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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Rep%C3%BAbliques+de+R%C3%BAssia" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Rep%C3%BAbliques+de+R%C3%BAssia" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estat_constitucional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estat_constitucional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Estat constitucional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estat_constitucional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estat_del_sud-est_d'Ucraïna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estat_del_sud-est_d'Ucraïna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Estat del sud-est d'Ucraïna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estat_del_sud-est_d'Ucraïna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repúbliques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repúbliques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repúbliques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repúbliques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repúbliques_propostes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repúbliques_propostes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Repúbliques propostes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repúbliques_propostes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Repúbliques de Rússia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 84 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Урыстәылатәи Афедерациа ареспубликақәа - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәылатәи Афедерациа ареспубликақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republieke_van_Rusland" title="Republieke van Rusland - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republieke van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicas_de_Rusia" title="Republicas de Rusia - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جمهوريات روسيا - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهوريات روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهوريات روسيا الاتحاديه - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهوريات روسيا الاتحاديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_Rusia" title="Repúbliques de Rusia - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Repúbliques de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublika_(Rusiya)" title="Respublika (Rusiya) - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Respublika (Rusiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روسیه‌نین جومهوریتلری - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه‌نین جومهوریتلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы составында республика - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы составында республика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Рэспублікі ў складзе Расійскай Федэрацыі - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспублікі ў складзе Расійскай Федэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Републики в Руската федерация - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Републики в Руската федерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko%C3%B9_Rusia" title="Republikoù Rusia - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republikoù Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_u_Rusiji" title="Republike u Rusiji - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Republike u Rusiji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiky_Rusk%C3%A9_federace" title="Republiky Ruské federace - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Republiky Ruské federace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Раççей Федерацин республикисем - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацин республикисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaethau_Rwsia" title="Gweriniaethau Rwsia - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaethau Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslands_republikker" title="Ruslands republikker - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruslands republikker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Autonomen_Republiken_Russlands" title="Liste der Autonomen Republiken Russlands - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Autonomen Republiken Russlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δημοκρατίες της Ρωσίας - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατίες της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Republics of Russia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_(Rusio)" title="Respubliko (Rusio) - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_de_Rusia" title="Repúblicas de Rusia - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repúblicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabariik_(Venemaa_haldus%C3%BCksus)" title="Vabariik (Venemaa haldusüksus) - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabariik (Venemaa haldusüksus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_errepublikak" title="Errusiako errepublikak - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako errepublikak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="جمهوری‌های روسیه - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری‌های روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_(Russie)" title="République (Russie) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République (Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Republiken fan Ruslân - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republiken fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachta%C3%AD_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Poblachtaí na Rúise - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblachtaí na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_de_Rusia" title="Repúblicas de Rusia - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Repúblicas de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="રશિયાનાં ગણતંત્રો - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રશિયાનાં ગણતંત્રો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="רפובליקות של רוסיה - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקות של רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रूस के गणतंत्र - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस के गणतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruske_republike" title="Ruske republike - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruske republike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5)" title="Республика (Эрсече) - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Республика (Эрсече)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbliche_della_Russia" title="Repubbliche della Russia - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubbliche della Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ロシアの共和国 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアの共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ресей республикалары - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей республикалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아의 공화국 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiches_de_la_Ruscia" title="Republiches de la Ruscia - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republiches de la Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_respublikos" title="Rusijos respublikos - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos respublikos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_Feder%C4%81cijas_republikas" title="Krievijas Federācijas republikas - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas Federācijas republikas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Републики во Русија - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Републики во Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Оросын бүгд найрамдах улсууд - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросын бүгд найрамдах улсууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%80%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B6%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် ရုရှာ - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် ရုရှာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="रशियाचे प्रजासत्ताक - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republieken_van_Rusland" title="Republieken van Rusland - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republieken van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiske_republikkar" title="Russiske republikkar - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russiske republikkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russlands_republikker" title="Russlands republikker - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russlands republikker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicas_de_Russia" title="Republicas de Russia - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republicas de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiki_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Republiki Federacji Rosyjskiej - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republiki Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="روس دے لوکراج - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس دے لوکراج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%90_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د روسيې جمهوريتونه - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسيې جمهوريتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Repúblicas da Rússia - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Repúblicas da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicile_Rusiei" title="Republicile Rusiei - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republicile Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Республика в составе Российской Федерации - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика в составе Российской Федерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0_%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Арассыыйа өрөспүүбүлүкэлэрэ - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа өрөспүүбүлүкэлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_o_Roushie" title="Republics o Roushie - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republics o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="روس جي جمهوريتون - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روس جي جمهوريتون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_Rusije" title="Republike Rusije - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republike Rusije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republics