CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hijab - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09b48517-8c82-4572-b6d6-7adfc8f7aef6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hijab","wgTitle":"Hijab","wgCurRevisionId":1283442502,"wgRevisionId":1283442502,"wgArticleId":68301,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2023","Use Oxford spelling from September 2022","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages with Arabic IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","Commons link from Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Hijab","Arabic words and phrases in Sharia","Modesty in Islam","Islamic fundamentalism","Misogyny","Islamic feminism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hijab","wgRelevantArticleId":68301,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q172317","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="780"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg/960px-Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="520"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="416"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hijab - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hijab rootpage-Hijab skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hijab" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hijab" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hijab" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hijab" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 In Islamic scripture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Islamic_scripture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Islamic scripture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qur'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qur'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Qur'an </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qur'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape_and_extent_according_to_hadiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_and_extent_according_to_hadiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Shape and extent according to hadiths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_and_extent_according_to_hadiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1.1 In prayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Muhammad's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Muhammad's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 During Muhammad's lifetime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Muhammad's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_code_in_sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_code_in_sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dress code in sharia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dress_code_in_sharia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dress code in sharia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dress_code_in_sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sunni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Shia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Alternative views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_veiling_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_veiling_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pre-Islamic veiling practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_veiling_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_pre-modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_pre-modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Later pre-modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_pre-modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contemporary practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Around the world </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Around the world subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legal enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Legal bans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Muslim world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_pressure_to_wear_hijab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_pressure_to_wear_hijab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Unofficial pressure to wear hijab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_pressure_to_wear_hijab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_pressure_against_wearing_the_hijab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_pressure_against_wearing_the_hijab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Unofficial pressure against wearing the hijab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_pressure_against_wearing_the_hijab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_discrimination_against_hijab-wearing_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_discrimination_against_hijab-wearing_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Workplace discrimination against hijab-wearing women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_discrimination_against_hijab-wearing_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Hijab_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Hijab_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 World Hijab Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Hijab_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hijab</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjab" title="Hidjab – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidjab" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="حجاب (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجاب (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="হিজাব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিজাব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicab" title="Hicab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hicab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="হিজাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিজাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хижаб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хижаб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хіджаб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіджаб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хіджаб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хіджаб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="हिजाब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिजाब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хиджаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиджаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BE%C3%A1b" title="Hidžáb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hidžáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidsch%C4%81b" title="Hidschāb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hidschāb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEaab" title="Hidžaab – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hidžaab" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Χιτζάμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιτζάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyab" title="Hiyab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiyab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%9Dabo" title="Hiĝabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiĝabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="حجاب اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حجاب اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjab" title="Hidjab – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hidjab" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjaab" title="Hidjaab – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hidjaab" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidseab" title="Hidseab – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidseab" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%9E%A1" title="히잡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히잡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Հիջաբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիջաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="हिजाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिजाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEab" title="Hidžab – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidžab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="חג'אב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חג'אב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хиджаб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хиджаб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijabu" title="Hijabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hijabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BE%C4%81bs" title="Hidžābs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidžābs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEabas" title="Hidžabas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidžabas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidzs%C3%A1b" title="Hidzsáb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidzsáb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хиџаб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиџаб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹിജാബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിജാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="हिजाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिजाब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰიჯაბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიჯაბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%BA" title="ဟေဂျားဘ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟေဂျားဘ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjab" title="Hidjab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hidjab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%96" title="ヒジャブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒジャブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хьижаб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьижаб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidsjab" title="Hidsjab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hidsjab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijob" title="Hijob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hijob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਹਿਜਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਜਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حجاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حجاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BCab" title="Hidżab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hidżab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijabe" title="Hijabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hijabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хиджаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиджаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hixhabi" title="Hixhabi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hixhabi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حجاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حجاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEab" title="Hidžab – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidžab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xijaab" title="Xijaab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xijaab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حیجاب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیجاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хиџаб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиџаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%C5%BEab" title="Hidžab – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidžab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹிஜாப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிஜாப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xicab" title="Xicab – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xicab" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="ฮิญาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิญาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesett%C3%BCr" title="Tesettür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tesettür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hij%C3%A4b" title="Hijäb – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hijäb" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Хіджаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хіджаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="حجاب (اسلام) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حجاب (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%B4%BE%E5%B8%83" title="希贾布 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希贾布" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%AD%E5%B7%BE" title="穆斯林頭巾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆斯林頭巾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%B4%BE%E5%B8%83" title="希贾布 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希贾布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hijab" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hijab" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hijab">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hijab">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hijab" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hijab" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&oldid=1283442502" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hijab&id=1283442502&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHijab">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHijab">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hijab&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hijabs" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hijab" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hijab" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172317" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic head covering for women</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijabis_-_2017_(37019672366).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg/500px-Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg/960px-Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>French Muslim women wearing hijab in 2017</figcaption></figure> In modern usage, hijab <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɪˈdʒɑːb/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1f\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Hijab.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Hijab.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hijab.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Hijab.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Hijab.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Hijab.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hijab.wav">ⓘ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حجاب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ḥijāb, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħɪˈdʒaːb]</a>) refers to head coverings worn by <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Muslim women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Similar to the mitpaḥat/<a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">tichel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">snood</a> worn by religious married Jewish women, certain <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">headcoverings worn by some Christian women</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_veil" title="Hanging veil">hanging veil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">apostolnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)" title="Kapp (headcovering)">kapp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">dupatta</a> favored by many <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> women,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spurgeon2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> the hijab comes in various forms. The term describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, showing but also covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible.<a href="#cite_note-eogr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The use of the hijab has grown globally since the 1970s, with many Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment.<a href="#cite_note-eogr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> There is consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is required.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-iranprimer.usip.org-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net-14">[14]</a> Some contemporary scholars have argued that covering the hair is not mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In practice, most Muslim women choose to wear it.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-18">[18]</a> The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote a partition and was sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Islamic rules of modesty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eogr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> In the verses of the Qur'an, the term sometimes refers to a curtain separating visitors to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s main house from his wives' lodgings. This has led some <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">revisionists</a> to claim that the mandate of the Qur'an applied only to the wives of Muhammad and not to all women.<a href="#cite_note-aslan-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahmedWomIslam-21">[21]</a> Another interpretation can also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Seclusion" title="Seclusion">seclusion</a> of women from men in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>, whereas a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> dimension may refer to "the veil which separates man, or the world, from God".<a href="#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-22">[22]</a> The Qur'an never uses the word hijab (lit. 'barrier') to refer to women's clothing, but rather discusses the attire of women using other terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbāb</a> and khimār (generic headscarf).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-eogr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> There is variation in interpretations regarding the extent of covering required. Some legal systems accept the hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-22">[22]</a> whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands, via <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some state that these guidelines are aligned with Qur'anic verses (<a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayahs</a>) about hijab,<a href="#cite_note-d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> while others interpret them differently with various conclusions on the extent of the mandate.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim_World_2003_p.721-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Quran_Does_Not_Mandate_Hijab-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-32">[32]</a> Islamic veiling practices vary globally based on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country" title="Islamic veiling practices by country">local laws and customs</a>. In some regions, the hijab is mandated by law, while in others, its use is subject to restrictions or bans in both Europe and some Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist-saudi-34">[34]</a> Additionally, women face informal pressure regarding their choice to wear or not wear the hijab.<a href="#cite_note-Gohari-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cainkar-36">[36]</a> Muslim women often face heightened discrimination <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">particularly in workplaces</a>, a trend intensified after the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> post-<a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tahmincioglu-37">[37]</a> Hijab-wearing women face overt and covert prejudice, with covert bias often leading to hostile treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad,_A._S._2010-38">[38]</a> Studies show perceived discrimination can harm well-being<a href="#cite_note-Pascoe,_E._A._2009-39">[39]</a> but is often overcome by religious pride and community, with hijab-wearing women finding strength and <a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">belonging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Persevere-40">[40]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The Arabic word hijab (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حجاب) is the verbal noun originating from the verb ﺣَﺠَﺐَ (hajaba), from the triliteral root ح ج ب (H-J-B), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of hide, conceal, block.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islamic_scripture">In Islamic scripture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Islamic scripture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qur'an">Qur'an</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qur'an">edit</a>]</div> About seven verses address the way a woman should dress when walking in public;<a href="#cite_note-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012-43">[43]</a> Muslims have differed as how to understand these verses; Sunni<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_The_International_Union_of_Muslim_Scholars,_a_group_consisting_of_Sunni_scholars_from_across_fifteen_countries,_also_has_discerned_hijab_is_required_in_its_Arabic_language_decrees."><a href="#ref_The_International_Union_of_Muslim_Scholars,_a_group_consisting_of_Sunni_scholars_from_across_fifteen_countries,_also_has_discerned_hijab_is_required_in_its_Arabic_language_decrees.">^</a> and Shia<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> scholars say hijab is mandatory, while Ismaili, accounting for ~0.25% of all Muslims, do not.<a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Qur'anic verses relating to dress materials use the khimār which translates to "headscarf" in English,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-haj-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldwideenc-55">[54]</a> coverings worn by women in Arabia at the advent of Islam mostly to protect against the hot sun and desert;<a href="#cite_note-khimar1-56">[55]</a> by some, it is a headcovering<a href="#cite_note-haj-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldwideenc-55">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">jilbāb</a> (a dress or cloak) rather than ḥijāb.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[nb 2]</a> The clearest verses on this topic are <a href="/wiki/An-Nur" title="An-Nur">Surah An-Nur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=30">24:30-31</a>, telling both men and women to dress and act modestly, with more detail on women's position.<a href="#cite_note-Islamonline-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hameed-59">[57]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Muhammad], tell believing men to lower their glances and guard their private parts: that is purer for them. God is well aware of everything they do. And tell believing women that they should lower their glances, guard their private parts, and not display their charms beyond what [it is acceptable] to reveal; they should let their headscarves fall to cover their necklines and not reveal their charms except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their womenfolk, their slaves, such men as attend them who have no sexual desire, or children who are not yet aware of women's nakedness; they should not stamp their feet so as to draw attention to any hidden charms. Believers, all of you, turn to God so that you may prosper.</blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_female_clothing" title="Category:Islamic female clothing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">dress</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_hijab" title="Types of hijab">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-amira" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-amira">Al-amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">Burkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Faf" title="Çarşaf">Çarşaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)">Haik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerudung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerudung">Kerudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimeshek" title="Kimeshek">Kimeshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khimar">Khimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurhars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurhars">Kurhars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukena">Mukena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safseri" title="Safseri">Safseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selendang" class="mw-redirect" title="Selendang">Selendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayla" title="Shayla">Shayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">Yashmak</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Hijab_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijab by country">Practice and law by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burka_ban_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Burka ban in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_debate_over_veils" title="British debate over veils">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_veiling_practices_by_country#Canada" title="Islamic veiling practices by country">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France" title="Islamic scarf controversy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia#National_law_and_sharia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan#Culture" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Hijab_and_dress_code" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women#Gender_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">Taliban Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey" title="Headscarf controversy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_feminist_views_on_hijab" title="Muslim feminist views on hijab">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujum" title="Hujum">Hujum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab" title="Kashf-e hijab">Kashf-e hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Stealthy_Freedom" title="My Stealthy Freedom">My Stealthy Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">Wimple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hijab_Day" title="World Hijab Day">World Hijab Day</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_female_dress" title="Template:Islamic female dress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_female_dress" title="Template talk:Islamic female dress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_female_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic female dress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/The_Syro-Aramaic_Reading_of_the_Koran" title="The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran">Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic reading</a>, the verse instead commands women to "snap their belts around their waists" as an <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a>, the belt was a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> for chastity.<a href="#cite_note-chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it-60">[58]</a> According to him, the meanings of the words in the relevant part of the verse are as follows: خِمار Khimar; cummerbund, جيب jyb;<a href="#cite_note-61">[nb 3]</a> sinus, sac, وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ; "let them hit."<a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b" title="Al-Aḥzāb">Al-Aḥzāb</a>: 59, there is a statement that tells women to wear their "outer garments" when going out for various needs (such as defecation), interpreted by some as a command<a href="#cite_note-Hameed-59">[57]</a> and by others as a recommendation of protective measures against sexual harassment in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moroccoworldnews.com-67">[63]</a> The word used in the verse is the plural form of jilbab (جَلَـٰبِيبِهِنَّ), which translates to cloak in English. This verse was legislated after the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijrah</a> to Medina; most Muslim scholars consider the jilbab described not to include the face, although a small group believe covering the face is included.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The exact wording in Arabic (ذَٰلِكَ أَدْنَىٰٓ أَن يُعْرَفْنَ فَلَا يُؤْذَيْنَ) literally translates to "so that they will be recognized and not be harmed."<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[65]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">O Prophet, tell your wives, your daughters, and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks over themselves. That is more suitable so that they will be recognized and not be harmed. And Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful. </blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_(32446014332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg/300px-No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg/450px-No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg/600px-No_Muslim_Ban_Protests_-_DC_%2832446014332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5228" data-file-height="3485" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in Washington D.C. hold a sign depicting a woman wrapped in a U.S. flag hijab following Trump's signing of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> According to the narrations and the most well-known explanation of the verse, the verse was an expression directed towards free and Muslim women, not slaves or non-Muslim women, for which <a href="/wiki/Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabari">Tabari</a> cites <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> states that the jilbab was distinguishing free Muslim women from those of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a>, so other men know they are free women and not <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-69">[65]</a> so they are not harassed. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a> concurs with Tabari about this ayah being for those who are free. It is reported that <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> prohibited <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">female slaves</a> from resembling free women by covering their hair.<a href="#cite_note-Fadl-70">[66]</a> Some later scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a> questioned cited common explanation. Ibn Hayyan believed that "believing women" referred to both free women and slaves as the latter are bound to more easily entice lust, and their exclusion is not clearly indicated. Ibn Hazm also believed that it covered Muslim slaves as it would violate the law of not molesting a slave or fornication with her like that with a free woman. He stated that anything not attributed to Muhammad should be disregarded.<a href="#cite_note-Veil2011-71">[67]</a>: 114  What is said about the dimensions of the Jilbab in use varies; Qurtubi reports that a jilbab covers the whole body. He also cites the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a> as saying it is no longer than a rida (a shawl or a wrap that covers the upper body). He also reports a minority view which considers the <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqab</a> or head-covering as jilbab. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> considered that excessive covering would make it impossible for a woman to be recognised, which the verse mentions, though both Qurtubi and Tabari agree that the word recognition is about distinguishing free women.<a href="#cite_note-Veil2011-71">[67]</a>: 111–113  The word ḥijāb in the Qur'an refers not to women's clothing but to a spatial partition or curtain.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> Sometimes, its use is literal, as in the verse which refers to the screen that separated Muhammad's wives from the visitors to his house (33:53), while in other cases the word denotes separation between deity and mortals (42:51), wrongdoers and righteous (7:46, 41:5), believers and unbelievers (17:45), and <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">light from darkness</a> (38:32).<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> The interpretations of the ḥijāb as separation can be classified into three types: visual barrier, physical barrier, and ethical barrier. A visual barrier (for example, between Muhammad's family and the surrounding community) serves to hide from sight something, which emphasizes a symbolic boundary. A physical barrier is used to create a space that provides comfort and privacy for individuals, such as elite women. An ethical barrier, such as the expression purity of hearts in reference to Muhammad's wives and the Muslim men who visit them, makes something forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith">Hadith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hadith">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> sources specify the details of hijab for men and women, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">exegesis</a> of the Qur'anic verses attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">sahabah</a>, and are a major source which <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim legal scholars</a> used to derive rulings.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamali-74">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> records <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">`<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar bin Al-Khattab</a> used to say to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Allah's Messenger</a> "Let your wives be veiled" But he did not do so. The wives of the Prophet used to go out to answer the call of nature at night only at Al-Manasi.' Once <a href="/wiki/Sawdah_bint_Zam%27ah" title="Sawdah bint Zam'ah">Sauda</a>, the daughter of Zam`a, went out and she was a tall woman. `Umar bin Al-Khattab saw her while he was in a gathering, and said, "I have recognized you, O Sauda!" He said so as he was anxious for some Divine orders regarding the veil. So <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> revealed the Verse of veiling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006170-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhārī1997146Vol._8,_no._6240-76">[72]</a></blockquote> Aisha also reported that when Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=31">24:31</a> was revealed, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">...the men of <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> went to the women of Ansar and recited to them the words Allah had revealed. Each man recited to his wife, his daughter, his sister and other female relatives. Each woman among them got up, took her decorated wrapper and wrapped herself up in it out of faith and belief in what Allah had revealed. They appeared behind the Messenger of Allah wrapped up, as if there were crows on their heads.