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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In narcissism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In mania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_psychopathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_psychopathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In psychopathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_psychopathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with other variables</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_variables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with other variables subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive/Adaptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive/Adaptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Positive/Adaptive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive/Adaptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative/Maladaptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative/Maladaptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Negative/Maladaptive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative/Maladaptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cognitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive-sublist" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandiose delusion">grandiose delusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illusory_superiority" title="Illusory superiority">illusory superiority</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <b>grandiosity</b> is a sense of <a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">superiority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniqueness" title="Uniqueness">uniqueness</a>, or invulnerability that is unrealistic and not based on personal capability. It may be expressed by exaggerated beliefs regarding one's abilities, the belief that few other people have anything in common with oneself, and that one can only be understood by a few, very special people.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personality trait of grandiosity is principally associated with <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> (NPD), but also is a feature in the occurrence and expression of <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">hypomanic</a> episodes of <a href="/wiki/Current_diagnostic_criteria_for_bipolar_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-TR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few scales exist for the sole purpose of measuring grandiosity, though one recent attempt is the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS), an adjective rating scale where one indicates the applicability of a word to oneself (e.g. superior, glorious).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grandiosity is also measured as part of other tests, including the Personality Assessment for DSM-5 (PID-5), <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_Checklist" title="Psychopathy Checklist">Psychopathy Checklist-Revised</a>, and diagnostic interviews for NPD. The Grandiosity section of the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism (DIN), for instance, describes:<sup id="cite_ref-Gunderson_1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunderson_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The person <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">exaggerates</a> talents, capacity, and achievements in an unrealistic way.</li> <li>The person believes in their invulnerability or does not recognize their limitations.</li> <li>The person has grandiose fantasies.</li> <li>The person believes that they do not need other people.</li> <li>The person overexamines and downgrades other people's projects, statements, or dreams in an unrealistic manner.</li> <li>The person regards themself as unique or special when compared to other people.</li> <li>The person regards themself as generally superior to other people.</li> <li>The person behaves self-centeredly and/or self-referentially.</li> <li>The person behaves in a <a href="/wiki/Boastful" class="mw-redirect" title="Boastful">boastful</a> or pretentious way.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_narcissism">In narcissism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiose narcissism is a subtype of <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> with grandiosity as its central feature, in addition to other agentic and antagonistic traits (e.g., dominance, attention-seeking, entitlement, manipulation). Confusingly, the term "narcissistic grandiosity" is sometimes used as a synonym for grandiose narcissism and other times used to refer to the subject of this article (superiority feelings).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mania">In mania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In mania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mania, grandiosity is typically more pro-active and aggressive than in <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a>. The manic character may boast of future achievements<sup id="cite_ref-Goffman_1972_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman_1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 421">: 421 </span></sup> or exaggerate their personal qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Goffman_1972_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman_1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 413 & notes">: 413 & notes </span></sup> </p><p>They may also begin unrealistically ambitious undertakings, before being cut down, or cutting themselves back down, to size.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychopathy">In psychopathy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In psychopathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiosity features in Factor 1, Facet 1 (Interpersonal) in the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Psychopathy_Checklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Psychopathy Checklist">Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)</a> test.<sup id="cite_ref-factorstructure_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factorstructure-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals endorsing this criterion appear arrogant and boastful, and may be unrealistically optimistic about their future. The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> also notes that persons with <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a> often display an inflated self-image, and can appear excessively self-important, opinionated and cocky, and often hold others in contempt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_variables">Relationship with other variables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship with other variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiosity is well documented to have associations with <i>both</i> positive/adaptive and negative/maladaptive outcomes, leading some researchers to question whether it is necessarily pathological. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive/Adaptive"><span id="Positive.2FAdaptive"></span>Positive/Adaptive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positive/Adaptive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiosity demonstrates moderate-to-strong positive correlations with self-esteem, typically becoming larger in size when controlling for confounding variables.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It relates positively to self-rated superiority and is inversely associated with self-rated worthlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also associated with a host of other variables (often even when controlling for self-esteem), including positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_biopsychological_theory_of_personality" title="Gray's biopsychological theory of personality">behavioural activation system</a> functioning, and all forms of emotional resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also correlates positively with adaptive narcissism, namely authoritativeness, charisma, self-assurance and ambitiousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it exhibits negative associations with depression, anxiety, pessimism and shame.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2009_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hampton_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampton_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandiosity has a small positive relationship with intelligence and achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hampton_2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampton_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative/Maladaptive"><span id="Negative.2FMaladaptive"></span>Negative/Maladaptive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negative/Maladaptive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiosity has a well-studied association with aggression (both physical and verbal), risk-taking (e.g. financial, social, sexual) and competitiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has reliable associations with maladaptive narcissistic traits like entitlement and interpersonal exploitativeness.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when controlling for exploitativeness, however, grandiosity still predicts unethical behaviours like lying, cheating and stealing.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandiosity seems to be specifically related to rationalised cheating (i.e. opportunistic cheating behaviour whose context allows the behaviour to be construed as something other than cheating), but not deliberative cheating (i.e. conscious premeditation to violate rules and cheat).