of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_(Rusko)" title="Republika (Rusko) - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Republika (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_Rusije" title="Republike Rusije - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Republike Rusije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikat_e_Rusis%C3%AB" title="Republikat e Rusisë - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republikat e Rusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Републике Русије - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Републике Русије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysslands_delrepubliker" title="Rysslands delrepubliker - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rysslands delrepubliker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiki_Rusyje" title="Republiki Rusyje - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Republiki Rusyje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசியக் குடியரசுகள் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியக் குடியரசுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳуриҳои Русия - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳуриҳои Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐของประเทศรัสเซีย - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐของประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_republika_ng_Rusya" title="Mga republika ng Rusya - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga republika ng Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya%27n%C4%B1n_cumhuriyetleri" title="Rusya'nın cumhuriyetleri - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya'nın cumhuriyetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Россия Федерациясенең республикалары - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Федерациясенең республикалары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Республіки в складі Російської Федерації - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіки в складі Російської Федерації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="روس کی جمہوریتیں - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس کی جمہوریتیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4man_tazovaldkundad" title="Venäman tazovaldkundad - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venäman tazovaldkundad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_thu%E1%BB%99c_Nga" title="Nước cộng hòa thuộc Nga - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước cộng hòa thuộc Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiekn_van_Rusland" title="Republiekn van Rusland - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Republiekn van Rusland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%89" title="共和国（俄罗斯） - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共和国（俄罗斯）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთიშ ფედერაციაშ რესპუბლიკეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთიშ ფედერაციაშ რესპუბლიკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="共和国 (俄罗斯) - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共和国 (俄罗斯)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_%C3%AA_ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Lō͘-se-a ê kiōng-hô-kok - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a ê kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="俄羅斯自治共和國 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯自治共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&oldid=34254626" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&id=34254626&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRep%25C3%25BAbliques_de_R%25C3%25BAssia"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRep%25C3%25BAbliques_de_R%25C3%25BAssia"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rep%C3%BAbliques+de+R%C3%BAssia"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a 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padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0; text-align:center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Republics_of_Russia1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Imatge"><img alt="Imatge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Republics_of_Russia1.png/300px-Republics_of_Russia1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Republics_of_Russia1.png/450px-Republics_of_Russia1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Republics_of_Russia1.png/600px-Republics_of_Russia1.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass_botton_top infobox_headerclass_solid" style="text-align:center">Localització</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><table align="center" style="width:auto; cellspacing:1; cellpadding:0%; border:0; margin:0; display:table;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Russian_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg&lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg/langca-250px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg/langca-375px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg/langca-500px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_only_Crimea_disputed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nombre</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">22 <small>(21 reconegudes internacionalment)<small></small></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass_botton_top infobox_headerclass_solid" style="text-align:center">Organització política</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Forma de govern</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">Estat federal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33571020"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Les <b>repúbliques</b> són un tipus de <a href="/wiki/Subjectes_federals_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Subjectes federals de Rússia">subjecte federal</a> de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Federació Russa</a>. 21 repúbliques són reconegudes internacionalment com a part de Rússia, una altra<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> està sota el seu control de facto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney2023"Including_the_two_territories_in_Crimea,_the_85_territories_comprise_22_republics,_nine_krais_(provinces),_46_oblasts_(regions),_three_cities_of_federal_status_(Moscow,_St_Petersburg_and_Sevastopol),_one_autonomous_oblast_and_four_autonomous_okrugs."_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2023"Including_the_two_territories_in_Crimea,_the_85_territories_comprise_22_republics,_nine_krais_(provinces),_46_oblasts_(regions),_three_cities_of_federal_status_(Moscow,_St_Petersburg_and_Sevastopol),_one_autonomous_oblast_and_four_autonomous_okrugs."-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crimea_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les repúbliques originals van ser creades com a <a href="/wiki/Estat_naci%C3%B3" title="Estat nació">estats nacionals</a> per a les minories ètniques. L'ètnia indígena que dona nom a la república s'anomena <i>nacionalitat titular</i>. Tanmateix, a causa de segles de migració russa, una nacionalitat titular pot no ser la majoria de la població de la seva república. </p><p>Formades a principis del segle XX per <a href="/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> i els bolxevics després del col·lapse de l'<a href="/wiki/Imperi_Rus" title="Imperi Rus">Imperi Rus</a> el 1917, les repúbliques tenien la intenció de ser regions nominalment independents de la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviètica de Rússia">Rússia soviètica</a> amb dret a l'autodeterminació. La postura conciliadora de Lenin envers les minories de Rússia els va convertir en aliats a la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Civil_russa" title="Guerra Civil russa">Guerra Civil Russa</a> i amb la creació de la <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_de_Rep%C3%BAbliques_Socialistes_Sovi%C3%A8tiques" title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques">Unió Soviètica</a> el 1922 les regions es van convertir en repúbliques autònomes, encara que subordinades a una <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Repúbliques de la Unió Soviètica">República de la Unió</a>. Encara que eren oficialment autònomes, les autonomies d'aquestes unitats administratives van variar al llarg de la història de la Unió Soviètica, però van romandre en gran part sota el control del govern central. La dècada de 1980 va veure un augment de la demanda d'autonomia quan la Unió Soviètica va iniciar reformes a gran escala del seu sistema centralitzat. L'any 1990, la majoria de les repúbliques autònomes van declarar la seva sobirania. La Unió Soviètica <a href="/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Dissolució de la Unió Soviètica">es va ensorrar</a> el 1991 i Rússia es va independitzar. Les actuals repúbliques es van establir amb la signatura del Tractat de Federació l'any 1992, que els va donar drets i autonomia substancials. </p><p>Rússia és una federació asimètrica, ja que les repúbliques tenen les seves pròpies constitucions, llengües oficials i himnes nacionals, però altres subjectes no. Les repúbliques també tenien originalment més poders, tot i que el poder real variava entre les repúbliques, depenent en gran manera de la seva importància econòmica. Mitjançant la signatura de tractats bilaterals amb el govern federal, les repúbliques van obtenir una àmplia autoritat sobre les seves economies, polítiques internes i fins i tot les relacions exteriors durant la dècada de 1990. Tanmateix, després del canvi de segle, les reformes de centralització de <a href="/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_Putin" title="Vladímir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> van erradicar constantment l'autonomia de les repúbliques amb l'excepció de <a href="/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Txetxènia">Txetxènia</a>. Els acords bilaterals van ser abolits i, a la pràctica, ara tot el poder correspon al govern federal. Des de la finalització del tractat bilateral definitiu el 2017, alguns comentaristes consideren que Rússia ja no és una federació.  </p><p>El 2014, Rússia va envair i annexionar Crimea des d'Ucraïna, incorporant el territori com a <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Crimea" title="República de Crimea">República de Crimea</a>. No obstant això, segueix sent reconegut internacionalment com a part d'Ucraïna. Durant la <a href="/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_russa_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna_del_2022" title="Invasió russa d'Ucraïna del 2022">invasió russa d'Ucraïna</a> el 2022, Rússia va declarar l'<a href="/wiki/Annexi%C3%B3_russa_del_sud_i_l%27est_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexió russa del sud i l'est d'Ucraïna">annexió</a> de quatre províncies (ò<i>blasts</i>) d'Ucraïna parcialment ocupades, inclòs el territori que havia estat sota el control de les repúbliques separatistes de <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_Donetsk" title="República Popular de Donetsk">Donetsk</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_Luhansk" title="República Popular de Luhansk">Lugansk</a> des del 2014, i va reclamar la totalitat de Donetsk i les óblasts de Luhansk com a repúbliques russes. Aquests també segueixen sent reconeguts internacionalment com a part d'Ucraïna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les repúbliques es van establir a <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviètica de Rússia">la Rússia soviètica</a> primerenca després del col·lapse de l'<a href="/wiki/Imperi_Rus" title="Imperi Rus">Imperi Rus</a>. El 15 de novembre de 1917, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" title="Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> va publicar la Declaració dels Drets dels Pobles de Rússia, donant a les minories russes el dret a l'autodeterminació.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Raymond1992120_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Raymond1992120-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta declaració, però, mai va ser realment destinada a concedir a les minories el dret a la independència i només es va utilitzar per obtenir suport entre els grups minoritaris per al naixent estat soviètic en la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Civil_russa" title="Guerra Civil russa">guerra civil russa</a> posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els intents de crear estats independents utilitzant la declaració de Lenin van ser suprimits durant la guerra civil pels bolxevics. Quan es va crear formalment la <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_de_Rep%C3%BAbliques_Socialistes_Sovi%C3%A8tiques" title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques">Unió Soviètica</a> el 30 de desembre de 1922, les minories del país van quedar relegades a les Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques Autònomes (RSSA), que tenien menys poder que les <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Repúbliques de la Unió Soviètica">repúbliques de la unió</a> i estaven subordinades a aquestes. Arran de la guerra civil els bolxevics van iniciar un procés de delimitació per tal de traçar les fronteres del país. A través de la teoria de la nacionalitat de <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3ssif_Stalin" title="Ióssif Stalin">Ióssif Stalin</a>, es van traçar fronteres per crear pàtries nacionals per a diversos grups ètnics reconeguts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeNess2016237_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeNess2016237-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les primeres repúbliques com l' <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_Kazakh" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma Kazakh">RSSA Kazakh</a> i l' <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_del_Turquestan" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma del Turquestan">RSSA del Turquestan</a> a l'Àsia central es van dissoldre i es van dividir per crear noves repúbliques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985467_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amb la delimitació va arribar la política d'<a href="/wiki/Korenitzaci%C3%B3" title="Korenització">indigenització</a> que va fomentar la <a href="/wiki/Russificaci%C3%B3" title="Russificació">desrussificació</a> del país i la promoció de les llengües i la cultura minoritàries.<sup id="cite_ref-liam_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liam-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta política també va afectar els russos ètnics i es va fer complir especialment a les RSSA on els indígenes ja eren una minoria a la seva pròpia terra, com l'RSSA Buriat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La llengua i la cultura van florir i, finalment, van institucionalitzar l'ètnia a l'aparell estatal del país.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp199979_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp199979-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malgrat això, els bolxevics van treballar per aïllar les noves repúbliques del país envoltant-les dins del territori rus per por que cerquessin la independència. El 1925, l'RSSA de Bashkir va perdre la seva frontera amb la futura <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_del_Kazakhstan" title="República Socialista Soviètica del Kazakhstan">RSS de Kazakhstan</a> amb la creació de l'anomenat "corredor d'Orenburg", enclavant així tota la regió del Volga.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Província autònoma de Komi-Zyryan va perdre l'accés al <a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Barentsz" title="Mar de Barentsz">mar de Barents</a> i es va convertir en un enclavament el 15 de juliol de 1929 abans de ser actualitzada a RSSA de Komi el 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg/220px-Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg/330px-Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Ukaz_o_vhozhdenii_Tuvy_v_sostav_SSSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Decret del <a href="/wiki/Pres%C3%ADdium_del_Soviet_Suprem_de_l%27URSS" title="Presídium del Soviet Suprem de l'URSS">Presidium del Soviet Suprem</a> sobre la incorporació de <a href="/wiki/Tann%C3%BA_Tuva" title="Tannú Tuva">Tuvà</a> a la Unió Soviètica com a òblast autònom, l'11 d'octubre de 1944. Tuva no es convertiria en RSSA fins al 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>A la dècada de 1930, l'estat d'ànim va canviar quan la Unió Soviètica sota Iòssif Stalin va deixar d'aplicar la indigenització i va començar a purgar els no russos del govern i la intel·lectualitat. Així, es va iniciar un període de russificació.<sup id="cite_ref-liam_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liam-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rus" title="Rus">El rus</a> es va convertir en obligatori en totes les àrees d'ètnia no russa i l' <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_cir%C3%ADl%C2%B7lic" title="Alfabet ciríl·lic">escriptura ciríl·lica</a> es va convertir en obligatòria per a totes les llengües de la Unió Soviètica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_1936" title="Constitució Soviètica de 1936">constitució</a> deia que les RSSA tenien poder per fer complir les seves pròpies polítiques dins del seu territori,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERett1996618_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERett1996618-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> però a la pràctica les RSSA i les seves nacionalitats titulars eren alguns dels més afectats per les purgues de Stalin i eren estrictament controlats per Moscou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotljarchukSundström201715-16_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotljarchukSundström201715-16-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partir de 1937, els "nacionalistes burgesos" es van convertir en "l'enemic del poble rus" i la indigenització va ser abolida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 22 de juny de 1941 Alemanya <a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Barba-roja" title="Operació Barba-roja">va envair</a> la Unió Soviètica, obligant-la a entrar a la <a href="/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial">Segona Guerra Mundial</a>, i va avançar profundament cap al territori rus. En resposta, Stalin va abolir la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_dels_Alemanys_del_Volga" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma dels Alemanys del Volga">RSSA alemanya del Volga</a> el 7 de setembre de 1941 i va exiliar els <a href="/wiki/Alemanys_del_Volga" title="Alemanys del Volga">alemanys del Volga</a> a l'Àsia central i Sibèria.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan els soviètics es van imposar i van començar a reconquerir el territori el 1943, moltes minories del país van començar a ser vistes com a col·laboradors alemanys per Stalin i van ser acusades de traïció, especialment al sud de Rússia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entre 1943 i 1945, <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">els balkars</a> ètnics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Txetxens" title="Txetxens">els txetxens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0tars_de_Crimea" title="Tàtars de Crimea">els tàtars de Crimea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%BAixos" title="Ingúixos">els ingúixos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Calmucs" title="Calmucs">els calmucs</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> van ser <a href="/wiki/Deportacions_de_pobles_a_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Deportacions de pobles a la Unió Soviètica">deportats <i>en massa</i></a> de la regió a parts remotes del país. Immediatament després de les deportacions, el govern soviètic va aprovar decrets que van liquidar l'RSSA de Kalmyk el 27 de desembre de 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l'RSSA de Crimea el 23 de febrer de 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-crmtransfer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crmtransfer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia-Ing%C3%BAixia" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma de Txetxènia-Ingúixia">RSSA de Txetxènia-Ingúixa</a> el 7 de març de 1944<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i va canviar el nom de RSSA de Kabardino-Balkaria l'RSSA de Kabardia el 8 d'abril de 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després de la mort de Stalin el 5 de març de 1953, el nou govern de <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrusxov" title="Nikita Khrusxov">Nikita Khrusxov</a> va intentar desfer el seu polèmic llegat. Durant el seu <a href="/wiki/Discurs_Secret" title="Discurs Secret">discurs secret</a> el 25 de febrer de 1956, Khrusxov va rehabilitar les minories de Rússia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner200431_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner200431-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'RSSA de Kabardino-Balkaria <sup id="cite_ref-hrw_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i l'RSSA Txetxènia-Ingúixa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> van ser restaurades el 9 