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veil2011-71">[67]</a>: 118 </blockquote> Although these narrations imply black clothing, other narrations indicate wives of Muhammad also wore other colored-clothes like yellow or rose.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veil2011-71">[67]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shape_and_extent_according_to_hadiths">Shape and extent according to hadiths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shape and extent according to hadiths">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saffiyah_bint_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffiyah bint ‘Abd al-Muttalib">Safiya bint Shaiba</a>, said that 'A'ishah mentioned the women of Ansar, praised them and said good words about them. She then said: When Surat an-Nur came down, they took the curtains, tore them and made head covers (veils) of them.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/032-sat.php#032.4091">32:4091</a>. This hadith is often translated as "...and covered their heads and faces with the cut pieces of cloth,"<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Some commentators, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Bari" title="Fath al-Bari">Fatḥ al-Bārī</a>, claimed that covering also covers the face, based on the word (Arabic: فَاخْتَمَرْنَ) in the text of this hadith.</li></ul> <ul><li>According to some hadiths from Bukhari, Abu Dawud and Nasai, during the time of Muhammad, male and female Muslims were performing ablution from the same water bowl. "We used to perform ablution collectively, men and women, by lowering and dipping our hands into the same bowl." indicating that women could perform ablution in the presence of men. In this case, the arms up to the elbows, feet, face and the part of the head that are essential for ablution and wiping can be considered as free zones.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_prayer">In prayer</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In prayer">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_prayer_in_Islam" title="Women's prayer in Islam">Women's prayer in Islam</a></div> <ul><li>Yahya related to me from Malik from Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Qunfudh that his mother asked Umm Salama, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, "What clothes can a woman wear in prayer?" She said, "She can pray in the khimār and the diri' (Arabic: الدِّرْعِ, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'shield, armature', <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> 'a woman's garment') that reaches down and covers the top of her feet."<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a></li> <li>Aishah narrated that Allah's Messenger said: "The <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a> of a woman who has reached the age of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> is not accepted without a khimār."<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Muhammad's_lifetime">During Muhammad's lifetime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: During Muhammad's lifetime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABrah" title="Sīrah">Sīrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLATE8CX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PLATE8CX.jpg/250px-PLATE8CX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PLATE8CX.jpg/330px-PLATE8CX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/PLATE8CX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Early costumes of <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> women</figcaption></figure> In early Islamic texts, the term hijab can mean "veil" or "curtain" referring seclusion.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The contemporary understanding of the hijab dates back to Hadith when the "verse of the hijab" descended upon the community in 627 CE<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> documented in Sura 33:53, states, "And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a partition. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts".<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> As Muhammad's influence increased, he entertained more and more visitors in the mosque, which was then his home. Often, these visitors stayed the night only feet away from his wives' apartments. It is commonly understood that this verse was intended to protect his wives from these strangers.<a href="#cite_note-Aslan_2005_66-86">[82]</a> Available evidence suggests that veiling was not introduced into Arabia by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, but already existed there, particularly in the towns, although it was probably not as widespread as in the neighbouring countries such as Syria and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-ahmed55-56-87">[83]</a> Similarly to the practice among Greeks, Byzantines, Jews, and Assyrians, its use was associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">high social status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ahmed55-56-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[nb 5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leila_Ahmed" title="Leila Ahmed">Leila Ahmed</a> adds that Muhammad's concubines did not wear veils, while his wives did, and emphasizes that the term "darabat'ül hijab" was used among Muslims over time to mean "she entered among <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a>."<a href="#cite_note-ahmed54-55-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress_code_in_sharia">Dress code in sharia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dress code in sharia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">Awrah</a></div> Traditional scholars had different opinions on covering the hands and face. <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a> usually require women to cover everything but their hands and face in public,<a href="#cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-22">[22]</a> but do not require the <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a> (a face covering worn by some Muslim women). Some held the opinion that covering the face is <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">recommended</a> if the woman's beauty is so great that it is distracting and causes <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">temptation or public discord</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In nearly all Muslim cultures, pre-pubescent girls are not required to wear a hijab.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> In private, and in the presence of close relatives (mahrams), rules on dress relax. However, in the presence of the husband, most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Some scholars argue that beyond the body of a woman, her voice is also a part of her "awrah" and should not be heard by men outside her immediate family. They cite some hadiths citing women's voices as a source of temptation and <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a> (charmingness, attractiveness) and should be kept private and some verse interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Smiling woman outdoors wearing a brightly coloured headscarf and embroidered clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg/220px-Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg/330px-Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg/440px-Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>A Tunisian woman wearing a hijab</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, Pakistani education activist and 2014 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, wears a head scarf</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sunni">edit</a>]</div> In Sunni tradition, scholarly consensus (ijma') has discerned hijab is mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> The four major <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Sunni schools of thought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>) believe that it is <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">obligatory</a> for free women to cover their hair,<a href="#cite_note-amer37-95">[90]</a> and the entire body except her face and hands, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than <a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">close family members</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seekershub.org-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> According to Hanafis and other scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>], these requirements extend to being around non-Muslim women as well, for fear that they may describe her physical features to unrelated men.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_for_Islamic_Research_and_Issuing_Fatwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas">Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas</a> in Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-PermanentCommittee-100">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Adam_Al-Kawthari" title="Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari">Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> also believe women should cover their head. Men must cover from their belly buttons to their knees, though the schools differ on whether this includes covering the navel and knees or only what is between them.<a href="#cite_note-askimam.org-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-darululoomtt.net-105">[100]</a> It is recommended that women wear clothing that is not form fitting to the body, such as modest forms of Western clothing (long shirts and skirts), or the more traditional jilbāb, a high-necked, loose robe that covers the arms and legs. A khimār or shaylah, a scarf or cowl that covers all but the face, is also worn in many different styles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shia">edit</a>]</div> In Shia jurisprudence, by consensus, it is obligatory for women to cover their hair, and the entire body except her hands and face, while in the presence of people of the opposite sex other than close family members.<a href="#cite_note-iranprimer.usip.org-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-18">[18]</a> The major and most important Shia hadith collections such as Nahj Al-Balagha and Kitab Al-Kafi for the most part do not give any details about hijab requirements. However a quotation from <a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a> in reply to his brother makes reference to female hijab requirements during the salat (prayer), stating "She covers her body and head with it then prays. And if her feet protrude from beneath, and she doesn't have the means to prevent that, there is no harm".<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_views">Alternative views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alternative views">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Leila_Ahmed" title="Leila Ahmed">Leila Ahmed</a> argues that head covering in Islam should not be seen as mandatory since it existed before the revelation of the Qur’an. It was introduced to Arabia through Arab interactions with Syria and Iran, where the hijab represented social status. Women who did not work in fields could afford to be secluded and veiled.<a href="#cite_note-aslan-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Among her arguments is that while some Qur'anic verses enjoin women in general to "draw their Jilbabs (overgarment or cloak) around them to be recognized as believers and so that no harm will come to them"[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=58">33:58-59</a>] and "guard their private parts ... and drape down khimar over their breasts [when in the presence of unrelated men]",[Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=31">24:31</a>] they urge modesty. The word khimar or "veil" refers to a piece of cloth that was popularly used to cover the head in ancient Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> While the term "hijab" was originally anything that was used to conceal,<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> it became used to refer to concealing garments worn by women outside the house, specifically the headscarf or khimar.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Modernist thinkers including <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a> and Leila Ahmed, believe the requirements of the hijab were initially intended solely for Muhammad's wives, serving to preserve their sanctity. This was because Muhammad conducted religious and civic matters in the mosque next to his home.<a href="#cite_note-aslan-20">[20]</a> Leila Ahmed further explains that Muhammad aimed at fostering a sense of privacy and protecting the intimate space of his wives from the constant presence of the bustling community at their doorstep. They argue that the term darabat al-hijab ('taking the veil') was used synonymously and interchangeably with ‘becoming Prophet Muhammad's wife’ and that during Muhammad's life no other Muslim woman wore the hijab. <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan</a> suggests that Muslim women started to wear the hijab to emulate Muhammad's wives, who are revered as "Mothers of the Believers" in Islam,<a href="#cite_note-aslan-20">[20]</a> and states "there was no tradition of veiling until around 627 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">C.E.</a>" in the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-aslan-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahmedWomIslam-21">[21]</a> The latter claim is widely disproved.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_National_Army_(ANA)_Brig._Gen._Khatool_Mohammadzai,_center,_the_director_for_women%27s_affairs_and_the_deputy_director_for_the_education_and_physical_training_within_the_ANA,_poses_with_a_group_of_120220-A-WI966-673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_Brig._Gen._Khatool_Mohammadzai%2C_center%2C_the_director_for_women%27s_affairs_and_the_deputy_director_for_the_education_and_physical_training_within_the_ANA%2C_poses_with_a_group_of_120220-A-WI966-673.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_Brig._Gen._Khatool_Mohammadzai%2C_center%2C_the_director_for_women%27s_affairs_and_the_deputy_director_for_the_education_and_physical_training_within_the_ANA%2C_poses_with_a_group_of_120220-A-WI966-673.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Afghan_National_Army_%28ANA%29_Brig._Gen._Khatool_Mohammadzai%2C_center%2C_the_director_for_women%27s_affairs_and_the_deputy_director_for_the_education_and_physical_training_within_the_ANA%2C_poses_with_a_group_of_120220-A-WI966-673.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> army and police officials wearing hijabs in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. (Period before <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> rule)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> argues that all Islamic moderates agree that, in all cases, the decision whether to wear the hijab should be a woman's autonomous decision and that her choice must be respected because the moderate pro-choice position is based on the Quranic teachings that there ought to be no compulsion in religion. <a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Many scholars argue that these contemporary views and arguments, however, contradict the hadith sources, the classical scholars, exegesis sources, historical consensus, and interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Masud</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some traditionalist Muslim scholars accept the contemporary views and arguments as those hadith sources are not sahih and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a> would no longer be applicable if it is argued by scholars (even if it is argued by only one scholar). Notable examples of traditionalist Muslim scholars who accept these contemporary views include the Indonesian scholar <a href="/wiki/Quraish_Shihab" title="Quraish Shihab">Quraish Shihab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_veiling_practices">Pre-Islamic veiling practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic veiling practices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg/250px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg/330px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg/500px-Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Veiled_and_Masked_Dancer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Greek bronze statuette of a veiled and masked dancer, 2nd–3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses date back as far as 2500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine, Greek, and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-117">[112]</a> In ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria had explicit <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumptuary laws">sumptuary laws</a> detailing which women must veil and which women must not, depending upon the woman's class, rank, and occupation in society.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-117">[112]</a> Female slaves and prostitutes were forbidden to veil and faced harsh penalties if they did so.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> Veiling was thus not only a marker of aristocratic rank, but also served to "differentiate between 'respectable' women and those who were publicly available".<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-117">[112]</a> Strict seclusion and the veiling of matrons were also customary in ancient Greece. Between 550 and 323 BCE, prior to Christianity, respectable women in classical Greek society were expected to seclude themselves and wear clothing that concealed them from the eyes of strange men.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Roman pagan custom included the practice of the head covering worn by the priestesses of <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>).<a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_baal07(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg/250px-Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg/330px-Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg/500px-Temple_of_baal07%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Islamic relief showing veiled women, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Temple of Baal</a>, Palmyra, Syria, 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> It is not clear whether the Hebrew Bible contains prescriptions with regard to veiling, but rabbinic literature presents it as a question of modesty (<a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">tzniut</a>).<a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> Modesty became an important rabbinic virtue in the early Roman period, and it may have been intended to distinguish Jewish women from their non-Jewish counterparts in Babylonian and later in Greco-Roman society.<a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> According to rabbinical precepts, married Jewish women have to cover their hair (cf. <a href="/wiki/Mitpa%E1%B8%A5at" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitpaḥat">Mitpaḥat</a>). The surviving representations of veiled Jewish women may reflect general Roman customs rather than particular Jewish practices.<a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fadwa_El_Guindi" title="Fadwa El Guindi">Fadwa El Guindi</a>, at the inception of Christianity, Jewish women were veiling their heads and faces.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Vestal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chief_Vestal.jpg/170px-Chief_Vestal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Chief_Vestal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Roman statue of a <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a></figcaption></figure> The best-known view on <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">Christian headcovering</a> is delineated in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> within the passage in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_11" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 11">1 Corinthians 11</a>:4–7, which states that "every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head".<a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">early Church Fathers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tertullian_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertullian of Carthage">Tertullian of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> attested in their writings that Christian women should wear a headcovering, while men should pray with their heads uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-OCIC-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJEOC2019-121">[116]</a> There is archaeological evidence demonstrating that headcovering was observed as an ordinance by women in early Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-freund-119">[114]</a> and the practice of Christian headcovering continues among female adherents of many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> today, especially among <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist Christian">Anabaptist Christians</a>, as well as among certain <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christian">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Christian">Reformed Christians</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJEOC2019-121">[116]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> women cover their heads and face with a veil in a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Ghoonghat" title="Ghoonghat">ghoonghat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2003-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta1987-125">[120]</a> Intermixing of populations resulted in a convergence of the cultural practices of Greek, Persian, and Mesopotamian empires and the Semitic peoples of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> Veiling and seclusion of women appear to have established themselves among Jews and Christians before spreading to urban Arabs of the upper classes and eventually among the urban masses.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> In the rural areas it was common to cover the hair, but not the face.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> According to Leila Ahmed, the rigid norms pertaining to veiling and seclusion of women found in Christian Byzantine literature had been influenced by ancient Persian traditions, and there is evidence to suggest that they differed significantly from actual practice.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Leila Ahmed argues that "Whatever the cultural source or sources, a fierce misogyny was a distinct ingredient of Mediterranean and eventually Christian thought in the centuries immediately preceding the rise of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_1992_35-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_pre-modern_history">Later pre-modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later pre-modern history">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">history of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, it is known that female slaves did show themselves unveiled. Slave women were visually identified by their way of dress. While Islamic law dictated that a free Muslim woman should veil herself entirely, except for her face and hands, in order to hide her <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">awrah</a> (intimate parts) and avoid sexual harassment, the awrah of slave women were defined differently, and she was only to cover between her navel and her knee.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> This difference became even more prominent during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">the Abbasid Caliphate</a>, when free Muslim women, in particular those of the upper classes, were subjected to even more sex segregation and <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> seclusion, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">qiyan</a> slave artists, who performed unveiled in male company.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> The practice of veiling was borrowed from the elites of the Byzantine and Persian empires, where it was a symbol of respectability and high social status, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab conquests</a> of those empires.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Reza Aslan argues that "The veil was neither compulsory nor widely adopted until generations after Muhammad's death, when a large body of male scriptural and legal scholars began using their religious and political authority to regain the dominance they had lost in society as a result of the Prophet's egalitarian reforms".<a href="#cite_note-Aslan_2005_66-86">[82]</a> Because Islam identified with the monotheistic religions of the conquered empires, the practice was adopted as an appropriate expression of Qur'anic ideals regarding modesty and piety.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Veiling gradually spread to upper-class Arab women, and eventually it became widespread among Muslim women in cities throughout the Middle East. Veiling of Arab Muslim women became especially pervasive under Ottoman rule as a mark of rank and exclusive lifestyle, and Istanbul of the 17th century witnessed differentiated dress styles that reflected geographical and occupational identities.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> Women in rural areas were much slower to adopt veiling because the garments interfered with their work in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Since wearing a veil was impractical for working women, "a veiled woman silently announced that her husband was rich enough to keep her idle."<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> By the 19th century, upper-class urban Muslim and Christian women in Egypt wore a garment which included a head cover and a burqa (<a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> cloth that covered the lower nose and the mouth).<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> The name of this garment, harabah, derives from early Christian and Judaic religious vocabulary, which may indicate the origins of the garment itself.<a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> Up to the first half of the twentieth century, rural women in the Maghreb and Egypt put on a form of niqab when they visited urban areas, "as a sign of civilization".<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moslema_in_style_(8093610616).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg/170px-Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg/255px-Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg/340px-Moslema_in_style_%288093610616%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>A model displaying a fashionable hijab at "Moslema In Style Fashion Show" in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> Western clothing largely dominated fashion in Muslim countries in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Afghanistan and Iran, some women wore short skirts, flower printed <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> dresses, flared trousers,<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> and went out in public without the hijab.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This changed following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] military dictatorship in Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> of 1979, when traditional conservative attire including the <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a>, jilbab and niqab made a comeback.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> There were demonstrations in Iran in March 1979 after the hijab law, decreeing that women in Iran would have to wear scarves to leave the house, was brought in.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> However, this phenomenon did not happen in all countries with a significant Muslim population; in Turkey there has been a decline on women wearing the hijab in recent years,<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> although under Erdoğan Turkey is becoming more conservative and Islamic, as Turkey repeals the <a href="/wiki/Headscarf_controversy_in_Turkey#Banning_of_headscarves" title="Headscarf controversy in Turkey">1982 headscarf ban in public sector</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> and the founding of new fashion companies catering to women who want to dress more conservatively.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Egyptian leader President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> claimed that, in 1953, he was told by the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> organization that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded, "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college, and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?"<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The late-twentieth century saw a resurgence of the hijab in Egypt after a long period of decline as a result of westernization. Already in the mid-1970s some college aged Muslim men and women began a movement meant to reunite and rededicate themselves to the Islamic faith.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-146">[141]</a> This movement was named the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Sahwah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> or awakening, and sparked a period of heightened religiosity that began to be reflected in the dress code.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">[140]</a> The uniform adopted by the young female pioneers of this movement was named al-Islāmī (Islamic dress) and was made up of an "al-jilbāb—an unfitted, long-sleeved, ankle-length gown in austere solid colors and thick opaque fabric—and al-khimār, a head cover resembling a nun's <a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a> that covers the hair low to the forehead, comes under the chin to conceal the neck, and falls down over the chest and back".<a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">[140]</a> In addition to the basic garments that were mostly universal within the movement, additional measures of modesty could be taken depending on how conservative the followers wished to be. Some women choose to also utilize a face covering (niqāb) that leaves only eye slits for sight, as well as both gloves and socks in order to reveal no visible skin.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> Soon this movement expanded outside of the youth realm and became a more widespread Muslim practice. Women viewed this way of dress as a way to both publicly announce their religious beliefs as well as a way to simultaneously reject Western influences of dress and culture that were prevalent at the time. Despite many criticisms of the practice of hijab being oppressive and detrimental to women's equality,<a href="#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-146">[141]</a> many Muslim women view the way of dress to be a positive thing. It is seen as a way to avoid harassment and unwanted sexual advances in public and works to desexualize women in the public sphere in order to instead allow them to enjoy equal rights of complete legal, economic, and political status. This modesty was not only demonstrated by their chosen way of dress but also by their serious demeanor which worked to show their dedication to modesty and Islamic beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg/220px-Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg/330px-Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg/440px-Medalists_at_the_Women%27s_57_kg_Taekwando.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> medalists from Spain, Britain, Iran and Egypt at Rio Olympics, 2016<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> Controversy erupted over the practice. Many people, both men and women from backgrounds of both Islamic and non-Islamic faith questioned the hijab and what it stood for in terms of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">women and their rights</a>. There was questioning of whether in practice the hijab was truly a female choice or if women were being coerced or pressured into wearing it.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">[140]</a> As the awakening movement gained momentum, its goals matured and shifted from promoting modesty towards more of a political stance in terms of retaining support for <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> and a symbolic rejection of Western culture and norms. Today the hijab means many different things for different people. For Islamic women who choose to wear the hijab it allows them to retain their modesty, morals and freedom of choice.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-146">[141]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the discussion and discourse on the hijab in Western nations intensified as Islamic traditions and theology came under greater scrutiny, with Hijabis facing extensive discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> According to the Harvard University Pluralism Project: "Some Muslim women cover their head only during prayer in the mosque; other Muslim women wear the hijab; still others may cover their head with a turban or a loosely draped scarf."<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_practice">Contemporary practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contemporary practice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_hijab" title="Types of hijab">Types of hijab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijab_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijab by country">Hijab by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm/220px--A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="170" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="370" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="186" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="468" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm/A_mother_of_one_of_the_Camp_Speicher_massacre_victims_throws_her_headscarf_at_the_Iraqi_parliament_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="468" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Wearing or not wearing a hijab can also be an act of protest. In August 2014 a mother of one of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a> victims threw her headscarf at the Iraqi parliament speaker, <a href="/wiki/Salim_al-Jabouri" title="Salim al-Jabouri">Salim al-Jabouri</a>.