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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Aceh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_Aceh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-Islamic Aceh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Aceh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_of_Aceh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_of_Aceh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sultanate of Aceh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_of_Aceh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aceh_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aceh_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Aceh War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aceh_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Indonesian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acehnese_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acehnese_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Acehnese rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acehnese_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Aceh_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Aceh_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Free Aceh Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Aceh_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Tsunami disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_agreement_and_contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_agreement_and_contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Peace agreement and contemporary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_agreement_and_contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology and biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_cultural_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_cultural_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic and cultural groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_cultural_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Traditional culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_weapon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_weapon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Traditional weapon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_weapon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Traditional house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aceh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A8h" title="Acèh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Acèh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atjeh" title="Atjeh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atjeh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="آتشيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آتشيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7eh" title="Açeh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Açeh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%86%D9%87" title="آچه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آچه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9h" title="Acéh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Acéh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9" title="আচেহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আচেহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9h" title="Acéh – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Acéh" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_S%C3%A9ng" title="Aceh Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aceh Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Ачэх (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ачэх (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Ачех – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ачех" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Aceh" title="Provinsi Aceh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Provinsi Aceh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%8Deh" title="Ačeh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ačeh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Aceh" title="Provincia de Aceh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Aceh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%89eo" title="Aĉeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĉeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%86%D9%87" title="آچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="아체주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아체주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B0_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Աչեհ (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աչեհ (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="आचेह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आचेह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Ачех (провинци) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ачех (провинци)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%27%D7%94" title="אצ'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצ'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A8h" title="Acèh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Acèh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="აჩეჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჩეჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%8Deha" title="Ačeha – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ačeha" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%8Dehas" title="Ačehas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ačehas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A8h" title="Acèh – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Acèh" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="आचेह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आचेह" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Ачех – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ачех" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86" title="അക്കെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="आचे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आचे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="აჩეჰი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აჩეჰი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%86%D9%87" title="آچه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آچه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Аче – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аче" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atjeh" title="Atjeh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atjeh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="आचे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आचे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E5%B7%9E" title="アチェ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アチェ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achex_(provinsiya)" title="Achex (provinsiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Achex (provinsiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A2%DA%86%DB%92" title="صوبا آچے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبا آچے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%81" title="ខេត្តអាឆេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខេត្តអាឆេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ach%C3%A9m" title="Achém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Achém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ачех (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ачех (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A6" title="ᱟᱪᱮᱦ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱪᱮᱦ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqeh" title="Aqeh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aqeh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Аћех – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аћех" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9h" title="Acéh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Acéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87" title="அச்சே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7eh" title="Açeh – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Açeh" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="จังหวัดอาเจะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จังหวัดอาเจะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7e" title="Açe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%99" title="ᨕᨌᨙ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨌᨙ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ачех (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ачех (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%86%DB%92" title="آچے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آچے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BD%90%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="亚齐特区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚齐特区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="亞齊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞齊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7eh" title="Açeh – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Açeh" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="亞齊特區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞齊特區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse" title="Anse – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Anse" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9h" title="Acéh – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Acéh" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Aceh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanggroe_Aceh_Darussalam" title="Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aceh&params=05_33_25_N_95_19_34_E_region:ID_type:adm1st&title=provincial+administration"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">05°33′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°19′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.55694°N 95.32611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.55694; 95.32611</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">provincial administration</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aceh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aceh (disambiguation)">Aceh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Special Autonomous Province in Indonesia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Aceh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Special Autonomous Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of Aceh<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Provinsi Aceh</i></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Aceh"><img alt="Coat of arms of Aceh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/98px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/147px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/196px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="516" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><br /><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Serambi Mekah</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</span><br />"Porch of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Kawi-language text"><i lang="kaw">Pancacita</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a>)</span><br />"Five Ideals"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Mulia" title="Aceh Mulia">Aceh Mulia</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"Noble Aceh"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map indicating the location of Aceh in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg/250px-Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg/375px-Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg/500px-Aceh_in_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid red;background-color:#C41E3A; color:white;"> </span> </span> <b>Aceh</b> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#FFFDD0; color:black;"> </span> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_f65e71dcd38e23872a6baed769ab4a5edf5be9e7"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Aceh&revid=1258598111&groups=_f65e71dcd38e23872a6baed769ab4a5edf5be9e7" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Aceh&revid=1258598111&groups=_f65e71dcd38e23872a6baed769ab4a5edf5be9e7 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aceh&params=05_33_25_N_95_19_34_E_region:ID_type:adm1st&title=provincial+administration"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">05°33′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°19′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.55694°N 95.32611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.55694; 95.32611</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">provincial administration</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province status</th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1956<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">and largest city</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia#First_level" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Special autonomous province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Aceh" title="List of governors of Aceh">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Safrizal Zakaria Ali <i>(acting)</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislative</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aceh_House_of_Representatives" title="Aceh House of Representatives">Aceh House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">58,485.9 km<sup>2</sup> (22,581.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">11th</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">125 m (410 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Leuser" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Leuser">Mount Leuser</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,466 m (11,371 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,512,219</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">14th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">94/km<sup>2</sup> (240/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">20th</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span class="nowrap">Ethnic groups</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>71% <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li>9% <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li>7% <a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li>3% <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a></li> <li>2% <a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li>1.4% <a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Jamee</a></li> <li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Tamiang</a></li> <li>4% others (<a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a>, etc.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>98.48% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li>1.27% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>– 1.26% <a href="/wiki/Protestanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestanism">Protestanism</a></li> <li>– 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.15% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li>0.01% <i>Others</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> (co-official regional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas-Kluet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alas-Kluet language">Alas-Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Devayan language">Devayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban language (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jamee" class="extiw" title="id:Bahasa Jamee">Jamee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekon language">Lekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigulai_language" title="Sigulai language">Sigulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Singkil language">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">Indonesia Western Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total<sup id="cite_ref-bpsgdpdata2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpsgdpdata2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 211.8 trillion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">20th</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 14.3 billion<br /><a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 44.5 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per capita<sup id="cite_ref-bpspercapitadata_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpspercapitadata-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 39.2 million (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">30th</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 2,637<br /><a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 8,229 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Growth<sup id="cite_ref-bappenas2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bappenas2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.21%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.754<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">11th</a>) – <span style="color:#090">high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acehprov.go.id">acehprov<wbr />.go<wbr />.id</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aceh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AH</span>-chay</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Indonesian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="id-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[aˈtʃɛ(h)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/Aceh_spoken.ogg\/Aceh_spoken.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Aceh spoken.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Aceh_spoken.ogg/Aceh_spoken.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_spoken.ogg" title="File:Aceh spoken.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>: <i lang="ace">Acèh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ace-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[atʃeh]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Acehnese-language text"><span lang="ace-Arab" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اچيه</span>‎</span></span>), officially the <b>Province of Aceh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Provinsi Aceh</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>: <i lang="ace">Nanggroë Acèh</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Acehnese-language text"><span lang="ace-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نڠڬرواي اچيه دارالسلام</span>‎</span></span>), is the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is located on the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> island, with <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> being its capital and largest city. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> to the northeast, as well bordering the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> to the east, its sole land border, and shares maritime borders with <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the north. Granted a special <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous</a> status, Aceh is a religiously <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conservatism">conservative</a> territory and the only Indonesian province practicing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese people</a>, accounting for approximately 70% of the region's population of about 5.5 million people in mid-2023. Its area is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. </p><p>Aceh is where the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam in Indonesia</a> began, and was a key factor of the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a>. Islam reached Aceh (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Barus" title="Barus">Fansur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamuri">Lamuri</a>) around 1250 AD. In the early 17th century the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aceh">Sultanate of Aceh</a> was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> region. Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonists</a> and later the Indonesian government. </p><p>Aceh has substantial <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceh was the closest point of land to the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>, which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aceh was first known as <b>Aceh Darussalam</b> (1511–1945). Upon its formation in 1956 it bore the name <b>Aceh</b> before being renamed to the <b>Daerah Istimewa Aceh</b> (Aceh Special Region; 1959–2001), <b>Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam</b> (2001–2009), and back to <b>Aceh</b> (2009–present). In the past it was also spelled as <i>Acheh</i>, <i>Atjeh</i>, and <i>Achin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang,_Aceh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg/220px-Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg/330px-Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg/440px-Bukit_Kerang_in_Aceh_Tamiang%2C_Aceh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mollusca piles in <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency" title="Aceh Tamiang Regency">Aceh Tamiang Regency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to several archaeological findings, the first evidence of human habitation in Aceh is from a site near the <a href="/wiki/Tamiang_River" title="Tamiang River">Tamiang River</a> where <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">shell middens</a> are present. <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faunal_assemblage" title="Faunal assemblage">faunal remains</a> were also found on the site. Archeologists believe the site was first occupied around 10,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_Aceh">Pre-Islamic Aceh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic Aceh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG/170px-Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG/255px-Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG/340px-Avalokiteshvara_head_Aceh_Srivijaya_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>Head of <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> from Aceh.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neusu_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Neusu_Inscription.jpg/220px-Neusu_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Neusu_Inscription.jpg/330px-Neusu_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Neusu_Inscription.jpg/440px-Neusu_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neusu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neusu (page does not exist)">Neusu</a> inscription stored in the Aceh Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Aceh stretches back to the <a href="/wiki/Lambri" title="Lambri">Lambri</a> Kingdom. Several documented references indicate that Hindu-Buddhist culture existed in the area before its <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Lambri" title="Lambri">Lambri</a> were described by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> as "idolaters", who had a <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> as their ruler, a king in the Hindu political structure, likely meaning they were <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, or a combination thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-polo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription at <a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world" title="Tamil inscriptions in the Malay world">Tanjore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_I" title="Rajendra I">Rajendra I</a> documents the conquest of a land called "llämuridesam", located at the northern tip of Sumatra. The Nagarakritagama documents the possessions of the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, and states that they control Barat, identified as the western coast of Aceh. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> records indicate that Aceh was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Sriwijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriwijaya">Sriwijaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though many temples were left abandoned or converted into mosques, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indrapuri_Old_Mosque" title="Indrapuri Old Mosque">Indrapuri Old Mosque</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some evidence remains, such as the head of a stone sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> <a href="/wiki/Boddhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisattva">Boddhisattva</a> was discovered in Aceh. Images of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> Buddhas adorn his crown in front and on each side. <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> art estimated 9th-century CE collection of <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a>, Jakarta. One of the few structural remains is the Indra Patra fort, which has several Hindu shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri, which refer to the God <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, also indicate that Hinduism had a lasting and significant presence in this land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia">Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pasai.jpg/220px-Pasai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pasai.jpg/330px-Pasai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Pasai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasai">Pasai</a>, the first Islamic kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> is thin and inconclusive. The historian <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Anthony Reid</a> has argued that the region of the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham people</a> on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship was with Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was in the Aceh region. When <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that <a href="/wiki/Perlak,_Aceh" title="Perlak, Aceh">Peureulak</a> was a Muslim town while nearby 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' were not. 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' are often said to be <a href="/wiki/Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasai">Pasai</a> and Samudra but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has been found and is dated <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> 696 (AD 1297). This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area and more gravestones from the 13th century show that this region continued under Muslim rule. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batutah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Batutah">Ibn Batutah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the initial appearance of Islam in Aceh, it further spread into the coastal regions by the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceh soon became a cultural and scholastic Islamic center throughout Southeast Asia. It also became wealthy because it was a center of extensive trade.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese apothecary <a href="/wiki/Tome_Pires" class="mw-redirect" title="Tome Pires">Tome Pires</a> reported in his early 16th-century book <i>Suma Oriental</i> that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> were Muslim. At Pasai, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/North_Aceh_Regency" title="North Aceh Regency">North Aceh Regency</a>, there was a thriving international port. Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_of_Aceh">Sultanate of Aceh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sultanate of Aceh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></div><p>The Sultanate of Aceh was established by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mughayat_Syah" title="Ali Mughayat Syah">Ali Mughayat Syah</a> in 1511. </p><p>In 1584–88 the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Malacca</a>, D. João Ribeiro Gaio, based on information provided by a former captive called Diogo Gil, wrote the "Roteiro das Cousas do Achem" (Lisboa 1997) – a description of the sultanate. </p><p>Later, during its <a href="/wiki/Golden_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden era">golden era</a>, in the 17th century, its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/territory" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/territory">territory</a> and political influence expanded as far as <a href="/wiki/Satun" title="Satun">Satun</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, and Siak in what is today the province of <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>. As was the case with most non-Javan pre-colonial states, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> power expanded outward by sea rather than inland. As it expanded down the Sumatran coast, its main competitors were <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>. It was this seaborne trade focus that saw Aceh rely on rice imports from north <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> rather than develop <a href="/wiki/Self_sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self sufficiency">self sufficiency</a> in rice production.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanate_of_Aceh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sultanate_of_Aceh.png/220px-Sultanate_of_Aceh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sultanate_of_Aceh.png/330px-Sultanate_of_Aceh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sultanate_of_Aceh.png/440px-Sultanate_of_Aceh.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3770" /></a><figcaption>Map of Aceh Sultanate and its vassals at its greatest extent during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda</figcaption></figure><p> After the Portuguese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in 1511, many Islamic traders passing the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> shifted their trade to <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> and increased the <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> rulers' wealth. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Muda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Iskandar Muda">Sultan Iskandar Muda</a> in the 17th century, Aceh's influence extended to most of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. Aceh allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> in their struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>. Acehnese military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh ceded its territory of <a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/220px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/330px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/440px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Map of Iskandar Muda's expeditions</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 19th century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Ibrahim_Mansur_Syah" title="Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah">Tuanku Ibrahim</a>, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports.<sup id="cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricklefs2001p185-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with the rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricklefs2001p185-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aceh_War">Aceh War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aceh War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/220px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/330px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg/440px-Generaal_Kohler_sneuvelt_in_de_Mesigit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4306" data-file-height="3630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_K%C3%B6hler" title="Johan Köhler">General Köhler</a>, commandant of Dutch troops, died from a shot by an Acehnese sniper during the first attack on Aceh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pirates operating from Aceh threatened commerce in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>; the sultan was unable to control them. Britain was a protector of Aceh and gave the Netherlands permission to eradicate the pirates. The campaign quickly drove out the sultan but the local leaders mobilized and fought the Dutch in four decades of guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873. Aceh sought American help but Washington rejected the request.<sup id="cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricklefs2001p185-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch tried one strategy after another over the course of four decades. An expedition under Major General <a href="/wiki/Johan_Harmen_Rudolf_K%C3%B6hler" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler">Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler</a> in 1873 occupied most of the coastal areas. Köhler's strategy was to attack and take the sultan's palace. It failed. The Dutch then tried a naval blockade, reconciliation, concentration within a line of forts, and lastly passive containment. They had scant success. Reaching 15 to 20 million guilders a year, the heavy spending for failed strategies nearly bankrupted the colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the war, the Dutch set up the <a href="/wiki/Gouvernment_of_Atjeh_and_Dependencies" title="Gouvernment of Atjeh and Dependencies">Gouvernment of Atjeh and Dependencies</a> under a governor, although it did not establish wider control of its territory until after 1908. </p><p>The Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers killed Köhler. Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed. In recent years, in line with expanding international attention to human rights issues and atrocities in war zones, there has been increasing discussion about some of the recorded acts of cruelty and slaughter committed by Dutch troops during the period of warfare in Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hasan Mustafa (1852–1930) was a chief <i>penghulu</i>, or judge, for the colonial government and was stationed in Aceh. He had to balance traditional Muslim justice with Dutch law. To stop the Aceh rebellion, Hasan Mustafa issued a fatwa, telling the Muslim population there in 1894, "It is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslim to be loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, Japanese troops occupied Aceh. The Acehnese <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt happened in Bayu and was centered around Tjot Plieng village's religious school.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious ulama party gained ascendancy to replace district warlords (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ul%C3%A8%C3%ABbalang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulèëbalang (page does not exist)">Ulèëbalang</a>) party that formerly collaborated with the Dutch. Concrete bunkers still line the northernmost beaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_independence">Indonesian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indonesian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cumbok_affair" title="Cumbok affair">Cumbok affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg/170px-Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg/255px-Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Teuku_Daud_Beureueh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daud_Beureu%27eh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daud Beureu'eh">Teungku Daud Beureu'eh</a>, 3rd governor of Aceh and the regional leader of Darul Islam in Aceh</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, civil war erupted in 1945 between the district warlords party, that supported the return of a Dutch government, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Ulama_Seluruh_Aceh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh (page does not exist)">religious ulama party</a> that supported the newly proclaimed state of Indonesia. The ulama won, and the area remained free during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian War of Independence</a>. The Dutch military itself never attempted to invade Aceh. The civil war raised the religious <i>ulama</i> party leader, <a href="/wiki/Daud_Bereueh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daud Bereueh">Daud Bereueh</a>, to the position of military governor of Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahimy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahimy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasution_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasution-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acehnese_rebellion">Acehnese rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acehnese rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Acehnese revolted soon after its inclusion into an independent Indonesia, a situation created by a complex mix of what the Acehnese regarded as transgressions against and betrayals of their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, the first president of Indonesia, had reneged on his promise made on 16 June 1948 that Aceh would be allowed to rule itself in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic Law</a>. Aceh was politically dismantled and incorporated into the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> in 1950. This resulted in the Acehnese Rebellion of 1953–59 which was led by <a href="/wiki/Daud_Beureu%27eh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daud Beureu'eh">Daud Beureu'eh</a> who on 20 September 1953 declared a free independent Aceh under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo">Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo</a>. In 1959, the Indonesian government attempted to placate the Acehnese by offering wide-ranging freedom in matters relating to religion, education