de gener de 1957, mentre que l'RSSA de Kalmyk es va restaurar el 29 de juliol de 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El govern, però, es va negar a restaurar l'RSSA del Volga alemany <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i l'RSSA de Crimea, la darrera de les quals va ser transferida a l'<a href="/wiki/RSS_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS d'Ucraïna">RSS d'Ucraïna</a> el 19 de febrer de 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-crmtransfer_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crmtransfer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/270px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/405px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/540px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Repúbliques de la Unió Soviètica">Repúbliques de la Unió Soviètica</a> el 1954-1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Les autonomies de les ASSR van variar molt al llarg de la història de la Unió Soviètica, però la russificació continuaria sense parar i la migració interna russa cap a les RSSA donaria lloc a que diversos indígenes esdevinguessin minories a les seves pròpies repúbliques. Al mateix temps, el nombre de RSSA va créixer; l'RSSA <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Car%C3%A8lia" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma de Carèlia">de Carèlia</a> es va formar el 6 de juliol de 1956 després de ser una <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Carelo-Finlandesa" title="República Socialista Soviètica Carelo-Finlandesa">república de la unió</a> des de 1940<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladman2004102_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladman2004102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentre que l'estat parcialment reconegut de <a href="/wiki/Tann%C3%BA_Tuva" title="Tannú Tuva">Tuva</a> va ser annexat pels soviètics l'11 d'octubre de 1944 i es va convertir en l'RSSA de Tuvà el 10 d'octubre de 1961 <sup id="cite_ref-Tuva_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuva-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A la dècada de 1980, la introducció de <i><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A0snost" title="Glàsnost">la glasnost</a></i> per part <a href="/wiki/Secretari_general_del_Partit_Comunista_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Secretari general del Partit Comunista de la Unió Soviètica">del secretari general</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbatxov" title="Mikhaïl Gorbatxov">Mikhaïl Gorbatxov</a> va començar un període de revitalització de la cultura minoritària a les RSSA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsWesterlund201581_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsWesterlund201581-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partir de 1989, la Unió Soviètica de Gorbatxov i la RSFS de Rússia, liderats per <a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Eltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Borís Eltsin">Boris Eltsin</a>, es van veure tancats en una lluita pel poder. Ieltsin va buscar el suport de les RSSA prometent poders més transferits i construir una federació "des de zero".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2002207_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002207-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 12 de juny de 1990 l'RSSF Russa va emetre una Declaració de Sobirania de l'Estat, proclamant Rússia un estat sobirà les lleis del qual tenen prioritat sobre les soviètiques.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El mes següent, Yeltsin va dir les RSSA que "prenguessin tanta sobirania com poguessin empassar" durant un discurs a <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, l'RSSA Tàtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewtonTompson2010119_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewtonTompson2010119-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquests esdeveniments van impulsar a les RSSA a afirmar-se contra una Unió Soviètica ara debilitada. Al llarg de 1990 i 1991, la majoria de les RSSA van seguir l'exemple de Rússia i van emetre "declaracions de sobirania", elevant el seu estatus al de repúbliques de la unió dins d'una Rússia federal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2002106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2002106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'RSSA del Daguestan i l'RSSA de Mordovia van ser les úniques repúbliques que no van proclamar la sobirania.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'any final de la Unió Soviètica, s'estaven negociant per a un nou tractat per reestructurar el país en una confederació laxa. Gorbatxov va convidar a les RSSA a participar en la redacció del tractat, reconeixent-los així com a iguals a les repúbliques de la unió.<sup id="cite_ref-starovoitova_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starovoitova-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanmateix, un <a href="/wiki/Cop_d%27estat_a_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cop d'estat a la Unió Soviètica">intent de cop d'estat</a> l'agost de 1991 va fer descarrilar les negociacions i les repúbliques de la unió van començar a declarar la seva independència durant tot l'any.<sup id="cite_ref-starovoitova_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starovoitova-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Dissolució de la Unió Soviètica">Unió Soviètica es va enfonsar</a> el 26 de desembre de 1991 i la posició de les RSSA es va tornar incerta. Per llei, les RSSA no tenien el dret de separar-se de la Unió Soviètica com ho feien les repúbliques de la unió<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaundersStrukov201059_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaundersStrukov201059-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> però la qüestió de la independència de Rússia, tanmateix, es va convertir en un tema de discussió en algunes de les RSSA. Les declaracions de sobirania adoptades per les RSSA es van dividir sobre el tema de la secessió. Alguns van defensar la integritat de la Federació Russa, d'altres van quedar silenciades sobre el tema, mentre que altres com la Komi,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la Mari,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i la Tuvana <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es reservaven el dret a l'autodeterminació. Yeltsin va ser un àvid partidari de la sobirania nacional i va reconèixer la independència de les repúbliques de la unió en el que es va anomenar una " desfilada de sobiranies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No obstant això, pel que fa a les RSSA, Yeltsin no va donar suport a la secessió i va intentar evitar que declaressin la independència. L'RSSA de <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia-Ing%C3%BAixia" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma de Txetxènia-Ingúixia">Txetxènia-Ingúixa</a>, dirigida per <a href="/wiki/Djokhar_Dud%C3%A0iev" title="Djokhar Dudàiev">Djokhar Dudàiev</a>, va declarar unilateralment la independència l'1 de novembre de 1991 <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i Ieltsin intentaria recuperar-la l'11 de desembre de 1994, començant la <a href="/wiki/Primera_guerra_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Primera guerra de Txetxènia">Primera Guerra Txetxena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan l'RSSA Tàtar va celebrar un referèndum sobre la independència el 21 de març de 1992, va fer declarar el vot il·legal pel Tribunal Constitucional.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption> Un combatent txetxè a prop del palau presidencial cremat durant la batalla de Grozni, el gener de 1995. L'edifici es va convertir en un símbol de resistència per als partidaris de la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Txetxena_d%27Itxk%C3%A8ria" title="República Txetxena d'Itxkèria">República Txetxena d'Itxkèria</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>El 31 de març de 1992, tots els subjectes de Rússia excepte l'RSSA Tàtara i l'estat <i>de facto</i> de <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Txetxena_d%27Itxk%C3%A8ria" title="República Txetxena d'Itxkèria">Txetxènia</a> van signar el Tractat de Federació amb el govern de Rússia, consolidant la seva estructura federal i Boris Yeltsin es va convertir en el primer president del país.<sup id="cite_ref-moscow_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moscow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les RSSA es van dissoldre i es van convertir en les repúbliques actuals. El nombre de repúbliques va augmentar dràsticament a mesura que els òblasts autònoms d' Adigea, Gorno-Altai, Khakassia i Karatxai-Txerkèsia van ser elevades a repúbliques plenes, mentre que la part Ingúix de l'RSSA <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia-Ing%C3%BAixia" title="República Socialista Soviètica Autònoma de Txetxènia-Ingúixia">Txetxènia-Ingúixa</a> es va negar a formar part de l'estat separatista i es va unir a Rússia com a <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%BAixia" title="Ingúixia">República d'Ingúixia</a> el 4 de juny de 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingush_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingush-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">República de Tatarstan</a> va exigir el seu propi acord per preservar la seva autonomia dins de la Federació Russa i el 15 de febrer de 1994, Moscou i Kazan van signar un acord de repartiment del poder, en el qual a aquest últim se li va concedir un alt grau d'autonomia.<sup id="cite_ref-EFDS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFDS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altres 45 regions, incloses les altres repúbliques, passarien a signar acords d'autonomia amb el centre federal.<sup id="cite_ref-mizuki_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizuki-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mitjans dels anys noranta, l'estructura massa complexa dels diferents acords bilaterals entre els governs regionals i Moscou va provocar una crida a la reforma.<sup id="cite_ref-mizuki_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizuki-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Constitució de Rússia era la llei suprema del país, però a la pràctica, els acords de repartiment del poder la van substituir mentre que la mala supervisió dels afers regionals deixava que les repúbliques fossin governades per líders <a href="/wiki/Autoritarisme" title="Autoritarisme">autoritaris</a> que governaven per el seu benefici personal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentrestant, la guerra a Txetxènia va entrar en un punt mort, ja que les forces russes no van poder prendre el control de la república malgrat que van capturar la capital <a href="/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni">Grozni</a> el 8 de febrer de 1995 i van matar Dudàiev mesos després en un atac aeri.