</figcaption></figure> The styles and practices of hijab vary widely across the world. An opinion poll conducted in 2014 by The University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research asked residents of seven Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) which style of women's dress they considered to be most appropriate in public.<a href="#cite_note-2014poll-152">[147]</a> The survey found that the headscarf (in its tightly- or loosely-fitting form) was chosen by the majority of respondents in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and Turkey. The response rate for people of Turkey was just about 60%.<a href="#cite_note-2014poll-152">[147]</a> In Saudi Arabia, 63% gave preference to the <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a> face veil; in Pakistan the niqab, the full-length <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a> robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all.<a href="#cite_note-2014poll-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-q&a-153">[148]</a> The survey found "no significant difference" in the preferences between surveyed men and women, except in Pakistan, where more men favoured conservative women's dress.<a href="#cite_note-q&a-153">[148]</a> However, women more strongly support women's right to choose how to dress.<a href="#cite_note-q&a-153">[148]</a> People with university education are less conservative in their choice than those without one, and more supportive of women's right to decide their dress style, except in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-q&a-153">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg/170px-Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg/255px-Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg/340px-Iriana_Joko_Widodo_in_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iriana" title="Iriana">Iriana</a> wearing a türban</figcaption></figure> Some fashion-conscious women have been turning to non-traditional forms of hijab such as turbans.<a href="#cite_note-turban-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> While some regard turbans as a proper head cover, others argue that it cannot be considered a proper Islamic veil if it leaves the neck exposed.<a href="#cite_note-turban-154">[149]</a> In Iran, where wearing the hijab is legally required, many women push the boundaries of the state-mandated dress code, risking a fine or a spell in detention.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The former Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> had vowed to rein in the morality police and their presence on the streets has decreased since he took office, but the powerful conservative forces in the country have resisted his efforts, and the dress codes are still being enforced, especially during the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> became president, he started imposing hijab laws strictly, announcing use of facial recognition in public transport to enforce hijab law.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> An Iranian woman, <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahsa Amini">Mahsa Amini</a>, died in custody of 'morality police' after they arrested her on new stricter hijab laws, which led to <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">widespread protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Women's resistance in Iran is gaining traction as an increasing number of women challenge the mandatory wearing of the hijab. Smith (2017) addressed the progress that Iranian women have made in her article, "Iran surprises by realizing Islamic dress code for women,"<a href="#cite_note-Istanbul-160">[155]</a> published by The Times, a news organization based in the UK. The Iranian government has enforced their penal dress codes less strictly and instead of imprisonment as a punishment have implemented mandatory reform classes in the liberal capital, Tehran. General Hossein Rahimi, the Tehran's police chief stated, "Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them" (Smith, 2017). The remarks of Tehran's recent police chief in 2017 reflect political progress in contrast with the remarks of Tehran's 2006 police chief.<a href="#cite_note-Istanbul-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Iranian women activists have made a headway since 1979 relying on fashion to enact cultural and political change. In Turkey the hijab was formerly banned in private and state universities and schools. The ban applied not to the scarf wrapped around the neck, traditionally worn by Anatolian villager women, but to the head covering pinned neatly at the sides, called türban in Turkey, which has been adopted by a growing number of educated urban women since the 1980s. As of the mid-2000s, over 60% of Turkish women covered their head outside home. However the majority of those wear a traditional, non-Islamic head covering and only 11% wore a türban.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-salon.com-165">[160]</a> The ban was lifted from universities in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> from government buildings in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> and from schools in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-news24.com-168">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East,_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg/220px-Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg/330px-Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg/440px-Muna_AbuSulayman_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_the_Middle_East%2C_North_Africa_and_Eurasia_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muna_AbuSulayman" title="Muna AbuSulayman">Muna AbuSulayman</a> wearing a turban</figcaption></figure> The hijab is also a common cultural practice for Muslims in the West. For example, in a 2016 Environics poll, a large majority (73%) of Canadian Muslim women reported wearing some sort of head-covering in public (58% wear the hijab, 13% wear the <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a> and 2% wear the <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a>). Wearing a head covering in public had increased since the 2006 survey.<a href="#cite_note-poll-169">[164]</a> Women who wear the Hijab may be called "hijabi". Meanwhile, in a Pew Research Center poll from 2011, most Muslim American women also reported wearing hijab, 36% indicating they wore hijab whenever they were in public, with an additional 24% saying they wore it most or some of the time; 40% said they never wore hijab.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Around the world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hijab_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijab by country">Hijab by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijabdfvsdf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hijabdfvsdf.svg/250px-Hijabdfvsdf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hijabdfvsdf.svg/500px-Hijabdfvsdf.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Map showing prevalence of hijab wearing across the world and indicating countries where there are restrictions on wearing it.</figcaption></figure> Some governments encourage and even oblige women to wear the hijab, while others have banned it in at least some public settings. In many parts of the world women also experience informal pressure for or against wearing the hijab, including physical attacks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_enforcement">Legal enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal enforcement">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, there was a campaign by religious conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> to impose the hijab on women during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Unified_National_Leadership_of_the_Uprising" title="Unified National Leadership of the Uprising">Unified National Leadership of the Uprising</a> (UNLU) declared that it rejected the imposition of a hijab policy for women, and targeted those who seek to impose the hijab, but that declaration was argued to have come too late, as many women had already yielded to the pressure in order to avoid harassment.<a href="#cite_note-auto-171">[166]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">assuming the government in the Gaza Strip</a> in June 2007, Hamas sought to enforce Islamic law, imposing the hijab on women at courts, institutions and schools.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> transitioned from banning veils in 1936 to mandating Islamic dress for women following the 1979 Islamic Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Ramezani10-174">[169]</a> By 1980, veiling was required in government and educational settings, with the 1983 penal code imposing 74 lashes for not adhering to the hijab, though the exact requirements were unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Ramezani10-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-bucar-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> This led to public tensions and vigilante actions regarding proper hijab.<a href="#cite_note-Ramezani10-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-bucar-175">[170]</a> Subsequent regulations in 1984 and 1988 clarified dress-code standards, and the current penal code prescribes fines or prison terms for failing to observe hijab, without detailing its specific form.<a href="#cite_note-Ramezani10-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-kelly-breslin-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ir%C3%A1n_(RPS_16-10-2019)_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg/200px-Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg/300px-Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg/400px-Ir%C3%A1n_%28RPS_16-10-2019%29_comprando_en_el_bazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Women wearing <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chadors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> The enforcement of the dress code in Iran has fluctuated between strict and relaxed over the years, leading to ongoing debate between conservatives and reformists like <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kelly-breslin-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The United Nations Human Rights Council has urged Iran to uphold the rights of those advocating for dress code reforms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Government and religious institutions mandate the khimar headscarf and overcoat, while women in other public areas often wear a loosely tied headscarf.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The government officially promotes stricter veiling, citing both Islamic principles and pre-Islamic Iranian culture.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> maintained that women do not have to wear a full-body cover. He stated that women can choose any kind of attire they like so long as it covers them properly and they have a hijab. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, stated that the hijab does not hinder participation in social, political, or academic activities.<a href="#cite_note-iranprimer.usip.org-13">[13]</a> In 2024, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">president of Iran</a> Hassan Rouhani criticised the reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/Guidance_Patrol" title="Guidance Patrol">Iran's morality police</a> and the implementation of the "Noor plan" by law enforcement authorities. He expressed shock over the hijab law approved by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> which predicted severe punishment for those violating it, saying that it "aligns neither with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a>, nor with justice, nor with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>."<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> The Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> encourages Muslim women to wear hijab in public.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-aceh-185">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesia's central government</a> granted Aceh's local government the right to impose <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> in 2001, although that no local regulations should conflict with Indonesian national laws, in a deal aiming to put an end to the separatist movement in the province.<a href="#cite_note-aceh-185">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> formally required women to cover their hair and wear a full-body garment, though enforcement varies.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheNewArab-188">[183]</a> Saudi women typically wear the abaya, while foreigners may choose long coats.<a href="#cite_note-economist-saudi-34">[34]</a> Regulations are enforced by religious police, which once faced criticism for their role in a fire rescue where schoolgirls' lack of hijabs was reportedly a factor, leading to 15 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the wearing of the hijab is mandated for women. The requirement extends to covering not only their heads but also their faces, as it was believed that doing so would prevent any perceived impropriety and maintain modesty in society.<a href="#cite_note-Gohari-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_bans">Legal bans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legal bans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_world">Muslim world</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Muslim world">edit</a>]</div> The tradition of veiling hair in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian culture</a> has ancient pre-Islamic origins,<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> but the widespread custom was ended by <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>'s government in 1936, as the hijab was considered to be incompatible with modernization and he ordered "unveiling" act or <a href="/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab" title="Kashf-e hijab">Kashf-e hijab</a>. In some cases the police arrested women who wore the veil and would forcibly remove it. These policies had popular support but outraged the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> clerics, to whom appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness. Some women refused to leave the house out of fear of being assaulted by Reza Shah's police.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> In 1941, the compulsory element in the policy of unveiling was abandoned. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> had a ban on headscarves at universities until recently. In 2008, the Turkish government attempted to lift a ban on Muslim headscarves at universities, but were overturned by the country's Constitutional Court.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> In December 2010, however, the Turkish government ended the headscarf ban in universities and schools.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[188]</a> The ban for civil servants remains in place.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, women were banned from wearing the hijab in state offices in 1981; in the 1980s and 1990s, more restrictions were put in place.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> In June 2024, Tajikistan's parliament passed a bill banning "foreign clothing" and religious celebrations for children during the Islamic holidays of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>. The upper house, Majlisi Milli, approved the legislation on June 19, following approval by the lower house, Majlisi Namoyandagon, on May 8. The bill specifically targets the hijab, a traditional Islamic headscarf. This formalization of restrictions comes after years of Tajikistan unofficially discouraging Islamic attire, including headscarves and bushy beards.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> In 2007, the Ministry of Education banned both Islamic clothing and Western-style miniskirts in schools, a policy later extended to all public institutions. Minister of Culture <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsiddin_Orumbekzoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsiddin Orumbekzoda (page does not exist)">Shamsiddin Orumbekzoda</a> told <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> that Islamic dress was "really dangerous". Under previous laws, women wearing hijabs are already banned from entering the country's government offices.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hujum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hujum.png/220px-Hujum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hujum.png/330px-Hujum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hujum.png/440px-Hujum.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A veil-burning ceremony in USSR as part of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Hujum" title="Hujum">Hujum policies</a></figcaption></figure> In the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a broad atheistic <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> campaign was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> to remove all manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Union Republics of Central Asia</a>, targeting prevalent practices among <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Soviet Muslims</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam#Dress_code" title="Women in Islam">female veiling practices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> On 15 March 2004, France passed <a href="/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools" title="French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools">a law</a> banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools. In the Belgian city of <a href="/wiki/Maaseik" title="Maaseik">Maaseik</a>, the niqāb has been banned since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> On 13 July 2010, France's lower house of parliament overwhelmingly approved a bill that would ban wearing the Islamic full veil in public. It became the first European country to ban the full-face veil in public places,<a href="#cite_note-Austria-201">[196]</a> followed by Belgium, Latvia, Bulgaria, Austria, Denmark and some cantons of Switzerland in the following years. Belgium banned the full-face veil in 2011 in places like parks and on the streets. In September 2013, the electors of the Swiss canton of Ticino voted in favour of a ban on face veils in public areas.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In 2016, Latvia and Bulgaria banned the burqa in public places.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> In October 2017, wearing a face veil became also illegal in Austria. This ban also includes scarves, masks and clown paint that cover faces to avoid discriminating against Muslim dress.<a href="#cite_note-Austria-201">[196]</a> In 2016, Bosnia-Herzegovina's supervising judicial authority upheld a ban on wearing Islamic headscarves in courts and legal institutions, despite protests from the Muslim community that constitutes 40% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> ruled that companies were allowed to bar employees from wearing visible religious symbols, including the hijab. However, if the company has no policy regarding the wearing of clothes that demonstrate religious and political ideas, a customer cannot ask employees to remove the clothing item.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> In 2018, the Danish parliament passed a law banning the full-face veil in public places.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In 2016, more than 20 French towns banned the use of the <a href="/wiki/Burqini" class="mw-redirect" title="Burqini">burqini</a>, a style of swimwear intended to accord with rules of hijab.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Dozens of women were subsequently issued fines, with some tickets citing not wearing "an outfit respecting good morals and secularism", and some were verbally attacked by bystanders when they were confronted by the police.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cockburn-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-row-escalates-214">[209]</a> Enforcement of the ban also hit beachgoers wearing a wide range of modest attire besides the burqini.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-row-escalates-214">[209]</a> Media reported that in one case the police forced a woman to remove part of her clothing on a beach in Nice.<a href="#cite_note-Cockburn-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-row-escalates-214">[209]</a> The Nice mayor's office denied that she was forced to do so and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice terrorist attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-row-escalates-214">[209]</a> A team of psychologists in Belgium have investigated, in two studies of 166 and 147 participants, whether the Belgians' discomfort with the Islamic hijab, and the support of its ban from the country's public sphere, is motivated by the defence of the values of autonomy and universalism (which includes equality), or by xenophobia/ethnic prejudice and by anti-religious sentiments. The studies have revealed the effects of subtle prejudice/racism, values (self-enhancement values and security versus universalism), and religious attitudes (literal anti-religious thinking versus spirituality), in predicting greater levels of anti-veil attitudes beyond the effects of other related variables such as age and political conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> In 2019, Austria banned the hijab in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria#Grundschule" title="Education in Austria">schools</a> for children up to ten years of age. The ban was motivated by the equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs. Parents who send their child to school with a headscarf will be fined 440 euro.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> The ban was overturned in 2020 by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Constitutional Court">Austrian Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Staffanstorp_Municipality" title="Staffanstorp Municipality">Staffanstorp Municipality</a> in Sweden banned all veils for school pupils up to sixth grade.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_hijab_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka hijab controversy">Karnataka hijab controversy</a></div> In India, Muslim women are allowed to wear the hijab and/or <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> anytime, anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-thestar1-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_larger_bench-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm-221">[216]</a> However, in January 2022, a number of colleges in the South Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> stopped female students wearing the hijab from entering the campus, following which the state government issued a circular banning 'religious clothes' in educational institutions where <a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">uniforms</a> are prescribed.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> On 15 March 2022, the Karnataka High Court, in a verdict, upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions where uniforms are prescribed, arguing that the practice is non-essential in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> The hijab ban was condemned inside India and abroad by officials in countries including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, and by figures like <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> A study published by human rights body <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> reported that the move to ban hijab has widened the social divide and increased fear among Muslims in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In Xinjiang province, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> has banned women from wearing veils as part of a major crackdown on what it sees as religious extremism from Muslim <a href="/wiki/Uighurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Uighurs">Uighurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial_pressure_to_wear_hijab">Unofficial pressure to wear hijab</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unofficial pressure to wear hijab">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, the capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, a previously unknown militant group calling itself <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lashkar-e-Jabbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lashkar-e-Jabbar (page does not exist)">Lashkar-e-Jabbar</a> claimed responsibility for a series of acid attacks on women who did not wear the <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> in 2001, threatening to punish women who do not adhere to their vision of Islamic dress. Women of Kashmir, most of whom are not fully veiled, defied the warning, and the attacks were condemned by prominent militant and separatist groups of the region.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">women in Jordan</a> have reported unofficial pressure to wear a hijab in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-a604-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial_pressure_against_wearing_the_hijab">Unofficial pressure against wearing the hijab</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unofficial pressure against wearing the hijab">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, women wearing the hijab have been subjected to verbal and physical attacks worldwide, particularly following terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cainkar-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Louis A. Cainkar writes that the data suggest that women in hijab rather than men are the predominant target of anti-Muslim attacks, not because they are more easily identifiable as Muslims, but because they are seen to represent a threat to the local moral order that the attackers are seeking to defend.<a href="#cite_note-Cainkar-36">[36]</a> Some women stop wearing the hijab out of fear or following perceived pressure from their acquaintances, but many refuse to stop wearing it out of religious conviction, even when they are urged to do so for self-protection.<a href="#cite_note-Cainkar-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> has no official ban on wearing the hijab, but those who wear it have reported that authorities use a number of tactics to discriminate against them.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> In 2015, authorities in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> organized a "deveiling" campaign in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, during which women wearing the hijab were detained and taken to a police station. Those who agreed to remove their hijab were released "after a conversation", while those who refused were transferred to the counterterrorism department and given a lecture. Their husbands or fathers were then summoned to convince the women to obey the police. This followed an earlier campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> After the election of <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a> as President of Uzbekistan in December 2016, Muslims were given the opportunity to openly express their religious identity, which manifested itself in the wider spread of hijabs in Uzbekistan. In July 2021, the state allowed the wearing of the hijab in public places.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> in 2016, the government sponsored street banners aiming to dissuade women from wearing the hijab.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_discrimination_against_hijab-wearing_women">Workplace discrimination against hijab-wearing women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Workplace discrimination against hijab-wearing women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a></div> Discrimination against Muslims often affects women more due to the hijab making them more visible, leading to <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">workplace prejudice</a>, particularly after the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> post-9/11.<a href="#cite_note-Tahmincioglu-37">[37]</a> Hijab-wearing Muslim women face both overt and covert discrimination in job applications and workplace environments, with covert bias often resulting in more hostile treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad,_A._S._2010-38">[38]</a> Perceived discrimination can harm well-being,<a href="#cite_note-Pascoe,_E._A._2009-39">[39]</a> but may also be overcome by religious pride and community; studies show hijab-wearing women often find greater strength and <a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">belonging</a> despite challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Persevere-40">[40]</a> The issue of discrimination against Muslims affects Muslim women more due to the hijab making them more identifiable compared to Muslim men. Particularly after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the coining of the term <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, some of Islamophobia's manifestations are seen within the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-Tahmincioglu-37">[37]</a> Women wearing the hijab are at risk of discrimination in their workplace because the hijab helps identify them for anyone who may hold Islamophobic attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Their association with the Islamic faith automatically projects any negative stereotyping of the religion onto them.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> As a result of the heightened discrimination, some hijab-wearing Muslim women in the workplace resort to taking off their hijab in hopes to prevent any further prejudice acts.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> A number of hijab-wearing women who were interviewed expressed that perceived discrimination also poses a problem for them.<a href="#cite_note-Implications-241">[236]</a> To be specific, Muslim women shared that they chose not to wear the headscarf out of fear of future discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Implications-241">[236]</a> The discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face goes beyond affecting their work experience; it also interferes with their decision to uphold religious obligations. As a result, hijab-wearing Muslim women in the United States have worries regarding their ability to follow their religion, because it might mean they are rejected employment.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Ali, Yamada, and Mahmoud (2015)<a href="#cite_note-job_sat-243">[238]</a> state that women of color who also follow the religion of Islam are considered to be in what is called "triple jeopardy", due to being a part of two minority groups subject to discrimination.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A study by Ali et al. (2015)<a href="#cite_note-job_sat-243">[238]</a> found a relationship between the discrimination Muslims face at work and their job satisfaction. In other words, the discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face at work is associated with their overall feeling of contentment of their jobs, especially compared to other religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Hijab-wearing Muslim women not only experience discrimination whilst in their job environment; they also experience discrimination in their attempts to get a job. An experimental study conducted on potential hiring discrimination among Muslims found that in terms of overt discrimination there were no differences between Muslim women who wore traditional Islamic clothing and those who did not. However, covert discrimination was noted towards Muslim who wore the hijab, and as a result were dealt with in a hostile and rude manner.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad,_A._S._2010-38">[38]</a> While observing hiring practices among 4,000 employers in the U.S., experimenters found that employers who self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> tended to avoid making interviews with candidates who appeared Muslim on their social network pages.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> One instance that some view as hijab discrimination in the workplace that gained public attention and made it to the Supreme Court was <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores">EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> took advantage of its power granted by Title VII and made a case for a young hijabi female who applied for a job, but was rejected due to her wearing a headscarf which violated Abercrombie & Fitch's pre-existing and longstanding policy against head coverings and all black garments.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Discrimination levels differ depending on geographical location; for example, South Asian Muslims in the United Arab Emirates do not perceive as much discrimination as their South Asian counterparts in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-JIWS70-97-247">[242]</a> Although, South Asian Muslim women in both locations are similar in describing discrimination experiences as subtle and indirect interactions.<a href="#cite_note-JIWS70-97-247">[242]</a> The same study also reports differences among South Asian Muslim women who wear the hijab, and those who do not. For non-hijabis, they reported to have experienced more perceived discrimination when they were around other Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-JIWS70-97-247">[242]</a> Perceived discrimination is detrimental to well-being, both mentally and physically.<a href="#cite_note-Pascoe,_E._A._2009-39">[39]</a> However, perceived discrimination may also be related to more positive well-being for the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Persevere-40">[40]</a> A study in New Zealand concluded that while Muslim women who wore the headscarf did in fact experience discrimination, these negative experiences were overcome by much higher feelings of religious pride, belonging, and centrality.