and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Aceh_Movement">Free Aceh Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Free Aceh Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg/220px-Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg/330px-Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg/440px-Free_Aceh_Movement_women_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Women soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> with GAM commander Abdullah Syafei'i, 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s, under an agreement with the Indonesian central government, American oil and gas companies began exploitation of Aceh natural resources. Alleged unequal distribution of profits between central government and the native people of Aceh induced Dr. <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Muhammad_di_Tiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Muhammad di Tiro">Hasan Muhammad di Tiro</a>, former ambassador of Darul Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahimy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahimy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to call for an independent Aceh. He proclaimed independence in 1976. </p><p>The movement had a small number of followers initially, and di Tiro himself had to live in exile in Sweden. Meanwhile, the province followed <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s policy of economic development and industrialization. During the late 1980s several security incidents prompted the Indonesian central government to take repressive measures and to send troops to Aceh. Human rights abuse was rampant for the next decade, resulting in many grievances on the part of the Acehnese toward the Indonesian central government. In 1990, the Indonesian government initiated <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9398_Indonesian_military_operations_in_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="1990–98 Indonesian military operations in Aceh">military operations against GAM</a> by deploying more than 12,000 Indonesian troops in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the late 1990s, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government gave an advantage to the Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. This support was demonstrated during the 1999 plebiscite in Banda Aceh which was attended by nearly half a million people (of four million population of the province). The Indonesian central government responded in 2001 by broadening Aceh's autonomy, giving its government the right to apply Sharia law more broadly and the right to receive direct foreign investment. This was again accompanied by repressive measures, however, and in 2003 <a href="/wiki/2003-2004_Indonesian_offensive_in_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="2003-2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh">an offensive began</a> and a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was proclaimed in the province. The war was still ongoing when the tsunami disaster of 2004 struck the province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, villagers from the <a href="/wiki/North_Aceh_Regency" title="North Aceh Regency">North Aceh Regency</a> <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_violations_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="ExxonMobil violations in Indonesia">sued ExxonMobil for human rights abuses</a> at the hands of Indonesian military units hired by the company for security for its natural gas operations. <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> denied fault for the allegations. After a series of attacks against its operations, the company shut down its Arun natural gas operations in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami_disaster">Tsunami disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tsunami disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/220px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/330px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg/440px-US_Navy_050102-N-9593M-040_A_village_near_the_coast_of_Sumatra_lays_in_ruin_after_the_Tsunami_that_struck_South_East_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the tsunami in Aceh</figcaption></figure> <p>The western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calang" title="Calang">Calang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meulaboh" title="Meulaboh">Meulaboh</a>, were among the areas hardest-hit by the <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> resulting from the magnitude 9.2 <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">Indian Ocean earthquake</a> on 26 December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While estimates vary, over 170,000 people were killed by tsunami in Aceh and about 500,000 were left homeless. The tragedy of the tsunami was further compounded several months later, when the <a href="/wiki/2005_Nias%E2%80%93Simeulue_earthquake" title="2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake">2005 M8.6 Nias–Simeulue earthquake</a> struck the sea bed between the islands of <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeulue Island">Simeulue Island</a> in Aceh and <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a> in North Sumatra. This second quake killed a further 1346 people on Nias and Simeulue, displaced tens of thousands more, and caused the tsunami response to be expanded to include Nias. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> estimates a 100% increase in prevalence of mild and moderate <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> in Aceh's general population after the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, misjudging the intensity of the Sumatra earthquake, sent out a bulletin that no tsunami was expected following a magnitude 8.0 quake based on historical data. Only when more accurate measurements of the quakes >9.0 magnitude became available did scientists at the warning center realize they were dealing with a basin-wide tsunami across the Indian Ocean. When the tsunami hit, it was enormous, and the death toll in Aceh exceeded 100,000. There was no <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system" title="Tsunami warning system">tsunami warning system</a> in 2004. Tsunami warning systems have improved since the immense death toll drew international notice but in rural areas where many don't have internet access or cell phones it remains a challenge to communicate warnings in a timely manner.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A warning system was put in place at the request of Aceh residents but it was disabled in 2007 after technical issues and a false alarm that caused a panic.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Aceh before the December 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000 (2004). The population as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589, and in January 2014 was 4,731,705.<sup id="cite_ref-kemenkesehat_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kemenkesehat-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020 census produced a total population of 5,274,871, comprising 2,647,563 males and 2,627,308 females.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of February 2006, more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people were still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC) or <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>. Reconstruction was visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, and logistic difficulties, progress was slow. A study in 2007 estimated that 83.6% of the population had a psychiatric illness, while 69.8% suffers from severe emotional distress.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (15 August 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law, including the introduction of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Wilayatul_Hisbah" title="Wilayatul Hisbah">Wilayatul Hisbah</a> or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050101-O-XXXXB-054_Boats_washed_ashore_near_local_businesses_in_down_town_Aceh,_Sumatra_following_a_massive_Tsunami_that_struck_the_area_on_the_26th_of_December_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/US_Navy_050101-O-XXXXB-054_Boats_washed_ashore_near_local_businesses_in_down_town_Aceh%2C_Sumatra_following_a_massive_Tsunami_that_struck_the_area_on_the_26th_of_December_2004.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/US_Navy_050101-O-XXXXB-054_Boats_washed_ashore_near_local_businesses_in_down_town_Aceh%2C_Sumatra_following_a_massive_Tsunami_that_struck_the_area_on_the_26th_of_December_2004.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/US_Navy_050101-O-XXXXB-054_Boats_washed_ashore_near_local_businesses_in_down_town_Aceh%2C_Sumatra_following_a_massive_Tsunami_that_struck_the_area_on_the_26th_of_December_2004.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Boats washed ashore near local businesses in down town Aceh, Sumatra following a massive tsunami that struck the area on 26 December 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>While parts of the capital <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> were unscathed, the areas closest to the water, especially the areas of Kampung Jawa and Meuraxa, were completely destroyed. Most of the rest of the western coast of Aceh was severely damaged. Many towns completely disappeared. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included <a href="/wiki/Lhoknga" title="Lhoknga">Lhoknga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leupung" title="Leupung">Leupung</a>, Lamno, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patek,_Aceh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patek, Aceh (page does not exist)">Patek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calang" title="Calang">Calang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teunom" title="Teunom">Teunom</a>, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Simeulue" title="Simeulue">Simeulue</a>. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north and east coasts were <a href="/wiki/Pidie_Regency" title="Pidie Regency">Pidie Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samalanga" title="Samalanga">Samalanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lhokseumawe" title="Lhokseumawe">Lhokseumawe</a>. </p><p>The area was slowly rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-kilometer <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> along low-lying coastal areas within which permanent construction was not permitted. This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> families that are dependent on living near to the sea. </p><p>The Indonesian government set up a special agency for Aceh reconstruction, the <a href="/wiki/Badan_Rehabilitasi_dan_Rekonstruksi" title="Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi">Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi</a> (BRR) headed by <a href="/wiki/Kuntoro_Mangkusubroto" title="Kuntoro Mangkusubroto">Kuntoro Mangkusubroto</a>, a former Indonesian government minister. This agency had ministry level of authority and incorporated officials, professionals and community leaders from all backgrounds. Most of the reconstruction work was performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a> estimated in their Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that damages amounted to US$4.5 billion (before inflation, and US$6.2 billion including inflation). Three years after the tsunami, reconstruction was still ongoing. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> monitored funding for reconstruction in Aceh and reported that US$7.7 billion had been earmarked for the reconstruction whilst at June 2007 US$5.8 billion had been allocated to specific reconstruction projects, of which US$3.4 billion had actually been spent (58%). </p><p>In 2009, the government opened a US$5.6 million <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tsunami_Museum" title="Aceh Tsunami Museum">museum</a> to commemorate the tsunami with photographs, stories, and a simulation of the earthquake that triggered the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_agreement_and_contemporary_history">Peace agreement and contemporary history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peace agreement and contemporary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg/170px-Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Martti_Ahtisaari.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, facilitator in Aceh-Indonesia peace agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2004 tsunami helped trigger a peace agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">GAM</a> and the Indonesian government. The mood in post-<a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> Indonesia in the liberal-democratic reform period, as well as changes in the Indonesian military, helped create an environment more favorable to peace talks. The roles of newly elected president <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a> and vice president <a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Kalla" title="Jusuf Kalla">Jusuf Kalla</a> were highly significant.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the GAM leadership was undergoing changes, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Indonesia">Indonesian military</a> had inflicted so much damage on the rebel movement that it had little choice but to negotiate with the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace talks were first initiated by <a href="/wiki/Juha_Christensen_(peace_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juha Christensen (peace activist)">Juha Christensen</a>, a Finnish peace activist, and then formally facilitated by a <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>-based NGO, the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Management_Initiative" title="Crisis Management Initiative">Crisis Management Initiative</a> led by former Finnish president <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>. The resulting peace agreement, generally known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418023930/http://www.aceh-mm.org/download/english/Helsinki%20MoU.pdf">Helsinki MOU</a>, was signed on 15 August 2005. Under the agreement Aceh would receive special autonomy and government troops would be withdrawn from the province in exchange for GAM's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> dispatched 300 <a href="/wiki/Aceh_monitoring_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceh monitoring mission">monitors</a>. Their mission expired on 15 December 2006, following local elections.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aceh has been granted broader autonomy through Aceh government legislation covering special rights agreed upon in 2002 as well as the right of the Acehnese to establish local political parties to represent their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights advocates protested that previous human rights violations in the province needed to be addressed, however.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_biodiversity">Ecology and biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology and biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aceh has the largest range of biodiversity in the Asian Pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-RTRW_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTRW-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the rarer large mammals are the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Orangutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RTRW_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTRW-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, there were 460 Sumatran elephants in Aceh including at least eight baby elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has been suffering from <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Wood-pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-pulp">wood pulp</a> mill in Aceh was built in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-DTE_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Aceh intends a law by which 1.2 million hectares would be opened for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-thejakartapost_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejakartapost-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal has caused many protests.<sup id="cite_ref-thejakartapost_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejakartapost-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the country, Aceh is governed not as a regular province but as a special autonomous province (<i>daerah istimewa</i>), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomy</a> from the central government in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. This has resulted in canings for crimes deemed to have violated sharia law such as gambling, drinking, skipping Friday prayers, and most notably homosexuality. </p><p>Regional elections have been held in Aceh in recent years for senior positions at the provincial, regency (<i>kabupaten</i>) and district (<i>kecamatan</i>) levels. In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Acehnese_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Acehnese gubernatorial election">2006 elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwandi_Yusuf" title="Irwandi Yusuf">Irwandi Yusuf</a> was elected as the provincial governor for 2007–2012 and in <a href="/wiki/2012_Acehnese_gubernatorial_election" title="2012 Acehnese gubernatorial election">elections in April 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaini_Abdullah" title="Zaini Abdullah">Zaini Abdullah</a> was elected as governor for 2012–2017.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Aceh">Governor of Aceh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png/220px-Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png/330px-Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png/440px-Use_of_sharia_in_Southeast_Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Use of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> in Southeast Asia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#03FFFF; color:black;"> </span> Choice between sharia and secular courts, only on personal status issues</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F6DD4F; color:black;"> </span> Sharia applies in personal status issues only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#706EA4; color:white;"> </span> Sharia applies in full, including criminal law</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with the promulgation of Law 44/1999, Aceh's governor began to issue limited <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>-based regulations, for example requiring female government employees to wear Islamic dress. These regulations were not enforced by the provincial government, but as early as April 1999, reports emerged that groups of men in Aceh were engaging in <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> violence in an effort to impose Sharia, for example, by conducting "<a href="/wiki/Jilbab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilbab">jilbab</a> raids," subjecting women who were not wearing Islamic headscarves to verbal abuse, cutting their hair or clothes, and committing other acts of violence against them.