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Beskikbaar in 114 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau_d%27a_materia" title="Estau d'a materia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau d'a materia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة المادة – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة المادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_d%27agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estáu d'agregación de la materia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu d'agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madd%C9%99l%C9%99rin_aqreqat_hal%C4%B1" title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maddələrin aqreqat halı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماده حالتلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماده حالتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB" title="Агрегат хәл – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Агрегат хәл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeguos_faz%C4%97" title="Medeguos fazė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Medeguos fazė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрэгатны стан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Агрэгатны стан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно състояние – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Агрегатно състояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পদার্থের অবস্থা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থের অবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1" title="Бодосой түлэб – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бодосой түлэб" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-c%C3%A9k_c%C3%A2ung-t%C3%A1i" title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-cék câung-tái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="دۆخی ماددە – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆخی ماددە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstv%C3%AD" title="Skupenství – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skupenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Агрегатла тăрăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Агрегатла тăрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_mater" title="Cyflwr mater – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr mater" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aggregatzustand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κατάσταση της ύλης – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάσταση της ύλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State of matter" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materistato" title="Materistato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Materistato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_de_la_materia" title="Estado de agregación de la materia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado de agregación de la materia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregaatolek" title="Agregaatolek – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agregaatolek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Materiaren egoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_F%C3%A1sicus_de_Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaus Fásicus de Matéria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="حالت ماده – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت ماده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomuoto" title="Olomuoto – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olomuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État de la matière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tustant_(F%C3%BCsiik)" title="Tustant (Füsiik) – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tustant (Füsiik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaasjetast%C3%A2n" title="Aggregaasjetastân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aggregaasjetastân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid_damhna" title="Staid damhna – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid damhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta_di_maty%C3%A8r" title="Léta di matyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta di matyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_da_materia" title="Estado de agregación da materia – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de agregación da materia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-ch%E1%B9%B3t_chhong-thai" title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-chṳt chhong-thai" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מצב צבירה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצב צבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregacijsko_stanje" title="Agregacijsko stanje – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Agregacijsko stanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_maty%C3%A8" title="Eta matyè – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta matyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmaz%C3%A1llapot" title="Halmazállapot – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halmazállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ագրեգատային վիճակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_de_materia" title="Stato de materia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato de materia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_materi" title="Wujud materi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wujud materi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu_de_materie" title="Statu de materie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Statu de materie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnishamur" title="Efnishamur – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnishamur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_della_materia" title="Stato della materia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato della materia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B" title="物質の状態 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質の状態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujud_dat" title="Wujud dat – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wujud dat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგრეგატული მდგომარეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addaden_n_tenga" title="Addaden n tenga – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addaden n tenga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Агрегаттық күй – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Агрегаттық күй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물질의 상태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Агрегаттык абал – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агрегаттык абал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_materiae" title="Status materiae – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Status materiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestandj" title="Aggregatietoestandj – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aggregatietoestandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_de_la_materia" title="Stat de la materia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat de la materia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatin%C4%97_b%C5%ABsena" title="Agregatinė būsena – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agregatinė būsena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreg%C4%81tst%C4%81voklis" title="Agregātstāvoklis – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Agregātstāvoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Эмен улмылык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эмен улмылык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Состојба на материјата – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Состојба на материјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവ്യത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Бодисын төлөв – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодисын төлөв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रव्याच्या अवस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_jirim" title="Keadaan jirim – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1" title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်တို့၏ အခြေအနေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregaattostand" title="Aggregaattostand – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aggregaattostand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aggregatietoestand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregattilstand" title="Aggregattilstand – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aggregattilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Estat de la matèria – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkaalee_watootaa" title="Falkaalee watootaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Falkaalee watootaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadonan_di_agregashon" title="Estadonan di agregashon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estadonan di agregashon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_skupienia_materii" title="Stan skupienia materii – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan skupienia materii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88" title="مادے دی ونڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادے دی ونڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_f%C3%ADsico_da_mat%C3%A9ria" title="Estado