<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the prominence of grandiosity in the research literature, few theories or even studies of its underlying mechanisms exist. Approximately 23% of the variance in grandiosity is explained by genetics, with the majority of remaining variance attributable to non-shared environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Luo_2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive">Cognitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has consistently indicated a role of positive rumination (repetitive positive self-focused thoughts). Recently, an experimental study found that having neurotypical participants engage in overly-positive rumination (i.e. think about times when they felt special, unique, important or superior) lead to increases in state grandiosity, whereas a control distraction condition conferred no such increment.<sup id="cite_ref-Bortolon_2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bortolon_2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study confirmed that positive ruminations confer grandiose self-perceptions in the moment, and found that (grandiosity-prone) patients with bipolar disorder (compared with healthy controls) exhibited heightened connectivity between brain regions associated with self-relevant information-processing during this task (<a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">medial prefrontal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortices</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Ghaznavi_2023_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghaznavi_2023-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, experimental studies suggest that grandiose narcissists maintain their inflated self-esteem following criticism by recalling self-aggrandizing memories.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correlational designs further confirm the associations of mania/hypomania and grandiose narcissism with positive self-rumination, and to specific expressions of positive rumination after success (e.g. believing that success in one domain indicates likely success in another).<sup id="cite_ref-Fulford_2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulford_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandiose fantasies, conceptually similar to positive rumination, also feature in narcissism.<sup id="cite_ref-Glover_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glover_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raskin_1991_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raskin_1991-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While grandiose narcissism has been associated with attentional and mnemonic biases to positive self-related words,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remains to be seen whether this reflects grandiosity or some other trait specific to narcissism (e.g. entitlement). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common characteristic of disorders and traits associated with grandiosity is heightened positive affect and potential dysregulation thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulford_2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulford_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krizan_2018_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krizan_2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is true of mania/hypomania in bipolar disorder, grandiose narcissism, and the interpersonal facet of psychopathy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulford_2008_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulford_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krizan_2018_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krizan_2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14994949_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14994949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such associations partially inspired the Narcissism Spectrum Model,<sup id="cite_ref-Krizan_2018_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krizan_2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which posits grandiosity reflects the combination of self-preoccupation and "boldness" - exaggerated positive emotionality, self-confidence, and reward-seeking, which is ostensibly linked with <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">neurobiological systems</a> mediating <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_biopsychological_theory_of_personality" title="Gray's biopsychological theory of personality">behavioural approach motivation</a>. </p><p>While no neuroimaging studies have specifically assessed the association between grandiosity and the reward system (or any other system), some neuroimaging studies using composite scales of grandiosity with other traits offer tentative support of these assertions,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26048178_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26048178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19683706_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19683706-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others using the same measure suggest no association.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32584089_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32584089-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25497690_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25497690-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to frequent assertions by narcissism researchers, and despite much study of the matter, there is only weak and inconsistent evidence that grandiosity (when specifically and reliably measured) and grandiose narcissism have any association with parental overvaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-Luo_2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24684075_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24684075-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest study on the matter found no association whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35217322_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35217322-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reality-testing">Reality-testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reality-testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinction is made between individuals exhibiting grandiosity which includes a degree of <a href="/wiki/Insight_in_psychology_and_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight in psychology and psychiatry">insight</a> into their unrealistic thoughts (they are aware that their behavior is considered unusual), and those experiencing <a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">grandiose delusions</a> who lack this capability for reality-testing. Some individuals may transition between these two states, with grandiose ideas initially developing as "daydreams" that the patient recognises as untrue, but which can subsequently turn into full delusions that the patient becomes convinced reflect reality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychoanalysis_and_the_grandiose_self">Psychoanalysis and the grandiose self</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis and the grandiose self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kernberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Kernberg">Otto Kernberg</a> saw the unhealthily grandiose self as merging childhood feelings of specialness, personal ideals, and fantasies of an ideal parent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Heinz Kohut</a> saw the grandiose self as a normal part of the developmental process, only pathological when the grand and humble parts of the self became decisively divided.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohut's recommendations for dealing with the patient with a disordered grandiose self were to tolerate and so re-integrate the grandiosity with the realistic self.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactive_attachment_disorder">Reactive attachment disorder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reactive attachment disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The personality trait of grandiosity also is a component of the <a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">reactive attachment disorder</a> (RAD), a severe and relatively uncommon <a href="/wiki/Attachment_disorder" title="Attachment disorder">attachment disorder</a> that affects children.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression of RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating to other people in most social contexts, such as the persistent failure to initiate or to respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way, known as the "inhibited form" of reactive attachment disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_2000_p._129_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-TR_2000_p._129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_traits">Related traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grandiosity is associated and often confused with other personality traits, including self-esteem, entitlement, and contemptuousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Self-esteem</dt> <dd>While the exact difference between high self-esteem and grandiosity has yet to be fully elucidated, research suggests that, while strongly correlated, they predict different outcomes. While both predict positive outcomes like optimism, life and job satisfaction, extraversion and positive affect, grandiosity uniquely predicts entitlement, exploitativeness and aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Entitlement</dt> <dd>Entitlement is regularly confused with grandiosity even in peer-reviewed articles, but the literature nevertheless offers a clear discrimination of the two. Psychological entitlement is a sense of deservingness to positive outcomes, and can be founded on <i>either</i> grandiosity or feelings of deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like self-esteem, grandiosity and entitlement are well documented to predict different outcomes. Entitlement appears to be associated with more maladaptive outcomes, including low empathy, antisocial behaviour, and poor mental health, whereas grandiosity predicts better mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell_2018_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Devaluation/contempt</dt> <dd>Surprisingly, and quite counterintuitively, grandiosity is only weakly related to regarding others as worthless (devaluation or contemptuousness).