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency of these and other attacks on individuals considered to be violating Sharia principles appeared to increase following the enactment of Law 44/1999 and the governor's Sharia regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a group of scholars who call themselves <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadzkiiratul_Ummah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadzkiiratul Ummah (page does not exist)">Tadzkiiratul Ummah</a>, started to paint the <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">pants</a> of men and women as a call for heavier Islamic law enforcement in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the enactment of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001, Aceh's provincial legislature enacted a series of <i><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">qanuns</a></i> (local laws) governing the implementation of Sharia. Five qanuns enacted between 2002 and 2004 contained criminal penalties for violations of Sharia: Qanun 11/2002 on "belief, ritual, and promoting Islam," which contains the Islamic attire requirement; Qanun 12/2003 prohibiting the consumption and sale of alcohol; Qanun 13/2003 prohibiting gambling; Qanun 14/2003 prohibiting "seclusion"; and Qanun 7/2004 on the payment of Islamic alms. With the exception of gambling, none of the offenses are prohibited outside of Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responsibility for enforcement of the qanuns rests both with the National Police and with a special Sharia police force unique to Aceh, known as the <a href="/wiki/Wilayatul_Hisbah" title="Wilayatul Hisbah">Wilayatul Hisbah</a> (Sharia Authority). All of the qanuns provide for penalties including fines, imprisonment, and <a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">caning</a>, the latter a punishment unknown in most parts of Indonesia. Between mid-2005 and early 2007, at least 135 people were caned in Aceh for transgressing the qanuns.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2016, a 60-year-old non-Muslim woman was sentenced to 30 lashes for selling alcohol drinks. The controversy is that qanun is not allowed for non-Muslim person, and national law should be used instead as in other parts of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, <a href="/wiki/Partai_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Partai Aceh">Partai Aceh</a> won control of the local parliament in Aceh's first post-war legislative elections. In September 2009, one month before the new legislators were to take office, the outgoing parliament unanimously endorsed two new qanuns to expand the existing criminal Sharia framework in Aceh. </p> <ul><li>One bill, the <i>Qanun on Criminal Procedure</i> (Qanun Hukum Jinayat), to create an entirely new procedural code for the enforcement of Sharia by police, prosecutors, and courts in Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The other bill, the <i>Qanun on Criminal Law</i> (Qanun Jinayat), reiterated the existing criminal Sharia prohibitions, at times enhancing their penalties, and a host of new criminal offenses, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikhtilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikhtilat (page does not exist)">ikhtilat</a> (intimacy or mixing), <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">zina</a> (adultery, defined as willing intercourse by unmarried people), sexual harassment, rape, and homosexual conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law authorized punishments including up to 60 lashes for "intimacy," up to 100 lashes for engaging in homosexual conduct, up to 100 lashes for adultery by unmarried persons, and death by <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> for adultery by a married person.<sup id="cite_ref-shariapolicing_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shariapolicing-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, the then proposed bylaws was met with widespread condemnations from all of Indonesia and then governor <a href="/wiki/Irwandi_Yusuf" title="Irwandi Yusuf">Irwandi Yusuf</a> refused to sign the bylaw, thereby keeping it a law without legal force and, in some views, therefore still a law <i>draft</i>, rather than actual law.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2013, the Aceh government removed the stoning provision from its own draft of a new criminal code.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Caning</b> </p><p>In practice since the introduction of the new laws, there has been a considerable increase in the use of the penalties provided set out in the laws. As an example, in August 2015 six men in <a href="/wiki/Bireu%C3%ABn_Regency" title="Bireuën Regency">Bireuën Regency</a> were arrested and caned for betting on the names of passing buses.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And it was reported that on just one day, 18 September 2015, a total of 34 people were caned in Banda Aceh and in the nearby regency of Aceh Besar.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two gay men are to be publicly lashed 85 times each under sharia law after being filmed by vigilantes in Indonesia. An Islamic court in the province of Aceh passed down its first sentence for homosexuality on the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_Against_Homophobia_and_Transphobia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia">International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia</a>, 17 May 2017 in spite of international appeals to spare the couple.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whipping is the common <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> punishment for <a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">drinking alcohol</a>, and having gay or pre-marital sex. Typically the whipping has been done by men. In 2020, with increased enforcement and more crimes being conducted by women, Aceh authorities say they are trying to follow <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>, which calls for women to whip female perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_Regencies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aceh_Regencies.png/220px-Aceh_Regencies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aceh_Regencies.png/330px-Aceh_Regencies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aceh_Regencies.png/440px-Aceh_Regencies.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Municipalities of Aceh</figcaption></figure> <p>Administratively, the province now is subdivided into eighteen <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">regencies</a> (<i>kabupaten</i>) and five autonomous cities (<i>kota</i>). The capital and the largest city is <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. When originally devised in 1956, the province comprised the city of <b>Banda Aceh</b> and six regencies – <b>Aceh Besar</b>, <b>Pidie</b>, <b>North Aceh</b>, <b>East Aceh</b>, <b>Central Aceh</b>, and <b>West Aceh</b>; however on 14 November 1956 a seventh regency (<b>South Aceh</b>) was created from the southeastern districts of West Aceh Regency. A second city (<b>Sabang City</b>) was separated from Aceh Besar on 10 June 1965 and <b>Southeast Aceh Regency</b> from part of Central Aceh on 4 June 1974; three additional regencies were formed in 1999 – <b>Aceh Singkil</b> from part of South Aceh Regency on 20 April, and <b>Bireuen</b> (from part of North Aceh Regency) and <b>Simeulue</b> (from part of West Aceh Regency) on 4 October. </p><p>The towns of <b>Lhokseumawe</b> and <b>Langsa</b> were given separate city status (from parts of North Aceh Regency and of East Aceh Regency respectively) on 21 June 2001, and five additional regencies were created on 10 April 2002 – <b>Aceh Jaya</b> and <b>Nagan Raya</b> (both from parts of West Aceh Regency), <b>Aceh Tamiang</b> (from part of East Aceh Regency), <b>Gayo Lues</b> (from part of Southeast Aceh Regency) and <b>Southwest Aceh</b> (from part of South Aceh Regency). <b>Bener Meriah Regency</b> was created on 19 December 2003 (from part of Central Aceh Regency), and <b>Pidie Jaya Regency</b> (from part of Pidie Regency) and <b>Subulussalam City</b> (from part of Aceh Singkil Regency) on 2 January 2007. Some other local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development. </p><p>The cities and regencies (subdivided into the 289 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">districts</a> or <i>kecamatan</i> of Aceh), are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2020 census,<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the officially estimated population as at mid 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode <br />Wilayah</th> <th>Name of<br />City or <br />Regency</th> <th>Regency<br />Capital</th> <th>Est.</th> <th>Established<br /> by statute</th> <th>Area <br />in<br />km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Pop'n<br />2010<br />census</th> <th>Pop'n<br />2020<br />census</th> <th>Pop'n<br />mid 2023<br />estimate</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2021 estimates </th></tr> <tr> <td>11.72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabang, Indonesia">Sabang City</a></td> <td></td> <td>1967</td> <td>UU 10/1965</td> <td align="right">122.13</td> <td align="right">30,653</td> <td align="right">41,197</td> <td align="right">43,527</td> <td>0.761 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Besar_Regency" title="Aceh Besar Regency">Aceh Besar Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jantho" title="Jantho">Jantho</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">2,903.49</td> <td align="right">351,418</td> <td align="right">405,535</td> <td align="right">435,298</td> <td>0.735 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> City</td> <td></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">61.36</td> <td align="right">223,446</td> <td align="right">252,899</td> <td align="right">261,969</td> <td>0.857 (<span style="color:green;">Very High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Jaya_Regency" title="Aceh Jaya Regency">Aceh Jaya Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calang" title="Calang">Calang</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>UU 4/2002</td> <td align="right">3,872.23</td> <td align="right">76,782</td> <td align="right">93,159</td> <td align="right">99,717</td> <td>0.698 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.07</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pidie_Regency" title="Pidie Regency">Pidie Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigli" title="Sigli">Sigli</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">3,184.46</td> <td align="right">379,108</td> <td align="right">435,275</td> <td align="right">448,085</td> <td>0.707 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pidie_Jaya_Regency" title="Pidie Jaya Regency">Pidie Jaya Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meureudu" title="Meureudu">Meureudu</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>UU 7/2007</td> <td align="right">952.11</td> <td align="right">132,956</td> <td align="right">158,397</td> <td align="right">164,361</td> <td>0.736 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bireuen_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bireuen Regency">Bireuen Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bireuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bireuen">Bireuen</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td>UU 48/1999</td> <td align="right">1,796.97</td> <td align="right">389,288</td> <td align="right">436,418</td> <td align="right">453,242</td> <td>0.723 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Aceh_Regency" title="North Aceh Regency">North Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Utara)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lhoksukon" title="Lhoksukon">Lhoksukon</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">3,296.86</td> <td align="right">529,751</td> <td align="right">602,793</td> <td align="right">624,582</td> <td>0.694 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lhokseumawe" title="Lhokseumawe">Lhokseumawe</a> City</td> <td></td> <td>2001</td> <td>UU 2/2001</td> <td align="right">181.06</td> <td align="right">171,163</td> <td align="right">188,713</td> <td align="right">196,067</td> <td>0.775 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Aceh_Regency" title="East Aceh Regency">East Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Timur)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idi_Rayeuk" title="Idi Rayeuk">Idi Rayeuk</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">6,040.60</td> <td align="right">360,475</td> <td align="right">422,401</td> <td align="right">449,796</td> <td>0.678 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langsa" title="Langsa">Langsa</a> City</td> <td></td> <td>2001</td> <td>UU 3/2001</td> <td align="right">239.83</td> <td align="right">148,945</td> <td align="right">185,971</td> <td align="right">194,730</td> <td>0.774 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency" title="Aceh Tamiang Regency">Aceh Tamiang Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karang_Baru" title="Karang Baru">Karang Baru</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>UU 4/2002</td> <td align="right">1,957.02</td> <td align="right">251,914</td> <td align="right">294,356</td> <td align="right">305,217</td> <td>0.694 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gayo_Lues_Regency" title="Gayo Lues Regency">Gayo Lues Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blangkejeren" title="Blangkejeren">Blangkejeren</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>UU 4/2002</td> <td align="right">5,549.91</td> <td align="right">79,560</td> <td align="right">99,532</td> <td align="right">104,856</td> <td>0.675 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bener_Meriah_Regency" title="Bener Meriah Regency">Bener Meriah Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Tiga_Redelong" title="Simpang Tiga Redelong">Simpang Tiga <br />Redelong</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td>UU 41/2003</td> <td align="right">1,941.61</td> <td align="right">122,277</td> <td align="right">161,342</td> <td align="right">169,214</td> <td>0.732 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Aceh_Regency" title="Central Aceh Regency">Central Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Tengah)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takengon" title="Takengon">Takengon</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">4,527.58</td> <td align="right">175,527</td> <td align="right">215,860</td> <td align="right">223,833</td> <td>0.733 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Aceh_Regency" title="West Aceh Regency">West Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Barat)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meulaboh" title="Meulaboh">Meulaboh</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">2,927.95</td> <td align="right">173,558</td> <td align="right">198,736</td> <td align="right">205,108</td> <td>0.716 (<span style="color:green;">High</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagan_Raya_Regency" title="Nagan Raya Regency">Nagan Raya Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suka_Makmue" title="Suka Makmue">Suka Makmue</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>UU 4/2002</td> <td align="right">3,544.90</td> <td align="right">139,663</td> <td align="right">168,392</td> <td align="right">176,461</td> <td>0.693 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Aceh_Regency" title="Southwest Aceh Regency">Southwest Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Barat Daya)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blangpidie" title="Blangpidie">Blangpidie</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td>UU 4/2002</td> <td align="right">1,882.99</td> <td align="right">126,036</td> <td align="right">150,780</td> <td align="right">156,990</td> <td>0.669 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Aceh_Regency" title="South Aceh Regency">South Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Selatan)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapaktuan" title="Tapaktuan">Tapaktuan</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>UU 24/1956</td> <td align="right">4,173.82</td> <td align="right">202,251</td> <td align="right">232,410</td> <td align="right">239,475</td> <td>0.674 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Aceh_Regency" title="Southeast Aceh Regency">Southeast Aceh Regency</a><br />(Aceh Tenggara)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutacane" title="Kutacane">Kutacane</a></td> <td>1974</td> <td>UU 7/1974</td> <td align="right">4,242.04</td> <td align="right">179,010</td> <td align="right">220,860</td> <td align="right">229,368</td> <td>0.694 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subulussalam" title="Subulussalam">Subulussalam</a> City</td> <td></td> <td>2007</td> <td>UU 8/2007</td> <td align="right">1,391.00</td> <td align="right">67,446</td> <td align="right">90,751</td> <td align="right">97,770</td> <td>0.652 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Singkil_Regency" title="Aceh Singkil Regency">Aceh Singkil Regency</a><br />(including the <br /><a href="/wiki/Banyak_Islands" title="Banyak Islands">Banyak Islands</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singkil,_Indonesia" title="Singkil, Indonesia">Singkil</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td>UU 14/1999</td> <td align="right">1,857.88</td> <td align="right">102,509</td> <td align="right">126,514</td> <td align="right">135,435</td> <td>0.692 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_Regency" title="Simeulue Regency">Simeulue Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinabang" title="Sinabang">Sinabang</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td>UU 48/1999</td> <td align="right">1,838.10</td> <td align="right">80,674</td> <td align="right">92,865</td> <td align="right">97,118</td> <td>0.664 (<span style="color: #fc0;">Medium</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg/220px-Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg/330px-Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg/440px-Danau_Laut_Tawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Laut_Tawar" title="Lake Laut Tawar">Lake Laut Tawar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Aceh_Regency" title="Central Aceh Regency">Central Aceh Regency</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""><b>Note:</b> UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang (<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">the Indonesia statute of law</a>).