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davant un exèrcit desmoralitzat i una oposició pública universal a la guerra, Ieltsin es va veure obligat a signar l' Acord de Khasaviurt amb Txetxènia el 30 d'agost de 1996 i finalment va retirar les tropes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un any més tard, Txetxènia i Rússia van signar el Tractat de Pau de Moscou, posant fi als intents de Rússia de recuperar la república.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan la dècada s'acostava a la fi, les conseqüències de la fallida guerra txetxena i la posterior crisi financera de 1998 van fer que Tientsin dimitís el 31 de desembre de 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Tuva_2007-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_Putin" title="Vladímir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> amb la població local a la república siberiana de <a href="/wiki/Tuv%C3%A0" title="Tuvà">Tuvà</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Celebracions del Dia de l'Estat a <a href="/wiki/Iakutsk" title="Iakutsk">Iakutsk</a>, la capital de la República de <a href="/wiki/Sakh%C3%A0" title="Sakhà">Sakhà</a>, el 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Yeltsin va declarar <a href="/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_Putin" title="Vladímir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> com a president interí i el seu successor. Tot i preservar la independència <i>de facto</i> de la república després de la guerra, el nou president de Txetxènia, <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskh%C3%A0dov" title="Aslan Maskhàdov">Aslan Maskhàdov</a>, es va mostrar incapaç d'arreglar l'economia devastada de la república i de mantenir l'ordre a mesura que el territori esdevenia cada cop més il·legal i un caldo de cultiu per al <a href="/wiki/Fonamentalisme_isl%C3%A0mic" title="Fonamentalisme islàmic">fonamentalisme islàmic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aslan_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aslan-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilitzant aquesta il·legalitat, els extremistes <a href="/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_del_Daguestan_(1999)" title="Invasió del Daguestan (1999)">van envair</a> el veí Daguestan i van bombardejar diversos blocs d'apartaments a Rússia, i van fer que Putin <a href="/wiki/Segona_guerra_de_Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Segona guerra de Txetxènia">enviés tropes</a> a Txetxènia de nou l'1 d'octubre de 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERené2018147–148_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERené2018147–148-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La resistència txetxena es va ensorrar ràpidament davant d'un blitzkrieg federal i una campanya de bombardeig indiscriminat mentre les tropes capturaven Grozni el 6 de febrer de 2000 i van fer empènyer els rebels a les muntanyes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moscou va imposar el domini directe a Txetxènia el 9 de juny de 2000 <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i el territori es va reintegrar oficialment a la Federació Russa com a <a href="/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Txetxènia">República Txetxènia</a> el 24 de març de 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putin participaria a les eleccions del 26 de març de 2000 amb la promesa de reestructurar completament el sistema federal i restaurar l'autoritat del govern central.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els acords de repartiment de poder van començar a caducar o acabar-se gradualment i després del 2003 només Tatarstan i <a href="/wiki/Baixk%C3%ADria" title="Baixkíria">Bashkortostan</a> van continuar negociant les pròrrogues dels seus tractats.<sup id="cite_ref-mizuki_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizuki-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El tractat de repartiment del poder de Bashkortostan va expirar el 7 de juliol de 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deixant Tatarstan com la única república que mantenia la seva autonomia, que es va renovar l'11 de juliol de 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després d'un <a href="/wiki/Presa_d%27ostatges_de_Beslan" title="Presa d'ostatges de Beslan">atac dels separatistes txetxens</a> a una escola de <a href="/wiki/Beslan" title="Beslan">Beslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oss%C3%A8tia_del_Nord_-_Al%C3%A0nia" title="Ossètia del Nord - Alània">Ossètia del Nord</a>, Putin va abolir les eleccions directes per als governadors i va assumir el poder de nomenar-los i destituir-los personalment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al llarg de la dècada, líders regionals influents com <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Xaim%C3%ADev" title="Mintimer Xaimíev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> de Tatarstan <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Mortaz%C3%A0_Hobaidul%C2%B7la_uli_Rakh%C3%ADmov" title="Mortazà Hobaidul·la uli Rakhímov">Murtaza Rakhimov</a> de Bashkortostan <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que es van mostrar inflexibles a l'hora d'estendre els seus acords bilaterals amb Moscou, van ser destituïts, eliminant els últims vestigis d'autonomia regional dels anys noranta. El 24 de juliol de 2017, va expirar l'acord de repartiment de poder de Tatarstan amb Moscou, convertint-se en l'última república que va perdre el seu estatus especial. Després de la finalització de l'acord, alguns comentaristes van expressar l'opinió que Rússia va deixar de ser una federació.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFDS_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFDS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 2022, les repúbliques ètniques de Rússia van patir grans pèrdues a la <a href="/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_russa_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna_del_2022" title="Invasió russa d'Ucraïna del 2022">guerra d'Ucraïna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estat_constitucional">Estat constitucional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Estat constitucional"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848112_Tatarstan_President_Mintimer_Shaimiyev_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption> El president rus <a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Eltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Borís Eltsin">Boris Eltsin</a> i el president de Tatarstan, <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Xaim%C3%ADev" title="Mintimer Xaimíev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a>, es donen la mà després de signar un acord per atorgar poders a Tatarstan el 1994. Durant la dècada de 1990 les repúbliques tenien una autonomia important.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les repúbliques es diferencien d'altres <a href="/wiki/Subjectes_federals_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Subjectes federals de Rússia">súbjectes federals</a> pel fet que tenen el dret d'establir la seva pròpia <a href="/wiki/Llengua_oficial" title="Llengua oficial">llengua oficial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tenen la seva pròpia constitució i tenen un himne nacional. Altres subjectes federals, com ara els <a href="/wiki/Krais_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Krais de Rússia">krais</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_de_R%C3%BAssia" class="mw-redirect" title="Óblast de Rússia">óblasts</a>, no tenen aquest dret explícitament. Durant la presidència de Boris Yeltsin, les repúbliques van ser els primers súbdits als quals se'ls va concedir un ampli poder per part del govern federal, i sovint se'ls va donar un tracte preferent sobre altres súbdits, fet que ha fet que Rússia es caracteritzi com una "federació asimètrica".<sup id="cite_ref-asymmetries_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asymmetries-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoexMartinez-Vazquez20014_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoexMartinez-Vazquez20014-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Tractat de Federació signat el 31 de març de 1992 estipulava que les repúbliques eren "estats sobirans" que havien ampliat els drets sobre els recursos naturals, el comerç exterior i els pressupostos interns.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La signatura de tractats bilaterals amb les repúbliques els atorgaria poders addicionals, però, la quantitat d'autonomia donada variava segons la república i es basava principalment en la seva riquesa econòmica més que en la composició ètnica.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sakh%C3%A0" title="Sakhà">A Sakha</a>, per exemple, se li va concedir més control sobre els seus recursos, ja que va poder mantenir la major part dels seus ingressos i vendre i rebre els seus beneficis de manera independent a causa dels seus grans dipòsits de diamants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D'altra banda, <a href="/wiki/Oss%C3%A8tia_del_Nord_-_Al%C3%A0nia" title="Ossètia del Nord - Alània">Ossètia del Nord</a>, una república més pobra, va rebre principalment més control sobre la defensa i la seguretat interna a causa de la seva ubicació al <a href="/wiki/Caucas_del_Nord" title="Caucas del Nord">Caucas del Nord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Baixk%C3%ADria" title="Baixkíria">Bashkortostan</a> tenien l'autoritat per establir les seves pròpies relacions exteriors i dur a terme acords amb governs estrangers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Això ha portat a les crítiques dels oblasts i krais. Després de la <a href="/wiki/Crisi_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993">crisi constitucional russa de 1993</a>, la constitució actual va ser aprovada però les repúbliques ja no van ser classificades com a "estats sobirans" i tots els súbdits de la federació van ser declarats iguals, tot i que mantenint la validesa dels acords bilaterals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En teoria, la constitució de Rússia era la màxima autoritat sobre les repúbliques, però els tractats de repartiment del poder tenien més pes a la pràctica. Les repúbliques sovint van crear les seves pròpies lleis que contradeien la constitució.