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id="toc-Central_Pacific_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Philippines campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Battle of Leyte Gulf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Lingayen_Gulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Lingayen_Gulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Battle of Lingayen Gulf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Lingayen_Gulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Final operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1,_1919)" title="Калифорния (линеен кораб, 1919) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорния (линеен кораб, 1919)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_(Schiff,_1921%E2%80%931959)" title="California (Schiff, 1921–1959) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="California (Schiff, 1921–1959)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C-%DB%B4%DB%B4)" title="یواس‌اس کالیفرنیا (بی‌بی-۴۴) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یواس‌اس کالیفرنیا (بی‌بی-۴۴)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(skip_%C3%BAt_1921)" title="USS California (skip út 1921) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="USS California (skip út 1921)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(BB-44)" title="קליפורניה (BB-44) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפורניה (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AA)" title="यु.एस.एस. कॅलिफोर्निया (बीबी-४४) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यु.एस.एस. कॅलिफोर्निया (बीबी-४४)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(1921)" title="USS California (1921) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="USS California (1921)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2_(%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6)" title="カリフォルニア (戦艦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリフォルニア (戦艦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="USS California (BB-44)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="加利福尼亞號戰艦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加利福尼亞號戰艦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1309092#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other ships with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/USS_California" title="USS California">USS California</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_California_(BB-44)_-_NH_61483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg/300px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg/450px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg/600px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_61483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4985" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span><div>USS <i>California</i> (BB-44) at sea, mid-1930s</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/54px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/107px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em">United States</span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>California</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Namesake</td><td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>28 December 1915</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard" title="Mare Island Naval Shipyard">Mare Island Naval Shipyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo</a>, California</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>25 October 1916</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>20 November 1919</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Commissioned</td><td>10 August 1921</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Decommissioned</td><td>14 February 1947</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Stricken</td><td>1 March 1959</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Identification</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol#Surface_combatant_type" title="Hull classification symbol">Hull symbol</a>: BB-44</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td><a href="/wiki/Broken_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken up">Broken up</a>, 1959</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics (as built)</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Class and type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship" title="Tennessee-class battleship"><i>Tennessee</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Normal_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal displacement">Normal</a>: 32,300 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (32,818 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Full_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Full load">Full load</a>: 33,190 long tons (33,723 t)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">600 ft (180 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_at_the_waterline" class="mw-redirect" title="Length at the waterline">lwl</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">624 ft (190 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">loa</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>97 ft 5 in (29.69 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>30 ft 2 in (9.19 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × <a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox boilers</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">28,600 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shp</a> (21,300 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generators</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × <a href="/wiki/Screw_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw propeller">screw propellers</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>21 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (39 km/h; 24 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Range</td><td>8,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">57 officers</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1,026 enlisted</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × triple <a href="/wiki/14%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="14"/50 caliber gun">14 in (356 mm) guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">14 × single <a href="/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/51 caliber gun">5 in (127 mm) guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × single <a href="/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3"/50 caliber gun">3 in (76 mm) guns</a> </li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Mark_15_torpedo" title="Mark 15 torpedo">21 in (533 mm)</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">Belt</a>: 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbettes</a>: 13 in (330 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret#Warships" title="Gun turret">Turret</a> face: 18 in (457 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">Conning tower</a>: 16 in (406 mm)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Decks</a>: 3.5 in (89 mm)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics (1943)</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">34,858 long tons (35,417 t) (design)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">40,345 long tons (40,992 t) (full load)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">114 officers</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2,129 enlisted</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × triple 14 in guns</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">8 × twin <a href="/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/38 caliber gun">5 in/38 cal guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">11 × quadruple, 6 × twin <a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">40 mm (1.6 in)</a> <a href="/wiki/AA_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="AA gun">AA guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">43 × single <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20 mm (0.79 in) AA guns</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Aircraft carried</td><td>3 × <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Aviation facilities</td><td>2 × <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">catapults</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>USS <i>California</i> (BB-44)</b> was the second of two <a href="/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship" title="Tennessee-class battleship"><i>Tennessee</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> between her <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">keel laying</a> in October 1916 and her <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioning</a> in August 1921. The <i>Tennessee</i> class was part of the <a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">standard series</a> of twelve battleships built in the 1910s and 1920s, and were developments of the preceding <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico-class_battleship" title="New Mexico-class battleship"><i>New Mexico</i> class</a>. They were armed with a battery of twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns in four three-<a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a>. <i>California</i> served as the <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet</a> in the Pacific Ocean for the duration of her peacetime career. She spent the 1920s and 1930s participating in routine fleet training exercises, including the annual <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem">Fleet Problems</a>, and cruises around the Americas and further abroad, such as a goodwill visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1925. </p><p><i>California</i> was moored in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941 when the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attacked the port</a>, bringing the United States into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The ship was moderately damaged by a pair of torpedoes and a bomb, but a fire disabled the ship's electrical system, preventing the pumps from being used to keep the ship afloat. <i>California</i> slowly filled with water over the following three days and eventually sank. Her crew suffered 165 casualties and four men were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for their actions during the attack. She was raised in April 1942, repaired and heavily rebuilt, and returned to service in January 1944. </p><p>The ship thereafter supported the <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious operation">amphibious operations</a> conducted during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau Islands campaign</a> (though she was damaged in a collision with <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)"><i>Tennessee</i></a> and thus missed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Battle of Peleliu</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a>, during which she took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>. She was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a> in January 1945, but after undergoing repairs, she rejoined the fleet supporting troops fighting on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>. Her crew took part in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> after the end of the war, and after returning to the United States via the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, was <a href="/wiki/Laid_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Laid up">laid up</a> in Philadelphia in 1946. She remained in the fleet's inventory until 1959, when she was <a href="/wiki/Broken_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken up">broken up</a> for scrap. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship" title="Tennessee-class battleship">Tennessee-class battleship</a></div> <p>The two <i>Tennessee</i>-class battleships were authorized on 3 March 1915, and they were in most respects repeats of the earlier <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico-class_battleship" title="New Mexico-class battleship"><i>New Mexico</i>-class battleships</a>, the primary differences being enlarged <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" title="Bridge (nautical)">bridges</a>, greater elevation for the main battery turrets, and relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_armament" title="Secondary armament">secondary battery</a> to the upper deck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknell198_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknell198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>California</i> was 624 feet (190 m) <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">long overall</a> and had a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 97 ft 5 in (29.69 m) and a <a href="/wiki/Draft_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft (nautical)">draft</a> of 30 ft 2 in (9.19 m). She <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displaced</a> 32,300 long tons (32,800 t) as designed and up to 33,190 long tons (33,720 t) at full combat load. The ship was powered by four-shaft <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbo-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo-electric transmission">turbo-electric transmission</a> and eight oil-fired <a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">Babcock & Wilcox</a> <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a> rated at 26,800 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower" title="Horsepower">shaft horsepower</a> (20,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a>), generating a top speed of 21 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (39 km/h; 24 mph). The ship had a cruising range of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at a speed of 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph). Her crew numbered 57 officers and 1,026 enlisted men. As built, she was fitted with two <a href="/wiki/Lattice_mast" title="Lattice mast">lattice masts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spotting_top" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotting top">spotting tops</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Main_gun_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Main gun battery">main gun battery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985443_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985443-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve <a href="/wiki/14%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="14"/50 caliber gun">14-inch (356 mm)/50 caliber guns</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in four, three-gun <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> on the centerline, placed in two <a href="/wiki/Superfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfire">superfiring pairs</a> forward and aft of the <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructure</a>. Unlike earlier American battleships with triple turrets, these mounts allowed each barrel to elevate independently. The secondary battery consisted of fourteen <a href="/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/51 caliber gun">5-inch (127 mm)/51 caliber guns</a> mounted in individual <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> clustered in the superstructure <a href="/wiki/Amidships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidships">amidships</a>. Initially, the ship was to have been fitted with twenty-two of the guns, but experiences in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> demonstrated that the additional guns, which would have been placed in the hull, would have been unusable in anything but calm seas. As a result, the casemates were plated over to prevent flooding. The secondary battery was augmented with four <a href="/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3"/50 caliber gun">3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns</a>. In addition to her gun armament, <i>California</i> was also fitted with two 21-inch (530 mm) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>, mounted submerged in the hull, one on each <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Armored_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored belt">armored belt</a> was 8–13.5 in (203–343 mm) thick, while the main armored deck was up to 3.5 in (89 mm) thick. The main battery gun turrets had 18 in (457 mm) thick faces on 13 in (330 mm) <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbettes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a> had 16 in (406 mm) thick sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_history">Service history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_service">Pre-war service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-war service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_California_(BB-44)_-_NH_82114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg/220px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg/330px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg/440px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_NH_82114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>At high speed, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p><i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> was <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">laid down</a> on 25 October 1916 at the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard" title="Mare Island Naval Shipyard">Mare Island Naval Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work was halted for a short time during World War I while the shipyard focused on outfitting smaller craft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Times6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Times6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">launched</a> 20 November 1919 and <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> on 10 August 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On entering service, she joined the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet</a>, serving as its <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>. For the duration of her peacetime career, <i>California</i> was occupied with routine training exercises, including joint Army-Navy maneuvers and the annual <a href="/wiki/Fleet_problem" title="Fleet problem">fleet problems</a>. On the night of 11 November 1924, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Kiefer" title="Dixie Kiefer">Dixie Kiefer</a> took off from the ship, the first night aircraft launch in history. Further experimentation with aircraft continued in early 1925, when the ships of the Battle Fleet received a squadron of <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_TS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss TS-1">Curtiss TS-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a> on 31 March. In mid-1925, the Battle Fleet crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> on a goodwill cruise to Australia and New Zealand; on the way, the ships stopped in <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. <i>California</i> underwent a refit at the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Puget Sound Navy Yard">Puget Sound Navy Yard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington" title="Bremerton, Washington">Bremerton, Washington</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, <i>California</i> had an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">aircraft catapult</a> installed on one of her main battery turrets, and she carried up to three <a href="/wiki/Vought_UO-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vought UO-1">Vought UO-1</a> floatplanes. She participated in a <a href="/wiki/Naval_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval review">naval review</a> for President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> held off <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>, Virginia on 4 June 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1929 and early 1930, the ship received a new battery of eight <a href="/wiki/5%22/25_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/25 caliber gun">5-inch (127 mm)/25 cal guns</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> mounts in place of the old 3-inch guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She took part in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem X">Fleet Problem X</a>, conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, from 10 to 15 March 1930. <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XI">Fleet Problem XI</a> followed, again in the Caribbean, from 14 to 18 April. After the conclusion of the exercises, <i>California</i> steamed north to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, thereafter joining a naval review for President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Capes" title="Virginia Capes">Virginia Capes</a> on 20 May. The ship then returned to the Pacific and after arriving, visited <a href="/wiki/Port_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Angeles">Port Angeles</a>, Washington from 7 to 11 July. She operated off Puget Sound through 11 August before steaming south to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, where she stayed from 17 to 24 August. In early 1931, she and the rest of the Battle Fleet steamed south to the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189,_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10189%2C_Schlachtkreuzer_%22Kalifornia%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Firing a broadside</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XII">Fleet Problem XII</a> took place from 15 to 21 February in the waters off the canal; the exercises consisted of an attack by a fleet reliant on aircraft carriers against the canal zone, which was defended by <i>California</i> and the battleships of the Battle Fleet. The maneuvers revealed critical limitations in the endurance and armament of the carrier aircraft of the day, and the battleships were easily able to defeat the carrier force. From 1 July to 16 August, <i>California</i> was stationed in Puget Sound, and later in August she steamed south to San Francisco and then to <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles">San Pedro</a>. The ship took part in gunnery practice in early 1932 off <a href="/wiki/San_Nicolas_Island" title="San Nicolas Island">San Nicolas Island</a>. In March 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a>, then on a tour of the United States, arrived in California; a fleet of 130 ships, including <i>California</i>, welcomed the vessel on her arrival in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Beach">Long Beach</a> on 9 March. The next day, the <a href="/wiki/1933_Long_Beach_earthquake" title="1933 Long Beach earthquake">1933 Long Beach earthquake</a> occurred, causing significant damage to the city and killing around 120 people. The fleet sent some 4,000 men ashore to assist in the relief effort, including crewmen from <i>California</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg/220px-CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg/330px-CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg/440px-CALIFORNIA_LCCN2014718113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4066" data-file-height="5679" /></a><figcaption>Stern