CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: equivalence</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: equivalence"> <meta name="keywords" content="equivalence"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="equivalence" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="equivalence"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 144</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: equivalence</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">144</span> Tracing the Concept of Equivalence in Translation Theories from the Linguistics Oriented Era to Present </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20%C3%9Clk%C3%BC%20Kavruk">Fatma Ülkü Kavruk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The comparison of the old and new approaches reveals that the concept of equivalence has been interpreted and categorized in different ways by different scholars throughout the history. The aim of this study is to trace the concept of equivalence in translation theories from the linguistics-oriented era to present, referring to various translation scholars and to provide a critical evaluation of the nature and applicability of the concept of equivalence in today’s world of translation studies. Within the study, various interpretations of equivalence proposed by international scholars in translation studies are to be presented. In order to find out the reflections of these scholars’ approaches to the Turkish scholars’ research, the interpretations of equivalence by various Turkish scholars are to be examined. At the end of the paper, the applicability of the concept of equivalence in real life is to be discussed in light of these approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20studies" title="translation studies">translation studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence" title=" equivalence"> equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20theories" title=" translation theories"> translation theories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation" title=" evaluation"> evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35234/tracing-the-concept-of-equivalence-in-translation-theories-from-the-linguistics-oriented-era-to-present" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">143</span> Modeling Generalization in the Acquired Equivalence Paradigm with the Successor Representation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Troy%20M.%20Houser">Troy M. Houser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The successor representation balances flexible and efficient reinforcement learning by learning to predict the future, given the present. As such, the successor representation models stimuli as what future states they lead to. Therefore, two stimuli that are perceptually dissimilar but lead to the same future state will come to be represented more similarly. This is very similar to an older behavioral paradigm -the acquired equivalence paradigm, which measures the generalization of learned associations. Here, we test via computational modeling the plausibility that the successor representation is the mechanism by which people generalize knowledge learned in the acquired equivalence paradigm. Computational evidence suggests that this is a plausible mechanism for acquired equivalence and thus can guide future empirical work on individual differences in associative-based generalization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquired%20equivalence" title="acquired equivalence">acquired equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=successor%20representation" title=" successor representation"> successor representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalization" title=" generalization"> generalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision-making" title=" decision-making"> decision-making</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190117/modeling-generalization-in-the-acquired-equivalence-paradigm-with-the-successor-representation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190117.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">27</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">142</span> A Historical Analysis of The Concept of Equivalence from Different Theoretical Perspectives in Translation Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amenador%20Kate%20Benedicta">Amenador Kate Benedicta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Zhiwei"> Wang Zhiwei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the later parts of the 20th century, the notion of equivalence continues to be a central and critical concept in the development of translation theory. After decades of arguments over word-for-word and free translations methods, scholars attempting to develop more systematic and efficient translation theories began to focus on fundamental translation concepts such as equivalence. Although the concept of equivalence has piqued the interest of many scholars, its definition, scope, and applicability have sparked contentious arguments within the discipline. As a result, several distinct theories and explanations on the concept of equivalence have been put forward over the last half-century. Thus, this study explores and discusses the evolution of the critical concept of equivalence in translation studies through a bibliometric method of investigation of manual and digital books and articles by analyzing different scholars' key contributions and limitations on equivalence from various theoretical perspectives. While analyzing them, emphasis is placed on the innovations that each theory has brought to the comprehension of equivalence. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the article began by discussing the contributions of linguistically motivated theories to the notion of equivalence in translation, followed by functionalist-oriented contributions, before moving on to more recent advancements in translation studies on the concept. Because equivalence is such a broad notion, it is impossible to discuss each researcher in depth. As a result, the most well-known names and their equivalent theories are compared and contrasted in this research. The study emphasizes the developmental progression in our comprehension of the equivalence concept and equivalent effect. It concluded that the various theoretical perspective's contributions to the notion of equivalence rather complement and make up for the limitations of each other. The study also highlighted how troublesome the equivalent concept might become in terms of identifying the nature of translation and how central and unavoidable the concept is in every translation action, despite its limitations. The significance of the study lies in its synthesis of the different contributions and limitations of the various theories offered by scholars on the notion of equivalence, lending literature to both student and scholars in the field, and providing insight on future theoretical development <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence" title="equivalence">equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionalist%20translation%20theories" title=" functionalist translation theories"> functionalist translation theories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20translation%20approaches" title=" linguistic translation approaches"> linguistic translation approaches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20theories" title=" translation theories"> translation theories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Skopos" title=" Skopos"> Skopos</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147371/a-historical-analysis-of-the-concept-of-equivalence-from-different-theoretical-perspectives-in-translation-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">141</span> Investigating the Acquisition of English Emotion Terms by Moroccan EFL Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20El%20Asri">Khalid El Asri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Culture influences lexicalization of salient concepts in a society. Hence, languages often have different degrees of equivalence regarding lexical items of different fields. The present study focuses on the field of emotions in English and Moroccan Arabic. Findings of a comparative study that involved fifty English emotions revealed that Moroccan Arabic has equivalence of some English emotion