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeltsin, però, va fer pocs esforços per frenar les lleis renegades, preferint fer els ulls grossos davant les violacions a canvi de lleialtat política.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegren201568_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegren201568-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'elecció de Vladimir Putin el 26 de març de 2000 va iniciar un període d'àmplies reformes per centralitzar l'autoritat amb el govern federal i alinear totes les lleis amb la constitució.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El seu primer acte com a president va ser la creació de <a href="/wiki/Districtes_federals_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Districtes federals de Rússia">districtes federals</a> el 18 de maig de 2000, que tenien l'encàrrec d'exercir el control federal sobre els súbdits del país.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Més tard, Putin va establir l'anomenada "Comissió Kozak" el juny de 2001 per examinar la divisió de poders entre el govern i les regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoode201195_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoode201195-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les recomanacions de la Comissió es van centrar principalment a minimitzar la base de l'autonomia regional i transferir poders lucratius destinats a les repúbliques al govern federal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney200912_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200912-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La centralització del poder continuaria a mesura que les repúbliques van perdent progressivament més i més autonomia davant el govern federal, la qual cosa va portar el <a href="/wiki/Parlament_Europeu" title="Parlament Europeu">Parlament Europeu</a> a concloure que Rússia funciona com un <a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">estat unitari</a> tot i ser oficialment una federació.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 29 de desembre de 2010, el president <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medv%C3%A9dev" title="Dmitri Medvédev">Dmitri Medvedev</a> va signar una llei que prohibeix als líders de les repúbliques tenir el títol de "president".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatarstan, però, va resistir els intents d'abolir el seu càrrec presidencial i va romandre l'única república que va mantenir el títol.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posteriorment, Putin va signar una llei que obligava Tatarstan a abolir el seu títol el juny de 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 19 de juny de 2018 es va aprovar un projecte de llei que elevava l'estatus de la llengua russa a costa d'altres llengües oficials a les repúbliques.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El projecte de llei autoritzava l'abolició de les classes obligatòries de llengües minoritàries a les escoles i la reducció de l'ensenyament voluntari a dues hores setmanals.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_14_February_2008-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption> El president rus <a href="/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_Putin" title="Vladímir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> i el líder de Txetxènia <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kad%C3%ADrov" title="Ramzan Kadírov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, el 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Txetxènia és l'única excepció als esforços de centralització de Putin. Amb la reentrada de la república a Rússia després de la Segona Guerra de Txetxènia, Txetxènia va rebre una àmplia autonomia a canvi de romandre dins del país. Al final de la guerra, Putin va comprar la lleialtat de les elits locals i va concedir a Txetxènia el dret de gestionar els seus propis afers en tractar amb els separatistes i governar-se fora del control rus en un procés anomenat "txetxenització".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amb el nomenament de <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kad%C3%ADrov" title="Ramzan Kadírov">Ramzan Kadírov</a> per part de Putin per dirigir la república el 2007, la independència de Txetxènia ha crescut significativament. El govern rus atorga generosos subsidis a Txetxènia a canvi de la lleialtat i el manteniment de la seguretat a la regió.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els observadors han observat la reticència o la incapacitat de Putin per exercir el control sobre el govern de Kadírov per por que pugui desencadenar un altre conflicte.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Txetxènia sota Kadírov opera fora de la llei russa,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> té la seva pròpia <a href="/wiki/Kad%C3%ADrovtsi" title="Kadírovtsi">força de seguretat independent</a> <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i duu a terme la seva pròpia política exterior <i>de facto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Això ha fet que Txetxènia es caracteritzi com un "estat dins d'un estat".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hi ha moviments secessionistes a la majoria de repúbliques, però en general no són molt forts. La constitució no fa menció de si una república pot separar-se legalment de la Federació Russa. No obstant això, el Tribunal Constitucional de Rússia va dictaminar després de la secessió unilateral de Txetxènia el 1991 que les repúbliques no tenen dret a la secessió i són parts inalienables del país.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malgrat això, algunes constitucions republicanes dels anys noranta tenien articles que els donaven el dret a independitzar-se. Això incloïa Tuva, la constitució del qual tenia un article que li donava explícitament el dret de secessió.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergunin2016185-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No obstant això, després de les reformes de centralització de Putin a principis dels anys 2000, aquests articles van ser retirats posteriorment. La <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balk%C3%A0ria" title="Kabardino-Balkària">República de Kabardino-Balkària</a>, per exemple, va adoptar una nova constitució l'any 2001 que impedia que la república existís independentment de la Federació Russa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell200378_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell200378-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després de l'annexió de Crimea per part de Rússia, el 5 de juliol de 2014 la Duma de l'Estat va adoptar una llei per la qual era il·legal advocar per la secessió de qualsevol regió <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estat_del_sud-est_d'Ucraïna"><span id="Estat_del_sud-est_d.27Ucra.C3.AFna"></span>Estat del sud-est d'Ucraïna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Estat del sud-est d'Ucraïna"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/langca-220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/langca-330px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/langca-440px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption> Regions d'Ucraïna <a href="/wiki/Annexi%C3%B3" title="Annexió">annexionades</a> per Rússia, amb una línia vermella que marca l'àrea de control real de Rússia el 30 de setembre de 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p>El 18 de març de 2014, Rússia es va annexionar la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Crimea" title="República Autònoma de Crimea">República Autònoma de Crimea</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Ucraïna">Ucraïna</a> després d'un <a href="/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum_de_l%27estatut_de_Crimea_del_2014" title="Referèndum de l'estatut de Crimea del 2014">referèndum</a> no reconegut.<sup id="cite_ref-crimea_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimea-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La península esdevingué posteriorment la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Crimea" title="República de Crimea">República de Crimea</a>, la 22a república de Rússia. Tanmateix, Ucraïna i la majoria de la comunitat internacional no reconeixen l'annexió de Crimea <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i la <a href="/wiki/Resoluci%C3%B3_68/262_de_l%27Assemblea_General_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Resolució 68/262 de l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides">Resolució 68/262 de l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides</a> va declarar el vot il·legítim.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 24 de febrer de 2022 Rússia va envair Ucraïna i va ocupar grans extensions del sud i l'est d'Ucraïna. Ja al març, els líders de la no reconeguda <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_Luhansk" title="República Popular de Luhansk">República Popular de Lugansk</a> <sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_Donetsk" title="República Popular de Donetsk">la República Popular de Donetsk</a> <sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> van expressar el seu desig d'unir-se a Rússia, originalment un cop Rússia va capturar tot el seu territori reclamat. No obstant això, després dels sobtats guanys d'Ucraïna a l'est al setembre, Rússia i les repúbliques no reconegudes van precipitar una sèrie de <a href="/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndums_sobre_l%27annexi%C3%B3_de_la_Ucra%C3%AFna_ocupada_per_R%C3%BAssia_de_2022" title="Referèndums sobre l'annexió de la Ucraïna ocupada per Rússia de 2022">referèndums</a> sobre l'annexió a Rússia. Els resultats del referèndum van afirmar que una majoria aclaparadora recolzava l'annexió.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 30 de setembre de 2022, Putin va anunciar formalment l'annexió de les dues repúbliques i dos óblasts de Kherson i Zaporíjia.<sup id="cite_ref-annexation2022_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annexation2022-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanmateix, els referèndums van ser condemnats internacionalment com una farsa mentre que la <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Europea" title="Unió Europea">Unió Europea</a> i <a href="/wiki/G-7" title="G-7">el G7</a> els van rebutjar com a il·legals.