuster%29&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-671-70625-X&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Cox%2C+Catherine+Bly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2009" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Dan (2009). Moonshot: The Inside Story of Mankind's Greatest Adventure. Chatham, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192837-7"><bdi>978-0-09-192837-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moonshot%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Mankind%27s+Greatest+Adventure&rft.place=Chatham%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-192837-7&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pekkanen, Saadia M. "Governing the New Space Race." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 92–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/14BD9B37A7A15A8E225A5355BB29E51B/S2398772319000163a.pdf/div-class-title-governing-the-new-space-race-div.pdf">online</a>, role of international law.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarTimothy_M._Laur1990" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Timothy M. Laur (1990). Strategic Air Command: People, Aircraft, and Missiles (2 ed.). Baltimore: Nautical and Publishing Company of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933852-77-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-933852-77-0"><bdi>0-933852-77-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Air+Command%3A+People%2C+Aircraft%2C+and+Missiles&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Nautical+and+Publishing+Company+of+America&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-933852-77-0&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Timothy+M.+Laur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poole_(historian)" title="Robert Poole (historian)">Poole, Robert</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qHuAAAAMAAJ">Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13766-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13766-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13766-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthrise%3A+How+Man+First+Saw+the+Earth&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13766-8&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qHuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortree1995" class="citation journal cs1">Portree, David S.F. (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323130750/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/mirheritage.pdf">"Mir Hardware Heritage"</a> (PDF). Johnson Space Center Reference Series. NASA Reference Publication 1357. Houston TX: NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/mirheritage.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 23, 2021. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham">"Cold War (1945–91): Causes"</a>. In Whiteclay Chambers, John (ed.). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0"><bdi>0-19-507198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%281945%E2%80%9391%29%3A+Causes&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-507198-0&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamans1967" class="citation book cs1">Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105102355/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/Apollo204/find.html">"Findings, Determinations And Recommendations"</a>. Report of Apollo 204 Review Board. NASA History Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/Apollo204/find.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2015. 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Washington D.C.: NASA History Division. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62683-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62683-043-1"><bdi>978-1-62683-043-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Earth%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Deep+Space+Exploration%2C+1958%E2%80%932016&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=NASA+History+Division&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62683-043-1&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fbeyond-earth-tagged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2000" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf">Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945–1974</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. Retrieved May 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Apollo%3A+the+Soviet+Union+and+the+space+race%2C+1945%E2%80%931974&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration%2C+NASA+History+Div.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4408pt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2003a" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003). Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge. Gainesville: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2627-X"><bdi>0-8130-2627-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sputnik+and+the+Soviet+Space+Challenge&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8130-2627-X&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2003b" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003). The Soviet Space Race with Apollo. 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(1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/cover.htm">This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury</a>. NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934941-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-934941-87-5"><bdi>1-934941-87-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=1-934941-87-5&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Loyd+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4201%2Fcover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnhill2004" class="citation book cs1">Turnhill, Reginald (2004). The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81595-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81595-9"><bdi>0-521-81595-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moonlandings%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-81595-9&rft.aulast=Turnhill&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPervushin2011" class="citation book cs1">Pervushin, Anton (2011). 108 minutes which changed the world (in Russian). Эксмо. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-48001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-48001-2"><bdi>978-5-699-48001-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=108+minutes+which+changed+the+world+%28in+Russian%29&rft.pub=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-699-48001-2&rft.aulast=Pervushin&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Race" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (2 parts, 48 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"> <ol><li><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="1412" data-mwtitle="Space_Race_Part_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Space_Race_Part_1.ogg/Space_Race_Part_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Space_Race_Part_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li> <li><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="1497" data-mwtitle="Space_Race_Part_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Space_Race_Part_2.ogg/Space_Race_Part_2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Space_Race_Part_2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li></ol> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer">These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 2 July 2005 (2005-07-02), and do not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo3.pdf">Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050513043040/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo3.pdf">Archived</a> May 13, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/101space/101space.htm">"America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/12/03/40312.html">Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race?</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, 2002-12-03</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/gal114.htm">Space Race Exhibition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101011729/http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/gal114.htm">Archived</a> January 1, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacerace.com/">TheSpaceRace.com</a> – Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space programs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyshots.com/space/timeline.cfm">Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 – 1969</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119095447/http://www.historyshots.com/space/timeline.cfm">Archived</a> November 19, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212153437/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2004/20040503/shadows.shtml">Shadows of the Soviet Space Age, Paul Lucas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/chronology_moon_race.html">Chronology:Moon Race</a> at russianspaceweb.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yW2cObTTy8">John F. Kennedy Moon Speech at Rice Stadium and Apollo 11 Mission Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> 2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li>1 Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li>2 Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template talk:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li>Asteroid impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cold War space race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Policy Institute (page does not exist)">European Space Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li>Mars and beyond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a> <ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li> <li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration#Space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li> <li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng_program" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng program">North Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG standards</a></li> <li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces, units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/15px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/23px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/15px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/23px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/30px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="317" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> 2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li>1 Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li>2 Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&oldid=1259804198">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&oldid=1259804198</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Cold War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of science and technology in the United States">History of science and technology in the United 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