</div> <p>Aceh is unique in Indonesia in grouping its <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia" title="Villages of Indonesia">villages</a> into mukims. These are sometimes related to traditional indigenous communities. Beginning in September 2023, the Indonesian government provided legal recognition to the claims of some mukims over customary forests.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Parliament">People's Representative Council</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <b>Aceh I Electoral District</b> consists of 12 of the regencies in the province (Simeulue, Aceh Singkil, South Aceh, Southeast Aceh, West Aceh, Aceh Besar, Pidie, Southwest Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Gayo Lues, Nagan Raya and Pidie Jaya), together with the cities of Bandar Aceh, Sabang and Subulussalam, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.</li> <li>The <b>Aceh II Electoral District</b> consists of the remaining 6 regencies (East Aceh, Central Aceh, Bireuen, North Aceh, Aceh Tamiang and Bener Meriah), together with the cities of Langsa and Lhokseumawe, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the economy of Aceh grew by 7.7% after having minimal growth since the devastating tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth was primarily driven by the reconstruction effort with massive growth in the building/construction sector. </p><p>The ending of the conflict, and the reconstruction program resulted in the structure of the economy changing significantly since 2003. Service sectors played a more dominant role whilst the share of the oil and gas sectors continued to decline. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector (% share of Aceh GDP) </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agriculture and fisheries </td> <td>17 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oil, gas and mining </td> <td>36 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manufacturing (incl. oil and gas manufacturing) </td> <td>20 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electricity and water supply </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Building / construction </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trade, hotels and restaurants </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transport & communication </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Banking & other financial </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Services </td> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""><b>Note:</b> ... = less than 0.5%</div> <p>After peaking at around 40% in December 2005, largely as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> impact of sudden aid flows into the province, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> declined steadily and was 8.5% in June 2007, close to the national level in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> of 5.7%. Persistent inflation means that Aceh's <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a> (CPI) remains the highest in Indonesia. As a result, Aceh's cost competitiveness has declined as reflected in both inflation and wage data. Although inflation has slowed down, CPI has registered steady increases since the tsunami. Using 2002 as a base, Aceh's CPI increased to 185.6 (June 2007) while the national CPI increased to 148.2. There have been relatively large nominal wage increases in particular sectors, such as construction where, on average, workers' nominal wages have risen to almost Rp.60,000 per day, from Rp.29,000 pre-tsunami. This is also reflected in Aceh's minimum regional wage (UMR, or Upah Minimum Regional), which increased by 55% from Rp.550,000 pre-tsunami to Rp.850,000 in 2007, compared with an increase of 42% in neighboring <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, from Rp.537,000 to Rp.761,000. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a> levels increased slightly in Aceh in 2005 after the tsunami, but by less than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poverty level then fell in 2006 to below the pre-tsunami level, suggesting that the rise in tsunami-related poverty was short lived and reconstruction activities and the end of the conflict most probably facilitated this decline. However, poverty in Aceh remains significantly higher than in the rest of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of the Acehnese remain vulnerable to poverty, reinforcing the need for further sustained efforts at development in the post-tsunami construction period.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,008,595</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,611,271</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.96%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,416,156</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.72%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,847,583</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,930,905</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,494,410</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,993,385</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.13%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,274,871</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.10%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,512,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.48%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pusat_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pusat Statistik">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> 2024 and previous.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The population of Aceh was not adequately documented during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_2000_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia 2000 census">Indonesia 2000 census</a> because the insurgency complicated the process of collecting accurate information. An estimated 170,000 people died in Aceh in the 2004 tsunami which further complicates the task of careful demographic analysis. According to the most recent censuses, the total population of Aceh in 2010 was 4,486,570,<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2015 was 4,993,385, and in 2020 was 5,274,871.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official estimate for mid 2023 was 5,482,527 (comprising 2,753,176 males and 2,729,351 females);<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the sum of the official population estimates for the individual regencies and cities totalled 5,512,219 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_cultural_groups">Ethnic and cultural groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnic and cultural groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aceh is a diverse region occupied by several ethnic and language groups. The major ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> (who are distributed throughout Aceh), <a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a> (in central and eastern part), <a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Aceh_Regency" title="Southeast Aceh Regency">Southeast Aceh Regency</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Tamiang-Malays</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency" title="Aceh Tamiang Regency">Aceh Tamiang Regency</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a> (descendant from <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, concentrated in southern and southwestern), <a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a> (in <a href="/wiki/South_Aceh_Regency" title="South Aceh Regency">South Aceh Regency</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Singkil_Regency" title="Aceh Singkil Regency">Singkil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subulussalam" title="Subulussalam">Subulussalam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigulai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigulai people (page does not exist)">Sigulai</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Simeulue" title="Simeulue">Simeulue</a> Island). There is also a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a>, Among the present day Acehnese can be found some individuals of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish People">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> descent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="265" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_T.A.,_Iqbal,_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_T.A.%2C_Iqbal%2C_and_Kalam_speaking_Acehnese.webm&lang=ace&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ace" label="Acèh ‪(ace)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Speakers of Acehnese.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese language</a> is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. This is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh-Chamic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceh-Chamic languages">Aceh-Chamic</a> group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> group of languages. Acehnese also has many words borrowed from Malay and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and traditionally was written using <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Arabic script</a>. Acehnese is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan (<a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>), and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Penang. Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>, Acehnese is also designated as the co-official regional language of Aceh under Qanun Number 10 of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> group. The Jamee language originated from <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, with just a few variations and differences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Aceh" title="Islam in Aceh">Islam in Aceh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg/250px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg/375px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg/500px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>. 98% of Aceh's population is Muslim</figcaption></figure> <p>According to 2022 data of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Aceh is overwhelmingly Muslim-majority where they dominate Aceh with more than 98%. Only 1.15% of population are Protestants, 0.13% Buddhism and 0.1% Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious issues are often sensitive in Aceh. There is very strong support for Islam across the province, and sometimes other religious groups – such as Christians or Buddhists – feel that they are subject to social or community pressure to limit their activities. The official explanation for this action, supported by both the governor of Aceh <a href="/wiki/Zaini_Abdullah" title="Zaini Abdullah">Zaini Abdullah</a> and the Indonesian home affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Gamawan_Fauzi" title="Gamawan Fauzi">Gamawan Fauzi</a> from Jakarta, was that the churches did not have the appropriate permits. Earlier in April 2012, a number of churches in the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Singkil_Regency" title="Aceh Singkil Regency">Singkil regency</a> in southern Aceh had also been ordered to close.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, some Christians voiced concern about these actions. In 2015 a church was burned down and another attacked in which a Muslim rioter was shot, causing President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a> to call for calm.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caning has increasingly been used as a form of judicial punishment in Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is backed by the governor of Aceh. At least 72 people were caned for various offences, including drinking alcohol, being alone with someone of the opposite sex who was not a marriage partner or relative (khalwat), gambling and for being caught having gay sex.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acehnese authorities passed a series of by-laws governing the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> after the enactment of the province's Special Autonomy Law in 2001. In 2016 alone, 100 public caning cases were documented by human rights organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2018, the Aceh police, with support from the Aceh autonomous government, raided hair salons known to have LGBT clients and staff as part of an <i>operasi penyakit masyarakat</i> ("community sickness operation"). The police abused all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlors and arrested twelve transgender women. The arrested trans women were stripped topless, had their heads shaved, and were forced to chant insults at themselves as part of a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">process "until they really become men"</a>. The intent of the incident was to reverse what officials deemed a "social disease" and that parents were coming to them upset at the increasing number of LGBT individuals in Aceh.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was decried by human rights organizations local and worldwide, such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. Usman Hamid stated for the Indonesia branch of the organization that "cutting the hair of those arrested to 'make them masculine' and forcing them to dress like men are forms of <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public shaming</a> and amount to cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman and degrading treatment</a>, in contravention of Indonesia's international obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_culture">Traditional culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Traditional culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aceh has a variety of distinctive arts and culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_weapon">Traditional weapon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Traditional weapon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rencong" title="Rencong">Rencong</a> is a type of dagger, a traditional weapon of the Acehnese people. The shape resembles the letter L, and when viewed more closely the form is bismillah calligraphy.</li></ul> <p>In addition to rencong, the Acehnese people also possessed several other special weapons, such as sikin panyang, peurise awe, peurise teumaga, siwah, geuliwang and peudeueng.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_house">Traditional house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Traditional house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg/220px-Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg/330px-Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg/440px-Rumoh_Ac%C3%A8h_di_Piyeung_Datu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rumoh_Aceh" title="Rumoh Aceh">Rumoh Aceh</a>, traditional house of Aceh</figcaption></figure> <p>Aceh's traditional house is called <i><a href="/wiki/Rumoh_Aceh" title="Rumoh Aceh">Rumoh Aceh</a></i>. This house is a type of house on stilts with three main parts and one additional section. The three main parts of the Aceh house are the <i>seuramoë keuë</i> (front porch), <i>seuramoë teungoh</i> (middle porch) and <i>seuramoë likôt</i> (back porch). Another additional part is the <i>rumoh dapu</i> (kitchen house).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg/220px-Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg/330px-Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg/440px-Ratoh_Jaroe_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption>Ratoh Jaroe dance performance</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Acehnese dances illustrate traditional heritage, religion, and local folklore. Acehnese dances are generally performed in groups, in which a group of dancers are of the same sex, and there are standing or sitting positions. When viewed from the accompanying music, the dances can be grouped into two types; namely accompanied by the vocal and percussion of the dancer's own body, and accompanied by an ensemble of musical instruments. Some dances that are famous at the national and even world level are dances originating from Aceh, such as the Rateb Meuseukat Dance and the <a href="/wiki/Saman_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Saman dance">Saman dance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg/220px-Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg/330px-Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg/440px-Mie_Aceh_with_beef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mie_aceh" title="Mie aceh">Mie aceh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Acehnese cuisine uses combinations of spices found in Indian and Arabic cuisine, include ginger, pepper, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and fennel. A variety of Acehnese foods are cooked with curry or curry spices and coconut milk, which are generally combined with meat, such as buffalo meat, beef, lamb, fish and chicken. Certain recipes have traditionally used cannabis as a seasoning; which is also found in some other Southeast Asian dishes such as in Laos, but now the material is no longer used. Dishes native to Aceh include <a href="/wiki/Nasi_gurih" title="Nasi gurih">nasi gurih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mie_aceh" title="Mie aceh">mie aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi_caluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi caluk">mi caluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timphan" title="Timphan">timphan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aceh has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, such as the folktale <i><a href="/wiki/The_king_of_the_parakeets" title="The king of the parakeets">The king of the parakeets</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Acehnese manuscripts that can be found are from 1069 H (1658/1659 AD), namely Hikayat Seuma'un. </p><p>Before Dutch colonialism (1873–1942), almost all Acehnese literature was in the form of poetry known as Hikayat. Very little is in the form of prose and one of them is the Book of Bakeu Meunan which is a translation of the book Qawaa'id al-Islaam. </p><p>It was only after the arrival of the Dutch that Acehnese writings appeared in the form of prose, in the 1930s, such as Lhee Saboh Nang written by Aboe Bakar and De Vries. It was only afterward that various forms of prose appeared, but still remained dominated by the form of Hikayat.