view</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, <i>California</i> was assigned to Battleship Division (BatDiv) 4, though she retained her role as fleet flagship. Following <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XV">Fleet Problem XV</a>, held from 19 April to 12 May in the Caribbean, the fleet visited <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> for two weeks. On 25 May, the ships steamed north for another naval review off New York on 31 May, attended by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. On its return to the Pacific over the course of 27 October to 9 November, the Battle Fleet conducted exercises as it passed through the canal and steamed to San Pedro, including nighttime attacks by the accompanying destroyers. The maneuvers culminated in an attack by a force of simulated battleships—played by a group of <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>—the carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)"><i>Lexington</i></a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. Thereafter, <i>California</i> and several other vessels participated in <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a> training on <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_Island" title="San Clemente Island">San Clemente Island</a> on 15 November. For <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XVI">Fleet Problem XVI</a>, held from 29 April to 10 June 1935, the fleet conducted a series of maneuvers in the eastern Pacific, ranging from Alaskan waters down to <a href="/wiki/Midway_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Island">Midway Island</a> and Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1937, <i>California</i> transferred to BatDiv 2, and on 7 July the ships of the division visited Hawaii, returning to California on 22 August. <i>California</i> and her <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)"><i>Tennessee</i></a> transited the Panama Canal in early 1938 for a visit to <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a>, which lasted from 6 to 11 March. In 1939, the Navy decided to acquire six experimental <a href="/wiki/XAF_radar" title="XAF radar">XAF radar</a> sets; on being delivered to the Navy, they were designated as <a href="/wiki/CXAM_radar" title="CXAM radar">CXAM radar</a>; one set was installed aboard <i>California</i> in 1940, with the other five going to the carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)"><i>Yorktown</i></a> and three <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a>. In April and May, <i>California</i> participated in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XX" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XX">Fleet Problem XX</a>, which was again held in the eastern Pacific. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers, Roosevelt ordered the Battle Fleet to remain in Hawaii permanently; the new forward deployment was calculated to deter Japanese aggression in the Pacific. As tensions rose owing to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in Asia, the Navy cancelled <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Problem_XXII" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Problem XXII">Fleet Problem XXII</a>, which had been scheduled for 1941. Early that year, the ship underwent an overhaul that concluded on 15 April, after which the ship made a visit to San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pearl_Harbor_attack">Pearl Harbor attack</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pearl Harbor attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor,_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg/220px-Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg/330px-Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg/440px-Naval_photograph_documenting_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Hawaii_which_initiated_US_participation_in_World..._-_NARA_-_295983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption><i>California</i> sunk in shallow water at Pearl Harbor after the attack.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 7 December 1941, <i>California</i> was moored on the southeastern side of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a>, the southernmost ship along <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a>. At the time, the ship had two of her 5-inch guns and two of her .50-cal. machine guns designated as ready guns, with fifty 5-inch shells and four hundred .50-cal. rounds at the guns. Immediately after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> began, <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s first lieutenant, Lieutenant Commander Marion Little, who was the senior officer aboard the ship at the time, issued the order to <a href="/wiki/General_quarters" title="General quarters">general quarters</a>. Little ordered the guns into action and prepared to get the ship underway. At 08:03, the crews of the ready guns began to engage the Japanese aircraft, which included <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> that strafed the ship. The gunners quickly expended the ready ammunition, however, and the magazines had to be unlocked before they could be resupplied. While this effort was going on, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a> approached and dropped their torpedoes toward <i>California</i>. Both hit the ship at 08:05, one forward and the other further aft. The former detonated below the armor belt at frame 52 (between number 2 turret and the bridge), creating a hole 10 feet (3 m) high and 24 feet (7.3 m) long, destructively deforming the first <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bulkhead" title="Torpedo bulkhead">torpedo bulkhead</a> and transverse stiffeners between frames 47 and 60, and holing the second bulkhead with fragments. The latter tore a hole that was 40 feet (12 m) long below the belt armor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin223_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior torpedo bulkheads nevertheless held and helped to contain the flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985415_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985415-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship had been prepared for inspection at the time of the attack, so the watertight doors had all been opened; the crew was still in the process of closing the doors when the torpedoes struck and flooding began. Many of the portholes and exterior doors were also open for the inspection, which allowed water to enter the ship, particularly as the ship took on water from the torpedo hits. As uncontrolled flooding started to spread throughout the ship, <i>California</i> began to <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_list" title="Angle of list">list</a> to port of 5 to 6 degrees. Little ordered damage control teams to counter-flood on the starboard side to keep the list to 4 degrees, but the flooding on the port side continued to spread. The torpedo blasts had also ruptured the forward fuel tanks, which allowed water to enter the fuel system. The contamination shut down the ship's electrical system, hindering the efforts of the damage control teams. Between 08:15 and 09:15, the ship was repeatedly attacked by <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a> <a href="/wiki/Dive-bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive-bomber">dive-bombers</a>; one bomb hit on the starboard side and a near-miss on the port side caused minor damage. Anti-aircraft gunners aboard the ship claimed to have shot down two of the bombers, though credit for the downed aircraft is difficult to establish owing to the chaotic situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985417_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985417-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 08:45, Commander Earl Stone, the ship's <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a>, boarded the ship and took command of the vessel. At the same time, <i>California</i> was struck by a bomb (which may have been one of the modified 16-inch (410 mm) <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shell">armor-piercing shell</a>) near the forwardmost casemate on the starboard side. After penetrating the upper deck, the bomb ricocheted off the second deck and detonated in the ship's interior, where it caused extensive damage, started a serious fire, and killed around 50 men. At around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Fire_room" title="Fire room">boiler room</a> crew got four of the boilers restarted, which restored power. By 09:15, the fire had spread to casemates No. 3, 5, and 7, by which time Captain Joel Bunkley and Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_S._Pye" title="William S. Pye">William S. Pye</a>, the Battle Fleet commander, had returned to the ship. Smoke from the fire eventually reached the forward engine room at 10:00 and forced the men inside to evacuate the area. This ended pumping efforts, though after the end of the attack other vessels came alongside to first battle the blaze and then to pump the water out. The portable pumps used by these vessels lacked the power necessary to counteract the flooding, and the ship eventually settled into the mud as the hull slowly filled with water over the next three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin223,_225–226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin223,_225–226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the attack, 104 men were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 61 were wounded. Several men were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for their actions during the attack. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_C._Pharris" title="Jackson C. Pharris">Jackson C. Pharris</a>, one of the ship's gunners, organized a group of men to carry ammunition up from the magazines and rescued several sailors who had been overcome by fuel oil fumes. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Jones" title="Herbert C. Jones">Herbert C. Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Reeves" title="Thomas James Reeves">Thomas Reeves</a> both organized similar parties to carry ammunition, but both were killed during the attack. <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Scott" title="Robert R. Scott">Robert R. Scott</a> was also killed after he refused to leave his battle station.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> announced that twenty-five unknown remains from <i>California</i> had been exhumed for future identification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_Identifications_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_Identifications-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salvage,_repair,_and_return_to_service"><span id="Salvage.2C_repair.2C_and_return_to_service"></span>Salvage, repair, and return to service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Salvage, repair, and return to service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-USS_California_gun_being_raised_NH_64487.