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Secretari_General_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Secretari General de les Nacions Unides">El secretari general de les Nacions Unides,</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, va condemnar les annexions com una violació de la <a href="/wiki/Carta_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Carta de les Nacions Unides">Carta de l'ONU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segons <a href="/wiki/President_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna" title="President d'Ucraïna">el president ucraïnès</a> <a href="/wiki/Volod%C3%ADmir_Zelenski" title="Volodímir Zelenski">Volodímir Zelenski</a>, respectar les fronteres internacionals d'Ucraïna tal com es van establir el 1991 és una de les condicions no negociables per a la pau amb Rússia.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repúbliques"><span id="Rep.C3.BAbliques"></span>Repúbliques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Repúbliques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nom </th> <th>Mapa </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Bandera </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th> <th scope="col">Nacionalitat titular 2021<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Població (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Àrea </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adigu%C3%A8sia" title="Adiguèsia">República d'Adiguèsia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Adygea_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Adygea in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Adygea_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Adygea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/120px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/180px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/240px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maikop" title="Maikop">Maikop</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="257"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> (25.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">496.934</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">7.792 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_l%27Altai" title="República de l'Altai">República de l'Altai</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Altai_Republic_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Altai_Republic_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/120px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/180px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/240px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altaisk" title="Gorno-Altaisk">Gorno-Altaisk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="370"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Altai_(tribu)" title="Altai (tribu)">Altai</a> (37.0%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">210.924</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">92.903 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Baixk%C3%ADria" title="Baixkíria">República de Baixkortostan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_-_Bashkortostan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Bashkortostan(Better_ratio).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png/120px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png/180px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png/240px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan%28Better_ratio%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Uf%C3%A0" title="Ufà">Ufà</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="315"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Baixkirs" title="Baixkirs">Baixkirs</a> (31.5%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4.091.423</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">142.947 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Buri%C3%A0tia" title="Buriàtia">República de Buriàtia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Buryatia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Buryatia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Buryatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Buryatia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Buryatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ud%C3%A8" title="Ulan-Udè">Ulan-Udè</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="325"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Buriats" title="Buriats">Buriats</a> (32.5%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">978.588</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">351.334 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Txetxènia">República de Txetxènia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_(with_disputed_territories).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_-_Chechnya_%28with_disputed_territories%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Grozni" title="Grozni">Grozni</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="964"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Txetxens" title="Txetxens">Txetxens</a> (96.4%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1.510.824</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">16.165 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Txuv%C3%A0ixia" title="Txuvàixia">República de Txuvàixia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Chuvashia_(disputed_Crimea).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Chuvashia_%28disputed_Crimea%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Txeboksari" title="Txeboksari">Txeboksari</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="577"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Txuvaixos" title="Txuvaixos">Txuvaixos</a> (63.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1.186.909</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">18.343 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Daguestan" title="Daguestan">República del Daguestan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Dagestan_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Dagestan_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Dagestani_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dagestani_flag.png/120px-Dagestani_flag.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Dagestani_flag.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Makhatxkal%C3%A0" title="Makhatxkalà">Makhatxkalà</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="961"><div style="width: 100%; text-align:center;">Tretze nacionalitats indígenes (96.1%)</div> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="font-weight:bold; width:100%; background:transparent" align="left">Llista</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aguls" title="Aguls">Aguls</a> (0.9%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars">Avars</a> (30.5%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a> (3.7%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Txetxens" title="Txetxens">Txetxens</a> (3.2%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dargins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (16.6%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> (15.8%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lacs" title="Lacs">Lacs</a> (5.2%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lesguians" title="Lesguians">Lesguians</a> (13.3%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> (1.2%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutuls" title="Rutuls">Rutuls</a> (0.9%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tabasarans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabasarans">Tabasarans</a> (4.0%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tats" title="Tats">Tats</a> (0.5%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tsakhurs" title="Tsakhurs">Tsakhurs</a> (0.3%)</div> </div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3.182.054</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">50.270 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%BAixia" title="Ingúixia">República d'Ingúixia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Ingushetia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Ingushetia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mag%C3%A0s" title="Magàs">Magàs</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="964"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Inguixos" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguixos">Inguixos</a> (96.4%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">509.541</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3.123 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balk%C3%A0ria" title="Kabardino-Balkària">República de Kabardino-Balkària</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kabardino-Balkaria_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/180px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0ltxik" title="Nàltxik">Nàltxik</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="571"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> (13.7%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kabardins" title="Kabardins">Kabardins</a> (57.1%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">904.200</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">12.470 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Calm%C3%BAquia" title="Calmúquia">República de Calmúquia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Kalmykia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Kalmykia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elist%C3%A0" title="Elistà">Elistà</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="625"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> (62.5%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">267.133</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">74.731 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Karatxai-Txerk%C3%A8ssia" title="Karatxai-Txerkèssia">República de Karatxai-Txerkèssia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karachay-Cherkessia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg/120px-Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg/180px-Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg/240px-Karachay-Cherkessia_flag_alternative_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Txerkessk" title="Txerkessk">Txerkessk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="571"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a> (8.1%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kabardins" title="Kabardins">Kabardins</a> (12.7%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karatxais" title="Karatxais">Karatxais</a> (44.4%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> (3.