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 74-km <a href="/wiki/Sigli%E2%80%93Banda_Aceh_Toll_Road" title="Sigli–Banda Aceh Toll Road">Sigli–Banda Aceh Toll Road</a> is currently under construction, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Sumatra_Toll_Road" title="Trans-Sumatra Toll Road">Trans-Sumatra Toll Road</a>. </p><p>Railways in Aceh has started since the Dutch colonial era. In 1876 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> (KNIL) started to build a 750-mm gauge railways known as <a href="/wiki/Atjeh_Tram" title="Atjeh Tram">Atjeh Tram</a>, which began operating from 1882 to 1942 and later changed its name to Atjeh Staatsspoorwegen (ASS) in 1916. Its railways assets, now mostly inactive, is under the ownership of the Regional Division I North Sumatra and Aceh of <a href="/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia" title="Kereta Api Indonesia">Kereta Api Indonesia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cut_Meutia_(train)" title="Cut Meutia (train)">Cut Meutia</a></i> is a train that serves <a href="/wiki/Krueng_Geukueh_railway_station" title="Krueng Geukueh railway station">Krueng Geukueh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Krueng_Mane_railway_station" title="Krueng Mane railway station">Krueng Mane</a> in North Aceh Regency. </p><p>Airports in Aceh include <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Muda_International_Airport" title="Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport">Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport</a> in Aceh Besar Regency (serving Banda Aceh and surrounding areas) and <a href="/wiki/Maimun_Saleh_Airport" title="Maimun Saleh Airport">Maimun Saleh Airport</a> in Sabang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Aceh" title="List of people from Aceh">List of people from Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_local_government_system" title="Acehnese local government system">Acehnese local government system</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kesbangpol.bandaacehkota.go.id/2017/12/16/aceh-mulia-jadi-himne-aceh/">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014144309/http://kesbangpol.bandaacehkota.go.id/2017/12/16/aceh-mulia-jadi-himne-aceh/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkesbangpol.bandaacehkota.go.id%2F2017%2F12%2F16%2Faceh-mulia-jadi-himne-aceh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 1956"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/id:Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_24_Tahun_1956"><i>Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 1956</i> </a></span> (in Indonesian) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undang-Undang+Republik+Indonesia+Nomor+24+Tahun+1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sum of the districts' land areas is 58,485.90 km<sup>2</sup>, although the official area is given as 56,839.09 km<sup>2</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, <i>Kota Subussalam Dalam Angka 2024</i> (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1175)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediaaceh.co/2017/12/23/arti-orang-aceh-dalam-uupa-menurut-kip-subulussalam">"Arti "Orang Aceh" Dalam UUPA Menurut KIP Subulussalam"</a>. 23 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035701/https://mediaaceh.co/2017/12/23/arti-orang-aceh-dalam-uupa-menurut-kip-subulussalam/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arti+%22Orang+Aceh%22+Dalam+UUPA+Menurut+KIP+Subulussalam&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediaaceh.co%2F2017%2F12%2F23%2Farti-orang-aceh-dalam-uupa-menurut-kip-subulussalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAris_AnantaEvi_Nurvidya_ArifinM._Sairi_HasbullahNur_Budi_Handayani2015" class="citation book cs1">Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M. Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; dan Agus Pramono (2015). <i>Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demography+of+Indonesia%27s+Ethnicity&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies+dan+BPS+%E2%80%93+Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Aris+Ananta&rft.au=Evi+Nurvidya+Arifin&rft.au=M.+Sairi+Hasbullah&rft.au=Nur+Budi+Handayani&rft.au=dan+Agus+Pramono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpsgdpdata2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpsgdpdata2022_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022">"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+%28Milyar+Rupiah%29%2C+2022&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F3%2FWkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw%3D%3D%2Fproduk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html%3Fyear%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpspercapitadata-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpspercapitadata_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022">"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+Per+Kapita+%28Ribu+Rupiah%29%2C+2022&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F3%2FYWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw%3D%3D%2Fproduk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html%3Fyear%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bappenas2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bappenas2022_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pembangunan_Nasional2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_Planning_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia)">Badan Pembangunan Nasional</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe">"Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capaian+Indikator+Utama+Pembangunan&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pembangunan+Nasional&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pembangunan+Nasional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimreg.bappenas.go.id%2Fhome%2Fpemantauan%2Flpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html">"Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indeks+Pembangunan+Manusia+2024&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fpressrelease%2F2024%2F11%2F15%2F2296%2Findeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590162,00.html">"How An Escape Artist Became Aceh's Governor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803235400/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590162,00.html">Archived</a> 3 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 15 February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations. <i>Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2005</i>. 2005, page 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/exxonmobil-plays-terrorist-card-aceh-case">"ExxonMobil plays "terrorist" card in Aceh case"</a>. <i>downtoearth-indonesia.org</i>. August 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=downtoearth-indonesia.org&rft.atitle=ExxonMobil+plays+%22terrorist%22+card+in+Aceh+case&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth-indonesia.org%2Fstory%2Fexxonmobil-plays-terrorist-card-aceh-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=664">"Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan | Perubahan Sebutan Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam menjadi Aceh"</a>. <i>djpk.kemenkeu.go.id</i> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211947/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=664">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=djpk.kemenkeu.go.id&rft.atitle=Direktorat+Jenderal+Perimbangan+Keuangan+%7C+Perubahan+Sebutan+Nanggroe+Aceh+Darussalam+menjadi+Aceh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id%2F%3Fp%3D664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Perret2007" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Perret (24 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135034/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_danielperret.pdf">"Aceh as a Field for Ancient History Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Asia Research Institute-<a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_danielperret.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aceh+as+a+Field+for+Ancient+History+Studies&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute-National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2007-02-24&rft.au=Daniel+Perret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ari.nus.edu.sg%2Fdocs%255CAceh-project%255Cfull-papers%255Caceh_fp_danielperret.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3926025/lamuri-kerajaan-pertama-di-aceh-yang-beragama-hindu">"Lamuri, Kerajaan Pertama di Aceh yang Beragama Hindu"</a>. <i>detik news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detik+news&rft.atitle=Lamuri%2C+Kerajaan+Pertama+di+Aceh+yang+Beragama+Hindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-3926025%2Flamuri-kerajaan-pertama-di-aceh-yang-beragama-hindu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMc.Kinnons1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mc.Kinnons, E.Edwards (10 November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3351047">"Beyond Serandib: A Note on Lambri at the Northern Tip of Aceh"</a>. <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>1</b> (46): 102–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351047">10.2307/3351047</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53892">1813/53892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351047">3351047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Beyond+Serandib%3A+A+Note+on+Lambri+at+the+Northern+Tip+of+Aceh&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=102-121&rft.date=1988-11-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3351047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3351047&rft.aulast=Mc.Kinnons&rft.aufirst=E.Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F3351047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polo_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_Polo1993" class="citation book cs1">Marco Polo (1993). Henri Cordier (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA299"><i>The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition</i></a>. Translated by Henry Yule. Dover Publications. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486275871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486275871"><bdi>978-0486275871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Marco+Polo%3A+The+Complete+Yule-Cordier+Edition&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0486275871&rft.au=Marco+Polo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TexF3FC87YC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/IHA16/IHA16008FU1.pdf">"Changing a Hindu temple into the Indrapuri Mosque in Aceh: the beginning of Islamisation in Indonesia – a vernacular architectural context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>Kompas argues that Indrapuri Mosque in Aceh was built in the 10th century AD by the Lamuri kingdom. At the time, it functioned as the Temple of Hinduism [4]. In addition, Zein says that the function of the temple was changed into a Mosque when the King and the people of Lamuri Hindu kingdom converted to Islam in 1205 AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+a+Hindu+temple+into+the+Indrapuri+Mosque+in+Aceh%3A+the+beginning+of+Islamisation+in+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+a+vernacular+architectural+context&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.witpress.com%2FSecure%2Felibrary%2Fpapers%2FIHA16%2FIHA16008FU1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/indra_patra.html">"Indra Patra Fortress"</a>. Indonesia Tourism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indra+Patra+Fortress&rft.pub=Indonesia+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesia-tourism.com%2Faceh%2Findra_patra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid (1988 and 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1991), page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbuza2016" class="citation book cs1">Abuza, Zachary (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwp5DQAAQBAJ"><i>Forging Peace in Southeast Asia: Insurgencies, Peace Processes, and Reconciliation</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5757-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-5757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+Peace+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Insurgencies%2C+Peace+Processes%2C+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5757-3&rft.aulast=Abuza&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwp5DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-468-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-468-3"><bdi>1-57958-468-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57958-468-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1991), page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1991), page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*D. G. E. Hall, <i>A History of South-east Asia</i>. London: Macmillan, 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricklefs2001p185-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ricklefs2001p185_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs, M.C. (2001) <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p 185–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Tarling1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tarling" title="Nicholas Tarling">Nicholas Tarling</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBfsaw64rjMC&pg=PA104"><i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i></a>. Cambridge U.P. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35506-3"><bdi>978-0-521-35506-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Volume+2%2C+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35506-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBfsaw64rjMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.H. Kossmann, <i>The Low Countries 1780–1940</i> (1978) pp 400–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linawati Sidarto, "Images of a grisly past", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a>: Weekender</i>, July 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627150918/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html">"Grisly Images | the Jakarta Post"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grisly+Images+%26%23124%3B+the+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F06%2F23%2Fgrisly-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mufti Ali, "A Study of Hasan Mustafa's 'Fatwa: 'It Is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslims to be Loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government,'" <i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society,</i> April 2004, Vol. 52 Issue 2, pp 91–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Martinkus2004" class="citation book cs1">John Martinkus (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh</i></a>. Random House Australia. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-209-1"><bdi>978-1-74051-209-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Secret+War+in+Aceh&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74051-209-1&rft.au=John+Martinkus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcdwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle_Calvin_Ricklefs2001" class="citation book cs1">Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&pg=PA252"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-4480-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+C.+1200&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5&rft.au=Merle+Calvin+Ricklefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GrWCmZoEBMC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ"><i>Tempo</i></a>. 43–52. Vol. 3. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2003. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tempo&rft.series=43%E2%80%9352&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Arsa+Raya+Perdana&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NETAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFatjehcyberID" class="citation web cs1">atjehcyberID. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002230/http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html">"Sejarah Jejak Perlawanan Aceh"</a>. <i>Atjeh Cyber Warrior</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atjeh+Cyber+Warrior&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Jejak+Perlawanan+Aceh&rft.au=atjehcyberID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atjehcyber.net%2F2011%2F08%2Fsejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3">"Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012"</a>. <i>Issuu</i>. 16 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314210034/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=Waspada%2C+Sabtu+17+Maret+2012&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwaspada%2Fdocs%2Fwaspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012">"Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012"</a>. <i>Issuu</i>. 16 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315025913/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=Waspada%2C+Sabtu+17+Maret+2012&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwaspada%2Fdocs%2Fwaspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Berita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin</i></a>. Vol. 1–4. Dewan Penjelidikan Sumatera. 1971. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berita+Kadjian+Sumatera%3A+Sumatra+Research+Bulletin&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Dewan+Penjelidikan+Sumatera&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiTjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Haris_Nasution1963" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Haris Nasution (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC"><i>Tentara Nasional Indonesia</i></a>. Ganaco. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tentara+Nasional+Indonesia&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Ganaco&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Abdul+Haris+Nasution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3kDBvr5UeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKbQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sedjarah Iahirnja Tentara Nasional Indonesia</i></a>. Sedjarah Militer Dam II/BB. 1970. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedjarah+Iahirnja+Tentara+Nasional+Indonesia&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Sedjarah+Militer+Dam+II%2FBB&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKbQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Panitia_Penjusun_Naskah_Buku_"20_Tahun_Indonesia_Merdeka."Indonesia1966" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku "20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka."; Indonesia (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AE5AQAAIAAJ"><i>20 [i. e Dua puluh] tahun Indonesia merdeka</i></a>. Vol. 7. Departement Penerangan. p. 547<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20+%26%2391%3Bi.+e+Dua+puluh%26%2393%3B+tahun+Indonesia+merdeka&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=Departement+Penerangan&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Indonesia.+Panitia+Penjusun+Naskah+Buku+%2220+Tahun+Indonesia+Merdeka.%22&rft.au=Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AE5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Angkatan_Darat._Pusat_Sedjarah_Militer1965" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOyzISuyJlwC"><i>Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945–1965. [Tjet. 1.]