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>One of <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s guns being raised from the ship to lighten her before being raised, c. February 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the next several months, salvage efforts proceeded as workers patched the hull and pumped out the water, finally re-floating the ship on 25 March 1942. On 5 April, the ship suffered an accidental explosion at 13:15, most likely the result of a mixture of fuel oil vapor and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas. The explosion dislodged the patch that had been used to cover the forward hole in the hull and damaged watertight doors, which caused serious flooding. Over the next few days, the salvage team had to re-patch the hull and pump it out again. On 9 April, <i>California</i> was able to enter Dry Dock No. 2 in Pearl Harbor; after completing initial repairs, she was re-floated on 9 June and remained in port for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 October, <i>California</i> departed Pearl Harbor and met the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Gansevoort" title="USS Gansevoort"><i>Gansevoort</i></a> at sea; the two vessels proceeded to Puget Sound, where <i>California</i> would undergo permanent repairs and a major modernization. This work lasted from 20 October 1942 to 31 January 1944. All of the ship's guns save her main battery were removed and her superstructure was razed completely in preparation for the reconstruction. Her hull was widened to improve the underwater protection scheme and increase stability. New fire control systems, which had been diverted from light cruisers that were converted into <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light aircraft carriers</a>, were installed and her CXAM radar was removed and installed on <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>. Her secondary battery was replaced with sixteen <a href="/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/38 caliber gun">5-inch/38 cal dual-purpose guns</a> in new twin turrets and she received a large number of close-range anti-aircraft guns. In total, she was fitted with forty <a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns</a> in ten quadruple mounts and forty-three <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer226_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horizontal protection was considerably strengthened to improve her resistance to air attack; 3 inches of <a href="/wiki/Special_treatment_steel" title="Special treatment steel">special treatment steel</a> (STS) was added to the deck over the magazines and 2 inches (51 mm) of STS was added elsewhere. In place of her original conning tower, she received one of the towers that had been removed from the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-class_cruiser" title="Brooklyn-class cruiser"><i>Brooklyn</i>-class cruisers</a> that had recently been rebuilt. <i>California</i> also had her old <a href="/wiki/Cage_mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Cage mast">cage masts</a> removed, with a modern tower mast installed in place of the forward cage mast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes doubled the ship's crew, to a total of 114 officers and 2,129 enlisted men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985444_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985444-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was also reboilered, allowing her to maintain 20.5 knots despite the increase in displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald114–115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald114–115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 January 1944, <i>California</i>, Captain Henry Poynter Burnett, commanding, departed Puget Sound and began a series of sea trials followed by a shakedown cruise off San Pedro. The ship was then occupied with a variety of training to prepare the crew, many of whom were fresh from initial training, for combat operations in the Pacific. While in San Francisco, the ship underwent another machinery overhaul in April, and on 5 May the ship departed to join the fleet that was assembling in the central Pacific for the <a href="/wiki/Marianas_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas campaign">Marianas campaign</a>. She proceeded first to the Hawaiian islands, where she took part in shore bombardment practice off <a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoolawe</a>. She departed the area on 31 May, bound for the anchorage at <a href="/wiki/Roi-Namur" title="Roi-Namur">Roi-Namur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>. <i>California</i> arrived there on 8 June, where she joined Task Group (TG) 52.17, Fire Support Group 1, under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Oldendorf" title="Jesse B. Oldendorf">Jesse B. Oldendorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Pacific_campaigns">Central Pacific campaigns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Pacific campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_California_(BB-44)_-_80-G-166187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg/220px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg/330px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg/440px-USS_California_%28BB-44%29_-_80-G-166187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5031" data-file-height="4079" /></a><figcaption><i>California</i> after rebuilding</figcaption></figure> <p><i>California</i> and the rest of the fleet steamed to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau Islands campaign</a>. The fleet arrived off the initial target, <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, late on 13 June. The next morning, <i>California</i> and the other ships of TG 52.17 moved into their bombardment positions, launched their spotting aircraft, and began shelling Japanese positions on the island. <i>California</i> opened fire at 05:58 at a range of 14,500 yards (13,300 m), engaging targets in the area around the capital, <a href="/wiki/Garapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garapan">Garapan</a>. A Japanese shell from a 4.7-inch (120 mm) <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a> struck the ship at 09:10 aft of the fire control platform, killing one man and injuring ten. The ship's air search radar was disabled by the hit, which started a fire that was quickly contained by damage control teams. Later in the day, <i>California</i> left the area for the night, returning the next morning. At 09:54, American observers spotted a group of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank" title="Type 95 Ha-Go light tank">Type 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97</a> tanks in Garapan, and <i>California</i> engaged them, destroying at least one of the tanks. The ship then helped to suppress a battery of Japanese guns on <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1agaha" title="Mañagaha">Mañagaha</a> island that had been engaging the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)"><i>Maryland</i></a>. <i>California</i> bombarded Japanese positions throughout the day, withdrawing for the night at 18:30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 15 June, the American <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a> went ashore and <i>California</i> supported the assault, opening fire at 06:12, first at Garapan and then at the landing beaches as dug-in defenders attempted to repel the landing. The ship also attacked Japanese artillery on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afetna_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afetna Point (page does not exist)">Afetna Point</a>, which had been shelling the marines. She remained off shore overnight, and after establishing radio communications with the marines ashore, provided fire support to break up Japanese night time counterattacks. <i>California</i> remained on station for several days, bombarding Japanese defenses as the marines pushed inland. On 17 June, she and <i>Maryland</i> shot down a <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61">Kawasaki Ki-61</a> fighter, and the next day <i>California</i> came under attack from another Ki-61 but was not damaged, apart from one of the 5-inch guns that was accidentally shot by one of the 40 mm guns. On 22 June, <i>California</i> withdrew to replenish ammunition and stores at <a href="/wiki/Eniwetok" class="mw-redirect" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok</a> in the Marshalls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-USS_California_80-G-K-1896.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><i>California</i> off <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> in July 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>After arriving in Eniwetok, she underwent repairs from 25 June to 16 July, thereafter returning to Saipan, which had by that time been secured. The next target, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, was to be attacked in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Operation Stevedore</a>. On arrival in the Marianas, <i>California</i> joined <i>Tennessee</i> and four destroyers to form Task Unit 53.1.16, which arrived off Guam on 19 July. The ships joined the preparatory bombardment that day as the ships sought to neutralize Japanese defenses around the invasion beaches. The shelling continued over the course of the next day before the landings on 21 July, with <i>California</i> concentrating her fire on the areas around <a href="/wiki/Tumon,_Guam" title="Tumon, Guam">Tumon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agana">Agana</a>. <i>California</i> provided initial support to the amphibious assault that began at 08:30, but left later that day at 15:00, bound for Saipan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>California</i> replenished her ammunition at Saipan and then proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a>, the next island to be attacked in the campaign. <i>California</i> and <i>Tennessee</i> arrived on 23 July and began a bombardment of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose, Northern Mariana Islands">San Jose</a> on the southern end of the island as a diversion from the actual landing beaches on further north. The two battleships fired a total of 480 shells from their main guns and 800 rounds from their 5-inch guns, completely obliterating the town. At 17:00, the two ships checked their fire and withdrew for the night. The next morning, they returned to support the marines as they landed on the island. Fighting raged for the next several days, during which time <i>California</i> patrolled off the island, shelling Japanese forces. The ship's role in the battle culminated in a last stand by the Japanese defenders on 31 July, during which <i>California</i> and the other bombardment ships fired a terrific <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">barrage</a> against their positions. <i>California</i> then departed the area and returned to Guam to support the troops still fighting there until 9 August, when she left to replenish ammunition and fuel at Eniwetok.