terms, partial equivalence of some emotion terms, and no equivalence for some other terms. It is hypothesized then that emotion terms that have near equivalence in Moroccan Arabic will be easier to acquire for EFL learners, while partially equivalent terms will be difficult to acquire, and those that have no equivalence will be even more difficult to acquire. In order to test these hypotheses, the participants (104 advanced Moroccan EFL learners and 104 native speakers of English) were given two tests: the first is a receptive one in which the participants were asked to choose, among four emotion terms, the term that is appropriate to fill in the blanks for a given situation indicating certain kind of feelings. The second test is a productive one in which the participants were asked to give the emotion term that best described the feelings of the people in the situations given. The results showed that conceptually equivalent terms do not pose any problems for Moroccan EFL learners since they can link the concept to an already existing linguistic category; whereas the results concerning the acquisition of partially equivalent terms indicated that this type of emotion terms were difficult for Moroccan EFL learners to acquire, because they need to restructure the boundaries of the target linguistic categories by expanding them when the term includes other range of meanings that are not subsumed in the L1 term. Surprisingly however, the results concerning the case of non-equivalence revealed that Moroccan EFL learners could internalize the target L2 concepts that have no equivalence in their L1. Thus, it is the category of emotion terms that have partial equivalence in the learners’ L1 that pose problems for them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisition" title="acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion%20terms" title=" emotion terms"> emotion terms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20equivalence" title=" lexical equivalence"> lexical equivalence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77812/investigating-the-acquisition-of-english-emotion-terms-by-moroccan-efl-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">140</span> Dependence of Autoignition Delay Period on Equivalence Ratio for i-Octane, Primary Reference Fuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Verma">Sunil Verma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s world non-renewable sources are depleting quickly, so there is a need to produce efficient and unconventional engines to minimize the use of fuel. Also, there are many fatal accidents happening every year during extraction, distillation, transportation and storage of fuel. Reason for explosions of gaseous fuel is unwanted autoignition. Autoignition characterstics of fuel are mandatory to study to build efficient engines and to avoid accidents. This report is concerned with study of autoignition delay characteristics of iso-octane by using rapid compression machine. The paper clearly explains the dependence of ignition delay characteristics on variation of equivalence ratios from lean to rich mixtures. The equivalence ratio is varied from 0.3 to 1.2. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoignition" title="autoignition">autoignition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iso-octane" title=" iso-octane"> iso-octane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20compression%20machine" title=" rapid compression machine"> rapid compression machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition%20delay" title=" ignition delay"> ignition delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12720/dependence-of-autoignition-delay-period-on-equivalence-ratio-for-i-octane-primary-reference-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> Basis Theorem of Equivalence of Explicit-Type Iterations for the Class of Multivalued Phi-Quasi-Contrative Maps in Modular Function Spaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hudson%20Akewe">Hudson Akewe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We prove that the convergence of explicit Mann, explicit Ishikawa, explicit Noor, explicit SP, explicit multistep and explicit multistep-SP fixed point iterative procedures are equivalent for the classes of multi-valued phi-contraction, phi-Zamfirescu and phi-quasi-contractive mappings in the framework of modular function spaces. Our results complement equivalence results on normed and metric spaces in the literature as they elegantly cut out the triangle inequality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multistep%20iterative%20procedures" title="multistep iterative procedures">multistep iterative procedures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivalued%20mappings" title=" multivalued mappings"> multivalued mappings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20results" title=" equivalence results"> equivalence results</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20point" title=" fixed point"> fixed point</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148112/basis-theorem-of-equivalence-of-explicit-type-iterations-for-the-class-of-multivalued-phi-quasi-contrative-maps-in-modular-function-spaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Performance of Fluidized Bed Gasifier Run with Sized Biomass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20Makwana">J. P. Makwana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Joshi"> A. K. Joshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20N.%20Patel"> Rajesh N. Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darshil%20Patel"> Darshil Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, fluidized bed gasification becomes an attractive technology for power generation due to its higher efficiency. The main objective pursued in this work is to investigate the producer gas production potential from sized biomass (sawdust and pigeon pea) by applying the air gasification technique. The size of the biomass selected for the study was in the range of 0.40-0.84 mm. An experimental study was conducted using a fluidized bed gasifier with 210 mm diameter and 1600 mm height. During the experiments, the fuel properties and the effects of operating parameters such as gasification temperatures 700 to 900 °C, equivalence ratio 0.16 to 0.46 were studied. It was concluded that substantial amounts of producer gas (up to 1110 kcal/m3) could be produced utilizing biomass such as sawdust and pigeon pea by applying this fluidization technique. For both samples, the rise of temperature till 900 °C and equivalence ratio of 0.4 favored further gasification reactions and resulted into producer gas with calorific value 1110 kcal/m3. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sized%20biomass" title="sized biomass">sized biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluidized%20bed%20gasifier" title=" fluidized bed gasifier"> fluidized bed gasifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20profile" title=" temperature profile"> temperature profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20composition" title=" gas composition"> gas composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46520/effect-of-equivalence-ratio-on-performance-of-fluidized-bed-gasifier-run-with-sized-biomass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Minimizing Mutant Sets by Equivalence and Subsumption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Alblwi">Samia Alblwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amani%20Ayad"> Amani Ayad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mutation testing is the art of generating syntactic variations of a base program and checking whether a candidate test suite can identify all the mutants that are not semantically equivalent to the base: this technique is widely used by researchers to select quality test suites. One of the main obstacles to the widespread use of mutation testing is cost: even small pro-grams (a few dozen lines of code) can give rise to a large number of mutants (up to hundreds): this has created an incentive to seek to reduce the number of mutants while preserving their collective effectiveness. Two criteria have been used to reduce the size of mutant sets: equiva-lence, which aims to partition the set of mutants into equivalence classes modulo semantic equivalence, and selecting one representative per class; subsumption, which aims to define a partial ordering among mutants that ranks mutants by effectiveness and seeks to select maximal elements in this ordering. In this paper we analyze these two policies using analytical and em-pirical criteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutation%20testing" title="mutation testing">mutation testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutant%20sets" title=" mutant sets"> mutant sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutant%20equivalence" title=" mutant equivalence"> mutant equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutant%20subsumption" title=" mutant subsumption"> mutant subsumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutant%20set%20minimization" title=" mutant set minimization"> mutant set minimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156274/minimizing-mutant-sets-by-equivalence-and-subsumption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Nano Generalized Topology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Y.