<a href="#cite_note-Persevere-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Hijab_Day">World Hijab Day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World Hijab Day">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_Hijab_Day" title="World Hijab Day">World Hijab Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a></div> The World Hijab Day (WHD), which is an annual <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_secular_observances#February" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor secular observances">event founded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi American</a> Nazma Khan in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> takes place on 1 February each year in 140 countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> Its stated purpose is to encourage women of all religions and backgrounds to wear and experience the hijab for a day and to educate and spread awareness on why hijab is worn.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/60px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/40px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/60px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/120px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hijab_Day" title="World Hijab Day">World Hijab Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_hijab" title="Types of hijab">Types of hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France" title="Islamic scarf controversy in France">Islamic scarf controversy in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_feminist_views_on_hijab" title="Muslim feminist views on hijab">Muslim feminist views on hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab" title="Iranian protests against compulsory hijab">Iranian compulsory hijab protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women#Dress" title="Violence against women">Violence against women#Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear#Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hats and headgear">List of religious headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_with_Headscarf_emoji" title="Person with Headscarf emoji">Hijab emoji</a></li> <li>Covering variants: <a href="/wiki/Cowl" title="Cowl">cowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">paranja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">tagelmust</a> (worn by men), <a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">tudong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">yashmak</a></li> <li>Non-Muslim religious coverings: <a href="/wiki/Ghoonghat" title="Ghoonghat">ghoonghat</a> (Hindu), <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">Christian headcovering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">religious habit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">tichel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Beyza_Bilgin" title="Beyza Bilgin">Beyza Bilgin</a> states that the expression 'let them put their outer coverings over themselves' in the 59th verse of <a href="/wiki/Al-A%E1%B8%A5z%C4%81b" title="Al-Aḥzāb">Al-Ahzab</a> was revealed because they harassed women under the conditions of that day, considering them to be concubines, and commented as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Covering-47">[47]</a><blockquote>"In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law."</blockquote>She said the following about covering herself in <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a> :<blockquote>"They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman."<a href="#cite_note-Covering-47">[47]</a> </blockquote></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The term hijab is used in the Qur'an in the sense of "a curtain" or "partition"; verses that use the term (eg. 7:46, 33:53) are not related to dress code.<a href="#cite_note-worldwideenc-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Guindi-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Google Translate gives similar pronunciations of this word with the same meaning in many languages; For example Turkish, Persian, Urdu, Greek, Pashto, Somali, Hungarian, Albanian, Georgian…. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> One of the biggest difficulties in understanding the Quran for those who do not know <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Arabic">its language</a> may be shifts in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic usage</a> over the centuries. Studies involving understanding, interpreting and translating the Quran can contain individual tendencies, reflections and even distortions<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> caused by the region, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sects">sect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> education, religious ideology<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> and knowledge of the people who made them. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> It is reported that <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> prohibited <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">female slaves</a> from resembling free women by covering their hair.<a href="#cite_note-Fadl-70">[66]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPiela2022" class="citation web cs1">Piela, Anna (6 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/muslim-women-and-the-politics-of-the-headscarf/">"Muslim Women and the Politics of the Headscarf"</a>. Jstor. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jstor&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+and+the+Politics+of+the+Headscarf&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Piela&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fmuslim-women-and-the-politics-of-the-headscarf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2021" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/">"9. Religious clothing and personal appearance"</a>. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.+Religious+clothing+and+personal+appearance&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Freligious-clothing-and-personal-appearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhir-Allah2021" class="citation book cs1">Khir-Allah, Ghufran (24 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPYvEAAAQBAJ&dq=wimple+similar+to+hijab&pg=PA121">Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811616532" title="Special:BookSources/9789811616532"><bdi>9789811616532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Hijab+in+the+European+Mind%3A+Press+Discourse%2C+Social+Categorization+and+Stereotypes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.isbn=9789811616532&rft.aulast=Khir-Allah&rft.aufirst=Ghufran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPYvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwimple%2Bsimilar%2Bto%2Bhijab%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Christine A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_xMAgAAQBAJ&dq=mantilla+similar+to+hijab&pg=PA966">Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982992-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982992-7"><bdi>978-0-19-982992-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+American+Writer%27s+Thesaurus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-982992-7&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_xMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmantilla%2Bsimilar%2Bto%2Bhijab%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-clothing-and-personal-appearance/">"Religious clothing and personal appearance"</a>. Pew Research Center. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+clothing+and+personal+appearance&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Freligious-clothing-and-personal-appearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurgeon2016-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Spurgeon2016_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon2016" class="citation book cs1">Spurgeon, Andrew B. (14 August 2016). Twin Cultures Separated by Centuries: An Indian Reading of 1 Corinthians. Langham Publishing. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-139-6"><bdi>978-1-78368-139-6</bdi></a>. <q>Ghoonghat (also ghunghat or jhund) is the Hindi word used for a veil or a scarf that a woman in northern India wears to cover her head or face (in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam). Sometimes the end of a sari or dupatta (a long scarf) is pulled over the head or face to function as a ghoonghat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twin+Cultures+Separated+by+Centuries%3A+An+Indian+Reading+of+1+Corinthians&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Langham+Publishing&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft.isbn=978-1-78368-139-6&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2022" class="citation web cs1">Garcia, Myrian (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionunplugged.com/news/2022/3/10/hinduism-why-indias-religious-headwear-ban-has-little-impact-on-women">"How India's Religious Headwear Ban Affects Muslims And Not Hindus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_Unplugged" title="Religion Unplugged">Religion Unplugged</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Unplugged&rft.atitle=How+India%27s+Religious+Headwear+Ban+Affects+Muslims+And+Not+Hindus&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Myrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionunplugged.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F10%2Fhinduism-why-indias-religious-headwear-ban-has-little-impact-on-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eogr-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eogr_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eogr_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eogr_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eogr_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer,_Wade_Clark_Roof2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof, ed. (2012). "Hijab". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/globalreligion/n313.xml">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412997898">10.4135/9781412997898</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297" title="Special:BookSources/9780761927297"><bdi>9780761927297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hijab&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Religion&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412997898&rft.isbn=9780761927297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Fglobalreligion%2Fn313.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> “Hijab.” Cambridge Dictionary, dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hijab. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasir2020" class="citation book cs1">Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejf_DwAAQBAJ&dq=hijab+as+adornment&pg=PA117">Representing Islam: Hip-Hop of the September 11 Generation</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05305-3"><bdi>978-0-253-05305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Islam%3A+Hip-Hop+of+the+September+11+Generation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12&rft.isbn=978-0-253-05305-3&rft.aulast=Nasir&rft.aufirst=Kamaludeen+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dejf_DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhijab%2Bas%2Badornment%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.ca/read/paper/is-hijab-religious-or-cultural-how-islamic-rulings-are-formed">"Is Hijab Religious or Cultural? How Islamic Rulings Are Formed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Hijab+Religious+or+Cultural%3F+How+Islamic+Rulings+Are+Formed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.ca%2Fread%2Fpaper%2Fis-hijab-religious-or-cultural-how-islamic-rulings-are-formed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAziz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Aziz, Shamsa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/68752350">"Veiling and Unveiling: Attitudes and Experiences of University Students in the Punjab"</a>. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education. 1 (4): 353–366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Education&rft.atitle=Veiling+and+Unveiling%3A+Attitudes+and+Experiences+of+University+Students+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Shamsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F68752350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranprimer.usip.org-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranprimer.usip.org_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranprimer.usip.org_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranprimer.usip.org_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313092727/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2020/dec/08/part-4-khomeini-khamenei-women">"Part 4: Khomeini & Khamenei on Women"</a>. 8 December 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2020/dec/08/part-4-khomeini-khamenei-women">the original</a> on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+4%3A+Khomeini+%26+Khamenei+on+Women&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanprimer.usip.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2Fdec%2F08%2Fpart-4-khomeini-khamenei-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61479107/Epro2019_IDMAC20191210-77450-1dt8ads-libre.pdf?1576032562=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DINTEGRITI_DALAM_AGIHAN_BANTUAN_KEWANGAN.pdf&Expires=1724062473&Signature=P7LwcgSorc42SfZkR8Ci6bKVy4OyqGHLLdM7WG-hkVFFdULmcxXPLWPzAgsslhUiqw9U7x96afEwyPp4YPdThMSyv-53NgHtl4ledmn0LYkBTuF1yEfR24WEaET6sbRexVmztPjHF-OI5qG~ULZjO2f~9q6ZZAioirja5WY2K5CRzTpcXrtx6xb3tp9o0tlXRk8rnmVCwdUiR3bUffK7M8-NgfdWNMhxMgMND0QNJM2Lsg1un6iZ8USwlpQ3cfbWFjZ7bB--9wZM0HvQ0vj~j12oZz5qSnsTsOGfJWTvQCyQE~NRkzIPcasFvt-4cC851XKmJqHWukVuYvX4PJJmhQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=629">"Wearing niqab by Muslim women is a divine order, religious freedom and a superior Muslim culture"</a> (PDF). International Islamic Development Management Conference (IDMAC 2019). p. 621. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wearing+niqab+by+Muslim+women+is+a+divine+order%2C+religious+freedom+and+a+superior+Muslim+culture&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=International+Islamic+Development+Management+Conference+%28IDMAC+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F61479107%2FEpro2019_IDMAC20191210-77450-1dt8ads-libre.pdf%3F1576032562%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DINTEGRITI_DALAM_AGIHAN_BANTUAN_KEWANGAN.pdf%26Expires%3D1724062473%26Signature%3DP7LwcgSorc42SfZkR8Ci6bKVy4OyqGHLLdM7WG-hkVFFdULmcxXPLWPzAgsslhUiqw9U7x96afEwyPp4YPdThMSyv-53NgHtl4ledmn0LYkBTuF1yEfR24WEaET6sbRexVmztPjHF-OI5qG~ULZjO2f~9q6ZZAioirja5WY2K5CRzTpcXrtx6xb3tp9o0tlXRk8rnmVCwdUiR3bUffK7M8-NgfdWNMhxMgMND0QNJM2Lsg1un6iZ8USwlpQ3cfbWFjZ7bB--9wZM0HvQ0vj~j12oZz5qSnsTsOGfJWTvQCyQE~NRkzIPcasFvt-4cC851XKmJqHWukVuYvX4PJJmhQ__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA%23page%3D629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/5-muslim-scholars-on-the-permissibility-of-not-wearing-the-heads_b_610874fde4b0497e67026d7c">"5 Muslim Scholars On The Permissibility Of Not Wearing The Headscarf"</a>. HuffPost. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=5+Muslim+Scholars+On+The+Permissibility+Of+Not+Wearing+The+Headscarf&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2F5-muslim-scholars-on-the-permissibility-of-not-wearing-the-heads_b_610874fde4b0497e67026d7c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlake2009" class="citation web cs1">Blake, John (12 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/08/12/generation.islam.hijab/">"Muslim women uncover myths about the hijab"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Muslim+women+uncover+myths+about+the+hijab&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FUS%2F08%2F12%2Fgeneration.islam.hijab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQamarunissa2020" class="citation web cs1">Qamarunissa, Maryam (14 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feministajournal.com/myth-busting-hijab-the-perspective-of-a-muslim-woman/">"Myth-busting Hijab: the Perspective of a Muslim Woman"</a>. Feminista Journal. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminista+Journal&rft.atitle=Myth-busting+Hijab%3A+the+Perspective+of+a+Muslim+Woman&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft.aulast=Qamarunissa&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeministajournal.com%2Fmyth-busting-hijab-the-perspective-of-a-muslim-woman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInskeep2023" class="citation web cs1">Inskeep, Steve (25 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/09/25/1201128942/jamileh-alamolhoda-interview-hijab-laws-mahsa-amini">"Why Iran won't budge on mandatory hijab laws — according to the president's wife"</a>. NPR. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Why+Iran+won%27t+budge+on+mandatory+hijab+laws+%E2%80%94+according+to+the+president%27s+wife&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.aulast=Inskeep&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F09%2F25%2F1201128942%2Fjamileh-alamolhoda-interview-hijab-laws-mahsa-amini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Guindi-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-El_Guindi_19-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_GuindiSherifa_Zahur2009" class="citation book cs1">El Guindi, Fadwa; Sherifa Zahur (2009). Hijab. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hijab&rft.pub=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=El+Guindi&rft.aufirst=Fadwa&rft.au=Sherifa+Zahur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aslan-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aslan_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aslan_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aslan_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aslan_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aslan_20-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan, Reza</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_god_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No God but God</a>, Random House, (2005), p.65–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmedWomIslam-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmedWomIslam_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmedWomIslam_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0Grq2BzaUgC&pg=PA55">Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300055832" title="Special:BookSources/9780300055832"><bdi>9780300055832</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam%3A+Historical+Roots+of+a+Modern+Debate&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780300055832&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0Grq2BzaUgC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse,_Cyril_2001,_p.179-180_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). "hijab". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Altamira Press. pp. 179–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hijab&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sahar Amer (2014), What Is Veiling?, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 25-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Lane's Lexicon page 519 and 812 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Contemporary Fatwas by Sheik Yusuf Al Qaradawi, vol. 1, pp. 453-455 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Ruh Al Ma’ani by Shihaab Adeen Abi Athanaa’, vol. 18, pp. 309, 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/tr/answers/11774/yuzu-ortmenin-hukmune-dair-detayli-deliller">"YÜZÜ ÖRTMENİN HÜKMÜNE DÂİR DETAYLI DELİLLER - İslam Soru-Cevap"</a>. islamqa.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamqa.info&rft.atitle=Y%C3%9CZ%C3%9C+%C3%96RTMEN%C4%B0N+H%C3%9CKM%C3%9CNE+D%C3%82%C4%B0R+DETAYLI+DEL%C4%B0LLER+-+%C4%B0slam+Soru-Cevap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Ftr%2Fanswers%2F11774%2Fyuzu-ortmenin-hukmune-dair-detayli-deliller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2016" class="citation web cs1">Ansari, Ustadha Zaynab (11 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekersguidance.org/answers/shafii-fiqh/can-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab/">"Can You Clarify the Standard Explanation of the Verse of Hijab? [Shafi'i]"</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+You+Clarify+the+Standard+Explanation+of+the+Verse+of+Hijab%3F+%5BShafi%27i%5D&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Ustadha+Zaynab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekersguidance.org%2Fanswers%2Fshafii-fiqh%2Fcan-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslim_World_2003_p.721-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Muslim_World_2003_p.721_30-0">^</a> Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2003), p. 721, New York: Macmillan Reference USA </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Quran_Does_Not_Mandate_Hijab-31"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Quran_Does_Not_Mandate_Hijab_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyed" class="citation web cs1">Syed, Ibrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_351_400/quran_does_not_mandate_hijab.htm">"The Quran Does Not Mandate Hijab"</a>. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221175749/http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_351_400/quran_does_not_mandate_hijab.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Research+Foundation+International%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=The+Quran+Does+Not+Mandate+Hijab&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfi.org%2Farticles%2Farticles_351_400%2Fquran_does_not_mandate_hijab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-32"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/06/45564/hijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar/">"Hijab is Not an Islamic Duty: Muslim Scholar"</a>. Morocco World News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227054847/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/06/45564/hijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Hijab+is+Not+an+Islamic+Duty%3A+Muslim+Scholar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2012%2F06%2F45564%2Fhijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Azerbaijan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.islam.com.az/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1098">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034708/http://www.islam.com.az/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1098">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Morocco:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107001103/http://www.prohijab.net/english/morocco-hijab-news.htm">[2]</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5413808.stm">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://parlemento.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/lambassadeur-du-maroc-a-bruxelles-pour-linterdiction-du-voile-islamique/">[4]</a>, Tunisia:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5382946.stm">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6053380.stm">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2006/10/27/feature-01">[7]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/tunisia-presses-enforcement-of-muslim.php">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223134213/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/tunisia-presses-enforcement-of-muslim.php">Archived</a> 23 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Egypt:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.quantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-549/_nr-13/_p-1/i.html?PHPSESSID=133099">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3087220.stm">[10]</a> Algeria:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7363456.stm">[11]</a>, Turkey: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,">IRBC,, TUR,,4885a91a8,0.html</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727001915/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1752230.ece">[12]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2002/islamic_world/2144316.stm">[13]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7441227.stm">[14]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1023189.stm">[15]</a> France: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3619988.stm">[16]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/02/26/france7666.htm">[17]</a>, Germany:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3591043.stm">[18]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.islamfortoday.com/hijabgermany.htm">[19]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012829/http://www.islamfortoday.com/hijabgermany.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Senegal:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.islamicvoice.com/january.2000/news.htm#HIJ">[20]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717042726/http://islamicvoice.com/january.2000/news.htm#HIJ">Archived</a> 17 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Singapore:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/debates/south_asian/1803073.stm">[21]</a>, Kosovo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11065911">[22]</a>, Québec: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_143925en&process=Default&token=ZyMoxNwUn8ikQ+TRKYwPCjWrKwg+vIv9rjij7p3xLGTZDmLVSmJLoqe/vG7/YWzz">[23]</a>, Austria: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dw.com/en/austria-bans-muslim-headscarf-in-primary-schools/a-48756057">[24]</a>, Switzerland: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.ch/20190211/geneva-votes-to-ban-religious-symbols-on-public-employees#:~:text=are%20being%20targeted.-,">Teachers%20in%20Geneva%20are%20already%20banned%20from%20wearing%20visible%20religious, in%20contact%20with%20the%20public</a>, Denmark: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/dffdb416-5d63-4001-911b-d3f46e159acc/restrictions-on-muslim-womens-dress-in-28-eu-member-states-20180709.pdf">[25]</a>, Kazakhstan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/religious_clothes">[26]</a>, Kyrgyzstan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Kyrgyzstan_Bans_Head_Scarves_From_Schools/1503459.html">[27]</a>, Tajikistan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html">[28]</a>, Turkmenistan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/58738ed74.html">[29]</a>, Uzbekistan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbek-teachers-get-tough-assignment-remove-their-hijabs-but-don-t-hurt-their-feelings-/30208276.html#:~:text=School%20regulations%20require%20pupils%20in,">for%20both%20students%20and%20teachers</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-saudi-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist-saudi_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist-saudi_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/01/economist-explains-20">"Saudi Arabia's dress code for women"</a>. The Economist. 28 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511155153/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/01/economist-explains-20">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+dress+code+for+women&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2015%2F01%2Feconomist-explains-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gohari-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gohari_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gohari_35-1">b</a> M. J. Gohari (2000). The Taliban: Ascent to Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108-110. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cainkar-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cainkar_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cainkar_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cainkar_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cainkar_36-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_A._Cainkar2009" class="citation book cs1">Louis A. Cainkar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P75WAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience After 9/11</a>. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 244–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610447683" title="Special:BookSources/9781610447683"><bdi>9781610447683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeland+Insecurity%3A+The+Arab+American+and+Muslim+American+Experience+After+9%2F11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781610447683&rft.au=Louis+A.+Cainkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP75WAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tahmincioglu-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tahmincioglu_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahmincioglu_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahmincioglu_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTahmincioglu2010" class="citation news cs1">Tahmincioglu, Eve (12 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103419/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39081887/ns/business-careers/t/muslims-face-growing-bias-workplace/">"Muslims face growing bias in the workplace"</a>. NBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39081887">the original</a> on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Muslims+face+growing+bias+in+the+workplace&rft.date=2010-09-12&rft.aulast=Tahmincioglu&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna39081887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad,_A._S._2010-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad,_A._S._2010_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad,_A._S._2010_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad,_A._S._2010_38-2">c</a> Ahmad, A. S., King, E. B.(2010). An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. Personnel Psychology, 63(4), 881–906 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pascoe,_E._A._2009-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pascoe,_E._A._2009_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pascoe,_E._A._2009_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pascoe,_E._A._2009_39-2">c</a> Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531 </li> <li id="cite_note-Persevere-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persevere_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persevere_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persevere_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persevere_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJasperse2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Jasperse, Marieke Lyniska (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41336356.pdf">Persevere in Adversity: Perceived Religious Discrimination and Islamic Identity as Predictors of Psychological Wellbeing in Muslim Women in New Zealand</a> (PDF). Core.ac.uk (thesis). New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26686%2Fwgtn.16967146.v1">10.26686/wgtn.16967146.v1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10063%2F1005">10063/1005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924214843/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41336356.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Persevere+in+Adversity%3A+Perceived+Religious+Discrimination+and+Islamic+Identity+as+Predictors+of+Psychological+Wellbeing+in+Muslim+Women+in+New+Zealand&rft.inst=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10063%2F1005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26686%2Fwgtn.16967146.v1&rft.aulast=Jasperse&rft.aufirst=Marieke+Lyniska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F41336356.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Lane, Edward William (1863), “ح ج ب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 515–516 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ح_ج_ب">"ح ج ب"</a>. 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD+%D8%AC+%D8%A8&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%D8%AD_%D8%AC_%D8%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bucar,_Elizabeth_2012_43-1">b</a> Bucar, Elizabeth, The Islamic Veil. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldenziel2012" class="citation web cs1">Goldenziel, Jill (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=schmooze_papers">"Veils, Politics, and Constitutionalism"</a>. University of Maryland. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Veils%2C+Politics%2C+and+Constitutionalism&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Goldenziel&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1154%26context%3Dschmooze_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riwaqalquran.com/blog/hijab-in-islam/">"Hijab In Islam: What Is It, Is It Obligatory And Why? - Riwaq Al Quran"</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hijab+In+Islam%3A+What+Is+It%2C+Is+It+Obligatory+And+Why%3F+-+Riwaq+Al+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friwaqalquran.com%2Fblog%2Fhijab-in-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2012" class="citation web cs1">Rizvi, Sa'eed (16 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/hijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi">"Hijab, The Dress of Modesty in Islam"</a>. www.al-islam.org. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-islam.org&rft.atitle=Hijab%2C+The+Dress+of+Modesty+in+Islam&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sa%27eed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Farticles%2Fhijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Covering-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Covering_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covering_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131809/http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil">""Örtünmek Allah'ın emri değil""</a> (in Turkish). haberturk.com. 28 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%C3%96rt%C3%BCnmek+Allah%27%C4%B1n+emri+de%C4%9Fil%22&rft.pub=haberturk.com&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2Fyasam%2Fhaber%2F76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.lib.uh.edu/media_objects/dz010q11b">"Houston's Shia Ismaili Women: Education and Ethics: Women & Religion VIII - University of Houston Libraries Audio/Video Repository"</a>. av.lib.uh.edu. Retrieved 30 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=av.lib.uh.edu&rft.atitle=Houston%27s+Shia+Ismaili+Women%3A+Education+and+Ethics%3A+Women+%26+Religion+VIII+-+University+of+Houston+Libraries+Audio%2FVideo+Repository&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fav.lib.uh.edu%2Fmedia_objects%2Fdz010q11b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/quran/">"ReOrienting the Veil - Center for European Studies at the University of North Carolina"</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Veil+-+Center+for+European+Studies+at+the+University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveil.unc.edu%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fquran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli2003" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Kecia (2 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/verses.html">"Veiling in Qur'anic Verses | Muslim Sexual Ethics | The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project | Brandeis University"</a>. www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 19 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brandeis.edu&rft.atitle=Veiling+in+Qur%27anic+Verses+%7C+Muslim+Sexual+Ethics+%7C+The+Feminist+Sexual+Ethics+Project+%7C+Brandeis+University&rft.date=2003-07-02&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Kecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fprojects%2Ffse%2Fmuslim%2Fverses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haj-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haj_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haj_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamira_Haj2008" class="citation book cs1">Samira Haj (2008). Reconfiguring Islamic Tradition: Reform, Rationality, and Modernity. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconfiguring+Islamic+Tradition%3A+Reform%2C+Rationality%2C+and+Modernity&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Samira+Haj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarzouk2021" class="citation web cs1">Marzouk, Heba (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2599&context=hon_thesis">"The Hijab in the Quran and its Effects on Muslim Women in the Western Society"</a>. University of Mississippi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Mississippi&rft.atitle=The+Hijab+in+the+Quran+and+its+Effects+on+Muslim+Women+in+the+Western+Society&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.aulast=Marzouk&rft.aufirst=Heba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegrove.olemiss.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2599%26context%3Dhon_thesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Richard_Bowen2012" class="citation book cs1">John Richard Bowen (2012). A New Anthropology of Islam. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Anthropology+of+Islam&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=John+Richard+Bowen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldwideenc-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldwideenc_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwideenc_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwideenc_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenap_Çakmak2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cenap Çakmak, ed. (2017). "Hijab". Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 595.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hijab&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Worldwide+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khimar1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-khimar1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhufran_Khir-Allah2021" class="citation book cs1">Ghufran Khir-Allah (2021). Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Hijab+in+the+European+Mind%3A+Press+Discourse%2C+Social+Categorization+and+Stereotypes&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Ghufran+Khir-Allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamonline-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Islamonline_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626064435/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503546760">"Evidence in the Qur'an for Covering Women's Hair"</a>. IslamonLine.net. 8 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503546760">the original</a> on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamonLine.net&rft.atitle=Evidence+in+the+Qur%27an+for+Covering+Women%27s+Hair&rft.date=2003-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamonline.net%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fpagename%3DIslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE%26cid%3D1119503546760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameed-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hameed_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hameed_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHameed2003" class="citation web cs1">Hameed, Shahul (9 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404160153/https://islamonline.net/en/is-hijab-a-quranic-commandment/">"Is Hijab a Qur'anic Commandment?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamonline.net/en/is-hijab-a-quranic-commandment/">the original</a> on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Hijab+a+Qur%27anic+Commandment%3F&rft.date=2003-10-09&rft.aulast=Hameed&rft.aufirst=Shahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamonline.net%2Fen%2Fis-hijab-a-quranic-commandment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it-60"><a href="#cite_ref-chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20090417191145/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7025&eng=y">"The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7025&eng=y">the original</a> on 17 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Virgins+and+the+Grapes%3A+the+Christian+Origins+of+the+Koran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiesa.espresso.repubblica.it%2Fdettaglio.jsp%3Fid%3D7025%26eng%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> There are occasional misinterpretations, mistranslations, and even distortions. Translating the meanings of the Holy Quran has always been challenging for translators, as the Quran has an exoteric and an esoteric meaning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613311.pdf">https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED613311.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jspt.ir/article_167055_d4455677421c8d1c8ab05b048e5fb3a9.pdf">https://www.jspt.ir/article_167055_d4455677421c8d1c8ab05b048e5fb3a9.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19576529.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Therefore, it can be noted that the ideology of religion, attitude, and social context of the translators, as well as the involvement of the state, might affect the translation of the Holy Qur’an into various target languages. Gunawan, F. (2022). The ideology of translators in Quranic translation: lessons learned from Indonesia. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2088438">https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2088438</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-moroccoworldnews.com-67"><a href="#cite_ref-moroccoworldnews.com_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/06/45564/hijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar">"Hijab is Not an Islamic Duty: Muslim Scholar"</a>. 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hijab+is+Not+an+Islamic+Duty%3A+Muslim+Scholar&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2012%2F06%2F45564%2Fhijab-is-not-an-islamic-duty-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKandhlawi" class="citation web cs1">Kandhlawi, Idris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33:59/tafsirs/en-tafsir-maarif-ul-quran">"Tafsir Surah Al-Ahzab - 59 - Ma'arif al Quran"</a>. Quran.com. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Surah+Al-Ahzab+-+59+-+Ma%27arif+al+Quran&rft.aulast=Kandhlawi&rft.aufirst=Idris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F33%3A59%2Ftafsirs%2Fen-tafsir-maarif-ul-quran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20241221071755/https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura33-aya59.html">"القرآن الكريم - تفسير ابن كثير - تفسير سورة الأحزاب - الآية 59"</a>. quran.ksu.edu.sa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura33-aya59.html#katheer">the original</a> on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.ksu.edu.sa&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85+-+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1+-+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A9+59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.ksu.edu.sa%2Ftafseer%2Fkatheer%2Fsura33-aya59.html%23katheer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadl-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadl_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadl_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaled_Abou_El_Fadl2014" class="citation book cs1">Khaled Abou El Fadl (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FU4QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198">Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women</a>. Oneworld Publications. pp. 525–526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780744681" title="Special:BookSources/9781780744681"><bdi>9781780744681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+in+God%27s+Name%3A+Islamic+Law%2C+Authority+and+Women&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E526&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=9781780744681&rft.au=Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFU4QBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veil2011-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veil2011_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veil2011_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veil2011_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veil2011_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_and_Hannan2011" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Usama; Hannan, Rabitha (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IdgumzY9VgC&pg=PT112">"6. The Veil: Between Tradition and Reason, Culture and Context; 7. An Exploration of the Debates Pertaining to Head Covering and Face Veiling of Women in the British Muslim Context"</a>. In Gabriel, Theodore; Hannan, Rabiha (eds.). Islam and the Veil: Theoretical and Regional Contexts. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6137-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-6137-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+The+Veil%3A+Between+Tradition+and+Reason%2C+Culture+and+Context%3B+7.+An+Exploration+of+the+Debates+Pertaining+to+Head+Covering+and+Face+Veiling+of+Women+in+the+British+Muslim+Context&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Veil%3A+Theoretical+and+Regional+Contexts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6137-6&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Usama&rft.au=Hannan%2C+Rabitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IdgumzY9VgC%26pg%3DPT112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualmosque.com/ummah/women/hijab-niqab/hijab-fard-obligation-or-fiction/#footnote_7_22932">"Hijab: Fard (Obligation) or Fiction?"</a>. virtualmosque.com. 15 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109024735/http://www.virtualmosque.com/ummah/women/hijab-niqab/hijab-fard-obligation-or-fiction/#footnote_7_22932">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hijab%3A+Fard+%28Obligation%29+or+Fiction%3F&rft.pub=virtualmosque.com&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualmosque.com%2Fummah%2Fwomen%2Fhijab-niqab%2Fhijab-fard-obligation-or-fiction%2F%23footnote_7_22932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2017/09/25/how-should-we-understand-the-obligation-of-khimar-head-covering/">"How Should We Understand the Obligation of Khimar (Head Covering)?"</a>. seekershub.org. 25 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224726/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2017/09/25/how-should-we-understand-the-obligation-of-khimar-head-covering/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Should+We+Understand+the+Obligation+of+Khimar+%28Head+Covering%29%3F&rft.pub=seekershub.org&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2017%2F09%2F25%2Fhow-should-we-understand-the-obligation-of-khimar-head-covering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamali-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamali_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamali2005" class="citation book cs1">Kamali, Mohammad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eb-JMQEACAAJ&q=principles+of+islamic+jurisprudence">Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence</a> (3 ed.). Islamic Texts Society. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0946621810" title="Special:BookSources/0946621810"><bdi>0946621810</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Islamic+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0946621810&rft.aulast=Kamali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEb-JMQEACAAJ%26q%3Dprinciples%2Bof%2Bislamic%2Bjurisprudence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006170-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2006170_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnwar2006">Anwar 2006</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhārī1997146Vol._8,_no._6240-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukhārī1997146Vol._8,_no._6240_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBukhārī1997">Bukhārī 1997</a>, p. 146, Vol. 8, no. 6240. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/032-sat.php#032.4090">32:4090</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMariam_al-Jaber2018" class="citation news cs1">Mariam al-Jaber (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2018/03/28/Saudi-cleric-Al-Ghamdi-Abaya-is-not-mandatory-as-per-the-teachings-Islam">"Saudi cleric al-Ghamdi: Abaya is not mandatory as per Islam's teachings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+cleric+al-Ghamdi%3A+Abaya+is+not+mandatory+as+per+Islam%27s+teachings&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.au=Mariam+al-Jaber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Ffeatures%2F2018%2F03%2F28%2FSaudi-cleric-Al-Ghamdi-Abaya-is-not-mandatory-as-per-the-teachings-Islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/urn/44370">"Vol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 282"</a>. sunnah.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103145643/https://sunnah.com/urn/44370">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+6%2C+Book+60%2C+Hadith+282&rft.pub=sunnah.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Furn%2F44370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Those who show sensitivity to close these places at times other than ablution are respected, but those who do not do this are not despised Prof. Dr. Yaşar Nuri Öztürk - Islam in the Quran – P. Number: 615-616 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta Imam Malik</a> book 8 hadith 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami` at-Tirmidhi">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a> 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAslan2005" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi00asla/page/65">No God but God</a>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi00asla/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6213-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+God+but+God&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6213-3&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnogodbutgodorigi00asla%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quran.com/33/53">"Surat Al-'Ahzab"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207003453/http://quran.com/33/53">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surat+Al-%27Ahzab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F33%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan_2005_66-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan_2005_66_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan_2005_66_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAslan2005" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi00asla/page/66">No God but God</a>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi00asla/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6213-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+God+but+God&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6213-3&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnogodbutgodorigi00asla%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmed55-56-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed55-56_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmed55-56_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 55–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmed54-55-89"><a href="#cite_ref-ahmed54-55_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 54–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwnuk.co.uk/mediaStatmentDetail.php?id=187">"Muslim Women Network"</a>. www.mwnuk.co.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mwnuk.co.uk&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwnuk.co.uk%2FmediaStatmentDetail.php%3Fid%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Heba_Kotb" title="Heba Kotb">Heba G. Kotb M.D.</a>, Sexuality in Islam, PhD Thesis, Maimonides University, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.islamonweb.net/is-a-womans-voice-awrah">"Is a Woman's Voice 'Awrah'?"</a>. 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+a+Woman%27s+Voice+%27Awrah%27%3F&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.islamonweb.net%2Fis-a-womans-voice-awrah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarimah2022" class="citation web cs1">Karimah, Shaykha Marzuqa (19 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimmatters.org/2022/01/19/hijab-jilbab-hermeneutics-of-the-quran-verse-khimar/">"Hijab And Jilbab In the Quran: On The Hermeneutics Of The Quranic Verse Of Khimar"</a>. MuslimMatters.org. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuslimMatters.org&rft.atitle=Hijab+And+Jilbab+In+the+Quran%3A+On+The+Hermeneutics+Of+The+Quranic+Verse+Of+Khimar&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.aulast=Karimah&rft.aufirst=Shaykha+Marzuqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimmatters.org%2F2022%2F01%2F19%2Fhijab-jilbab-hermeneutics-of-the-quran-verse-khimar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlkiek" class="citation web cs1">Alkiek, Tesneem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/is-hijab-religious-or-cultural-how-islamic-rulings-are-formed">"Is Hijab Religious or Cultural? How Islamic Rulings Are Formed"</a>. Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yaqeen+Institute+for+Islamic+Research&rft.atitle=Is+Hijab+Religious+or+Cultural%3F+How+Islamic+Rulings+Are+Formed&rft.aulast=Alkiek&rft.aufirst=Tesneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.org%2Fread%2Fpaper%2Fis-hijab-religious-or-cultural-how-islamic-rulings-are-formed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amer37-95"><a href="#cite_ref-amer37_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSahar_Amer2014" class="citation book cs1">Sahar Amer (2014). What Is Veiling?. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Veiling%3F&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Sahar+Amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seekershub.org-96"><a href="#cite_ref-seekershub.org_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/19/a-detailed-exposition-of-the-fiqh-of-covering-ones-nakedness-awra/">"A Detailed Exposition of the Fiqh of Covering One's Nakedness (Awra)"</a>. 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224055556/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/19/a-detailed-exposition-of-the-fiqh-of-covering-ones-nakedness-awra/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Detailed+Exposition+of+the+Fiqh+of+Covering+One%27s+Nakedness+%28Awra%29&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2010%2F09%2F19%2Fa-detailed-exposition-of-the-fiqh-of-covering-ones-nakedness-awra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2016/04/11/can-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab/">"Can You Clarify the Standard Explanation of the Verse of Hijab? [Shafi'i]"</a>. 11 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226170717/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2016/04/11/can-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+You+Clarify+the+Standard+Explanation+of+the+Verse+of+Hijab%3F+%26%2391%3BShafi%27i%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2016%2F04%2F11%2Fcan-you-clarify-the-standard-explanation-of-the-verse-of-hijab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Hsu, Shiu-Sian. "Modesty." Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. Ed. Jane McAuliffe. Vol. 3. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. 403-405. 6 vols. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/09/uncovering-in-front-of-non-muslims-of-unmarriageable-kin-mahram/">"Uncovering in Front of Non-Muslim's of Unmarriageable Kin (Mahram)"</a>. 9 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327234534/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2010/09/09/uncovering-in-front-of-non-muslims-of-unmarriageable-kin-mahram/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uncovering+in+Front+of+Non-Muslim%27s+of+Unmarriageable+Kin+%28Mahram%29&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Funcovering-in-front-of-non-muslims-of-unmarriageable-kin-mahram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PermanentCommittee-100"><a href="#cite_ref-PermanentCommittee_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alifta.net/fatawa/fatawaDetails.aspx?languagename=en&View=Page&PageID=6425&PageNo=1&BookID=7">"Fatwas of the Permanent Committee: Women covering their faces and hands"</a>. General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Ifta'. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107085306/http://www.alifta.net/fatawa/fatawaDetails.aspx?languagename=en&View=Page&PageID=6425&PageNo=1&BookID=7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Presidency+of+Scholarly+Research+and+Ifta%27&rft.atitle=Fatwas+of+the+Permanent+Committee%3A+Women+covering+their+faces+and+hands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alifta.net%2Ffatawa%2FfatawaDetails.aspx%3Flanguagename%3Den%26View%3DPage%26PageID%3D6425%26PageNo%3D1%26BookID%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/05/30/who-is-mahram/">"Who is Mahram"</a>. 30 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228234713/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/05/30/who-is-mahram/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Mahram&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2009%2F05%2F30%2Fwho-is-mahram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-askimam.org-102"><a href="#cite_ref-askimam.org_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16965">"Fatwas by Mufti Ebrahim Desai » Askimam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072838/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16965">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatwas+by+Mufti+Ebrahim+Desai+%C2%BB+Askimam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskimam.org%2Fpublic%2Fquestion_detail%2F16965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2014/05/26/covering-the-nakedness-for-a-man-answers/">"Covering the Nakedness for a Man: Answers"</a>. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214141514/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2014/05/26/covering-the-nakedness-for-a-man-answers/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covering+the+Nakedness+for+a+Man%3A+Answers&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekershub.org%2Fans-blog%2F2014%2F05%2F26%2Fcovering-the-nakedness-for-a-man-answers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-104"><a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Abdul Samad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7434270">"Maliki Fiqh: Matn al-'Ashmāwiyyah (English Translation)"</a>. Academia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020341/https://www.academia.edu/7434270/Maliki_Fiqh_Matn_al-Ashm%C4%81wiyyah_English_Translation_">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Maliki+Fiqh%3A+Matn+al-%27Ashm%C4%81wiyyah+%28English+Translation%29&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Samad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7434270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-darululoomtt.net-105"><a href="#cite_ref-darululoomtt.net_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darululoomtt.net/awrah-men-imams-shafi-ahmad-malik-a-r/">"The Awrah of Men According to Imams Shafi, Ahmad and Malik (A.R). – Darul Uloom Trinidad & Tobago"</a>. 15 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015940/https://darululoomtt.net/awrah-men-imams-shafi-ahmad-malik-a-r/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Awrah+of+Men+According+to+Imams+Shafi%2C+Ahmad+and+Malik+%28A.R%29.+%E2%80%93+Darul+Uloom+Trinidad+%26+Tobago&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarululoomtt.net%2Fawrah-men-imams-shafi-ahmad-malik-a-r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01208/">"Question & Answer » Hijab (Islamic Dress)"</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+%26+Answer+%C2%BB+Hijab+%28Islamic+Dress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistani.org%2Fenglish%2Fqa%2F01208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2012" class="citation web cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar (16 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/hijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi">"Hijab of Eyes"</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hijab+of+Eyes&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Sa%27eed+Akhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Farticles%2Fhijab-dress-modesty-islam-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rispler-Chaim, Vardit. ‘The siwāk: A Medieval Islamic Contribution to Dental Care’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2.1 (1992): 13-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0Grq2BzaUgC&q=Leila+Ahmed+women+islam+hijab">Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300055832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300055832"><bdi>978-0300055832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam%3A+Historical+Roots+of+a+Modern+Debate&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0300055832&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0Grq2BzaUgC%26q%3DLeila%2BAhmed%2Bwomen%2Bislam%2Bhijab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV.A._Mohamad_Ashrof2005" class="citation book cs1">V.A. Mohamad Ashrof (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mO5_R80ih5cC&q=khimar&pg=PA130">Islam and gender justice</a>. Gyan Books, 2005. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178354569" title="Special:BookSources/9788178354569"><bdi>9788178354569</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+gender+justice&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Gyan+Books%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788178354569&rft.au=V.A.+Mohamad+Ashrof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmO5_R80ih5cC%26q%3Dkhimar%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsma_AfsaruddinA._H._Mathias_Zahniser1997" class="citation book cs1">Asma Afsaruddin; A. H. Mathias Zahniser (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-p7mzSiDAEC&q=khimar+hijab&pg=PA95">Humanism, culture, and language in the Near East</a>. Eisenbrauns, 1997. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060200" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060200"><bdi>9781575060200</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism%2C+culture%2C+and+language+in+the+Near+East&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns%2C+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781575060200&rft.au=Asma+Afsaruddin&rft.au=A.+H.+Mathias+Zahniser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-p7mzSiDAEC%26q%3Dkhimar%2Bhijab%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsma_AfsaruddinA._H._Mathias_Zahniser1997" class="citation book cs1">Asma Afsaruddin; A. H. Mathias Zahniser (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-p7mzSiDAEC&q=khimar+hijab&pg=PA95">Humanism, culture, and language in the Near East</a>. Eisenbrauns, 1997. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060200" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060200"><bdi>9781575060200</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism%2C+culture%2C+and+language+in+the+Near+East&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns%2C+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781575060200&rft.au=Asma+Afsaruddin&rft.au=A.+H.+Mathias+Zahniser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-p7mzSiDAEC%26q%3Dkhimar%2Bhijab%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlininger2014" class="citation web cs1">Slininger, Sara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.edu/historia/Slininger2014.pdf">"Veiled Women: Hijab, Religion, and Cultural Practice"</a> (PDF). Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 29 November 2024. <q>Arabia practiced veiling in pre-Islamic times, the Banū Ismāʿīl and Banū Qaḥṭān. Veiling was a sign of a women's social status within those societies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Illinois+University&rft.atitle=Veiled+Women%3A+Hijab%2C+Religion%2C+and+Cultural+Practice&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Slininger&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.edu%2Fhistoria%2FSlininger2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2005), The Great Theft: Wresting Islam From the Extremists, Harper San Francisco, p.274 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWAWI2021" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WAWI, NA (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilib.uinkhas.ac.id/11932/">PENAFSIRAN AYAT-AYAT HIJAB (Studi Komparatif atas Pemikiran Quraish Shihab, Wahbah Al-Zuhaili Dan Buya Hamka Terhadap Ayat Hijab)</a> [INTERPRETATION OF THE VERSES OF HIJAB (Comparative Study of Quraish Shihab, Wahbab Al-Zuhaili And Buya Hamka's Thinking of The Verses of Hijab)] (undergraduate thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Islam Negeri Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=PENAFSIRAN+AYAT-AYAT+HIJAB+%28Studi+Komparatif+atas+Pemikiran+Quraish+Shihab%2C+Wahbah+Al-Zuhaili+Dan+Buya+Hamka+Terhadap+Ayat+Hijab%29&rft.degree=undergraduate&rft.inst=Universitas+Islam+Negeri+Kiai+Haji+Achmad+Siddiq+Jember&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.aulast=WAWI&rft.aufirst=NA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.uinkhas.ac.id%2F11932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahf2008" class="citation book cs1">Kahf, Mohja (2008). "From Her Royal Body the Robe Was Removed: The Blessings of the Veil and the Trauma of Forced Unveilings in the Middle East". The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics. University of California Press. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Her+Royal+Body+the+Robe+Was+Removed%3A+The+Blessings+of+the+Veil+and+the+Trauma+of+Forced+Unveilings+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Veil%3A+Women+Writers+on+Its+History%2C+Lore%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kahf&rft.aufirst=Mohja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_1992_15-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_1992_15_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_1992_15_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_1992_15_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freund-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freund_119-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Freund" class="citation web cs1">Richard Freund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/greenberg-center/Veiled%20Women%20Catalog.pdf">"The Veiling of Women in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. A Guide to the Exhibition"</a> (PDF). University of Hartford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804133139/http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/greenberg-center/Veiled%20Women%20Catalog.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Veiling+of+Women+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity+and+Islam.+A+Guide+to+the+Exhibition&rft.pub=University+of+Hartford&rft.au=Richard+Freund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuhaweb.hartford.edu%2Fgreenberg-center%2FVeiled%2520Women%2520Catalog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCIC-120"><a href="#cite_ref-OCIC_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/headcoverings.aspx">"On Account of the Angels: Why I Cover My Head"</a>. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved 8 April 2022. <q>St. John Chrysostom thought that Paul, in admonishing women to wear a covering "because of the angels," meant it "not at the time of prayer only, but also continually, she ought to be covered." Fr. Rhodes agrees: "The veil can be the constant symbol of the true woman of God … a way of life … a testimony of faith and of the salvation of God, not only before men, but angels as well."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Account+of+the+Angels%3A+Why+I+Cover+My+Head&rft.pub=Orthodox+Christian+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fpraxis%2Fheadcoverings.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJEOC2019-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJEOC2019_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJEOC2019_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saintjohnchurch.org/head-coverings-ultimate-guide/">"The Ultimate Guide to Christian Headcoverings"</a>. Saint John the Evangelist Orthodox Church. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Christian+Headcoverings&rft.pub=Saint+John+the+Evangelist+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintjohnchurch.org%2Fhead-coverings-ultimate-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change. <a href="/wiki/Stoneboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Stoneboro, Pennsylvania">Stoneboro</a>: Ridgeway Publishing. pp. 14–21, 29–30, 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornament+of+a+Spirit%3A+Exploring+the+Reasons+Covering+Styles+Change&rft.place=Stoneboro&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E21%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30%2C+85&rft.pub=Ridgeway+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Cory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change. <a href="/wiki/Stoneboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Stoneboro, Pennsylvania">Stoneboro</a>: Ridgeway Publishing. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornament+of+a+Spirit%3A+Exploring+the+Reasons+Covering+Styles+Change&rft.place=Stoneboro&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ridgeway+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Cory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2003-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2003_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2003" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Kamala (2003). Women In Hindu Social System (1206–1707 A.D.). Inter-India Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121004145" title="Special:BookSources/9788121004145"><bdi>9788121004145</bdi></a>. <q>Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+In+Hindu+Social+System+%281206%E2%80%931707+A.D.%29&rft.pub=Inter-India+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788121004145&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Kamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta1987-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta1987_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1987" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Kamala (1987). Social Status of Hindu Women in Northern India, 1206-1707 A.D. Inter-India Publications. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-210-0179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-210-0179-3"><bdi>978-81-210-0179-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Hindu ladies covered their heads with a kind of veil known as ghoonghat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Status+of+Hindu+Women+in+Northern+India%2C+1206-1707+A.D.&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Inter-India+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-210-0179-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Kamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 26–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_1992_35-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_1992_35_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Anchassi, O. (2021). Status Distinctions and Sartorial Difference: Slavery, Sexual Ethics, and the Social Logic of Veiling in Islamic Law. Islamic Law and Society, 28(3), 125-155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10008">https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Caswell, F. M. (2011). The Slave Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era. Storbritannien: I.B.Tauris. 6-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">"Hijab"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125580" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125580"><bdi>9780195125580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hijab&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195125580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1991" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam00john">Islam: The Straight Path</a> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam00john/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506225-0"><bdi>978-0-19-506225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506225-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Bloom (2002), p.47 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSara_Silverstri2016" class="citation book cs1">Sara Silverstri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=be7sCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">"Comparing Burqa Debates in Europe"</a>. In Silvio Ferrari; Sabrina Pastorelli (eds.). Religion in Public Spaces: A European Perspective. Routledge. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317067542" title="Special:BookSources/9781317067542"><bdi>9781317067542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparing+Burqa+Debates+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Public+Spaces%3A+A+European+Perspective&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317067542&rft.au=Sara+Silverstri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbe7sCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeila_Ahmed2014" class="citation book cs1">Leila Ahmed (2014). A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quiet+Revolution%3A+The+Veil%27s+Resurgence%2C+from+the+Middle+East+to+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Leila+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/retro-mini-fashion-middle-east--514288">"Retro Middle East: The rise and fall of the miniskirt"</a>. albawaba.com. 18 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024022834/http://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/retro-mini-fashion-middle-east--514288">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albawaba.com&rft.atitle=Retro+Middle+East%3A+The+rise+and+fall+of+the+miniskirt&rft.date=2013-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fslideshow%2Fretro-mini-fashion-middle-east--514288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1223761">"Bhutto's Pakistan"</a>. 4 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019191043/http://www.dawn.com/news/1223761">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhutto%27s+Pakistan&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1223761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shughal.com/16-images-of-pakistans-swinging-1970s/">"Pakistan's swinging 70s"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213528/http://www.shughal.com/16-images-of-pakistans-swinging-1970s/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+swinging+70s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shughal.com%2F16-images-of-pakistans-swinging-1970s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jeremy Bender, Melia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-before-the-revolution-in-photos-2015-4">"25 photos show what Iran looked like before the 1979 revolution turned the nation into an Islamic republic"</a>. Business Insider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=25+photos+show+what+Iran+looked+like+before+the+1979+revolution+turned+the+nation+into+an+Islamic+republic&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Bender%2C+Melia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Firan-before-the-revolution-in-photos-2015-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/03/hengameh-golestans-best-photograph-iranian-women-rebel-against-the-1979-hijab-law">"theguardian.com, 3 September 2015, accessed 23 October 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107103504/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/03/hengameh-golestans-best-photograph-iranian-women-rebel-against-the-1979-hijab-law">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=theguardian.com%2C+3+September+2015%2C+accessed+23+October+2016&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2015%2Fsep%2F03%2Fhengameh-golestans-best-photograph-iranian-women-rebel-against-the-1979-hijab-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/women-in-turkey-the-headscarf-is-slipping?page=0%2C1">"Women in Turkey: The headscarf is slipping - Qantara.de"</a>. 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+Turkey%3A+The+headscarf+is+slipping+-+Qantara.de&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fwomen-in-turkey-the-headscarf-is-slipping%3Fpage%3D0%252C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=85105&MevzuatTur=3&MevzuatTertip=5">KAMU KURUM VE KURULUŞLARINDA ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN KILIK VE KIYAFETİNE DAİR YÖNETMELİK</a> ("THE REGULATION ON THE DRESS AND ATTIRE OF PERSONNEL WORKING IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS") dated 16 July 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/05/cover-story-150505121122072.html">"Cover Story"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Cover+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Faljazeeraworld%2F2015%2F05%2Fcover-story-150505121122072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/54557/How-Abdel-Nasser-described-Muslim-Brotherhood">"How Abdel Nasser described Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. EgyptToday. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EgyptToday&rft.atitle=How+Abdel+Nasser+described+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F1%2F54557%2FHow-Abdel-Nasser-described-Muslim-Brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies.com-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies.com_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies.com_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies.com_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies.com_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies.com_145-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_GuindiZuhur" class="citation web cs1">El Guindi, Fadwa; Zuhur, Sherifa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024173453/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0306">"Ḥijāb"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0306">the original</a> on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ij%C4%81b&rft.pub=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.aulast=El+Guindi&rft.aufirst=Fadwa&rft.au=Zuhur%2C+Sherifa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullock_2000_22–53-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_2000_22–53_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_2000_22–53_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock_2000_22–53_146-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullock2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bullock, Katherine (2000). "Challenging Medial Representations of the Veil". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 17 (3): 22–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35632%2Fajis.v17i3.2045">10.35632/ajis.v17i3.2045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Islamic+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Challenging+Medial+Representations+of+the+Veil&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35632%2Fajis.v17i3.2045&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsaie" class="citation web cs1">Elsaie, Adel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224004547/http://www.usislam.org/islamicyouth/islamic_youth_Campaign.htm">"Dr"</a>. United States of Islam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usislam.org/islamicyouth/islamic_youth_Campaign.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.&rft.pub=United+States+of+Islam&rft.aulast=Elsaie&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usislam.org%2Fislamicyouth%2Fislamic_youth_Campaign.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAziz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Aziz, Rookhsana (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/79841919">"Hijab – the Islamic dress code: its historical development, evidence from sacred sources and views of selected Muslim scholars"</a>. University of South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=Hijab+%E2%80%93+the+Islamic+dress+code%3A+its+historical+development%2C+evidence+from+sacred+sources+and+views+of+selected+Muslim+scholars&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Rookhsana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F79841919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Johnston2016" class="citation news cs1">Patrick Johnston (19 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimia-alizadeh-zenoorin-iran-woman-olympic-medal_us_57b7631de4b0b51733a37c08">"Kimia Alizadeh Zenoorin Becomes The First Iranian Woman To Win An Olympic Medal"</a>. Reuters/Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822194223/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimia-alizadeh-zenoorin-iran-woman-olympic-medal_us_57b7631de4b0b51733a37c08">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kimia+Alizadeh+Zenoorin+Becomes+The+First+Iranian+Woman+To+Win+An+Olympic+Medal&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.au=Patrick+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fkimia-alizadeh-zenoorin-iran-woman-olympic-medal_us_57b7631de4b0b51733a37c08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/The-Muslim-Veil-Post-911-Rethinking-Womens/991031549959304646">"The Muslim 'Veil' Post-9/11: Rethinking Women's Rights and Leadership"</a>. Rutgers University / Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+University+%2F+Institute+for+Social+Policy+and+Understanding&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+%27Veil%27+Post-9%2F11%3A+Rethinking+Women%27s+Rights+and+Leadership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu%2Fesploro%2Foutputs%2FjournalArticle%2FThe-Muslim-Veil-Post-911-Rethinking-Womens%2F991031549959304646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/women-in-islam">"Women in Islam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fwomen-in-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014poll-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014poll_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014poll_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014poll_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/08/female-muslim-dress-survey_n_4564188.html">"Female Muslim Dress Survey Reveals Wide Range Of Preferences On Hijab, Burqa, Niqab, And More"</a>. Huffington Post. 23 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052132/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/08/female-muslim-dress-survey_n_4564188.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Female+Muslim+Dress+Survey+Reveals+Wide+Range+Of+Preferences+On+Hijab%2C+Burqa%2C+Niqab%2C+And+More&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F08%2Ffemale-muslim-dress-survey_n_4564188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q&a-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q&a_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-q&a_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-q&a_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-q&a_153-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRICH_MORIN2014" class="citation web cs1">RICH MORIN (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/14/qa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries/">"Q&A with author of U. Mich. study on preferred dress for women in Muslim countries"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826052441/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/14/qa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A+with+author+of+U.+Mich.+study+on+preferred+dress+for+women+in+Muslim+countries&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.au=RICH+MORIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F01%2F14%2Fqa-with-author-of-u-mich-study-on-preferred-dress-for-women-in-muslim-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turban-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turban_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turban_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShounaz_Meky2014" class="citation news cs1">Shounaz Meky (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2014/10/09/Under-wraps-Style-savvy-Muslim-women-turn-to-turbans.html">"Under wraps: Style savvy Muslim women turn to turbans"</a>. Al Arabiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821211042/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2014/10/09/Under-wraps-Style-savvy-Muslim-women-turn-to-turbans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Under+wraps%3A+Style+savvy+Muslim+women+turn+to+turbans&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.au=Shounaz+Meky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Flife-style%2Ffashion-and-beauty%2F2014%2F10%2F09%2FUnder-wraps-Style-savvy-Muslim-women-turn-to-turbans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYasmin_Nouh2016" class="citation news cs1">Yasmin Nouh (11 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-beautiful-reasons-why-these-women-love-wearing-a-hijab_us_57320575e4b0bc9cb0482225">"The Beautiful Reasons Why These Women Love Wearing A Hijab"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910225918/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-beautiful-reasons-why-these-women-love-wearing-a-hijab_us_57320575e4b0bc9cb0482225">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Beautiful+Reasons+Why+These+Women+Love+Wearing+A+Hijab&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.au=Yasmin+Nouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-beautiful-reasons-why-these-women-love-wearing-a-hijab_us_57320575e4b0bc9cb0482225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/playing-cat-and-mouse-with-irans-morality-police">"Playing cat and mouse with Iran's morality police"</a>. Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Qantara.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816122843/https://en.qantara.de/content/playing-cat-and-mouse-with-irans-morality-police">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+-+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Playing+cat+and+mouse+with+Iran%27s+morality+police&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fplaying-cat-and-mouse-with-irans-morality-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYara_Elmjouie2014" class="citation news cs1">Yara Elmjouie (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/19/iran-morality-police-patrol">"Iran's morality police: patrolling the streets by stealth"</a>. Tehran Bureau/The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729221426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/jun/19/iran-morality-police-patrol">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+morality+police%3A+patrolling+the+streets+by+stealth&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.au=Yara+Elmjouie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Firan-blog%2F2014%2Fjun%2F19%2Firan-morality-police-patrol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrzyżyńska2022" class="citation news cs1">Strzyżyńska, Weronika (5 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/05/iran-government-facial-recognition-technology-hijab-law-crackdown">"Iranian authorities plan to use facial recognition to enforce new hijab law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+authorities+plan+to+use+facial+recognition+to+enforce+new+hijab+law&rft.date=2022-09-05&rft.aulast=Strzy%C5%BCy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Weronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2022%2Fsep%2F05%2Firan-government-facial-recognition-technology-hijab-law-crackdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrzyżyńska2022" class="citation news cs1">Strzyżyńska, Weronika (16 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law">"Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+woman+dies+%27after+being+beaten+by+morality+police%27+over+hijab+law&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Strzy%C5%BCy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Weronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2022%2Fsep%2F16%2Firanian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istanbul-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Istanbul_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Istanbul_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIstanbul2017" class="citation news cs1">Istanbul, Hannah Lucinda Smith (29 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iran-surprises-by-relaxing-islamic-dress-code-for-women-m9wmhkgl7">"Iran surprises by relaxing Islamic dress code for women"</a>. The Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501005745/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iran-surprises-by-relaxing-islamic-dress-code-for-women-m9wmhkgl7">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+surprises+by+relaxing+Islamic+dress+code+for+women&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Istanbul&rft.aufirst=Hannah+Lucinda+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Firan-surprises-by-relaxing-islamic-dress-code-for-women-m9wmhkgl7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/2008410141252572755.html">"Fashion police get tough in Tehran"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501005746/https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/2008410141252572755.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Fashion+police+get+tough+in+Tehran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F04%2F2008410141252572755.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainsford2006" class="citation news cs1">Rainsford, Sarah (7 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm">"Headscarf issue challenges Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420191433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Headscarf+issue+challenges+Turkey&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6122010.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-163"><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainsford2007" class="citation news cs1">Rainsford, Sarah (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm">"Women condemn Turkey constitution"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813003706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women+condemn+Turkey+constitution&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7025294.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Head2010" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Head (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11880622">"Quiet end to Turkey's college headscarf ban"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613170826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11880622">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quiet+end+to+Turkey%27s+college+headscarf+ban&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.au=Jonathan+Head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11880622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salon.com-165"><a href="#cite_ref-salon.com_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark-Flory2007" class="citation news cs1">Clark-Flory, Tracy (23 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/">"Head scarves to topple secular Turkey?"</a>. Salon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513032710/http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Head+scarves+to+topple+secular+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2007-04-23&rft.aulast=Clark-Flory&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fmwt%2Fbroadsheet%2F2007%2F04%2F23%2Fheadscarf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAymanKnickmeyer2008" class="citation news cs1">Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen (10 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004611/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html">"Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ban+on+Head+Scarves+Voted+Out+in+Turkey&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Ayman&rft.aufirst=Zehra&rft.au=Knickmeyer%2C+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F02%2F09%2FAR2008020900832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html?_r=0">"Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices"</a>. NY Times. 8 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205034716/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/world/europe/turkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Lifts+Longtime+Ban+on+Head+Scarves+in+State+Offices&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F09%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-lifts-ban-on-head-scarves-in-state-offices.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news24.com-168"><a href="#cite_ref-news24.com_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923">"Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools"</a>. news24.com/. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024090634/http://www.news24.com/world/news/turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news24.com%2F&rft.atitle=Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FTurkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poll-169"><a href="#cite_ref-poll_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2016" class="citation web cs1">Grenier, Éric (27 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591">"Muslim Canadians increasingly proud of and attached to Canada, survey suggests"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Muslim+Canadians+increasingly+proud+of+and+attached+to+Canada%2C+survey+suggests&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgrenier-muslim-canadians-environics-1.3551591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/">"Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism; Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices"</a>. Pew Research Center. 30 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230634/http://www.people-press.org/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Americans%3A+No+Signs+of+Growth+in+Alienation+or+Support+for+Extremism%3B+Section+2%3A+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2F2011%2F08%2F30%2Fsection-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-171"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/1990/05/women-the-hijab-and-the-intifada/">"Women, the Hijab and the Intifada"</a>. 4 May 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%2C+the+Hijab+and+the+Intifada&rft.date=1990-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F1990%2F05%2Fwomen-the-hijab-and-the-intifada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilton-EdwardsFarrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Milton-Edwards, Beverley; Farrell, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLNNbwqlAEC&q=Gaza+Hamas+hijab+women&pg=PT184">Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745654683" title="Special:BookSources/9780745654683"><bdi>9780745654683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%3A+The+Islamic+Resistance+Movement&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780745654683&rft.aulast=Milton-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozLNNbwqlAEC%26q%3DGaza%2BHamas%2Bhijab%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPT184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedorak2012" class="citation book cs1">Fedorak, Shirley A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5JeG0ZaqBQC&q=Gaza+Hamas+hijab+women&pg=PA172">Anthropology Matters</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442605930" title="Special:BookSources/9781442605930"><bdi>9781442605930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+Matters&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442605930&rft.aulast=Fedorak&rft.aufirst=Shirley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5JeG0ZaqBQC%26q%3DGaza%2BHamas%2Bhijab%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramezani10-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramezani10_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramezani10_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramezani10_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramezani10_174-3">d</a> Ramezani, Reza (spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magiran.com/view.asp?Type=pdf&ID=429897">Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302023158/http://www.magiran.com/view.asp?Type=pdf&ID=429897">Archived</a> 2 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women] 4:11, Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, pp. 251-300, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1735-4730">1735-4730</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bucar-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bucar_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bucar_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_M._Bucar2011" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth M. Bucar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQVxVEldP0sC&pg=PA118">Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi'i Women</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589017528" title="Special:BookSources/9781589017528"><bdi>9781589017528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Conformity%3A+The+Feminist+Politics+of+U.S.+Catholic+and+Iranian+Shi%27i+Women&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781589017528&rft.au=Elizabeth+M.+Bucar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQVxVEldP0sC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/90789">"قانون مجازات اسلامی (Islamic Penal Code), see ‌ماده 102 (article 102)"</a>. Islamic Parliament Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181712/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/90789">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C+%28Islamic+Penal+Code%29%2C+see+%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87+102+%28article+102%29&rft.pub=Islamic+Parliament+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frc.majlis.ir%2Ffa%2Flaw%2Fshow%2F90789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly-breslin-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelly-breslin_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly-breslin_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanja_KellyJulia_Breslin2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanja Kelly; Julia Breslin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4ZkIzcLVZsC&pg=PA126">Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442203976" title="Special:BookSources/9781442203976"><bdi>9781442203976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Progress+Amid+Resistance&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442203976&rft.au=Sanja+Kelly&rft.au=Julia+Breslin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4ZkIzcLVZsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehnoosh_Payvar2016" class="citation book cs1">Behnoosh Payvar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJukCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73">Space, Culture, and the Youth in Iran: Observing Norm Creation Processes at the Artists' House</a>. Springer. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137525703" title="Special:BookSources/9781137525703"><bdi>9781137525703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Youth+in+Iran%3A+Observing+Norm+Creation+Processes+at+the+Artists%27+House&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137525703&rft.au=Behnoosh+Payvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJukCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Monitoring2016" class="citation news cs1">BBC Monitoring (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36101150">"Who are Islamic 'morality police'?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413170252/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36101150">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+Islamic+%27morality+police%27%3F&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.au=BBC+Monitoring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36101150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23947&LangID=E">"Iran must protect women's rights advocates"</a>. UN OHCHR. 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+must+protect+women%27s+rights+advocates&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FFR%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D23947%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Strategies for promotion of chastity (Persian), the official website of Iranian Majlis (04/05/1384 AP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101228">available online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004938/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/101228">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranintl.com/en/202405013051">"Ex-Iran President Rouhani Criticizes Reinstatement of Morality Police"</a>. May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-Iran+President+Rouhani+Criticizes+Reinstatement+of+Morality+Police&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F202405013051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranintl.com/en/202412182980">"Former Iranian President Rouhani: Hijab law neither just, Islamic, nor constitutional"</a>. 18 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Iranian+President+Rouhani%3A+Hijab+law+neither+just%2C+Islamic%2C+nor+constitutional&rft.date=2024-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F202412182980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/indonesia">"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Indonesia&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Findonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aceh-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aceh_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aceh_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewel_Topsfield2016" class="citation news cs1">Jewel Topsfield (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/ban-on-outdoor-music-concerts-in-west-aceh-due-to-sharia-law-20160406-gnzvna.html">"Ban on outdoor music concerts in West Aceh due to Sharia law"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826002321/http://www.smh.com.au/world/ban-on-outdoor-music-concerts-in-west-aceh-due-to-sharia-law-20160406-gnzvna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Ban+on+outdoor+music+concerts+in+West+Aceh+due+to+Sharia+law&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.au=Jewel+Topsfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fban-on-outdoor-music-concerts-in-west-aceh-due-to-sharia-law-20160406-gnzvna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMail2019" class="citation web cs1">Mail, Daily (15 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2019/09/521602/rebel-saudi-women-appear-public-without-hijab-abaya-onlookers-stunned">"Rebel Saudi women appear in public without hijab, abaya; onlookers stunned | New Straits Times"</a>. NST Online. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NST+Online&rft.atitle=Rebel+Saudi+women+appear+in+public+without+hijab%2C+abaya%3B+onlookers+stunned+%7C+New+Straits+Times&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.aulast=Mail&rft.aufirst=Daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fworld%2Fworld%2F2019%2F09%2F521602%2Frebel-saudi-women-appear-public-without-hijab-abaya-onlookers-stunned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNic_Robertson2020" class="citation web cs1">Nic Robertson (5 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/saudi-arabia-fun-tourists/index.html">"Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+has+changed+beyond+recognition.+But+will+tourists+want+to+visit%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft.au=Nic+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsaudi-arabia-fun-tourists%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewArab-188"><a href="#cite_ref-TheNewArab_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/20/abayas-not-mandatory-for-women-says-saudi-crown-prince">"Coverings for women 'not mandatory', says Saudi crown prince ahead of US charm offensive"</a>. The New Arab (Al-Araby Al-Jadeed). 