</i></a>. PUSSEMAD. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedjarah+TNI-Angkatan+Darat%2C+1945%E2%80%931965.+%26%2391%3BTjet.+1.%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=PUSSEMAD&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Indonesia.+Angkatan+Darat.+Pusat+Sedjarah+Militer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOyzISuyJlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Departemen_Penerangan1965" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Departemen Penerangan (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtsRAAAAMAAJ"><i>20 tahun Indonesia merdeka</i></a>. Vol. 7. Departemen Penerangan R.I. p. 545<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20+tahun+Indonesia+merdeka&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Departemen+Penerangan+R.I.&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Indonesia.+Departemen+Penerangan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtsRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke III September 1990. halaman I & Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke IV September 1990 halaman I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Jong2002" class="citation book cs1">Louis Jong (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War</i></a>. KITLV Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-203-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-203-4"><bdi>978-90-6718-203-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collapse+of+a+colonial+society%3A+the+Dutch+in+Indonesia+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-6718-203-4&rft.au=Louis+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibrahimy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibrahimy_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibrahimy_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">*M Nur El-Ibrahimy, <i>Peranan Teungku M. Daud Bereueh dalam Pergolakan di Aceh</i>, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasution-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasution_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*A.H. Nasution, <i>Seputar Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Jilid II</i>, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moraref.kemenag.go.id/documents/article/25196304627931199">"Moraref"</a>. <i>moraref.kemenag.go.id</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611122755/https://moraref.kemenag.go.id/documents/article/25196304627931199">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moraref.kemenag.go.id&rft.atitle=Moraref&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoraref.kemenag.go.id%2Fdocuments%2Farticle%2F25196304627931199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApipudin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Apipudin, Apipudin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/daud-beureueh-and-the-darul-islam-rebellion-in-aceh">"Daud Beureu'eh and The Darul Islam Rebellion in Aceh"</a>. <i>Buletin Al-Turas</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 145–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15408%2Fbat.v22i1.7221">10.15408/bat.v22i1.7221</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2579-5848">2579-5848</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611061933/https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/daud-beureueh-and-the-darul-islam-rebellion-in-aceh">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Al-Turas&rft.atitle=Daud+Beureu%27eh+and+The+Darul+Islam+Rebellion+in+Aceh&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-167&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15408%2Fbat.v22i1.7221&rft.issn=2579-5848&rft.aulast=Apipudin&rft.aufirst=Apipudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.ui.ac.id%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdaud-beureueh-and-the-darul-islam-rebellion-in-aceh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrexler2009" class="citation book cs1">Drexler, Elizabeth F. (6 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nUJFtoHq7YC&q=di+tii+aceh+rebellion&pg=PA70"><i>Aceh, Indonesia: Securing the Insecure State</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2071-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-2071-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aceh%2C+Indonesia%3A+Securing+the+Insecure+State&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2071-1&rft.aulast=Drexler&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nUJFtoHq7YC%26q%3Ddi%2Btii%2Baceh%2Brebellion%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2001" class="citation news cs1">Banerjee, Neela (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/business/lawsuit-says-exxon-aided-rights-abuses-898244.html?pagewanted=all">"Lawsuit Says Exxon Aided Rights Abuses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602044105/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/business/lawsuit-says-exxon-aided-rights-abuses-898244.html?pagewanted=all%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lawsuit+Says+Exxon+Aided+Rights+Abuses&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Neela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F06%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Flawsuit-says-exxon-aided-rights-abuses-898244.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details of the impact of the tsunami in Aceh, see Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley in collaboration with Bhanupong Nidhiprabha, Budy P. Resosudarmo and Dushni Weerakoon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adbi.org/book/2010/12/17/4252.asian.tsunami.aid.reconstruction/"><i>The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316081820/http://www.adbi.org/book/2010/12/17/4252.asian.tsunami.aid.reconstruction/">Archived</a> 16 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA US: Edward Elgar and Asian Development Bank Institute, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2011" class="citation web cs1">Wise, Cat (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/tsunami-devastated-aceh-at-epicenter-of-mental-health-activity/">"Tsunami-Devastated Aceh, an Epicenter of Mental Health Woes"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410080134/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/tsunami-devastated-aceh-at-epicenter-of-mental-health-activity/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsunami-Devastated+Aceh%2C+an+Epicenter+of+Mental+Health+Woes&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2Ftsunami-devastated-aceh-at-epicenter-of-mental-health-activity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/tsunami-changed-science">"The day that changed tsunami science"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=The+day+that+changed+tsunami+science&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fscience%2Ftsunami-changed-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2007" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Ian (7 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/07/indonesia.ianmackinnon">"Aceh residents disable tsunami warning system after false alarm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Aceh+residents+disable+tsunami+warning+system+after+false+alarm&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjun%2F07%2Findonesia.ianmackinnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kemenkesehat-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kemenkesehat_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208021950/http://depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf">"Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimasi+Penduduk+Menurut+Umur+Tunggal+Dan+Jenis+Kelamin+2014+Kementerian+Kesehatan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depkes.go.id%2Fdownloads%2FPenduduk%2520Kab%2520Kota%2520Umur%2520Tunggal%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Souza, R., Bernatsky, S., Ryes, R., Jong, K. (2007). "Mental Health Status of Vulnerable Tsunami-Affected Communities: A Survey in Aceh Province, Indonesia". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 20(3), 263–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_G._Koeberle" class="citation web cs1">Stefan G. Koeberle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21149942%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html">"Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment on"</a>. Web.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904003022/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21149942%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Damage+and+Losses+Assessment+on&rft.pub=Web.worldbank.org&rft.au=Stefan+G.+Koeberle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FCOUNTRIES%2FEASTASIAPACIFICEXT%2FINDONESIAEXTN%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21149942%257EpagePK%3A141137%257EpiPK%3A141127%257EtheSitePK%3A226309%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Indonesia Opens Tsunami Museum". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irrawaddy" title="The Irrawaddy">The Irrawaddy</a></i>. March–April 2009. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irrawaddy&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Opens+Tsunami+Museum&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-03%2F2009-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A very useful and detailed account of the negotiation process from the Indonesian side is in the book by the Indonesian key negotiator, <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Awaludin" title="Hamid Awaludin">Hamid Awaludin</a>, <i>Peace in Aceh: Notes on the peace process between the Republic of Indonesia and the Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM) in Helsinki</i>, translated by Tim Scott, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia)">Centre for Strategic and International Studies</a>, Jakarta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1295-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1295-11-6">978-979-1295-11-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041743/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH15Ae01.html">"A happy, peaceful anniversary in Aceh"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. 15 August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=A+happy%2C+peaceful+anniversary+in+Aceh&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSoutheast_Asia%2FHH15Ae01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/helsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh">"The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh?"</a>. <i>East-West Center</i>. 15 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108100445/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/helsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East-West+Center&rft.atitle=The+Helsinki+Agreement%3A+A+More+Promising+Basis+for+Peace+in+Aceh%3F&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastwestcenter.org%2Fpublications%2Fhelsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hillman, Ben (2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Power Sharing and Political Party Engineering in Conflict-Prone Societies: The Indonesian Experiment in Aceh". <i>Conflict Security and Development</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 149–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14678802.2012.688291">10.1080/14678802.2012.688291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154463777">154463777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Security+and+Development&rft.atitle=%27Power+Sharing+and+Political+Party+Engineering+in+Conflict-Prone+Societies%3A+The+Indonesian+Experiment+in+Aceh&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-169&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14678802.2012.688291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154463777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Siddharth,_Asia_advocacy_director2005" class="citation web cs1">Veena Siddharth, Asia advocacy director (27 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/19/indone11764.htm">"Next steps for Aceh after the peace pact | Human Rights Watch"</a>. Hrw.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815114905/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/19/indone11764.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Next+steps+for+Aceh+after+the+peace+pact+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft.date=2005-08-27&rft.au=Veena+Siddharth%2C+Asia+advocacy+director&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2Findone11764.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/mou_aceh/mou_acehen.pdf">"<i>Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042216/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/mou_aceh/mou_acehen.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Understanding+between+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia+and+the+Free+Aceh+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeetdocs%2F2004_2009%2Fdocuments%2Fdv%2Fmou_aceh%2Fmou_acehen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTRW-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RTRW_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTRW_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak,_HotliSangaji,_Ruslan2013" class="citation news cs1">Simanjuntak, Hotli; Sangaji, Ruslan (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/20/sciencists-urged-stand-aceh-s-biodiversity.html">"Scientists urged to stand up for Aceh's biodiversity"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505232730/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/20/sciencists-urged-stand-aceh-s-biodiversity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901071227/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamic-court-indonesia-gay-men-85-lashes-sex-caught-homosexuality-laws-first-time-khairil-jamal-a7740626.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sharia+court+in+Indonesia+sentences+two+gay+men+to+85+lashes+each+after+being+caught+having+sex&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.au=Lizzie+Dearden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fislamic-court-indonesia-gay-men-85-lashes-sex-caught-homosexuality-laws-first-time-khairil-jamal-a7740626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indonesias-aceh-unveils-new-female-flogging-squad-1.1580195711185">"Indonesia's Aceh unveils new female flogging squad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulf_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gulf News">The Gulf News</a></i>. 28 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132253/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indonesias-aceh-unveils-new-female-flogging-squad-1.1580195711185">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+Aceh+unveils+new+female+flogging+squad&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findonesias-aceh-unveils-new-female-flogging-squad-1.1580195711185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/31/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/indonesias-aceh-unveils-female-flogging-squad-women-run-afoul-islamic-law/">"Indonesia's Aceh unveils female flogging squad as more women run afoul of Islamic law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. 31 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325135421/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/31/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/indonesias-aceh-unveils-female-flogging-squad-women-run-afoul-islamic-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+Aceh+unveils+female+flogging+squad+as+more+women+run+afoul+of+Islamic+law&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2020%2F01%2F31%2Fasia-pacific%2Fcrime-legal-asia-pacific%2Findonesias-aceh-unveils-female-flogging-squad-women-run-afoul-islamic-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html">"Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193437/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Findicator%2F26%2F413%2F1%2F-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Nicholas_Jong2023" class="citation news cs1">Hans Nicholas Jong (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2023/10/for-1st-time-indonesia-government-recognizes-ancestral-forests-in-aceh-but-only-some/">"For 1st time, Indonesia government recognizes ancestral forests in Aceh — but only some"</a>. <i>Mongabay</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=For+1st+time%2C+Indonesia+government+recognizes+ancestral+forests+in+Aceh+%E2%80%94+but+only+some&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.au=Hans+Nicholas+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2023%2F10%2Ffor-1st-time-indonesia-government-recognizes-ancestral-forests-in-aceh-but-only-some%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law No. 7/2017 (<i>UU No. 7 Tahun 2017</i>) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank, Jakarta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1176706430507/3681211-1194602678235/aeu_nov2007_en.pdf">Aceh Economic Update November 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228013211/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1176706430507/3681211-1194602678235/aeu_nov2007_en.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank, Jakarta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1200376036925/acehpoverty2008_en.pdf">Aceh Poverty Assessment 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228013215/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1200376036925/acehpoverty2008_en.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A useful survey of the state of development up to 2010 is in the UNDP <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/Aceh%20HDR%20-%20English.pdf">Provincial Human Development Report Aceh 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328234630/http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/Aceh%20HDR%20-%20English.pdf">Archived</a> 28 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Aspinall, Ben Hillman, and Peter McCawley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/ANUE_Study_Book_Printed%20Version.pdf">Governance and capacity-building in post-crisis Aceh'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329000836/http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/ANUE_Study_Book_Printed%20Version.pdf">Archived</a> 29 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a report by Australian National University Enterprise, Canberra, for UNDP, Jakarta, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdih.acehprov.go.id/dih/view/bb2427df-39e1-4986-be26-932f25cda170">Qanun Aceh Tentang Bahasa Aceh</a> (Qanun 10). <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council of Aceh">People's Representative Council of Aceh</a>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Qanun+Aceh+Tentang+Bahasa+Aceh&rft.pub=People%27s+Representative+Council+of+Aceh&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjdih.acehprov.go.id%2Fdih%2Fview%2Fbb2427df-39e1-4986-be26-932f25cda170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RELIGION-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama">"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Religious Affairs</a>. 