físico da matéria – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado físico da matéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27inki_kachkay" title="T'inki kachkay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'inki kachkay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stare de agregare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатное состояние – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агрегатное состояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatna_stanja" title="Agregatna stanja – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agregatna stanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදාර්ථයේ අවධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="States of matter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupenstvo" title="Skupenstvo – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupenstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatno_stanje" title="Agregatno stanje – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muringo" title="Muringo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muringo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjendja_agregate" title="Gjendja agregate – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjendja agregate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно стање – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агрегатно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregationstillst%C3%A5nd" title="Aggregationstillstånd – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aggregationstillstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_maada" title="Hali maada – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali maada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பொருட்களின் நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருட்களின் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పదార్థం స్థితి – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పదార్థం స్థితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="สถานะ (สสาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานะ (สสาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ኵነት ነገር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኵነት ነገር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddenin_h%C3%A2lleri" title="Maddenin hâlleri – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maddenin hâlleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Агрегатний стан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агрегатний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="مادے کی حالت – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادے کی حالت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moddaning_agregat_holatlari" title="Moddaning agregat holatlari – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moddaning agregat holatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agregatine_olend" title="Agregatine olend – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Agregatine olend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trạng thái vật chất – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trạng thái vật chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregoatietoestand" title="Aggregoatietoestand – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aggregoatietoestand" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_han_materya" title="Estado han materya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado han materya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物质状态" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="צושטאנד פון מאטעריע – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צושטאנד פון מאטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物质状态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%85%8B" title="物態 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物態" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-chit_ch%C5%8Dng-th%C3%A0i" title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-chit chōng-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" title="相態 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimo_zotho" title="Izimo zotho – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izimo zotho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toestand_van_materie" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Toestand_van_materie" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toestand_van_materie"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toestand_van_materie"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Toestand_van_materie" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Toestand_van_materie" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&oldid=2661316" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Toestand_van_materie&id=2661316&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToestand_van_materie"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FToestand_van_materie"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Toestand+van+materie"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Toestand_van_materie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toestand_van_materie&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States_of_aggregation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11430" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard hlist" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.4em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em;">Hierdie artikel is deel van 'n reeks oor</td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; padding-top: 0; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/160px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/240px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/320px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em;">Die kalssieke Carnot-hitte-enjin</div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Takke</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Klasieke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statisiese_meganikas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statisiese meganikas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Statistiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_termodinamika" title="Chemiese termodinamika">Chemiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumtermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumtermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwantumtermodinamika</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewewigstermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewewigstermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ewewig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nie-ewewigstermodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nie-ewewigstermodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nie-ewewig</a></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Wette</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nulste_wet_van_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nulste wet van termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nulste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_termodinamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerste wet van termodinamika">Eerste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Tweede wet van termodinamika">Tweede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derde_wet_van_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derde wet van termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Derde</a></li></ul> </div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_stelsel" title="Termodinamiese stelsel">Stelsels</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesolte_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesolte stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesolte stelsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%C3%AFsoleerde_stelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geïsoleerde stelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geïsoleerde stelsel</a></li></ul> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]]"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_toestand" title="Termodinamiese toestand">Toestand</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergelyking_van_toestand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergelyking van toestand (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vergelyking van toestand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealegas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Idealegas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regte_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regte gas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Regte gas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toestand van materie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fase_(materie)" title="Fase (materie)">Fase (materie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamiese_ewewig" title="Termodinamiese ewewig">Ewewig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_volume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control volume (bladsy bestaan nie)">Control volume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_instrumente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese instrumente (bladsy bestaan