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{"work":{"id":31252740,"created_at":"2017-02-06T01:04:46.228-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-16T19:30:44.862-08:00","_data":{},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"it","title":"Paolo di Tarso. 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Confessioni</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24707829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FortunatoFrezza"><img alt="Profile image of Fortunato Frezza" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/24707829/9614921/10709839/s65_fortunato.frezza" />Fortunato Frezza</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">73 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 31252740; 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However, the interest of the late Bentham in religious matters did not take the usual form of a prudential devotion of the last hour; it was instead a way to make explicit the consequences of his intellectual itinerary, which presented from the beginning a systematically immanent and secular version of a doctrine – utilitarianism – which was born in a religious atmosphere. This article concentrates on the latest and most ambitious text of religious criticism written by Bentham, Not Paul, but Jesus (published in 1823, under the pseudonym of Gamaliel Smith). This book was a reasoned demolition of Paul’s teachings and works, in contrast with what Bentham saw as the genuine teachings of Jesus, which were corrupted and distorted by the influence that Paul soon acquired, taking the position of head of the original church, despite the long and ultimately unsuccessful resistance of the apostles.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Il caso Paolo di Tarso","attachmentId":65276143,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44783029/Il_caso_Paolo_di_Tarso","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44783029/Il_caso_Paolo_di_Tarso"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="37708700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37708700/Confutazione_della_tesi_che_Paolo_di_Tarso_abbia_inventato_il_Cristianesimo_">Confutazione della tesi che "Paolo di Tarso abbia inventato il Cristianesimo"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14655530" href="https://unige-it.academia.edu/Blogdistoria">Yuri Leveratto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Questa tesi è stata smontata ampiamente nel corso della storia, ma periodicamente qualcuno la riutilizza. Vediamo di analizzarne alcune ipotesi: La prima ipotesi è che Paolo di Tarso era in mala fede. Avrebbe quindi inventato le sue lettere. Però è difficile credere che una persona inventi una storia che gli può nuocere, ossia che gli può procurare percosse, privazioni della libertà, persecuzioni ed infine la morte. Infatti nessuno andrebbe al martirio per qualcosa al quale non crede. Se inoltre Paolo di Tarso avesse inventato la Buona Novella, significa che Gesù rimase nella tomba. In questo caso non ci sarebbe stato un "substrato" di cristianigiudei dal 30 al 50 d.C. e quindi non appena Paolo iniziò a predicare, i giudei lo avrebbero smentito. Gli avrebbero detto: "Ma che dici, quel Gesù è rimasto nella tomba". Nessuno quindi lo avrebbe ascoltato ne seguito. Anche la seconda ipotesi contempla che Gesù non sia risorto, ma che invece Paolo di Tarso fosse in buona fede, ossia abbia avuto realmente una visione mistica di Gesù risorto e poi abbia scritto le sue lettere. Ma è improbabile, se non impossibile, che lui abbia avuto una visione di Gesù risorto se Gesù fosse invece rimasto nella tomba. In questo caso nessuno avrebbe predicato e non ci sarebbe stato alcun substrato di cristiani-giudei dal 30 al 50 d.C. La vicenda di Gesù sarebbe stata presto dimenticata e anche in questo caso nessuno avrebbe ascoltato le sue predicazioni e nessuno gli avrebbe creduto. I giudei lo avrebbero smentito subito. Inoltre se Paolo di Tarso avesse inventato la Buona Novella e la cristologia, come si spiegherebbero gli altri scritti del Nuovo Testamento? Il Vangelo di Matteo, di Marco, di Luca, di Giovanni, gli Atti degli Apostoli, la lettera agli Ebrei, la lettera di Giacomo, le lettere di Pietro, le lettere di Giovanni, la lettera di Giuda e l'Apocalisse. Queste opere sono state chiaramente scritte non da Paolo, ma da altri autori. Qualcuno sostiene che Paolo avrebbe potuto influenzare gli autori di questi scritti. Ma ciò è improponibile perchè in questi libri sono descritte vicende di Gesù molto importanti (insegnamenti diretti, parabole, miracoli), che avrebbero quindi dovuto essere inventate di sana pianta dai vari autori del Nuovo Testamento. E anche questo è improponibile perchè ciò necessariamente implicherebbe un complotto. Ma un complotto che non rende nulla: inventare qualcosa di falso senza guadagnarci nulla, anzi, rischiando la morte. E ciò va contro la logica. Ed inoltre, come avrebbero fatto gli evangelisti a divulgare il Vangelo senza credervi? Per avvicinare le persone alla fede in Cristo bisogna predicare con le lacrime agli occhi, ossia credere veramente.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Confutazione della tesi che \"Paolo di Tarso abbia inventato il Cristianesimo\"","attachmentId":57700612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37708700/Confutazione_della_tesi_che_Paolo_di_Tarso_abbia_inventato_il_Cristianesimo_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37708700/Confutazione_della_tesi_che_Paolo_di_Tarso_abbia_inventato_il_Cristianesimo_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="32942277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32942277/Paolo_di_Tarso_ha_divulgato_la_piena_Divinit%C3%A0_di_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo">Paolo di Tarso ha divulgato la piena Divinità di Gesù Cristo</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14655530" href="https://unige-it.academia.edu/Blogdistoria">Yuri Leveratto</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Paolo di Tarso ha divulgato la piena Divinità di Gesù Cristo","attachmentId":53073956,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32942277/Paolo_di_Tarso_ha_divulgato_la_piena_Divinit%C3%A0_di_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32942277/Paolo_di_Tarso_ha_divulgato_la_piena_Divinit%C3%A0_di_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4423191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4423191/Le_note_nascose_di_Carlo_Dossi">Le