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumlah+Penduduk+Menurut+Agama&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Religious+Affairs&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsatudata.kemenag.go.id%2Fdataset%2Fdetail%2Fjumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagus BT Saragih, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/25/closed-aceh-churches-lack-permits-gamawan.html">Closed churches lack permits: Gamawan'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026134641/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/25/closed-aceh-churches-lack-permits-gamawan.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Jakarta Pose</i>, 25 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/jokowi-calls-for-calm/2191802.html">"Jokowi calls for calm amid clashes in Aceh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel NewsAsia">Channel NewsAsia</a>. 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015155654/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/jokowi-calls-for-calm/2191802.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jokowi+calls+for+calm+amid+clashes+in+Aceh&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fasiapacific%2Fjokowi-calls-for-calm%2F2191802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/indonesia-man-flogged-adultery-law-helped-draw-aceh">Indonesian man flogged after breaking adultery law he helped draw up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101114014/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/indonesia-man-flogged-adultery-law-helped-draw-aceh">Archived</a> 1 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39996224">"Indonesian men caned for gay sex in Aceh"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39996224">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesian+men+caned+for+gay+sex+in+Aceh&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-39996224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-lgbt-caning-idUKKCN18D0QG">"Two Indonesians sentenced to 85 lashes of cane for gay sex"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 17 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063345/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-lgbt-caning-idUKKCN18D0QG">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Two+Indonesians+sentenced+to+85+lashes+of+cane+for+gay+sex&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-indonesia-lgbt-caning-idUKKCN18D0QG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesian2018" class="citation news cs1">Indonesian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42859473">"Indonesia police cut trans women's hair"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406061511/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42859473">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+police+cut+trans+women%27s+hair&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Indonesian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42859473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/29/indonesian-police-arrest-12-transgender-women-and-shave-their-heads-to-make-them-men/">"Police arrest 12 trans women and shave their heads 'to make them men'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>PinkNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816191611/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/29/indonesian-police-arrest-12-transgender-women-and-shave-their-heads-to-make-them-men/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Police+arrest+12+trans+women+and+shave+their+heads+%27to+make+them+men%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2018%2F01%2F29%2Findonesian-police-arrest-12-transgender-women-and-shave-their-heads-to-make-them-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-lgbt/rights-groups-decry-shaming-of-transgender-people-in-indonesias-aceh-province-idUSKBN1FJ1B2">"Rights groups decry 'shaming' of transgender people in Indonesia's..."</a> <i>Reuters</i>. 30 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124210808/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-lgbt/rights-groups-decry-shaming-of-transgender-people-in-indonesias-aceh-province-idUSKBN1FJ1B2">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rights+groups+decry+%27shaming%27+of+transgender+people+in+Indonesia%27s...&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-indonesia-lgbt%2Frights-groups-decry-shaming-of-transgender-people-in-indonesias-aceh-province-idUSKBN1FJ1B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratiwy2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pratiwy, Devi (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/4846/9725">"Cultural Norms and Values Configuration in Acehnese Traditional Fishing Ritual | KnE Social Sciences"</a>. <i>Kne Social Sciences</i>. <b>3</b> (19): 189–198–189–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18502%2Fkss.v3i19.4846">10.18502/kss.v3i19.4846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201382724">201382724</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019123030/https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/4846/9725">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kne+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Cultural+Norms+and+Values+Configuration+in+Acehnese+Traditional+Fishing+Ritual+%7C+KnE+Social+Sciences&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=189-198-189-198&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18502%2Fkss.v3i19.4846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201382724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pratiwy&rft.aufirst=Devi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknepublishing.com%2Findex.php%2FKne-Social%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4846%2F9725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafSchroterWieringa2010" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Arndt; Schroter, Susanne; Wieringa, Edwin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bot-AT4wZPAC"><i>Aceh: History, Politics and Culture</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-12-3"><bdi>978-981-4279-12-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aceh%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Culture&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4279-12-3&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Arndt&rft.au=Schroter%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Wieringa%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBot-AT4wZPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadillahNuryanaSahuddinHao2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fadillah, Dani; Nuryana, Zalik; Sahuddin, Muhammad; Hao, Dong (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/viperarts/article/view/70">"International-Cultural Communication of the Saman Dance Performance by Indonesian Students in Nanjing"</a>. <i>International Journal of Visual and Performing Arts</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 98–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31763%2Fviperarts.v1i2.70">10.31763/viperarts.v1i2.70</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2684-9259">2684-9259</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017205232/https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/viperarts/article/view/70">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Visual+and+Performing+Arts&rft.atitle=International-Cultural+Communication+of+the+Saman+Dance+Performance+by+Indonesian+Students+in+Nanjing&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-105&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31763%2Fviperarts.v1i2.70&rft.issn=2684-9259&rft.aulast=Fadillah&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft.au=Nuryana%2C+Zalik&rft.au=Sahuddin%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Hao%2C+Dong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs2.ascee.org%2Findex.php%2Fviperarts%2Farticle%2Fview%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoufAnanda2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rouf, Irwan; Ananda, Shenia (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC"><i>Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia: Dari Sabang Sampai Merauke</i></a> (in Indonesian). AnakKita. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-9003-82-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-9003-82-6"><bdi>978-602-9003-82-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rangkuman+100+Cerita+Rakyat+Indonesia%3A+Dari+Sabang+Sampai+Merauke&rft.pub=AnakKita&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=978-602-9003-82-6&rft.aulast=Rouf&rft.aufirst=Irwan&rft.au=Ananda%2C+Shenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPJqcwuSOUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/408">"Aceh: History, Politics and Culture"</a>. <i>bookshop.iseas.edu.sg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024095448/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/408">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bookshop.iseas.edu.sg&rft.atitle=Aceh%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.iseas.edu.sg%2Fpublication%2F408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Angkatan_Darat._Pusat_Sedjarah_Militer1965" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOyzISuyJlwC"><i>Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945–1965. [Tjet. 1.]</i></a>. PUSSEMAD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedjarah+TNI-Angkatan+Darat%2C+1945%E2%80%931965.+%5BTjet.+1.%5D&rft.pub=PUSSEMAD&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Indonesia.+Angkatan+Darat.+Pusat+Sedjarah+Militer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOyzISuyJlwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Panitia_Penjusun_Naskah_Buku_"20_Tahun_Indonesia_Merdeka.",_Indonesia1966" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku "20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka.", Indonesia (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AE5AQAAIAAJ"><i>20 [i. e Dua puluh] tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7</i></a>. Departement Penerangan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20+%5Bi.+e+Dua+puluh%5D+tahun+Indonesia+merdeka%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Departement+Penerangan&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Indonesia.+Panitia+Penjusun+Naskah+Buku+%2220+Tahun+Indonesia+Merdeka.%22%2C+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AE5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Departemen_Penerangan1965" class="citation book cs1">Indonesia. Departemen Penerangan (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtsRAAAAMAAJ"><i>20 tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7</i></a>. Departemen Penerangan R.I<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20+tahun+Indonesia+merdeka%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Departemen+Penerangan+R.I.&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Indonesia.+Departemen+Penerangan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtsRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJong2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jong, Louis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War</i></a>. Vol. 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (illustrated ed.). KITLV Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-203-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-203-4"><bdi>978-90-6718-203-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collapse+of+a+colonial+society%3A+the+Dutch+in+Indonesia+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-6718-203-4&rft.aulast=Jong&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinkus2004" class="citation book cs1">Martinkus, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-209-1"><bdi>978-1-74051-209-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Secret+War+in+Aceh&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74051-209-1&rft.aulast=Martinkus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcdwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Haris_Nasution1963" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Haris Nasution (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC"><i>Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Volume 1</i></a>. Ganaco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tentara+Nasional+Indonesia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Ganaco&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Abdul+Haris+Nasution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3kDBvr5UeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2001" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4480-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-4480-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+C.+1200&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Merle+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GrWCmZoEBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ"><i>Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 3, Issues 43–52</i></a>. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tempo%3A+Indonesia%27s+Weekly+News+Magazine%2C+Volume+3%2C+Issues+43%E2%80%9352&rft.pub=Arsa+Raya+Perdana&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NETAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAceh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowen, J. R. (1991). Sumatran politics and poetics : Gayo history, 1900–1989. New Haven, Yale University Press.</li> <li>Bowen, J. R. (2003). Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Iwabuchi, A. (1994). The people of the Alas Valley : a study of an ethnic group of Northern Sumatra. Oxford, England; New York, Clarendon Press.</li> <li>McCarthy, J. F. (2006). The Fourth Circle. A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier, Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Miller, Michelle Ann. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105002742/http://www.remote-sensing.routledge.com/books/details/9780415590365/"><i>Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia. Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Policies in Aceh</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45467-4">978-0-415-45467-4</a></li> <li>Miller, Michelle Ann, ed. (2012). <i>Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia</i> (Singapore: ISEAS).</li> <li>Siegel, James T. 2000. <i>The rope of God</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08682-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08682-0">0-472-08682-0</a>; A classic <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> and historical study of Aceh, and Islam in the region. Originally published in 1969</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aceh#Q1823" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Aceh">Aceh</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aceh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aceh">Aceh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acehprov.go.id">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acehstory.com/">Local App Portal</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aceh" title="Template:Aceh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aceh" title="Template talk:Aceh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aceh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aceh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regencies_and_cities_of_Aceh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regencies and cities of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aceh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Regencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Besar_Regency" title="Aceh Besar Regency">Aceh Besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Jaya_Regency" title="Aceh Jaya Regency">Aceh Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Singkil_Regency" title="Aceh Singkil Regency">Aceh Singkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency" title="Aceh Tamiang Regency">Aceh Tamiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bener_Meriah_Regency" title="Bener Meriah Regency">Bener Meriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireu%C3%ABn_Regency" title="Bireuën Regency">Bireuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Aceh_Regency" title="Central Aceh Regency">Central Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aceh_Regency" title="East Aceh Regency">East Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_Lues_Regency" title="Gayo Lues Regency">Gayo Lues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagan_Raya_Regency" title="Nagan Raya Regency">Nagan Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aceh_Regency" title="North Aceh Regency">North Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidie_Regency" title="Pidie Regency">Pidie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidie_Jaya_Regency" title="Pidie Jaya Regency">Pidie Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_Regency" title="Simeulue Regency">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Aceh_Regency" title="South Aceh Regency">South Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Aceh_Regency" title="Southeast Aceh Regency">Southeast Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Aceh_Regency" title="Southwest Aceh Regency">Southwest Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Aceh_Regency" title="West Aceh Regency">West Aceh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Aceh"><img alt="Seal of Aceh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aceh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langsa" title="Langsa">Langsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokseumawe" title="Lhokseumawe">Lhokseumawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabang,_Aceh" title="Sabang, Aceh">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subulussalam" title="Subulussalam">Subulussalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125827289">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208450/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4195742-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002086586">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049521">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119430879">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119430879">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35837579">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aceh (Indonésie : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge600860&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5042385">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbfj4jj0t2kmcw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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