%20Bakeir">M. Y. Bakeir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rough set theory is a recent approach for reasoning about data. It has achieved a large amount of applications in various real-life fields. The main idea of rough sets corresponds to the lower and upper set approximations. These two approximations are exactly the interior and the closure of the set with respect to a certain topology on a collection U of imprecise data acquired from any real-life field. The base of the topology is formed by equivalence classes of an equivalence relation E defined on U using the available information about data. The theory of generalized topology was studied by Cs´asz´ar. It is well known that generalized topology in the sense of Cs´asz´ar is a generalization of the topology on a set. On the other hand, many important collections of sets related with the topology on a set form a generalized topology. The notion of Nano topology was introduced by Lellis Thivagar, which was defined in terms of approximations and boundary region of a subset of an universe using an equivalence relation on it. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new generalized topology in terms of rough set called nano generalized topology <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rough%20sets" title="rough sets">rough sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topological%20space" title=" topological space"> topological space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20topology" title=" generalized topology"> generalized topology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20topology" title=" nano topology "> nano topology </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28088/nano-generalized-topology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> A Computational Investigation of Knocking Tendency in a Hydrogen-Fueled SI Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammam%20Aljabri">Hammam Aljabri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20G.%20Im"> Hong G. Im</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen is a promising future fuel to support the transition of the energy sector toward carbon neutrality. The direct utilization of H2 in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) is possible, and this technology faces mainly two challenges; high NOx emissions and severe knocking at mid to high loads. In this study, we numerically investigated the potential of H2 combustion in a truck-size engine operated in SI mode. To mitigate the knocking nature of H2 combustion, we have focused on studying the effects of three primary parameters; the compression ratio (CR), the air-fuel ratio, and the spark time. The baseline case was set using a CR of 16.5 and an equivalence ratio of 0.35. In simulations, the auto-ignition tendency was evaluated based on the maximum pressure rise rate and the local pressure fluctuations at the monitoring points set along the wall of the combustion chamber. To mitigate the auto-ignition tendency while enabling a wider range of engine operation, the effect of lowering the compression ratio was assessed. The results indicate that by lowering the compression ratio from 16.5:1 to 12.5:1, an indicated thermal efficiency of 47.5% can be achieved. Aiming to restrain the auto-ignition while maintaining good efficiency, a reduction in the equivalence ratio was examined under different compression ratios. The result indicates that higher compression ratios will require lower equivalence ratios, and due to practical limitations, a lower equivalence ratio of 0.25 was set as the limit. Using a compression ratio of 13.5 combined with an equivalence ratio of 0.3 resulted in an indicated thermal efficiency of 48.6%, that is, at a fixed spark time. It is found that under such lean conditions, the incomplete combustion losses and exhaust losses were high. Thus, advancing the spark time was assessed as a possible solution. The results demonstrated the advantages of advancing the spark time, where an indicated thermal efficiency exceeding 50% was achieved using a compression ratio of 14.5:1 and an equivalence ratio of 0.25. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title="hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engine%20knock" title=" engine knock"> engine knock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SI%20engine" title=" SI engine"> SI engine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157284/a-computational-investigation-of-knocking-tendency-in-a-hydrogen-fueled-si-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Translatability of Sylistic Devices in Poetry Across Language-Cultures: An Intercultural Rhetoric Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazel%20P.%20Atilano">Hazel P. Atilano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contrastive rhetoricians working on L2 writing are often unfamiliar with the theories and research of scholars in translation studies. Publications on translation studies give little or no attention to describing the translation strategies of translators, with a focus on the influence of their L1 on the language they produce. This descriptive qualitative study anchored on Eugene Nida’s Translation Theory employed stylistic, lexico-semantic, and grammatical analyses of the stylistic devices employed by poets across nine language cultures to reveal the translation strategies employed by translators and to establish the type of equivalence manifested in the translated texts. The corpus consists of 27 poems written in Bahasa Indonesia, Hiligaynon, Tagalog (Malayo-Polynesian languages), French, Italian, Spanish (Romance languages), German, Icelandic, and Norwegian (Germanic Languages), translated into English. Stylistic analysis reveals that both original texts and English translations share the same stylistic devices, suggesting that stylistic devices do not get lost in translation. Lexico-semantic and grammatical analyses showed that translators of Malayo-Polynesian languages employed idiomatic translation as a compensatory strategy, producing English translations that manifest Dynamic Equivalence or transparency; translators of Romance languages resorted to synonymous substitution or literal translation, suggesting Formal Equivalence or fidelity; and translators of Germanic languages used a combination of idiomatic and literal translation strategies, with noticeable preference for Dynamic Equivalence, evidenced by the prevalence of metaphorical translations as compensatory strategy. Implications on the intricate relationship between culture and language in the translation process were drawn based on the findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20strategy" title="translation strategy">translation strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20equivalence" title=" dynamic equivalence"> dynamic equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20equivalence" title=" formal equivalence"> formal equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20theory" title=" translation theory"> translation theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fidelity" title=" fidelity"> fidelity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175607/translatability-of-sylistic-devices-in-poetry-across-language-cultures-an-intercultural-rhetoric-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> An Experimental Study on the Measurement of Fuel to Air Ratio Using Flame