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August, <i>California</i> departed Eniwetok as part of a task force of battleships, cruisers, and destroyers bound for <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a>; while underway on 23 August, <i>Tennessee</i> suffered a steering malfunction that caused her to turn out of line and collide with <i>California</i>, tearing a hole in the latter's bow. Seven crewmen aboard <i>California</i> were killed in the accident, and several were trapped in their berthing compartment by bent bulkheads that had to be cut through to free them. Damage control teams shored up the damaged bulkheads and were able to pump the water out of the hull. <i>Tennessee</i> suffered more serious damage and she had to leave the group for repairs at Pearl Harbor; <i>California</i> continued with the convoy, and after arriving at their destination, entered the floating <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydock</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Artisan" title="USS Artisan"><i>Artisan</i></a> for repairs that lasted from 25 August to 10 September. The collision prevented the ship from taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Battle of Peleliu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines_campaign">Philippines campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philippines campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surigao_Strait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/220px-Surigao_Strait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/330px-Surigao_Strait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/440px-Surigao_Strait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the movements of the American and Japanese fleets during the Battle of Surigao Strait</figcaption></figure> <p><i>California</i> left Espiritu Santo on 17 September and passed along the coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, where crewmen observed battles between Japanese and Australian forces during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>. The ship arrived in <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus</a> on 22 September, where preparations for the next operation began. <i>California</i>, again part of Oldendorf's bombardment group, which now included <i>Maryland</i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)"><i>Mississippi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)"><i>Pennsylvania</i></a>, <i>Tennessee</i>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a>, departed on 12 October bound for the Philippines. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a> began five days later with initial landings by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Ranger_Battalion" title="6th Ranger Battalion">6th Ranger Battalion</a> on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Island" title="Dinagat Island">Dinagat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suluan" title="Suluan">Suluan</a>. The latter attack made the Japanese aware of the impending assault on the Philippines, leading to the activation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sh%C5%8D-G%C5%8D_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shō-Gō 1">Operation Shō-Gō 1</a>, the planned riposte to an Allied landing. Allied <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a> then began clearing channels into <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a> in preparation for the main <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">landings at Leyte</a>. On 19 October, the bombardment of the island began, continuing the next day as troops went ashore. A Zero fighter dove toward the ship later that day, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikazes</a>, but heavy anti-aircraft fire sent the plane off course and it crashed harmlessly off the starboard bow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Leyte Gulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the following days, <i>California</i> remained off the invasion beach, pounding Japanese positions as American forces pushed their way inland. During this period, the Japanese fleet began moving into position for their counterattack. Allied reconnaissance aircraft and submarines reported sightings of the fleet as it approached the area, prompting the bombardment group to withdraw to southern Leyte every night in anticipation of a Japanese attack on the amphibious assault ships. On 24 October, reports of Japanese naval forces approaching the area led Oldendorf's ships to prepare for action at the exit of the <a href="/wiki/Surigao_Strait" title="Surigao Strait">Surigao Strait</a>. Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura" title="Shōji Nishimura">Shōji Nishimura</a>'s Southern Force steamed through the Surigao Strait to attack the invasion fleet in Leyte Gulf; his force comprised Battleship Division 2—the battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro" title="Japanese battleship Yamashiro"><i>Yamashiro</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Fusō"><i>Fusō</i></a>, the heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Mogami (1934)"><i>Mogami</i></a>, and four destroyers—and Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima" title="Kiyohide Shima">Kiyohide Shima</a>'s Second Striking Force—the heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nachi" title="Japanese cruiser Nachi"><i>Nachi</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ashigara" title="Japanese cruiser Ashigara"><i>Ashigara</i></a>, the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Abukuma" title="Japanese cruiser Abukuma"><i>Abukuma</i></a>, and four more destroyers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully24–28_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully24–28-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nishimura's flotilla passed through the strait on the night of 24 October, they came under attack from American <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boats</a>, followed by destroyers, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>. One of these destroyers torpedoed <i>Fusō</i> and disabled her, though Nishimura continued on toward his objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully152_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully152-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 03:12, <i>California</i> picked up the Japanese ships with her SG radar at a range of 42,200 yards (38,600 m); eight minutes later her forward Mk 8 fire control radar began tracking the ships, the range having fallen to 38,000 yards (35,000 m) by that time. <i>West Virginia</i> opened fire first at 03:52, followed by most of the other American battleships. <i>California</i> engaged the leading Japanese vessel at a range of 20,400 yards (18,700 m) with a six-gun salvo. After the initial phase of the battle, the American battle line turned about, but <i>California</i> misinterpreted the vague order to "turn one five" (meaning to turn 150 degrees—Captain Henry Burnett read it as an instruction to turn 15 degrees) and turned incorrectly, passing across <i>Tennessee</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s bow. By now realizing his mistake, Burnett ordered <i>California</i> to turn hard to starboard while <i>Tennessee</i> hauled out of line. The two ships narrowly avoided each other but in the confusion, <i>California</i> masked <i>Tennessee</i> and blocked her from firing for several minutes, though <i>California</i> continued firing during this period. The ship suffered a misfire in the right gun of her rearmost turret, and concussion from the third salvo disabled the rear Mk 8 radar and damaged the scope for the forward radar, but the gunlayers nevertheless continued to accurately direct the guns. Sixteen minutes after opening fire, <i>California</i> checked her fire as the surviving Japanese ships turned and fled. By this time, several torpedoes launched by the Japanese vessels approached the American line, but none of them struck the battleships. In the course of the action, <i>California</i> fired a total of 63 shells from her main battery; the Japanese had lost both battleships, <i>Abukuma</i>, and four destroyers in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully208–210,_215–216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully208–210,_215–216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, the main Japanese fleet, the Central Force under Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a>, had passed through the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait" title="San Bernardino Strait">San Bernardino Strait</a> under cover of darkness and arrived early on 25 October. The Japanese battleships and cruisers attacked <a href="/wiki/Taffy_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Taffy 3">Taffy 3</a>, a force of <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> and destroyers guarding the invasion fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>, prompting its commander Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Sprague" title="Clifton Sprague">Clifton Sprague</a> to make urgent calls for help. Oldendorf immediately turned his ships northward to join the battle, and while en route the ships came under Japanese air attack. <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 5-inch and 40 mm guns attempted to engage the aircraft but did not score any hits. By the time the bombardment group arrived on the scene, Kurita had disengaged, having been convinced by Taffy 3's heavy resistance that he was instead facing the far more powerful <a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Fast Carrier Task Force</a>. With the battle over, the ships of the bombardment group resumed their ground support operations for the next month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Lingayen_Gulf">Battle of Lingayen Gulf</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Lingayen Gulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 November, she departed for Manus for repairs that lasted from 25 November to 15 December. She then proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/Kossol_Roads" title="Kossol Roads">Kossol Roads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, where she remained until 1 January 1945 when she got underway to return to Leyte Gulf. After rejoining the bombardment group, the fleet steamed to western <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> to make the next major assault in <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a> on the western side of the island. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet while en route, though <i>California</i> was not damaged in the attacks. The fleet arrived off the gulf on 5 January and entered it the following morning. Early that morning <i>California</i> launched her floatplanes to spot for her guns before opening fire on <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Pangasinan)" title="Santiago Island (Pangasinan)">Santiago Island</a> on the western side of the gulf to silence any Japanese artillery that might threaten Allied forces once they entered Lingayen Gulf. The fleet's minesweepers then swept channels further into the gulf, which <i>California</i> helped to cover. With Oldendorf aboard, she led the bombardment group into the gulf to begin the bombardment to prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after 17:15 that day, a pair of Zero kamikazes approached the ship; <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s gunners shot one of them down, but the other struck her on the port side abreast of the mainmast. Gasoline from the plane's fuel tanks started a fire and a 5-inch shell from another ship accidentally hit one of <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 5-inch guns, exploded inside the turret, and started another fire. Both fires were suppressed within twelve minutes, but the kamikaze inflicted significant casualties: 44 men were killed and another 155 were injured. Temporary repairs were made while the ship remained on station, continuing to bombard Japanese positions. Troops from the US <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth United States Army">Sixth Army</a> went ashore on 9 January, and from 10 to 18 January, <i>California</i> left the gulf to patrol the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to guard against a possible attack by the Japanese fleet. She then returned to Lingayen Gulf but departed on 22 January for <a href="/wiki/Ulithi" title="Ulithi">Ulithi</a>, arriving