20 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050618/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/20/abayas-not-mandatory-for-women-says-saudi-crown-prince">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. <q>Islamic clothing in Saudi Arabia is compulsory, but the crown prince has claimed this does not have to the case so long as women maintain a modest appearance in public. Saudi Arabia requires women to wear the black robe and hijab by law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab+%28Al-Araby+Al-Jadeed%29&rft.atitle=Coverings+for+women+%27not+mandatory%27%2C+says+Saudi+crown+prince+ahead+of+US+charm+offensive&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2018%2F3%2F20%2Fabayas-not-mandatory-for-women-says-saudi-crown-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1874471.stm">"Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue"</a>. BBC News. 15 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109001148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1874471.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+police+%27stopped%27+fire+rescue&rft.date=2002-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1874471.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-ii">"CLOTHING ii. In the Median and Achaemenid periods"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> El-Guindi, Fadwa, Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance, Berg, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2008/06/200861503343579739.html">"Turkey's AKP discusses hijab ruling"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801095423/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2008/06/200861503343579739.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+AKP+discusses+hijab+ruling&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2008%2F06%2F200861503343579739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11880622">"Quiet end to Turkey's college headscarf ban"</a>. BBC News. 31 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628151715/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11880622">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quiet+end+to+Turkey%27s+college+headscarf+ban&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11880622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖmer_Taşpınar2012" class="citation web cs1">Ömer Taşpınar (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816032456/http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/04/24-turkey-new-model-taspinar">"Islamist Politics in Turkey: The New Model?"</a>. The Brookings Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/04/24-turkey-new-model-taspinar">the original</a> on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamist+Politics+in+Turkey%3A+The+New+Model%3F&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.au=%C3%96mer+Ta%C5%9Fp%C4%B1nar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2F2012%2F04%2F24-turkey-new-model-taspinar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720192643/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=49443">"Tunisia's Hijab Ban Unconstitutional"</a>. 11 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=49443">the original</a> on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisia%27s+Hijab+Ban+Unconstitutional&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D49443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240622012622/https://www.livemint.com/news/hijab-ban-tajikistan-parliament-approves-bill-prohibiting-alien-garments-and-eid-celebrations-by-children-11718932757680.html">"Hijab ban: Tajikistan parliament approves bill prohibiting alien garments and Eid celebrations by children"</a>. Mint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/hijab-ban-tajikistan-parliament-approves-bill-prohibiting-alien-garments-and-eid-celebrations-by-children-11718932757680.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Hijab+ban%3A+Tajikistan+parliament+approves+bill+prohibiting+alien+garments+and+Eid+celebrations+by+children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Fhijab-ban-tajikistan-parliament-approves-bill-prohibiting-alien-garments-and-eid-celebrations-by-children-11718932757680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html">"Country passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906141934/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Country+passes+law+%27to+stop+Muslim+women+wearing+hijabs%27&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Majority-Muslim-Tajikistan-passes-law-to-discourage-wearing-of-hijabs/8371504484941/">"Majority-Muslim Tajikistan passes law to discourage wearing of hijabs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072235/https://www.upi.com/Majority-Muslim-Tajikistan-passes-law-to-discourage-wearing-of-hijabs/8371504484941/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majority-Muslim+Tajikistan+passes+law+to+discourage+wearing+of+hijabs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FMajority-Muslim-Tajikistan-passes-law-to-discourage-wearing-of-hijabs%2F8371504484941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Subaltern" class="citation journal cs1">Northrop, Douglas (2001a). "Subaltern dialogues: subversion and resistance in Soviet Uzbek family law". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 60 (1): 115–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2697646">10.2307/2697646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697646">2697646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147540996">147540996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Subaltern+dialogues%3A+subversion+and+resistance+in+Soviet+Uzbek+family+law&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147540996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2697646&rft.aulast=Northrop&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMardell2006" class="citation news cs1">Mardell, Mark (16 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612221543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4616664.stm">"Dutch MPs to decide on burqa ban"</a>. BBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4616664.stm">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dutch+MPs+to+decide+on+burqa+ban&rft.date=2006-01-16&rft.aulast=Mardell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4616664.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austria-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöksal_Baltaci2017" class="citation news cs1">Köksal Baltaci (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/27/austria-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-burqas-but-adds-clown-face-paint-too/699273001/">"Austria becomes latest European country to ban burqas — but adds clown face paint, too"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224065810/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/27/austria-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-burqas-but-adds-clown-face-paint-too/699273001/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Austria+becomes+latest+European+country+to+ban+burqas+%E2%80%94+but+adds+clown+face+paint%2C+too&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.au=K%C3%B6ksal+Baltaci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2Faustria-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-burqas-but-adds-clown-face-paint-too%2F699273001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095">"The Islamic veil across Europe"</a>. BBC News. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209161441/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+veil+across+Europe&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13038095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html">"A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women"</a>. The Independent. 21 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121050903/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=A+European+government+has+banned+Islamic+face+veils+despite+them+being+worn+by+just+three+women&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fislamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html">"Another European country just banned the burqa"</a>. The Independent. 1 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225165528/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Another+European+country+just+banned+the+burqa&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768">"Bosnian women protest at headscarf ban"</a>. BBC News. 7 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316232112/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bosnian+women+protest+at+headscarf+ban&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35518768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-judiciary-upholds-ban-on-hijab-despite-protests/27545654.html">"Bosnia Judicial Authorities Uphold Hijab Ban, Despite Protests"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130050/https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-judiciary-upholds-ban-on-hijab-despite-protests/27545654.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Bosnia+Judicial+Authorities+Uphold+Hijab+Ban%2C+Despite+Protests&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fbosnia-judiciary-upholds-ban-on-hijab-despite-protests%2F27545654.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRankinOltermann2017" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer; Oltermann, Philip (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/mar/14/employers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules">"Europe's right hails EU court's workplace headscarf ban ruling"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073507/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/mar/14/employers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+right+hails+EU+court%27s+workplace+headscarf+ban+ruling&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Oltermann%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2017%2Fmar%2F14%2Femployers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff_and_agencies2018" class="citation news cs1">Staff and agencies (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab">"Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815112801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Denmark+passes+law+banning+burqa+and+niqab&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.au=Staff+and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F31%2Fdenmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_209-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFALISSA_J._RUBIN2016" class="citation news cs1">ALISSA J. RUBIN (24 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/france-burkini.html">"French 'Burkini' Bans Provoke Backlash as Armed Police Confront Beachgoers"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105413/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/france-burkini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+%27Burkini%27+Bans+Provoke+Backlash+as+Armed+Police+Confront+Beachgoers&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.au=ALISSA+J.+RUBIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffrance-burkini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37056742">"Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism"</a>. BBC News. 12 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812123418/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37056742">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cannes+bans+burkinis+over+suspected+link+to+radical+Islamism&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-37056742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.fr/20160819/nice-joins-list-of-french-towns-to-ban-burqini">"Nice joins growing list of French towns to ban burqini"</a>. The Local.fr. 19 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822152038/http://www.thelocal.fr/20160819/nice-joins-list-of-french-towns-to-ban-burqini">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local.fr&rft.atitle=Nice+joins+growing+list+of+French+towns+to+ban+burqini&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.fr%2F20160819%2Fnice-joins-list-of-french-towns-to-ban-burqini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockburn-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockburn_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockburn_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Cockburn2016" class="citation news cs1">Harry Cockburn (24 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-swimwear-ban-france-nice-armed-police-hijab-muslim-a7206776.html">"Burkini ban: Armed police force woman to remove her clothing on Nice beach"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208042912/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burkini-swimwear-ban-france-nice-armed-police-hijab-muslim-a7206776.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Burkini+ban%3A+Armed+police+force+woman+to+remove+her+clothing+on+Nice+beach&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.au=Harry+Cockburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fburkini-swimwear-ban-france-nice-armed-police-hijab-muslim-a7206776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen_Quinn2016" class="citation news cs1">Ben Quinn (23 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-police-make-woman-remove-burkini-on-nice-beach">"French police make woman remove clothing on Nice beach following burkini ban"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218114654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-police-make-woman-remove-burkini-on-nice-beach">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=French+police+make+woman+remove+clothing+on+Nice+beach+following+burkini+ban&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.au=Ben+Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F24%2Ffrench-police-make-woman-remove-burkini-on-nice-beach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-row-escalates-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-row-escalates_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-row-escalates_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-row-escalates_214-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-row-escalates_214-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngelique_Chrisafis2016" class="citation news cs1">Angelique Chrisafis (24 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach">"French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at Nice beach"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127154804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=French+burkini+ban+row+escalates+after+clothing+incident+at+Nice+beach&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.au=Angelique+Chrisafis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F24%2Ffrench-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaroglouLamkaddemVan_PachterbekeBuxant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Saroglou, Vassilis; Lamkaddem, Bahija; Van Pachterbeke, Matthieu; Buxant, Coralie (2009). "Host society's dislike of the Islamic veil: The role of subtle prejudice, values, and religion". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 33 (5): 419–428. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.6175">10.1.1.471.6175</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2009.02.005">10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.02.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=Host+society%27s+dislike+of+the+Islamic+veil%3A+The+role+of+subtle+prejudice%2C+values%2C+and+religion&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.471.6175%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2009.02.005&rft.aulast=Saroglou&rft.aufirst=Vassilis&rft.au=Lamkaddem%2C+Bahija&rft.au=Van+Pachterbeke%2C+Matthieu&rft.au=Buxant%2C+Coralie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLëtzebuerg2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lëtzebuerg, Tageblatt (16 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/">"Österreich verbietet Kopftücher an Grundschulen"</a>. Tageblatt.lu (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518072650/http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tageblatt.lu&rft.atitle=%C3%96sterreich+verbietet+Kopft%C3%BCcher+an+Grundschulen&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.aulast=L%C3%ABtzebuerg&rft.aufirst=Tageblatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tageblatt.lu%2Fnachrichten%2Finternational%2Foesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55277840">"Austria court overturns primary school headscarf ban"</a>. BBC News. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austria+court+overturns+primary+school+headscarf+ban&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-55277840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTT2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">TT (29 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/staffanstorp-rostade-for-huvudduksforbud">"Staffanstorp röstade för huvudduksförbud"</a>. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412">1101-2412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531200217/https://www.svd.se/staffanstorp-rostade-for-huvudduksforbud">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Staffanstorp+r%C3%B6stade+f%C3%B6r+huvudduksf%C3%B6rbud&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.issn=1101-2412&rft.au=TT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fstaffanstorp-rostade-for-huvudduksforbud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thestar1-219"><a href="#cite_ref-thestar1_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheikh_Saaliq2022" class="citation news cs1">Sheikh Saaliq (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2022/02/08/in-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html">"In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class"</a>. Toronto Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=In+India%2C+wearing+hijab+bars+some+Muslim+students+from+class&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.au=Sheikh+Saaliq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F2022%2F02%2F08%2Fin-india-wearing-hijab-bars-some-muslim-students-from-class.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_larger_bench-220"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_larger_bench_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60312864">"Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench"</a>. BBC News. 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Karnataka+hijab+row%3A+Judge+refers+issue+to+larger+bench&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-60312864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csm-221"><a href="#cite_ref-csm_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2022/0208/Religious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab">"Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Religious+identity%2C+rights+in+focus+as+Indian+schools+ban+hijab&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAsia-South-Central%2F2022%2F0208%2FReligious-identity-rights-in-focus-as-Indian-schools-ban-hijab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646">"Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice"</a>. The News Minute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Karnataka%27s+hijab+row%3A+A+fragile+regime%27s+latest+assault+on+right+to+choice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fkarnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60300009">"Hijab ban: Karnataka high court upholds government order on headscarves"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hijab+ban%3A+Karnataka+high+court+upholds+government+order+on+headscarves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-60300009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanguly2022" class="citation news cs1">Ganguly, Meenakshi (15 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/15/indias-hijab-debate-fueled-divisive-communal-politics">"India's Hijab Debate Fueled by Divisive Communal Politics"</a>. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=India%27s+Hijab+Debate+Fueled+by+Divisive+Communal+Politics&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F02%2F15%2Findias-hijab-debate-fueled-divisive-communal-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Correspondent2022" class="citation news cs1">Special Correspondent (9 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nobel-laureate-malala-yousafzai-comments-on-hijab-controversy-in-karnataka/article38400512.ece">"Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai comments on hijab controversy in Karnataka"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nobel+laureate+Malala+Yousafzai+comments+on+hijab+controversy+in+Karnataka&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.au=Special+Correspondent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkarnataka%2Fnobel-laureate-malala-yousafzai-comments-on-hijab-controversy-in-karnataka%2Farticle38400512.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2022" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Taniya (12 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/rights/very-frightening-to-enter-campus-alone-muslim-students-recount-hijab-bans-impact">"'Very Frightening' to Enter Campus Alone: Muslim Students Recount Hijab Ban's Impact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=%27Very+Frightening%27+to+Enter+Campus+Alone%3A+Muslim+Students+Recount+Hijab+Ban%27s+Impact&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Taniya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Frights%2Fvery-frightening-to-enter-campus-alone-muslim-students-recount-hijab-bans-impact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-bans-veils-abnormal-beards-western-province-xinjiang-n741501">"China bans veils and beards in the western province of Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=China+bans+veils+and+beards+in+the+western+province+of+Xinjiang&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fchina-bans-veils-abnormal-beards-western-province-xinjiang-n741501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopham2001" class="citation news cs1">Popham, Peter (in Delhi) (30 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kashmir-women-face-threat-of-acid-attacks-from-militants-9153249.html">"Kashmir women face threat of acid attacks from militants"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828023043/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kashmir-women-face-threat-of-acid-attacks-from-militants-9153249.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Kashmir+women+face+threat+of+acid+attacks+from+militants&rft.date=2001-08-30&rft.aulast=Popham&rft.aufirst=Peter+%28in+Delhi%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkashmir-women-face-threat-of-acid-attacks-from-militants-9153249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1484145.stm">"Kashmir women face acid attacks"</a>. BBC News. 10 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131201121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1484145.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kashmir+women+face+acid+attacks&rft.date=2001-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1484145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a604-230"><a href="#cite_ref-a604_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergenfeldClarkSandhuYount2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bergenfeld, Irina; Clark, Cari Jo; Sandhu, Seema; Yount, Kathryn M.; Essaid, Aida A.; Sajdi, Jude; Abu Taleb, Rand; Robbin, Zoe; Batayeh, Brian; Zwooqar, Ahad; Spencer, Rachael A. (2022). ""There Is Always an Excuse to Blame the Girl": Perspectives on Sexual Harassment at a Jordanian University". Violence Against Women. 28 (14): 3457–3481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10778012221079373">10.1177/10778012221079373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1077-8012">1077-8012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35200046">35200046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+Against+Women&rft.atitle=%22There+Is+Always+an+Excuse+to+Blame+the+Girl%22%3A+Perspectives+on+Sexual+Harassment+at+a+Jordanian+University&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3457-%3C%2Fspan%3E3481&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1077-8012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35200046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10778012221079373&rft.aulast=Bergenfeld&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Clark%2C+Cari+Jo&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Seema&rft.au=Yount%2C+Kathryn+M.&rft.au=Essaid%2C+Aida+A.&rft.au=Sajdi%2C+Jude&rft.au=Abu+Taleb%2C+Rand&rft.au=Robbin%2C+Zoe&rft.au=Batayeh%2C+Brian&rft.au=Zwooqar%2C+Ahad&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Rachael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasia_Spalek2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Basia Spalek (2013). Basia Spalek (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dEa4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Muslim women's safety talk and their experience of victimisation</a>. Vol. Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice. Routledge. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134032839" title="Special:BookSources/9781134032839"><bdi>9781134032839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+women%27s+safety+talk+and+their+experience+of+victimisation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134032839&rft.au=Basia+Spalek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdEa4AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirk_Semple2015" class="citation news cs1">Kirk Semple (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/26/nyregion/im-frightened-after-paris-terrorist-attacks-new-york-city-muslims-cope-with-a-backlash.html">"'I'm Frightened': After Attacks in Paris, New York Muslims Cope With a Backlash"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205233303/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/26/nyregion/im-frightened-after-paris-terrorist-attacks-new-york-city-muslims-cope-with-a-backlash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+Frightened%27%3A+After+Attacks+in+Paris%2C+New+York+Muslims+Cope+With+a+Backlash&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.au=Kirk+Semple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F26%2Fnyregion%2Fim-frightened-after-paris-terrorist-attacks-new-york-city-muslims-cope-with-a-backlash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarangis_Najibullah2011" class="citation news cs1">Farangis Najibullah (20 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic_hejab_head_scarf_hot_topic_kazakhstan/2344233.html">"Hijab Now A Hot Topic In Kazakhstan"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920123142/http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic_hejab_head_scarf_hot_topic_kazakhstan/2344233.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hijab+Now+A+Hot+Topic+In+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft.au=Farangis+Najibullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fislamic_hejab_head_scarf_hot_topic_kazakhstan%2F2344233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Pannier,_Farruh_Yusupov2015" class="citation news cs1">Bruce Pannier, Farruh Yusupov (14 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-deveiling-drive-hijab/27070345.html">"'Deveiling' Drive Moves To Uzbekistan's Capital"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920123512/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-deveiling-drive-hijab/27070345.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Deveiling%27+Drive+Moves+To+Uzbekistan%27s+Capital&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft.au=Bruce+Pannier%2C+Farruh+Yusupov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fuzbekistan-deveiling-drive-hijab%2F27070345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Malikov A. and Djuraeva D. 2021. Women, Islam, and politics in Samarkand (1991–2021), International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2 (16): 563. DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i16.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Trending2016" class="citation news cs1">BBC Trending (13 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36846249">"Kyrgyzstan president: 'Women in mini skirts don't become suicide bombers'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025174249/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36846249">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan+president%3A+%27Women+in+mini+skirts+don%27t+become+suicide+bombers%27&rft.date=2016-08-13&rft.au=BBC+Trending&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-36846249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliLiuHumedian2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Saba Rasheed; Liu, William Ming; Humedian, Majeda (2004). "Islam 101: Understanding the Religion and Therapy Implications". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 35 (6): 635–642. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.569.7436">10.1.1.569.7436</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7028.35.6.635">10.1037/0735-7028.35.6.635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Professional+Psychology%3A+Research+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Islam+101%3A+Understanding+the+Religion+and+Therapy+Implications&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.569.7436%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0735-7028.35.6.635&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Saba+Rasheed&rft.au=Liu%2C+William+Ming&rft.au=Humedian%2C+Majeda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Council on American-Islamic Relations. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cairunmasked.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/2008-Civil-Rights-Report.pdf">The status of Muslim civil rights in the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211061813/http://cairunmasked.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/2008-Civil-Rights-Report.pdf">Archived</a> 11 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. [DX Reader version]. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Ghumman, S., & Jackson, L. (2010). The downside of religious attire: the Muslim headscarf and expectations of obtaining employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 4-23 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeAhmadi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Darnell; Ahmadi, Shafiqa (2003). "Perspectives and Experiences of Muslim Women Who Veil on College Campuses". Journal of College Student Development. 44: 47–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcsd.2003.0002">10.1353/csd.2003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145659665">145659665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+College+Student+Development&rft.atitle=Perspectives+and+Experiences+of+Muslim+Women+Who+Veil+on+College+Campuses&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcsd.2003.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145659665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Darnell&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Shafiqa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Implications-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Implications_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Implications_241-1">b</a> Reeves, T., Mckinney, A., & Azam, L. (2012). Muslim women's workplace experiences: Implications for strategic diversity initiatives. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 32(1), 49-67. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Hamdani, D. (March 2005). Triple jeopardy: Muslim women's experience of discrimination. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ccmw.com/publications/triple_jeopardy.pdf">Canadian Council of Muslim Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230634/http://archive.ccmw.com/publications/triple_jeopardy.pdf">Archived</a> 16 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-job_sat-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-job_sat_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-job_sat_243-1">b</a> Ali, S., Yamada, T., & Mahmood, A. (2015). Relationships of the practice of Hijab, workplace discrimination, social class, job stress, and job satisfaction among Muslim American women. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Employment_Counseling" title="Journal of Employment Counseling">Journal of Employment Counseling</a>, 52(4), 146-157 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounis2009" class="citation web cs1">Younis, Mohamed (2 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221083615/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116260/muslim-americans-exemplify-diversity-potential.aspx">"Muslim Americans Exemplify Diversity, Potential"</a>. Gallup. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/116260/Muslim-Americans-Exemplify-Diversity-Potential.aspx">the original</a> on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Americans+Exemplify+Diversity%2C+Potential&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft.aulast=Younis&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F116260%2FMuslim-Americans-Exemplify-Diversity-Potential.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcquistiFong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Acquisti, Alessandro; Fong, Christina M. (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2031979">"An Experiment in Hiring Discrimination Via Online Social Networks"</a>. Management Science. Rochester, NY: Social Sciences Research Network. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2031979">10.2139/ssrn.2031979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142425660">142425660</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031979">2031979</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Science&rft.atitle=An+Experiment+in+Hiring+Discrimination+Via+Online+Social+Networks&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142425660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2031979%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2031979&rft.aulast=Acquisti&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Fong%2C+Christina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2031979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Harrison, A. K. (2016). Hiding under the veil of “dress policy”: Muslim women, hijab, and employment discrimination in the United States. Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 17(3), 831 </li> <li id="cite_note-JIWS70-97-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JIWS70-97_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JIWS70-97_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JIWS70-97_247-2">c</a> Pasha-Zaidi, N. (2015). Judging by appearances: Perceived discrimination among South Asian Muslim women in the US and the UAE. Journal of International Women's Studies,16(2), 70-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldhijabday.com/">"World Hijab Day - Better Awareness. Greater Understanding. Peaceful World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006192248/http://worldhijabday.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Hijab+Day+-+Better+Awareness.+Greater+Understanding.+Peaceful+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldhijabday.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParticipating_Countries" class="citation web cs1">Participating Countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldhijabday.com/worldwidesupport/">"Worldwide Support"</a>. World Hijab Day. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310102705/http://worldhijabday.com/worldwidesupport/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Support&rft.pub=World+Hijab+Day&rft.au=Participating+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldhijabday.com%2Fworldwidesupport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhijabday.com/world-hijab-day-2013/">"World Hijab Day"</a>. worldhijabday.com. Retrieved 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Hijab+Day&rft.pub=worldhijabday.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldhijabday.com%2Fworld-hijab-day-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnwar2006" class="citation book cs1">Anwar, Etin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bX6TAgAAQBAJ">Gender and Self in Islam</a>. Routledge. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99353-5"><bdi>978-1-135-99353-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Self+in+Islam&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-99353-5&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Etin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbX6TAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBukhārī1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl (1997). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari : Arabic-English (in Arabic). Darussalam Pub. & Distr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-717-32-1" title="Special:BookSources/9960-717-32-1"><bdi>9960-717-32-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5+Al-Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB%3A+The+Translation+of+the+Meanings+of+Sahih+Al-Bukhari+%3A+Arabic-English&rft.pub=Darussalam+Pub.+%26+Distr.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9960-717-32-1&rft.aulast=Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leila_Ahmed" title="Leila Ahmed">Ahmed, Leila</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womengenderinisl00ahme">Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05583-2"><bdi>978-0-300-05583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam%3A+Historical+Roots+of+a+Modern+Debate&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05583-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomengenderinisl00ahme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan, Reza</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_god_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a>, Random House, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloom,_JonathanBlair,_Sheila2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220">Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09422-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Faith+and+Power&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09422-0&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300094220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_Guindi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_El_Guindi" title="Fadwa El Guindi">El Guindi, Fadwa</a> (1999). Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance. Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-929-7"><bdi>978-1-85973-929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil%3A+Modesty%2C+Privacy%2C+and+Resistance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-929-7&rft.aulast=El+Guindi&rft.aufirst=Fadwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Elver, Hilal. The Headscarf Controversy: Secularism and Freedom of Religion (Oxford University Press; 2012); 265 pages; Criticizes policies that serve to exclude pious Muslim women from the public sphere in Turkey, France, Germany, and the United States.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHijab" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yurdakul, Gökce and Anna C. Korteweg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=20234">The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303151615/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=20234">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Stanford University Press; 2014) Media debates on stigmatizing Muslim women and how Muslim women respond to these critics for the country cases of Germany, Turkey, the Netherlands and France.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijab&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hijab" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hijab">Hijab</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hijab" class="extiw" title="commons:Hijab">Hijab</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/europe_muslim_veils/html/1.stm">In graphics: Muslim veils</a>." <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. - Drawings of different types of Islamic women's clothing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veil.unc.edu/">ReOrienting the Veil</a> - Website discussing global hijab usage by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hats_and_caps162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hats" title="Template:Hats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hats" title="Template talk:Hats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hats_and_caps162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_hat_styles" title="List of hat styles">List of hat styles</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_headgear" title="List of headgear">List of headgear</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_hat" title="Cartwheel hat">Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">Cloche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_hat" title="Cocktail hat">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_hat" title="Doll hat">Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draped_turban" title="Draped turban">Draped turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat" title="Eugénie hat">Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinator" title="Fascinator">Fascinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_hat" title="Half hat">Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_hat" title="Halo hat">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_cap" title="Juliet cap">Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hat" title="Mushroom hat">Mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampshade_hat" title="Lampshade hat">lampshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_hat" title="Picture hat">Picture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peach_basket_hat" title="Peach basket hat">peach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_hat" title="Pillbox hat">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_cap" title="Tam cap">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">Top</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">Boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat" title="Cabbage-tree hat">Cabbage-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">trilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">coppola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap">newsboy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie_hat" title="Pork pie hat">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideawake_hat" title="Wideawake hat">Wideawake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">Uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearskin" title="Bearskin">Bearskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">Bicorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cap" title="Black cap">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_hat" title="Boonie hat">Boonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenovka" title="Budenovka">Budenovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">Busby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_comforter" title="Cap comforter">Cap comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_Alpino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappello Alpino">Cappello Alpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique" title="Casquette d'Afrique">Casquette d'Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson" title="Cavalry Stetson">Cavalry Stetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapka" title="Czapka">Czapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_cap" title="Forage cap">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karvalakki" title="Karvalakki">karvalakki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap" title="Fur wedge cap">Fur wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardee_hat" title="Hardee hat">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep_cap" title="Jeep cap">Jeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">Kepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazepynka" title="Mazepynka">Mazepynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap" title="Nurse's cap">Nurse's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">Maintenance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">Chapeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">Military beret</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniform_beret" title="Uniform beret">Uniform beret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_beret" title="Green beret">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroon_beret" title="Maroon beret">maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beret" title="Red beret">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_beret" title="Tan beret">tan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_cap" title="Patrol cap">Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">Peaked</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">mariner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap" title="Sailor cap">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogatywka" title="Rogatywka">Rogatywka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_cap" title="Side cap">Side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titovka_(cap)" title="Titovka (cap)">titovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglavka" title="Triglavka">triglavka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_cap" title="Ski cap">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat" title="Slouch hat">Slouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sou%27wester" title="Sou'wester">Sou'wester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">faluche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorne" title="Tricorne">Tricorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cover" title="Utility cover">Utility cover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">Biretta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">Capirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_romano" title="Cappello romano">Cappello romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchon" title="Capuchon">Capuchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christening_cap" title="Christening cap">Christening cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">Head covering for Christian women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Easter bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat" title="Pilgrim's hat">Pilgrim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet" title="Salvation Army bonnet">Salvation Army bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel_hat" title="Shovel hat">Shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">Klobuk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epanokalimavkion" title="Epanokalimavkion">epanokalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimavkion" title="Kalimavkion">kalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koukoulion" title="Koukoulion">koukoulion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skufia" title="Skufia">Skufia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">Kolpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodik" title="Spodik">Spodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">Shtreimel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_hat" title="Animal hat">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_cap" title="Ascot cap">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)" title="Beanie (seamed cap)">Beanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobble_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobble hat">Bobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_(hat)" title="Breton (hat)">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_hat" title="Bucket hat">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains" title="Boss of the Plains">Boss of the Plains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_hat" title="Fruit hat">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">Knit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_hat" title="Party hat">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_cap" title="Shower cap">Shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_foil_hat" title="Tin foil hat">Tin foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_hat" title="Umbrella hat">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopee_cap" title="Whoopee cap">Whoopee</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_cap" title="Cricket cap">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy_green" title="Baggy green">baggy green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facekini" title="Facekini">facekini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trucker_hat" title="Trucker hat">trucker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat" title="Bicycle clip hat">Bicycle clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette" title="Casquette">Casquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerstalker" title="Deerstalker">Deerstalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap" title="Jockey's cap">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_cap" title="Mounteere cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_cap" title="Rally cap">Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_visor" title="Sports visor">Sports visor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_eyeshade" title="Green eyeshade">green eyeshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir_cap" title="Boudoir cap">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar_hat" title="Boyar hat">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycocket" title="Bycocket">Bycocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet" title="Coal scuttle bonnet">Coal scuttle bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)" title="Dolly Varden (costume)">Dolly Varden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_hat" title="Pamela hat">Pamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_bonnet" title="Poke bonnet">Poke bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toque" title="Toque">Toque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hat" title="Witch hat">Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Asian conical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke hat">Aso Oke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">Astrakhan (hat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayam_(cap)" title="Ayam (cap)">Ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet" title="Balmoral bonnet">Balmoral bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonggeoji" title="Beonggeoji">Beonggeoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi" title="Bhadgaunle Topi">Bhadgaunle Topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birke_topi" title="Birke topi">Birke topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue bonnet (hat)">Blue bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_hat" title="Coloured hat">Coloured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_hat" title="Cork hat">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_topi" title="Dhaka topi">Dhaka topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppa" title="Doppa">Doppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cap" title="Dutch cap">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_dome" title="Energy dome">Energy dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_hat" title="Four Winds hat">Four Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulani_hat" title="Fulani hat">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(hat)" title="Gat (hat)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap" title="Icelandic tail-cap">Icelandic tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobawi" title="Jobawi">Jobawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpak" title="Kalpak">Kalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Karakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">Kasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofia_(hat)" title="Kofia (hat)">Kofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(cap)" title="Kuma (cap)">Kuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbadeh" title="Labbadeh">Labbadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_cap" title="Lika cap">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cap" title="Montenegrin cap">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montera_picona" title="Montera picona">Montera picona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambawi" title="Nambawi">Nambawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nón quai thao">Nón quai thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paag" title="Paag">Paag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">Papakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashteen_hat" title="Pashteen hat">Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungcha" title="Pungcha">Pungcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salako" title="Salako">Salako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_bird" title="Senufo bird">Senufo bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyade" title="Shyade">Shyade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap" title="Šibenik cap">Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Sombrero calañés">sombrero calañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">sombrero cordobés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao" title="Sombrero vueltiao">sombrero vueltiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_hat" title="Straw hat">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubara" title="Šubara">Šubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_hat" title="Sun hat">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)" title="Tam o' shanter (cap)">Tam o' shanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggeon" title="Tanggeon">Tanggeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembel_hat" title="Tembel hat">Tembel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)" title="Tokin (headwear)">Tokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topor_(headgear)" title="Topor (headgear)">Topor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunokakushi" title="Tsunokakushi">Tsunokakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeteika" title="Tubeteika">Tubeteika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">Upe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushanka" title="Ushanka">Ushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggwan" title="Yanggwan">Yanggwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wrapped headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">Apostolnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birrus" title="Birrus">Birrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caul_(headgear)" title="Caul (headgear)">Caul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)" title="Chaperon (headgear)">Chaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-rag" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-rag">Do-rag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumalla" title="Dumalla">Dumalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Emamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella" title="Għonnella">Għonnella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook_(headgear)" title="Gook (headgear)">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugel" title="Gugel">Gugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulle" title="Gulle">Gulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogeon" title="Hogeon">Hogeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang-ot" title="Jang-ot">Jang-ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_peta" title="Mysore peta">Mysore peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheta" title="Pheta">Pheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi" title="Puneri Pagadi">Puneri Pagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)" title="Sudra (headdress)">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">Tichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">Yashmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hat parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_brim" title="Hat brim">Brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_brim" title="Bumper brim">Bumper brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_cord" title="Campaign cord">Campaign cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">Lappet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(feather)" title="Plume (feather)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpech" title="Sarpech">Sarpech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">Visor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_box" title="Hat box">Hat box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ruhollah_Khomeini209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template talk:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruhollah_Khomeini209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 demonstrations in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Life in exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Return to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Aftermath of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran" title="Cultural Revolution in Iran">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">1979 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory">Iranian revolution conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Israeli support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">Satanic Verses controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/120px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/250px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Positions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Shiite clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">compulsory hijab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam%27s_Line" title="Imam's Line">Imam's Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev">Letter to Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_8-article_command" title="Khomeini's 8-article command">Khomeini's 8-article command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Wasilah" title="Tahrir al-Wasilah">Tahrir al-Wasilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islam and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Jihad" title="The Greatest Jihad">The Greatest Jihad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeini_family" title="Khomeini family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini">Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farideh_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini">Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Khomeini" title="Hussein Khomeini">Hussein Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Ahmad_Musavi_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaran_Hussainiya" title="Jamaran Hussainiya">Jamaran Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alef-Laam_Khomeini" title="Alef-Laam Khomeini">Alef-Laam Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_decade" title="Fajr decade">Fajr decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refah_School" title="Refah School">Refah School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homafaran_Allegiance" title="Homafaran Allegiance">Homafaran Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Category:Ruhollah Khomeini">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1338" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172317#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1165043/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003011748">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17712976r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17712976r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph892466&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX779722">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007537589505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/224254413">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hicab--tesettur">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab&oldid=1283442502">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab&oldid=1283442502</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hijab" title="Category:Hijab">Hijab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases_in_Sharia" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia">Arabic words and phrases in Sharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modesty_in_Islam" title="Category:Modesty in Islam">Modesty in Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Category:Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Misogyny" title="Category:Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_feminism" title="Category:Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from September 2022">Use Oxford spelling from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 April 2025, at 15:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Hijab</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 84 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-4s4z4","wgBackendResponseTime":295,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.849","walltime":"2.167","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15550,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":495951,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14112,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":818512,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1805.977 1 -total"," 52.02% 939.456 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.68% 319.319 86 Template:Cite_web"," 11.20% 202.183 57 Template:Cite_news"," 10.49% 189.508 48 Template:Cite_book"," 5.97% 107.798 4 Template:Blockquote"," 5.21% 94.113 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.90% 88.495 4 Template:Langx"," 3.94% 71.081 1 Template:Islamic_female_dress"," 3.78% 68.315 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.126","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20195216,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFALISSA_J._RUBIN2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcquistiFong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed1992\"] = 11,\n [\"CITEREFAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAliLiuHumedian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlkiek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAngelique_Chrisafis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnwar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAsma_AfsaruddinA._H._Mathias_Zahniser1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAymanKnickmeyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_Monitoring2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_Trending2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasia_Spalek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehnoosh_Payvar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Quinn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergenfeldClarkSandhuYount2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom,_JonathanBlair,_Sheila2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_Pannier,_Farruh_Yusupov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBukhārī1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenap_Çakmak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark-Flory2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeAhmadi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Guindi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_GuindiSherifa_Zahur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_GuindiZuhur\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_M._Bucar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsaie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarangis_Najibullah2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel_and_Hannan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhufran_Khir-Allah2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasse2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenziel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHameed2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry_Cockburn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInskeep2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIstanbul2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasperse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewel_Topsfield2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Richard_Bowen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Head2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahf2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamali2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandhlawi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarimah2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaled_Abou_El_Fadl2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhir-Allah2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk_Semple2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöksal_Baltaci2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeila_Ahmed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_A._Cainkar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLëtzebuerg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMail2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariam_al-Jaber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer,_Wade_Clark_Roof2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarzouk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton-EdwardsFarrell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasir2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNic_Robertson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParticipating_Countries\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Johnston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiela2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQamarunissa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRICH_MORIN2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankinOltermann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Freund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizvi2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahar_Amer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamira_Haj2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanja_KellyJulia_Breslin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSara_Silverstri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaroglouLamkaddemVan_PachterbekeBuxant2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheikh_Saaliq2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShounaz_Meky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlininger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecial_Correspondent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurgeon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_and_agencies2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzyżyńska2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSyed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTT2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahmincioglu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV.A._Mohamad_Ashrof2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWAWI2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYara_Elmjouie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasmin_Nouh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖmer_Taşpınar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Subaltern\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 86,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Hadith-usc\"] = 2,\n [\"Hats\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic female dress\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 5,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Ruhollah Khomeini\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.8"],["?","160","13.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","5.2"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:814\u003E","40","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["[others]","360","31.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f6c89f4bf-lrpbq","timestamp":"20250401150948","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hijab","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hijab","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172317","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172317","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-06T11:51:51Z","dateModified":"2025-04-01T15:08:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/41\/Hijabis_-_2017_%2837019672366%29.jpg","headline":"a head covering or veil worn in public by some Muslim women"}</script> </body> </html>