Chemiluminescence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Yeop%20Lee"> Chang Yeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjun%20Kwon"> Minjun Kwon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is aiming at establishing the relationship between the optical signal of flame and an equivalent ratio of flame. In this experiment, flame optical signal in a furnace is measured using photodiode. The combustion system which is composed of metal fiber burner and vertical furnace and flame chemiluminescence is measured at various experimental conditions. In this study, the flame chemiluminescence of laminar premixed flame is measured by using commercially available photodiode. It is experimentally investigated the relationship between equivalent ratio and photodiode signal. In addition, The strategy of combustion control method is proposed by using the optical signal and fuel pressure. The results showed that certain relationship between optical data of photodiode and equivalence ratio exists and this leads to the successful application of this system for instantaneous measurement of equivalence ration of the combustion system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20chemiluminescence" title="flame chemiluminescence">flame chemiluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo%20diode" title=" photo diode"> photo diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20control" title=" combustion control"> combustion control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2626/an-experimental-study-on-the-measurement-of-fuel-to-air-ratio-using-flame-chemiluminescence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Low NOx Combustion of Pulverized Petroleum Cokes </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjun%20Kwon"> Minjun Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee"> Changyeop Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is aimed to study combustion characteristics of low NOx burner using petroleum cokes as fuel. The petroleum coke, which is produced through the oil refining process, is an attractive fuel in terms of its high heating value and low price. But petroleum coke is a challenging fuel because of its low volatile content, high sulfur and nitrogen content, which give rise to undesirable emission characteristics and low ignitability. Therefore, the research and development regarding the petroleum coke burner is needed for applying this industrial system. In this study, combustion and emission characteristics of petroleum cokes burner are experimentally investigated in an industrial steam boiler. The low NOx burner is designed to control fuel and air mixing to achieve staged combustion, which, in turn reduces both flame temperature and oxygen. Air distribution ratio of triple staged air are optimized experimentally. The result showed that NOx concentration is lowest when overfire air is used, and the burner function at a fuel rich condition. That is, the burner is operated at the equivalence ratio of 1.67 and overall equivalence ratio including overfire air is kept 0.87. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20cokes" title="petroleum cokes">petroleum cokes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx" title=" low NOx"> low NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29236/low-nox-combustion-of-pulverized-petroleum-cokes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29236.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">623</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Temperature Field Measurement of Premixed Landfill Gas Laminar Flame in a Cylindrical Slot Burner Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahareh%20Najafian%20Ashrafi">Bahareh Najafian Ashrafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Zeidabadinejad"> Hossein Zeidabadinejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Ashjaee"> Mehdi Ashjaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The temperature field is a key factor of flame heat transfer rate and therefore should be measured accurately. In this study, the Mach-Zehnder Interferometry method is applied to measure the temperature field of premixed air/landfill gas (LFG60:60% CH4+40% CO2) laminar flame. The three-dimensional flame of cylindrical slot burner can assume to be two-dimensional due to the high aspect ratio (L/W=10) of the rectangular slot. So, the method converts two-dimensional flame to closed isothermal curves called fringes and the outer fringes temperature is measured by thermocouples. The experiments are carried out for Reynolds numbers and equivalence ratios ranging from 100 to 400 and 1.0 to 1.4, respectively. Results show that by increasing the equivalence ratio or Reynolds number, the flame height increases. The maximum flame temperature decreases by increasing the equivalence ratio but does not change considerably by changing the Reynolds number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill%20gas" title="landfill gas">landfill gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mach-Zehender%20interferometry" title=" Mach-Zehender interferometry"> Mach-Zehender interferometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premix%20flame" title=" premix flame"> premix flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slot%20burner" title=" slot burner"> slot burner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20filed" title=" temperature filed "> temperature filed </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126018/temperature-field-measurement-of-premixed-landfill-gas-laminar-flame-in-a-cylindrical-slot-burner-using-mach-zehnder-interferometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Design, Construction And Validation Of A Simple, Low-cost Phi Meter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabrielle%20Peck">Gabrielle Peck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Hayes"> Ryan Hayes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of a phi meter allows for definition of equivalence ratio during a fire test. Previous phi meter designs have used expensive catalysts and had restricted portability due to the large furnace and requirement for pure oxygen. The new design of the phi meter did not require the use of a catalyst. The furnace design was based on the existing micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) furnace and operating conditions based on the secondary oxidizer furnace used in the steady state tube furnace (SSTF). Preliminary tests were conducted to study the effects of varying furnace temperatures on combustion efficiency. The SSTF was chosen to validate the phi meter measurements as it can both pre-set and independently quantify the equivalence ratio during a test. The data were in agreement with the data obtained on the SSTF. It was also validated by a comparison of CO2 yields obtained from the SSTF oxidizer and those obtained by the phi meter. The phi meter designed and constructed in this work was proven to work effectively on a bench-scale. The phi meter was then used to measure the equivalence ratio on a series of large-scale ISO 9705 tests for numerous fire conditions. The materials used were a range of non-homogenous materials such as polyurethane. The measurements corresponded accurately to the data collected, showing the novel design can be used from bench to large-scale tests to measure equivalence ratio. This cheaper, more portable, safer and easier to use phi meter design will enable more widespread use and the ability to quantify fire conditions of tests, allowing for better understanding of flammability and smoke toxicity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phi%20meter" title="phi meter">phi meter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smoke%20toxicity" title=" smoke toxicity"> smoke toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20condition" title=" fire condition"> fire condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO9705" title=" ISO9705"> ISO9705</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20equipment" title=" novel equipment"> novel equipment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174375/design-construction-and-validation-of-a-simple-low-cost-phi-meter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174375.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Contrastive Linguistics as a Way to Improve Translation Equivalence in Interlingual Lexicography: The Case of Verbs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20S.