note nascose di Carlo Dossi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3698743" href="https://unina.academia.edu/assuntascottodicarlo">assunta scotto di carlo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Le goccie d'inchiostro e le note cromatiche di Dossi Dobbiamo molto alla nonna di Carlo Dossi, la quale passava serate intere a raccontare le favole belle, le molteplici «storie d'ogni gènere musicorum» al nipotino che, instancabile, le sedeva accanto per ascoltarla. È lo stesso Dossi a sottolineare l'importanza di questi racconti nell'autobiografia pseudo-apocrifa Vita di Alberto Pisani, rievocando i momenti trascorsi con nonna Giacinta: -Smetti -gli consigliava talvolta la nonna -hai gli occhi tanto infiammati! -Berto, rinchiuso il libro, diceva:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Le note nascose di Carlo Dossi","attachmentId":31846739,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4423191/Le_note_nascose_di_Carlo_Dossi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4423191/Le_note_nascose_di_Carlo_Dossi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="36267789" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36267789/Il_discorso_di_Paolo_di_Tarso_allAreopago_di_Atene">Il discorso di Paolo di Tarso all'Areopago di Atene</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14655530" href="https://unige-it.academia.edu/Blogdistoria">Yuri Leveratto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Uno degli eventi fondamentali della civiltà occidentale è stato senza dubbio il discorso di Paolo di Tarso all'Areopago di Atene. Nel 49-50 d.C. Paolo di Tarso si trovava a Gerusalemme, dove partecipò al primo Concilio della Chiesa, insieme agli Apostoli (Lettera ai Galati, 2, 1-9). Nel Concilio si sancì definitivamente la possibilità di portare la parola del Signore anche ai non ebrei. Quindi Paolo partì per il suo secondo viaggio evangelizzatrice. Questa volta era deciso a portare il Vangelo nel cuore della Grecia, quella che era stata la culla della filosofia antica. La Grecia è stata il centro culturale per eccellenza del mondo antico. Fu con Socrate (469-399 a.C.), Platone (427-347 a.C.) e Aristotele (384-322 a.C.), che la filosofia greca raggiunse il suo culmine, nell'età classica. Platone individuò l'anima come immortale ed incorporea. Il grande filosofo ateniese aveva concepito l'esistenza di Dio con la pura ragione, però la sua visione lo portava a considerare la negatività della materia. Il corpo era visto pertanto come un involucro del quale l'uomo si sarebbe liberato con la morte, e quindi l'anima avrebbe fluttuato indefinitamente nell'oceano dell'essere. Il Dio di Platone, e dei successivi filosofi neo-platonici era pertanto perfetto, ma non era una "persona", non era caratterizzato dall'amore e non giudicava gli uomini secondo la giustizia. I filosofi e i pensatori neo-platonici ai quali Paolo di Tarso si rivolse vedevano la morte come una liberazione dell'anima dal corpo e l'idea di una risurrezione nella carne, sembrava loro un ritorno alla prigionia del corpo. Per questo la maggioranza di loro non accolse il messaggio che Paolo voleva trasmettere. Vediamo il celebre discorso, Atti degli Apostoli (17, 22-31):</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Il discorso di Paolo di Tarso all'Areopago di Atene","attachmentId":56173171,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36267789/Il_discorso_di_Paolo_di_Tarso_allAreopago_di_Atene","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36267789/Il_discorso_di_Paolo_di_Tarso_allAreopago_di_Atene"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="104027809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104027809/Paolo_di_Tarso_elementi_di_ricezione_e_tradizione_filosofica">Paolo di Tarso: elementi di ricezione e tradizione filosofica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="255716555" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreinaLaudati">Andreina Laudati</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Il lavoro evidenzia e analizza gli elementi di ricezione e tradizione filosofica nella Lettera ai Romani di Paolo di Tarso nel contesto dello sviluppo di un paradigma conoscitivo ed etico cristiano.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Paolo di Tarso: elementi di ricezione e tradizione filosofica","attachmentId":105114078,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104027809/Paolo_di_Tarso_elementi_di_ricezione_e_tradizione_filosofica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104027809/Paolo_di_Tarso_elementi_di_ricezione_e_tradizione_filosofica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="20670877" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20670877/Paolo_di_Tarso_e_la_cristianizzazione_della_Grecia">Paolo di Tarso e la cristianizzazione della Grecia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14655530" href="https://unige-it.academia.edu/Blogdistoria">Yuri Leveratto</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Paolo di Tarso e la cristianizzazione della Grecia","attachmentId":41496820,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20670877/Paolo_di_Tarso_e_la_cristianizzazione_della_Grecia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20670877/Paolo_di_Tarso_e_la_cristianizzazione_della_Grecia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5176743" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5176743/Dario_Borso">Dario Borso</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7017732" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/dborso">dario borso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1 Sulla diffusione ottocentesca dei keepsake in ambito francese, cfr. Carol Rifelj, Ces tableaux du monde. Keepsakes in Madame Bovary, in "Nineteenth-Century French Studies", 1997, pp. 362-387. A titolo di curiosità riporto la voce "Keepsake" del Dizionario delle idee correnti dello stesso Flaubert: "Non può mancare sul tavolo di un salotto".</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dario Borso","attachmentId":32368251,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5176743/Dario_Borso","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5176743/Dario_Borso"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="97100337" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97100337/G_Garro_Paolo_di_Tarso_a_Siracusa_nota_storico_folcloristica">G. 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