<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, grandiosity should not be conflated with arrogant social behaviour.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_ideal" title="Ego ideal">Ego ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_reduction" title="Ego reduction">Ego reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Symington" title="Neville Symington">Neville Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake (slang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRonningstam2005" class="citation book cs1">Ronningstam EF (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAOaiWWA9D8C"><i>Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803396-7"><bdi>978-0-19-803396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identifying+and+Understanding+the+Narcissistic+Personality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803396-7&rft.aulast=Ronningstam&rft.aufirst=EF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAOaiWWA9D8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandiosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-IV-TR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> Fourth edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2020_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalHooleyMontoyavan_der_Linden2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal SA, Hooley JM, Montoya RM, van der Linden SL, Steshenko Y (April 2020). "The Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem". <i>Assessment</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 487–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073191119858410">10.1177/1073191119858410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31267782">31267782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195786931">195786931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assessment&rft.atitle=The+Narcissistic+Grandiosity+Scale%3A+A+Measure+to+Distinguish+Narcissistic+Grandiosity+From+High+Self-Esteem&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=487-507&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195786931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31267782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1073191119858410&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Hooley%2C+JM&rft.au=Montoya%2C+RM&rft.au=van+der+Linden%2C+SL&rft.au=Steshenko%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandiosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunderson_1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunderson_1990_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundersonRonningstamBodkin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gunderson JG, Ronningstam E, Bodkin A (July 1990). "The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>47</b> (7): 676–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1990.01810190076011">10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190076011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2360861">2360861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+diagnostic+interview+for+narcissistic+patients&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=676-180&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1990.01810190076011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2360861&rft.aulast=Gunderson&rft.aufirst=JG&rft.au=Ronningstam%2C+E&rft.au=Bodkin%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrandiosity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman_1972-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_1972_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_1972_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffman1972" class="citation book cs1">Goffman E (1972). <i>Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order</i>. 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narcissism" title="Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narcissism" title="Template talk:Narcissism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narcissism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narcissism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar personality concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egomania" title="Egomania">Egomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">Egotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_narcissism" title="Healthy narcissism">Healthy narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">Messiah complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">Superiority complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership" title="Narcissistic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Parents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathological narcissism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_narcissism" title="History of narcissism">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_narcissism" title="Malignant narcissism">Malignant narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Narcissistic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_injury" title="Narcissistic injury">injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_neurosis" title="Narcissistic neurosis">neurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_elation" title="Narcissistic elation">elation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_mortification" title="Narcissistic mortification">mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_supply" title="Narcissistic supply">supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal" title="Narcissistic withdrawal">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_Personality_Inventory" title="Narcissistic Personality Inventory">Narcissistic Personality Inventory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related psychology concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(psychology)" title="Compensation (psychology)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">Entitlement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grandiosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Narcissism" title="Category:Narcissism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychopathy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychopathy" title="Template:Psychopathy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychopathy" title="Template talk:Psychopathy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychopathy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychopathy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychopathy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_portrayals_of_psychopaths" title="Fictional portrayals of psychopaths">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">In the workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldness" title="Boldness">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callous_and_unemotional_traits" title="Callous and unemotional traits">Callous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Psychopathy" title="Empathy">Diminished empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibited</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grandiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">Impulsive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)#Lack_of_guilt_in_psychopaths" title="Guilt (emotion)">Lack of guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_lying" title="Pathological lying">Pathological lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse#Psychopathy" title="Remorse">Remorseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow affect">Shallow affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_charm" title="Superficial charm">Superficially charming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_triad" title="Dark triad">Dark triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychopathy" title="History of psychopathy">History of psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)" title="Machiavellianism (psychology)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald_triad" title="Macdonald triad">Macdonald triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathic_Personality_Inventory" title="Psychopathic Personality Inventory">Psychopathic Personality Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_Checklist" title="Psychopathy Checklist">Psychopathy Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder" title="Sadistic personality disorder">Sadistic personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sexual sadism disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy#Sociopathy" title="Psychopathy">Sociopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_M._Cleckley" title="Hervey M. Cleckley">Hervey M. Cleckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Partridge" title="George E. Partridge">George E. Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Hare" title="Robert D. Hare">Robert D. Hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&oldid=1234635770">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandiosity&oldid=1234635770</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symptoms_and_signs_of_mental_disorders" title="Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders">Symptoms and signs of mental disorders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 July 2024, at 10:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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