%20Zacarias">R. A. S. Zacarias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interlingual is one of the most complex, and engaging one among the several perspectives in lexicography. This is because it involves contacts and contrasts between two or more languages. Considering the fact that translation equivalence goes beyond a mere fixed relation of correspondence, understanding the differences and similarities between linguistic categories by pairs of languages is the basis for effective translations. One of the theoretical approaches that have proved useful in finding improved solutions for enhance translation equivalents for bilingual dictionaries is contrastive linguistics. This paper presents an applied qualitative research based on exploratory and descriptive approaches. This is achieved through an error analysis of students’ errors as well as by a contrastive analysis of Portuguese and English verb systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual%20lexicography" title="bilingual lexicography">bilingual lexicography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrastive%20linguistics" title=" contrastive linguistics"> contrastive linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20equivalent" title=" translation equivalent"> translation equivalent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portuguese-English" title=" Portuguese-English"> Portuguese-English</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16811/contrastive-linguistics-as-a-way-to-improve-translation-equivalence-in-interlingual-lexicography-the-case-of-verbs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Einstein’s General Equation of the Gravitational Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Benzian">A. Benzian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The generalization of relativistic theory of gravity based essentially on the principle of equivalence stipulates that for all bodies, the grave mass is equal to the inert mass which leads us to believe that gravitation is not a property of the bodies themselves, but of space, and the conclusion that the gravitational field must curved space-time what allows the abandonment of Minkowski space (because Minkowski space-time being nonetheless null curvature) to adopt Riemannian geometry as a mathematical framework in order to determine the curvature. Therefore the work presented in this paper begins with the evolution of the concept of gravity then tensor field which manifests by Riemannian geometry to formulate the general equation of the gravitational field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertia" title="inertia">inertia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principle%20of%20equivalence" title=" principle of equivalence"> principle of equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensors" title=" tensors"> tensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riemannian%20geometry" title=" Riemannian geometry"> Riemannian geometry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113632/einsteins-general-equation-of-the-gravitational-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> Islam and Democracy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasrollah%20Sekhavaty">Nasrollah Sekhavaty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This topic has many points, one of which could be "the relationship between Islam and democracy". In this paper we discuss the relationship between them. The logic has taught us that there is only one relationship between an object and itself. But if we have two things, there is one of the four relations between them; contradiction, equivalence, absolute generality & peculiarity or generality & peculiarity in some respect. To clarify the relationship between Islam and democracy, at first we must examine the meaning of Islam and Democracy. Islam is a religion which has ideas about politics and governance. The politics in Islam includes both individual and social affairs, to achieve worldly and heavenly blessings. With this assumption, Islam and democracy are not the same, or contrast, nor the absolute generality & peculiarity; but, the relationship between these two concepts is the generality & peculiarity in some respect. Conclusion: If one considers democracy as content, it does not accumulate with Islam which is content. But if democracy means a structure and style of governing, then its content could be Islam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contradiction" title=" contradiction"> contradiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence" title=" equivalence"> equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absolute%20generality" title=" absolute generality"> absolute generality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generality%20%26%20peculiarity" title=" generality & peculiarity"> generality & peculiarity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20545/islam-and-democracy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> The Relationship between the Speed of Light and Cosmic Background Potential</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youping%20Dai">Youping Dai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinping%20Dai"> Xinping Dai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoyun%20Li"> Xiaoyun Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the effect of Cosmic Background Gravitational Potential (CBGP) was discussed. It is helpful to reveal the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and to understand the origin of inertia. The derivation is similar to the classic approach adopted by Landau in the book 'Classical Theory of Fields'.The main differences are that we used CBGP = Lambda^2 instead of c^2, and used CBGP energy E = m*Lambda^2 instead of kinetic energy E = (1/2)m*v^2 as initial assumptions (where Lambda has the same units for measuring velocity). It showed that Lorentz transformation, rest energy and Newtonian mechanics are all affected by $CBGP$, and the square of the speed of light is equal to CBGP too. Finally, the top value of cosmic mass density and cosmic radius were discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20origin%20of%20inertia" title="the origin of inertia">the origin of inertia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mach%27s%20principle" title=" Mach's principle"> Mach's principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20principle" title=" equivalence principle"> equivalence principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmic%20background%20potential" title=" cosmic background potential"> cosmic background potential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29057/the-relationship-between-the-speed-of-light-and-cosmic-background-potential" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> The Influence of Hydrogen Addition to Natural Gas Networks on Gas Appliances</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yitong%20Xie">Yitong Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaokui%20Qin"> Chaokui Qin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiguang%20Chen"> Zhiguang Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuangqian%20Guo"> Shuangqian Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Injecting hydrogen, a competitive carbon-free energy carrier, into existing natural gas networks has become a promising step toward alleviating global warming. Considering the differences in properties of hydrogen and natural gas, there is very little evidence showing how many degrees of hydrogen admixture can be accepted and how to adjust appliances to adapt to gas constituents' variation. The lack of this type of analysis provides more uncertainty in injecting hydrogen into networks because of the short the basis of burner design and adjustment. First, the properties of methane and hydrogen were compared for a comprehensive analysis of the impact of hydrogen addition to methane. As the main determinant of flame stability, the burning velocity was adopted for hydrogen addition analysis. Burning velocities for hydrogen-enriched natural gas with different hydrogen percentages and equivalence ratios were calculated by the software CHEMKIN. Interchangeability methods, including single index methods, multi indices methods, and diagram methods, were adopted to determine the limit of hydrogen percentage. Cooktops and water heaters were experimentally tested