there on 28 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith52_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith52-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>California</i> departed Ulithi and continued on to Pearl Harbor, where she stayed from 6 to 8 February, thereafter departing for Puget Sound for permanent repairs and modifications. On 24 April, <i>California</i> got underway for a brief set of trials before steaming south to Long Beach on 29 April. Further work was done there from 2 to 10 May, during which time she also underwent a shakedown cruise. On 10 May, she departed California to return to the fleet, then preparing for the attack on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>. While en route, she stopped in Pearl Harbor from 16 to 29 May and in Ulithi from 9 to 12 June, after which she turned north to the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Islands">Ryūkyū Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_operations">Final operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>California</i> anchored off Okinawa on 15 June, by which time the American forces had been fighting on the island for more than two months. The Japanese had launched a major kamikaze campaign during the operations on and around Okinawa, and these attacks continued while <i>California</i> was on station. On 17 and 18 June, she and the heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_(CA-32)" title="USS New Orleans (CA-32)"><i>New Orleans</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Tuscaloosa_(CA-37)" title="USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37)"><i>Tuscaloosa</i></a> bombarded Japanese positions on Yaesu-Dake and Yuza-Dake ridges in support of the <a href="/wiki/96th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="96th Infantry Division (United States)">96th Infantry Division</a>. Heavy fog hampered efforts by the ship's floatplanes to locate concealed Japanese positions, but <i>California</i> nevertheless conducted a heavy bombardment of the area over the two days. She thereafter patrolled off the island until 14 July to prevent any Japanese naval forces from attacking the invasion fleet. From 15 to 22 July, she lay at <a href="/wiki/Kerama_Rett%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerama Rettō">Kerama Rettō</a>, replenishing fuel and stores, thereafter joining Task Force 95, which was sent into the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> to clear mines. On 8 August, she was detached from TF 95 for maintenance at <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(Philippines)" title="San Pedro Bay (Philippines)">San Pedro Bay</a> in the Philippines, the work lasting from 11 to 15 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there, <i>California</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew received word of the Japanese surrender. Once the work was completed, she steamed north to <a href="/wiki/Nakagusuku_Bay" title="Nakagusuku Bay">Nakagusuku Bay</a>, Okinawa, where she remained from 23 August to 20 September, awaiting further orders. She then departed, bound for <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_(city)" title="Wakayama (city)">Wakayama</a>, where she arrived on 23 September to support Sixth Army troops as they began the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>. The following week, she proceeded further north to <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a>, arriving on 3 October and anchoring near the battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato"><i>Nagato</i></a>. <i>California</i> thereafter joined Task Group 50.5, along with <i>Tennessee</i> and several other vessels for the return to the United States. They departed Japan on 15 October, bound for the Philadelphia Navy Yard. They sailed south to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, stopping there on 23 October, where they met British, French, and Italian warships. The task group then proceeded through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> into the Indian Ocean, stopping in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> from 30 October to 3 November. There, she embarked a contingent of South African troops bound for home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ships next stopped in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, from 15 to 18 November, where the South African soldiers were disembarked. <i>California</i> and the other vessels then steamed into the Atlantic, stopping in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> on the way to their destination. They reached Philadelphia on 7 December, where 754 officers and men were sent to discharge centers. Another 40 officers and 1,345 men were discharged over the following months as the crew prepared the ship to be <a href="/wiki/Laid_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Laid up">laid up</a>. She was formally placed in reserve, still in commission, on 7 August 1946. The ship was decommissioned on 14 February 1947 and remained in the Navy's inventory for another decade before being stricken from the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> on 1 March 1959. She was thereafter sold to the <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Shipbuilding_Corporation" title="Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation">Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation</a> on 10 July and <a href="/wiki/Broken_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken up">broken up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 350-pound (160 kg) cast bronze bell was saved and put on display in Sacramento at the California State Capitol Park.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">/50 caliber refers to the length of the gun in terms of <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">caliber</a>. The length of a /50 caliber gun is 50 times its bore diameter.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknell198-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknell198_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracknell">Cracknell</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1986117_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1986">Friedman 1986</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985443-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985443_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1985">Friedman 1985</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Times6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Times6_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Times">Washington Times</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans">Evans</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreyer226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer226_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer226_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreyer">Breyer</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin223-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin223_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin">Wallin</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985415-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985415_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1985">Friedman 1985</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985417-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985417_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1985">Friedman 1985</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin223,_225–226-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin223,_225–226_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin">Wallin</a>, pp. 223, 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2806993/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-turk-p/">"USS California Sailor Accounted For From World War II (Turk, P.)"</a>. <i>dpaa.mil</i>. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dpaa.mil&rft.atitle=USS+California+Sailor+Accounted+For+From+World+War+II+%28Turk%2C+P.%29&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpaa.mil%2FNews-Stories%2FNews-Releases%2FPressReleaseArticleView%2FArticle%2F2806993%2Fuss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-turk-p%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_Identifications-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_Identifications_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearl_Harbor_Identifications">Pearl Harbor Identifications</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_198092_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1980">Friedman 1980</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985444-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_1985444_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman_1985">Friedman 1985</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald114–115-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald114–115_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald">McDonald</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETully24–28-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully24–28_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTully">Tully</a>, pp. 24–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETully152-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully152_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTully">Tully</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETully208–210,_215–216-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully208–210,_215–216_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTully">Tully</a>, pp. 208–210, 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith52-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith52_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith">Smith</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/learn/about-the-capitol/capitol-park/uss-california-bell/">"USS California Bell"</a>. <i>capitolmuseum.ca.gov</i>. State of California Capitol Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=capitolmuseum.ca.gov&rft.atitle=USS+California+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitolmuseum.ca.gov%2Flearn%2Fabout-the-capitol%2Fcapitol-park%2Fuss-california-bell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Siegfried (1973). <i>Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970</i>. Doubleday and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07247-2"><bdi>978-0-385-07247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships+and+Battle+Cruisers+1905%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-385-07247-2&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracknell" class="citation book cs1">Cracknell, William H. (1972). "USS Tennessee (BB-43)". <i>Warship Profile 21</i>. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 197–220. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249112905">249112905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=USS+Tennessee+%28BB-43%29&rft.btitle=Warship+Profile+21&rft.place=Windsor&rft.pages=197-220&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249112905&rft.aulast=Cracknell&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Mark L. (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/california-v.html">"California V (BB-44) 1921–1959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=California+V+%28BB-44%29+1921%E2%80%931959&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fc%2Fcalifornia-v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman_1980" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1980). "United States of America". In Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (eds.). <i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 86–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-913-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-913-9"><bdi>978-0-87021-913-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1922%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=86-166&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-913-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman_1985" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1985). <i>U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-715-9"><bdi>978-0-87021-715-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Battleships%3A+An+Illustrated+Design+History&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-715-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman_1986" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1986). "United States of America". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0"><i>Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i></a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 105–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-245-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+of+America&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1906%E2%80%931921&rft.place=London&rft.pages=105-133&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-245-5&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Rod (2023). <i>Pearl Harbor's Revenge: How the Devastated US Battleships Returned to War</i>. Philadelphia: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39901-329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39901-329-1"><bdi>978-1-39901-329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%27s+Revenge%3A+How+the+Devastated+US+Battleships+Returned+to+War&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-39901-329-1&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter C. (2014). <i>Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-313-4"><bdi>978-1-78159-313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamikaze%3A+To+Die+for+the+Emperor&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-313-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully" class="citation book cs1">Tully, Anthony P. (2009). <i>Battle of Surigao Strait</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35242-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Surigao+Strait&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35242-2&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl_Harbor_Identifications" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/Recent-News-Stories/Article/2033698/update-on-pearl-harbor-identifications/">"Update on Pearl Harbor Identifications"</a>. <i>dpaa.mil</i>. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dpaa.mil&rft.atitle=Update+on+Pearl+Harbor+Identifications&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpaa.mil%2FNews-Stories%2FRecent-News-Stories%2FArticle%2F2033698%2Fupdate-on-pearl-harbor-identifications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homer_N._Wallin" title="Homer N. Wallin">Wallin, Homer N.</a> (1968). <i>Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal</i>. Washington, D.C: Department of the Navy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89875-565-7"><bdi>978-0-89875-565-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Why%2C+How%2C+Fleet+Salvage+and+Final+Appraisal&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Navy&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-89875-565-7&rft.aulast=Wallin&rft.aufirst=Homer+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Times" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-11-20/ed-1/seq-6/">"America's Biggest Warship Launched"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. Washington D.C. 20 November 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=America%27s+Biggest+Warship+Launched&rft.date=1919-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84026749%2F1919-11-20%2Fed-1%2Fseq-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Christopher C. (September 2019). "Question 7/56: Concerning What Radar Systems Were Installed on U.S. Asiatic Fleet Ships in December 1941". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>LVI</b> (3): 192–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Question+7%2F56%3A+Concerning+What+Radar+Systems+Were+Installed+on+U.S.+Asiatic+Fleet+Ships+in+December+1941&rft.volume=LVI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=192-198&rft.date=2019-09&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHone2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hone, Tom (2024). "New Wine in Old Bottles: Rebuilding Battleships 43, 44, and 48 for World War II". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>LXI</b> (3): 192–214. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=New+Wine+in+Old+Bottles%3A+Rebuilding+Battleships+43%2C+44%2C+and+48+for+World+War+II&rft.volume=LXI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=192-214&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Hone&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2003" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Daniel (2003). <i>Resurrection: Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557504883" title="Special:BookSources/9781557504883"><bdi>9781557504883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection%3A+Salvaging+the+Battle+Fleet+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781557504883&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1982" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Theodore C. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleshipsailor0000maso"><i>Battleship Sailor</i></a></span>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870210952" title="Special:BookSources/9780870210952"><bdi>9780870210952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleship+Sailor&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780870210952&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Theodore+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleshipsailor0000maso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUSS+California+%28BB-44%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:USS_California_(BB-44)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:USS California (BB-44)">USS <i>California</i> (BB-44)</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/44a.htm">NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive BB-44 USS <i>California</i> 1916–1919</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Ships/BB44/PearlHarborDamageReport/">USS <i>California</i> BB-44 Pearl Harbor Damage Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002cpwgd">Image of USS <i>California</i>, flagship of the Pacific Fleet, anchored at the Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro, 1920.</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Young_Research_Library" title="Charles E. Young Research Library">Charles E. Young Research Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee_class_battleship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee class battleship"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennessee-class_battleships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee-class_battleship" title="Tennessee-class battleship"><i>Tennessee</i>-class battleships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)"><i>Tennessee</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>California</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico-class_battleship" title="New Mexico-class battleship"><i>New Mexico</i> class</a></li> <li>Followed by: <a href="/wiki/Colorado-class_battleship" title="Colorado-class battleship"><i>Colorado</i> class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">List of battleships of the United States Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template talk:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">Present US ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese<br />carriers<br />involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States<br />ships sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)"><i>Arizona</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">salvaged artifacts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>California</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)"><i>Sotoyomo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2"><i>YFD-2</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote" title="Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote">Sleeping giant quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">U.S. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">U.K. declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Commissions" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_the_Investigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack">Pearl Harbor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Survivors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Commemorative Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia">Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Infamy_series" title="Days of Infamy series"><i>Days of Infamy</i> series</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_series" title="Pacific War series"><i>Pacific War</i> series</a> (2007–08)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_of_Japan" title="Secret Agent of Japan">Secret Agent of Japan</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(film)" title="Air Force (film)">Air Force</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/December_7th_(film)" title="December 7th (film)">December 7th</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_(film)" title="Task Force (film)">Task Force</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity" title="From Here to Eternity">From Here to Eternity</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Mamie_Stover_(film)" title="The Revolt of Mamie Stover (film)">The Revolt of Mamie Stover</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific" title="Storm Over the Pacific">Storm Over the Pacific</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941" title="Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor in 1941">Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_December_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:December_1941_shipwrecks" title="Template:December 1941 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:December_1941_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:December 1941 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:December_1941_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:December 1941 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_December_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1941">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SMS_M68" title="SMS M68"><i>Virsaitis</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Perseus_(N36)" title="HMS Perseus (N36)">HMS <i>Perseus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Dec: <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS <i>Arizona</i></a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">USS <i>California</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-372)" title="USS Cassin (DD-372)">USS <i>Cassin</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Cynthia_Olson" title="SS Cynthia Olson"><i>Cynthia Olson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Downes_(DD-375)" title="USS Downes (DD-375)">USS <i>Downes</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/HA._19_(Japanese_midget_submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="HA. 