nie)">Instrumente</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prosese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobariese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobariese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isobariese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isochoriese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isochoriese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isochoriese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotermiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotermiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isotermiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabaties" title="Adiabaties">Adiabatiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isentropiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isentropiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isentropiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isentalpiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isentalpiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">IIsentalpiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwasisatiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwasisatiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwasisatiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politropiese_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politropiese proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politropiese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrye_uitbreiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrye uitbreiding (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vrye uitbreiding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omkeerbare_proses_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omkeerbare proses (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Omkeerbaarheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onomkeerbare_proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onomkeerbare proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onomkeerbaarheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endo-omkeerbare_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endo-omkeerbare termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Endo-omkeerbarheid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiese_siklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamiese siklus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Siklusse</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitte-enjin" title="Hitte-enjin">Hitte-enjin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitte-pomp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitte-pomp (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hitte-pomp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termiese_doeltreffendheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termiese doeltreffendheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Termiese doeltreffendheid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Eienskappe van stelsels</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]];margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_diagrams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic diagrams (bladsy bestaan nie)">Property diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_and_extensive_properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intensive and extensive properties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Intensive and extensive properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process function (bladsy bestaan nie)">Process functions</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werk_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werk (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Werk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitte" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitte">Hitte</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State function (bladsy bestaan nie)">Functions of state</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic temperature (bladsy bestaan nie)">Temperature</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pressure</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume (termodinamika) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Volume</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_potential&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical potential (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chemical potential</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particle number (bladsy bestaan nie)">Particle number</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor_quality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapor quality (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vapor quality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduced_properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduced properties (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reduced properties</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Eienskappe van materiale</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic databases for pure substances (bladsy bestaan nie)">Property databases</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Material_properties_equations_(thermodynamics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Material properties equations (thermodynamics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Material properties equations (thermodynamics)</a></div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Vergelykings</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Carnot's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clausius_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clausius theorem (bladsy bestaan nie)">Clausius theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_thermodynamic_relation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamental thermodynamic relation (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fundamental relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealegaswet" title="Idealegaswet">Idealegaswet</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell relations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onsager_reciprocal_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onsager reciprocal relations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onsager reciprocal relations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridgman%27s_thermodynamic_equations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridgman's thermodynamic equations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bridgman's equations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_of_thermodynamic_equations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table of thermodynamic equations (bladsy bestaan nie)">Table of thermodynamic equations</a></i></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Potensiale</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamic free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_entropy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free entropy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Free entropy</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2715140">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Internal energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmholtz free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Helmholtz free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibbs_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibbs free energy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gibbs free energy</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Geskiedenis</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;[[:Sjabloon:Subsidebar bodystyle]]"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> History</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_thermodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of thermodynamics (bladsy bestaan nie)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_entropy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of entropy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas#Gaswette" title="Gas">Gaswette</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_perpetual_motion_machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of perpetual motion machines (bladsy bestaan nie)">"Perpetual motion" machines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(arrow_of_time)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy (arrow of time) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy and time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_and_life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy and life (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy and life</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownian_ratchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownian ratchet (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brownian ratchet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_demon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell's demon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell's demon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_death_paradox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat death paradox (bladsy bestaan nie)">Heat death paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loschmidt%27s_paradox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loschmidt's paradox (bladsy bestaan nie)">Loschmidt's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergetics_(Haken)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synergetics (Haken) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caloric_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caloric theory (bladsy bestaan nie)">Caloric theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_heat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of heat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Theory of heat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vis_viva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vis viva (bladsy bestaan nie)"><i>Vis viva</i> <span style="font-size:90%;">("living force")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mechanical equivalent of heat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (physics) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Motive power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_important_publications_in_physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of important publications in physics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Key publications</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Longlink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Longlink (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Longlink</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_thermodynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of thermodynamics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of heat engine technology (bladsy bestaan nie)">Heat engines</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <strong class="error">Page <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sjabloon:Hlist/styles.css</a> has no content.</strong><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Art</li><li>Education</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%27s_thermodynamic_surface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell's thermodynamic surface (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maxwell's thermodynamic surface</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropy_(energy_dispersal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropy (energy dispersal) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Entropy as energy dispersal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">Wetenskaplikes</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <p>{{{1}}} </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Bernoulli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Bernoulli (bladsy bestaan nie)">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (bladsy bestaan nie)">Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Carathéodory (bladsy bestaan nie)">Constantin Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Duhem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Duhem (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Onsager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Onsager (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Smeaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Smeaton (bladsy bestaan nie)">John Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ernst_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ernst Stahl (bladsy bestaan nie)">Georg Ernst Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Benjamin Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (bladsy bestaan nie)">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Helmholtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann von Helmholtz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Julius von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston (bladsy bestaan nie)">John James Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; text-align:center; background:lavender;">ander</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleation (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nucleation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-assembly (bladsy bestaan nie)">Self-assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-organization (bladsy bestaan nie)">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_and_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order and disorder (bladsy bestaan nie)">Order and disorder</a></li></ul></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Kantbalk_Termodinamika" title="Sjabloon:Kantbalk Termodinamika"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Kantbalk_Termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Kantbalk Termodinamika (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Kantbalk_Termodinamika&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Die <b>toestand van materie</b> is die toestand waarin 'n stof hom bevind. Die begrip van toestand van <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">materie</a> is nou verwant aan die begrip van die <a href="/wiki/Fase_(materie)" title="Fase (materie)">fase</a> van 'n stof. Die tradisioneel bekende toestande van materie is: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vastestof" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastestof">vastestoftoestand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeistoftoestand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gastoestand</a></li></ul> <p>Daar word dikwels na <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasma</a> as die vierde toestand van materie verwys. In 'n plasma is die deeltjies van 'n stof in 'n mindere of meerdere mate <a href="/wiki/Ionisasie" title="Ionisasie">geïoniseerd</a>. </p><p>Baie suiwere stowwe kom in die eerste drie toestande voor. By 'n lae temperatuur word normaalweg 'n <b>vastestof</b> gevorm, by 'n hoër temperatuur 'n <b>vloeistof</b> en by nog hoër temperature 'n <b>gas</b>. Onder vastestof word normaalweg 'n kristallyne vastestof bedoel. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Aggregatie_af.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aggregatie_af.svg/300px-Aggregatie_af.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aggregatie_af.svg/450px-Aggregatie_af.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Aggregatie_af.svg/600px-Aggregatie_af.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Tydens die veranderinge in toestand word die <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemiese</a> verbindings in die <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">molekule</a> van die stof nie noodwendig verander nie. <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> in vloeistofvorm kan by laer temperature oorgaan tot <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">ys</a> en by hoër temperature na <a href="/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp">waterdamp</a> oorskakel, wat onder bepaalde omstandighede <a href="/wiki/Stoom" title="Stoom">stoom</a> genoem word. Hierdie drie fases is almal opgebou uit dieselfde H<sub>2</sub>O molekule. </p><p>Die oorgang van die vastestoftoestand na 'n vloeistoftoestand noem 'n mens <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smelt (bladsy bestaan nie)">smelt</a></i>, dié van vloeistoftoestand na 'n gas word <i><a href="/wiki/Verdamping" title="Verdamping">verdamping</a></i> genoem. Andersom word die oorgang van 'n gas na 'n vloeistof <i><a href="/wiki/Kondensasie" title="Kondensasie">kondensasie</a></i> genoem en van 'n vloeistof na 'n vastestof <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stolling (bladsy bestaan nie)">stol</a></i> genoem. </p><p>Dit is vir sommige stowwe moontlik om onder bepaalde toestande direk van die gastoestand na die vastestoftoestand oor te slaan. Hierdie oorgang word <a href="/wiki/Sublimasie" title="Sublimasie">sublimasie</a> genoem. </p><p>By baie hoë <a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">druk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> kan daar nie meer tussen die vloeistof- en die gasfase onderskei word nie. Die druk en temperatuur waarby dit gebeur noem 'n mens die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritiese_punt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritiese punt (bladsy bestaan nie)">kritiese punt</a>; en 'n stof wat dié punt verbygesteek het, word <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superkrities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superkrities (bladsy bestaan nie)">superkrities</a> genoem. </p><p>Twee ander minder bekende toestande van materie is <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasma</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bose-Einsteinkondensaat" title="Bose-Einsteinkondensaat">Bose-Einsteinkondensaat</a> (BEK). Plasma is die fase waar 'n stof so kwaai verhit word (in die orde van duisende grade Celsius) dat dit elektries geleidend word. Die <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atoom</a> wentel op hierdie stadium nie meer om die atoom se kern nie. Plasma kom in die natuur voor in die kerne van sterre. Wetenskaplikes het reeds daarin geslaag om plasma in die <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium" title="Laboratorium">laboratorium</a> te vorm, waar dit onder beheer gehou word deur 'n <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">elektromagnetiese veld</a>. </p><p>BEK is die teenoorgestelde van 'n plasma. Dit word gevorm wanneer 'n stof tot die <a href="/wiki/Absolute_nulpunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute nulpunt">absolute nulpunt</a> (0 Kelvin of –273.15°C) afgekoel word. As die nulpunt benader word, val die atome van die stof almal in dieselfde <a href="/wiki/Kwantumfisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwantumfisika">kwantumfisiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fase">fase</a>, waar hulle een groot superatoom vorm. Iets soortgelyks gebeur ook in die lig van 'n <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. 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