in the laboratory. Flame structures of different hydrogen percentages and equivalence ratios were observed and photographed. Besides, the change in heat efficiency, burner temperature, emission by hydrogen percentage, and equivalence ratio was studied. The experiment methodologies and results in this paper provide an important basis for the introduction of hydrogen into gas pipelines and the adjustment of gas appliances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title="hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane" title=" methane"> methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=appliances" title=" appliances"> appliances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interchangeability" title=" interchangeability"> interchangeability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151532/the-influence-of-hydrogen-addition-to-natural-gas-networks-on-gas-appliances" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Bio-Equivalence of Doxycycline in Two Preparations in Broiler Chickens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelrazzag%20Elmajdoub">Abdelrazzag Elmajdoub</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was designed to investigate the bio-equivalence of doxycycline in Dolistin® and Colidox® at a dose rate of 10 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight in 48 clinically normal broiler chickens. After oral administration, plasma levels of doxycycline peaked after 2 hours post-dosing without significant differences between the two products and it could be detected therapeutically and exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most micro-organisms sensitive to doxycycline for 12 hours. The disposition kinetics of doxycycline in the two products following oral administration revealed that the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax.) were 22.65 and 21.80 µg/ml and attained at (Tmax.) 2.10 and 2.20 hours, respectively. Doxycycline in both of the products was eliminated with half- lives (t0.5α) equal to 7.70 and 6.93 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bio availabilities of doxycycline in both of the products after oral administration in chickens were 80.60 and 79.70%, respectively. It was concluded that doxycycline in the form of Dolistin® and Colidox® needs a dose equivalent to 20 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight a day is better to keep the plasma concentration higher than the MIC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetracyclines" title="tetracyclines">tetracyclines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doxycycline" title=" doxycycline"> doxycycline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioavailability" title=" bioavailability"> bioavailability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broilers" title=" broilers"> broilers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chickens" title=" chickens"> chickens</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10279/bio-equivalence-of-doxycycline-in-two-preparations-in-broiler-chickens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">506</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> Flame Dynamics in Small Scale Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Mahmoud%20Osman%20Ahmed">Mohammed Mahmoud Osman Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20Mohammad"> Akram Mohammad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flame dynamics in heated quartz glass channels of various aspect ratios (2,5,10,15) were experimentally investigated. A premixed Propane-air mixture was used for the reported experiments. Regarding micro-combustion, flame quenching is considered to be the most crucial problem to overcome first. Experiments were carried out on four channels with different aspect ratios. The results show that at a very low equivalence ratio ϕ=0.4, there is no flame inside the channels. The FREI condition (Flame with repetitive extinction and ignition) was overcome by increasing velocity and by making the channels more in contact with the external heater. The flame tested inside the channels at different locations for V=0.3 m/s or higher below V=0.65 m/s. The effects of equivalence ratio and flow velocity on the characteristics of combustion in the channels were examined. Different ways of flame propagation were observed in the current investigations based on how they appear as planar, concave and convex flames. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20stabilization" title="flame stabilization">flame stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20dynamics" title=" flame dynamics"> flame dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small-scale%20channels" title=" small-scale channels"> small-scale channels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20heater" title=" external heater"> external heater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166106/flame-dynamics-in-small-scale-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> Analysis of Reduced Mechanisms for Premixed Combustion of Methane/Hydrogen/Propane/Air Flames in Geometrically Modified Combustor and Its Effects on Flame Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Salem">E. Salem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Combustion has been used for a long time as a means of energy extraction. However, in recent years, there has been a further increase in air pollution, through pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, acid etc. In order to solve this problem, there is a need to reduce carbon and nitrogen oxides through learn burning modifying combustors and fuel dilution. A numerical investigation has been done to investigate the effectiveness of several reduced mechanisms in terms of computational time and accuracy, for the combustion of the hydrocarbons/air or diluted with hydrogen in a micro combustor. The simulations were carried out using the ANSYS Fluent 19.1. To validate the results “PREMIX and CHEMKIN” codes were used to calculate 1D premixed flame based on the temperature, composition of burned and unburned gas mixtures. Numerical calculations were carried for several hydrocarbons by changing the equivalence ratios and adding small amounts of hydrogen into the fuel blends then analyzing the flammable limit, the reduction in NOx and CO emissions, then comparing it to experimental data. By solving the conservations equations, several global reduced mechanisms (2-9-12) were obtained. These reduced mechanisms were simulated on a 2D cylindrical tube with dimensions of 40 cm in length and 2.5 cm diameter. The mesh of the model included a proper fine quad mesh, within the first 7 cm of the tube and around the walls. By developing a proper boundary layer, several simulations were performed on hydrocarbon/air blends to visualize the flame characteristics than were compared with experimental data. Once the results were within acceptable range, the geometry of the combustor was modified through changing the length, diameter, adding hydrogen by volume, and changing the equivalence ratios from lean to rich in the fuel blends, the results on flame temperature, shape, velocity and concentrations of radicals and emissions were observed. It was determined that the reduced mechanisms provided results within an acceptable range. The variation of the inlet velocity and geometry of the tube lead to an increase of the temperature and CO2 emissions, highest temperatures were obtained in lean conditions (0.5-0.9) equivalence ratio. Addition of hydrogen blends into combustor fuel blends resulted in; reduction in CO and NOx emissions, expansion of the flammable limit, under the condition of having same laminar flow, and varying equivalence ratio with hydrogen additions. The production of NO is reduced because the combustion happens in a leaner state and helps in solving environmental problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustor" title="combustor">combustor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence-ratio" title=" equivalence-ratio"> equivalence-ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogenation" title=" hydrogenation"> hydrogenation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premixed%20flames" title=" premixed flames"> premixed flames</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106247/analysis-of-reduced-mechanisms-for-premixed-combustion-of-methanehydrogenpropaneair-flames-in-geometrically-modified-combustor-and-its-effects-on-flame-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> On