19 (Japanese midget submarine)">Ha-19</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine" title="Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine">M-16</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine" title="Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine">M-18</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine" title="Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine">M-20</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Type_A_K%C5%8D-hy%C5%8Dteki-class_submarine" title="Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine">M-22</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">USS <i>Nevada</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala">USS <i>Oglala</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">USS <i>Oklahoma</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Sauternes" title="SS Sauternes"><i>Sauternes</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)">USS <i>Shaw</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-208" title="German submarine U-208">U-208</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">USS <i>Utah</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS <i>West Virginia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Windflower" title="HMCS Windflower">HMCS <i>Windflower</i></a> </span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Capillo" title="SS Capillo">SS <i>Capillo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Suremico" title="SS Suremico"><i>Nisqually</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Penguin_(AM-33)" title="USS Penguin (AM-33)">USS <i>Penguin</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Peterel_(1927)" title="HMS Peterel (1927)">HMS <i>Peterel</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/MS_Ravnaas_(1930)" title="MS Ravnaas (1930)"><i>Ravnaas</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Banka" title="HMS Banka">HMS <i>Banka</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Bittern_(AM-36)" title="USS Bittern (AM-36)">USS <i>Bittern</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-70" title="Japanese submarine I-70"><i>I-70</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS <i>Repulse</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Takao_Maru_(1927)" title="SS Takao Maru (1927)"><i>Takao Maru</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_minesweeper_No._10_(1938)" title="Japanese minesweeper No. 10 (1938)">No. 10</a></i>, USS <i><a href="/wiki/USS_YP-16" title="USS YP-16">YP-16</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hayate_(1925)" title="Japanese destroyer Hayate (1925)">Hayate</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kisaragi_(1925)" title="Japanese destroyer Kisaragi (1925)">Kisaragi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lady_Shirley" title="HMS Lady Shirley">HMS <i>Lady Shirley</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">12 Dec: <a href="/wiki/MS_Awazisan_Maru" title="MS Awazisan Maru"><i>Awazisan Maru</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Moth_(1915)" title="HMS Moth (1915)">HMS <i>Moth</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tamar_(1863)" title="HMS Tamar (1863)">HMS <i>Tamar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Alberico_da_Barbiano" title="Italian cruiser Alberico da Barbiano"><i>Alberico da Barbiano</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Alberto_di_Giussano" title="Italian cruiser Alberto di Giussano"><i>Alberto di Giussano</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Galatea_(71)" title="HMS Galatea (71)">HMS <i>Galatea</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Barracuda" title="SS Empire Barracuda"><i>Empire Barracuda</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_O_16" title="HNLMS O 16">HNLMS <i>O 16</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-127_(1941)" title="German submarine U-127 (1941)">U-127</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-557" title="German submarine U-557">U-557</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Engadine_(1911)" title="HMS Engadine (1911)">Corregidor</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-66" title="Japanese submarine Ro-66"><i>Ro-66</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shinonome_(1927)" title="Japanese destroyer Shinonome (1927)">Shinonome</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-131_(1941)" title="German submarine U-131 (1941)">U-131</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-434" title="German submarine U-434">U-434</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(20)" title="HMS Neptune (20)">HMS <i>Neptune</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_O_20" title="HNLMS O 20">HNLMS <i>O 20</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_McCalla_(DD-253)" title="USS McCalla (DD-253)">HMS <i>Stanley</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-574" title="German submarine U-574">U-574</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Emidio" title="SS Emidio"><i>Emidio</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kandahar" title="HMS Kandahar">HMS <i>Kandahar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">21 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Audacity" title="HMS Audacity">HMS <i>Audacity</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cicala" title="HMS Cicala">HMS <i>Cicala</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_K_XVII" title="HNLMS K XVII">HNLMS <i>K XVII</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-451" title="German submarine U-451">U-451</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-567" title="German submarine U-567">U-567</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Hayataka_Maru" title="Japanese transport ship Hayataka Maru"><i>Hayataka Maru</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Montebello" title="SS Montebello"><i>Montebello</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Aoi_(1920)" title="Japanese destroyer Aoi (1920)">Patrol Boat No. 32</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hagi_(1920)" title="Japanese destroyer Hagi (1920)">Patrol Boat No. 33</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Shuntien_(1934)" title="SS Shuntien (1934)"><i>Shuntien</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-79_(1941)" title="German submarine U-79 (1941)">U-79</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Absaroka_(ID-2518)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Absaroka (ID-2518)">Absaroka</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_K_XVI" title="HNLMS K XVI">HNLMS <i>K XVI</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)" title="USS New York (ACR-2)">USS <i>Rochester</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Sagiri" title="Japanese destroyer Sagiri">Sagiri</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Salvia_(K97)" title="HMS Salvia (K97)">HMS <i>Salvia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Gy%C5%8Dk%C5%AB_Maru" title="SS Gyōkū Maru">Empire Dragon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-195)" title="USS Sealion (SS-195)">USS <i>Sealion</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thracian_(1920)" title="HMS Thracian (1920)">HMS <i>Thracian</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Unyo_Maru_No._2" title="Japanese transport ship Unyo Maru No. 2"><i>Unyo Maru No. 2</i></a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_patrol_boat_No._105" title="Japanese patrol boat No. 105"><i>Arayat</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USLHT_Canlaon" title="USLHT Canlaon"><i>Canlaon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Dec: <a href="/wiki/USLHT_Banahao" title="USLHT Banahao"><i>Banahao</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Walker_(DD-163)" title="USS Walker (DD-163)">DCH-1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-75_(1940)" title="German submarine U-75 (1940)">U-75</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Volo" title="SS Volo"><i>Volo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Connecticut_(1938)" title="SS Connecticut (1938)">SS <i>Connecticut</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Dec: <i><a href="/wiki/BRP_Banahaw_(1908)" title="BRP Banahaw (1908)">BRP Banahaw</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-60" title="Japanese submarine Ro-60"><i>Ro-60</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown date: <a href="/wiki/HMS_H31" title="HMS H31">HMS <i>H31</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nereus_(AC-10)" title="USS Nereus (AC-10)">USS <i>Nereus</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(N18)" title="HMS Triumph (N18)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vizcaya_(1890)" title="Vizcaya (1890)">Vizcaya</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">7 Dec: <a href="/wiki/USS_Gamble" title="USS Gamble">USS <i>Gamble</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">USS <i>Maryland</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">USS <i>Pennsylvania</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">USS <i>Tennessee</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SS-200)" title="USS Thresher (SS-200)">USS <i>Thresher</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal">USS <i>Vestal</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Dec: <a href="/wiki/MS_Awazisan_Maru" title="MS Awazisan Maru"><i>Awazisan Maru</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SS-200)" title="USS Thresher (SS-200)">USS <i>Thresher</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-10" title="Japanese submarine I-10"><i>I-10</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Oigawa_Maru" title="Japanese transport ship Oigawa Maru"><i>Oigawa Maru</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-195)" title="USS Sealion (SS-195)">USS <i>Sealion</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jackal_(F22)" title="HMS Jackal (F22)">HMS <i>Jackal</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Dec: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thracian_(1920)" title="HMS Thracian (1920)">HMS <i>Thracian</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-62" title="Japanese submarine Ro-62"><i>Ro-62</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Dec: <a href="/wiki/USS_Pompano_(SS-181)" title="USS Pompano (SS-181)">USS <i>Pompano</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Absaroka" title="SS Absaroka"><i>Absaroka</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">31 Dec: <a href="/wiki/SS_Sierra_Cordoba" title="SS Sierra Cordoba"><i>Ruth Alexander</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1940" title="List of shipwrecks in 1940">1940</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1940" title="List of shipwrecks in 1940"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in 1941">1941</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in 1942"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in 1942">1942</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in November 1941">November 1941</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in November 1941"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_January_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in January 1942"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_January_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in January 1942">January 1942</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&oldid=1249157079">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_California_(BB-44)&oldid=1249157079</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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