the Study of All Waterloo Automaton Semilattices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Abramyan">Mikhail Abramyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Melnikov"> Boris Melnikov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim is to study the set of subsets of grids of the Waterloo automaton and the set of covering automata defined by the grid subsets. The study was carried out using the library for working with nondeterministic finite automata NFALib implemented by one of the authors (M. Abramyan) in C#. The results are regularities obtained when considering semilattices of covering automata for the Waterloo automaton. A complete description of the obtained semilattices from the point of view of equivalence of the covering automata to the original Waterloo automaton is given, the criterion of equivalence of the covering automaton to the Waterloo automaton in terms of properties of the subset of grids defining the covering automaton is formulated. The relevance of the subject area under consideration is due to the need to research a set of regular languages and, in particular, a description of their various subclasses. Also relevant are the problems that may arise in some subclasses. This will give, among other things, the possibility of describing new algorithms for the equivalent transformation of nondeterministic finite automata. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nondeterministic%20finite%20automata" title="nondeterministic finite automata">nondeterministic finite automata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20automaton" title=" universal automaton"> universal automaton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grid" title=" grid"> grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covering%20automaton" title=" covering automaton"> covering automaton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20transformation%20algorithms" title=" equivalent transformation algorithms"> equivalent transformation algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Waterloo%20automaton" title=" the Waterloo automaton"> the Waterloo automaton</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172838/on-the-study-of-all-waterloo-automaton-semilattices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> Comparison of Different Methods to Produce Fuzzy Tolerance Relations for Rainfall Data Classification in the Region of Central Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Samarinas">N. Samarinas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Evangelides"> C. Evangelides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Vrekos"> C. Vrekos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is the comparison of three different methods, in order to produce fuzzy tolerance relations for rainfall data classification. More specifically, the three methods are correlation coefficient, cosine amplitude and max-min method. The data were obtained from seven rainfall stations in the region of central Greece and refers to 20-year time series of monthly rainfall height average. Three methods were used to express these data as a fuzzy relation. This specific fuzzy tolerance relation is reformed into an equivalence relation with max-min composition for all three methods. From the equivalence relation, the rainfall stations were categorized and classified according to the degree of confidence. The classification shows the similarities among the rainfall stations. Stations with high similarity can be utilized in water resource management scenarios interchangeably or to augment data from one to another. Due to the complexity of calculations, it is important to find out which of the methods is computationally simpler and needs fewer compositions in order to give reliable results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title="classification">classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tolerance%20relations" title=" tolerance relations"> tolerance relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20data" title=" rainfall data"> rainfall data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84539/comparison-of-different-methods-to-produce-fuzzy-tolerance-relations-for-rainfall-data-classification-in-the-region-of-central-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84539.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> Topological Language for Classifying Linear Chord Diagrams via Intersection Graphs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michela%20Quadrini">Michela Quadrini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chord diagrams occur in mathematics, from the study of RNA to knot theory. They are widely used in theory of knots and links for studying the finite type invariants, whereas in molecular biology one important motivation to study chord diagrams is to deal with the problem of RNA structure prediction. An RNA molecule is a linear polymer, referred to as the backbone, that consists of four types of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is represented by a point, whereas each chord of the diagram stands for one interaction for Watson-Crick base pairs between two nonconsecutive nucleotides. A chord diagram is an oriented circle with a set of n pairs of distinct points, considered up to orientation preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle. A linear chord diagram (LCD) is a special kind of graph obtained cutting the oriented circle of a chord diagram. It consists of a line segment, called its backbone, to which are attached a number of chords with distinct endpoints. There is a natural fattening on any linear chord diagram; the backbone lies on the real axis, while all the chords are in the upper half-plane. Each linear chord diagram has a natural genus of its associated surface. To each chord diagram and linear chord diagram, it is possible to associate the intersection graph. It consists of a graph whose vertices correspond to the chords of the diagram, whereas the chord intersections are represented by a connection between the vertices. Such intersection graph carries a lot of information about the diagram. Our goal is to define an LCD equivalence class in terms of identity of intersection graphs, from which many chord diagram invariants depend. For studying these invariants, we introduce a new representation of Linear Chord Diagrams based on a set of appropriate topological operators that permits to model LCD in terms of the relations among chords. Such set is composed of: crossing, nesting, and concatenations. The crossing operator is able to generate the whole space of linear chord diagrams, and a multiple context free grammar able to uniquely generate each LDC starting from a linear chord diagram adding a chord for each production of the grammar is defined. In other words, it allows to associate a unique algebraic term to each linear chord diagram, while the remaining operators allow to rewrite the term throughout a set of appropriate rewriting rules. Such rules define an LCD equivalence class in terms of the identity of intersection graphs. Starting from a modelled RNA molecule and the linear chord, some authors proposed a topological classification and folding. Our LCD equivalence class could contribute to the RNA folding problem leading to the definition of an algorithm that calculates the free energy of the molecule more accurately respect to the existing ones. Such LCD equivalence class could be useful to obtain a more accurate estimate of link between the crossing number and the topological genus and to study the relation among other invariants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chord%20diagrams" title="chord diagrams">chord diagrams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20chord%20diagram" title=" linear chord diagram"> linear chord diagram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20class" title=" equivalence class"> equivalence class</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topological%20language" title=" topological language"> topological language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77566/topological-language-for-classifying-linear-chord-diagrams-via-intersection-graphs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> Issues in Translating Hadith Terminologies into English: A Critical Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Riyas%20Pp">Mohammed Riyas Pp</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed at investigating major issues in translating the Arabic Hadith terminologies into English, focusing on choosing the most appropriate translation for each, reviewing major Hadith works in English. This study is confined to twenty terminologies with regard to classification of Hadith based on authority, strength, number of transmitters and connections in Isnad. Almost all available translations are collected and analyzed to find the most proper translation based on linguistic and translational values. To the researcher, many translations lack precise understanding of either Hadith terminologies or English language and varieties of methodologies have influence on varieties of translations. This study provides a classification of translational and conceptual issues. Translational issues are related to translatability of these terminologies and their equivalence. Conceptual issues provide a list of misunderstandings due to wrong translations of terminologies. This study ends with a suggestion for unification in translating terminologies based on convention of Muslim scholars having good understanding of Hadith terminologies and English language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20language" title="english language">english language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hadith%20terminologies" title=" hadith terminologies"> hadith terminologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20in%20translation" title=" equivalence in translation"> equivalence in translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problems%20in%20translation" title=" problems in translation"> problems in translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81985/issues-in-translating-hadith-terminologies-into-english-a-critical-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> An Equivalence between a Harmonic Form and a Closed Co-Closed Differential Form in L^Q and Non-L^Q Spaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Wu">Lina Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Li"> Ye Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An equivalent relation between a harmonic form and a closed co-closed form is established on a complete non-compact manifold. This equivalence has been generalized for a differential k-form ω from Lq spaces to non-Lq spaces when q=2 in the context of p-balanced growth where p=2. Especially for a simple differential k-form on a complete non-compact manifold, the equivalent relation has been verified with the extended scope of q for from finite q-energy in Lq spaces to infinite q-energy in non-Lq spaces when with 2-balanced growth. Generalized Hadamard Theorem, Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, and Calculus skills including Integration by Parts as well as Convergent Series have been applied as estimation techniques to evaluate growth rates for a differential form. In particular, energy growth rates as indicated by an appropriate power range in a selected test function lead to a balance between a harmonic differential form and a closed co-closed differential form. Research ideas and computational methods in this paper could provide an innovative way in the study of broadening Lq spaces to non-Lq spaces with a wide variety of infinite energy growth for a differential form. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closed%20forms" title="closed forms">closed forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-closed%20forms" title=" co-closed forms"> co-closed forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonic%20forms" title=" harmonic forms"> harmonic forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%5Eq%20spaces" title=" L^q spaces"> L^q spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p-balanced%20growth" title=" p-balanced growth"> p-balanced growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simple%20differential%20k-forms" title=" simple differential k-forms"> simple differential k-forms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75417/an-equivalence-between-a-harmonic-form-and-a-closed-co-closed-differential-form-in-lq-and-non-lq-spaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Investigation of Flow Behavior inside the Single Channel Catalytic Combustor for Lean Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaresh%20Selvakumar">Kumaresh Selvakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalytic combustor substantially reduces emission entailing fuel-air premixing at very low equivalence ratios. The catalytic combustion of natural gas has the potential to become sufficiently active at light off temperature by the convection of heat from the catalyst surface. Only one channel is selected to investigate both the gas and surface reactions in the catalyst bed because of the honeycomb structure of the catalytic combustor. The objective of the present study is to find the methane catalytic combustion behavior inside the catalytic combustor, where the gas phase kinetics is employed by homogeneous methane combustion and surface chemistry is described with the heterogeneous catalysis of the oxidation of methane on a platinum catalyst. The reaction of the premixed mixture in the catalytic regime improves flame stability with complete combustion for lower operating flame temperature. An overview of the flow behavior is presented inside the single channel catalytic combustor including the operation of catalytic combustion with various F/A ratios and premixed inlet temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20combustor" title="catalytic combustor">catalytic combustor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratios" title=" equivalence ratios"> equivalence ratios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20temperature" title=" flame temperature"> flame temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalysis" title=" heterogeneous catalysis"> heterogeneous catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homogeneous%20combustion" title=" homogeneous combustion"> homogeneous combustion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69332/investigation-of-flow-behavior-inside-the-single-channel-catalytic-combustor-for-lean-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> High-Speed LIF-OH Imaging of H2-Air Turbulent Premixed Flames</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Al-Harbi">Ahmed A. Al-Harbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a comparative study of effects of the repeated solid obstacles on the propagation of H2-Air premixed flames. Pressure, speed of the flame front as well as structure of reaction zones are studied for hydrogen. Two equivalence ratios are examined for different configurations of three baffle plates and two obstacles with a square cross-section having blockage ratios of either 0.24 or 0.5. Hydrogen fuel mixtures with two equivalence ratios of 0.7 and 0.8 are studied and this is limited by the excessive overpressures. The results show that the peak pressure and its rate of change can be increased by increasing the blockage ratio or by decreasing the space between successive baffles. As illustrated by the high speed images of LIF-OH, the degree of wrinkling and contortion in the flame front increase as the blockages increase. The images also show how the flame front relaminarises with increasing distances between obstacles, which accounts for the pressure decrease with increasing separation. It is also found that more than one obstacle is needed to achieve a turbulent flame structure with intense corrugations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premixed%20propagating%20flames" title="premixed propagating flames">premixed propagating flames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame-obstacle%20interaction" title=" flame-obstacle interaction"> flame-obstacle interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20premixed%20flames" title=" turbulent premixed flames"> turbulent premixed flames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overpressure" title=" overpressure"> overpressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20flames" title=" transient flames"> transient flames</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34974/high-speed-lif-oh-imaging-of-h2-air-turbulent-premixed-flames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>