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">469.865</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">14.277 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Car%C3%A8lia" title="República de Carèlia">República de Carèlia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Karelia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Karelia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Karelia_(Soviet_colors).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png/120px-Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png/180px-Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png/240px-Flag_of_Karelia_%28Soviet_colors%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="055"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Carelians" title="Carelians">Carelians</a> (5.5%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">533.121</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">180.520 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Khak%C3%A0ssia" title="Khakàssia">República de Khakàssia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Khakassia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Khakassia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="127"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Khakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> (12.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">534.795</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">61.569 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Komi" title="República de Komi">República de Komi</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Komi_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Komi_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Komi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/120px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/180px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Komi.svg/240px-Flag_of_Komi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Siktivkar" title="Siktivkar">Siktivkar</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="223"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Komi" title="Komi">Komi</a> (22.3%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">737.853</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">416.774 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%AD_El" title="Marí El">República de Marí El</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Mari_El_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mari_El_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Mari_El.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/180px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Mari_El.svg/240px-Flag_of_Mari_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ioixkar-Ol%C3%A0" title="Ioixkar-Olà">Ioxkar-Olà</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="401"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a> (40.1%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">677.097</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">23.375 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mord%C3%B2via" title="Mordòvia">República de Mordòvia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Mordovia_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Mordovia_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Mordovia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mordovia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Mordovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="371"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> (38.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">783.552</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">26.128 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oss%C3%A8tia_del_Nord_-_Al%C3%A0nia" title="Ossètia del Nord - Alània">República d'Ossètia del Nord - Alània</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_North_Ossetia_(Alania).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_North_Ossetia_%28Alania%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/180px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/240px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="681"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetes" title="Ossetes">Ossetes</a> (68.1%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">687.357</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">7.987 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sakh%C3%A0" title="Sakhà">República de Sakhà (Yakutia)</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Sakha_(Yakutia)_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Sakha_%28Yakutia%29_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Sakha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iakutsk" title="Iakutsk">Iakutsk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="552"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Iakuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iakuts">Iakuts</a> (55.3%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">995.686</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">3.083.523 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">República del Tatarstan</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/180px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/240px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="536"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0tars" title="Tàtars">Tàtars</a> (53.6%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">4.004.809</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">67.847 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tuv%C3%A0" title="Tuvà">República de Tuvà</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Tuva.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Tuva.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/180px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/240px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kizil" title="Kizil">Kizil</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="887"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> (88.7%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">336.651</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">168.604 km²</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Udm%C3%BArtia" title="Udmúrtia">República d'Udmúrtia</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Udmurtia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/160px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/240px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg/320px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Udmurtia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ijevsk" title="Ijevsk">Ijevsk</a></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="206"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> (24.1%)</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">1.452.914</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100%; line-height: 2em; text-align:center;">42.061 km²</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repúbliques_propostes"><span id="Rep.C3.BAbliques_propostes"></span>Repúbliques propostes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Repúbliques propostes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En resposta a l'aparent desigualtat federal, en què les repúbliques van rebre privilegis especials durant els primers anys del mandat de Ieltsin a costa d'altres súbdits, Eduard Rossel, llavors governador de <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Sverdlovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Província de Sverdlovsk">l'oblast de Sverdlovsk</a> i defensor de la igualtat de drets per a tots els súbdits, va intentar transformar el seu óblast a la República dels Urals l'1 de juliol de 1993 per tal de rebre els mateixos beneficis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELussierOrttungParetskaya2000523–524_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELussierOrttungParetskaya2000523–524-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inicialment, Ieltsin va dissoldre la república i va acomiadar Rossel el 9 de novembre de 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinSnyder200269_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinSnyder200269-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'únic altre intent de crear formalment una república es va produir a <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_V%C3%B3logda" class="mw-redirect" title="Província de Vólogda">l'oblast de Vólogda</a> quan les autoritats van declarar el seu desig de crear una "República de Vólogda" el 14 de maig. 1993. Aquesta declaració, però, va ser ignorada per Moscou i finalment es va esvair de la consciència pública.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altres intents de crear unilateralment una república mai es van materialitzar. Aquests incloïen una "República Pomor" a <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_d%27Arkh%C3%A0nguelsk" title="Óblast d'Arkhànguelsk">l'oblast d'Arkhangelsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República dels Urals del Sud" a <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Txeli%C3%A0binsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Província de Txeliàbinsk">l'oblast de Txeliàbinsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Txukotka" a <a href="/wiki/Districte_aut%C3%B2nom_de_Txukotka" title="Districte autònom de Txukotka">la província autònoma de Txukotka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Ienissei" a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_d%27Irkutsk" title="Óblast d'Irkutsk">óblast d'Irkutsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Leningrad" a <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_de_Leningrad" title="Óblast de Leningrad">l'oblast de Leningrad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Nenets" al <a href="/wiki/Nen%C3%A8tsia" title="Nenètsia">districte autònom de Nenets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Sibèria" a <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_de_Novossibirsk" title="Óblast de Novossibirsk">l'oblast de Novossibirsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de Primorski" al <a href="/wiki/Krai_de_Prim%C3%B3rie" title="Krai de Primórie">krai de Primórie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> una "República de la Neva" a la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Sant_Petersburg" title="Sant Petersburg">Sant Petersburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i una república formada per onze regions a l'oest de Rússia centrades al voltant de <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_d%27Oriol" title="Óblast d'Oriol">l'oblast d'Oriol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altres intents de crear repúbliques van arribar en forma de fraccionament de territoris ja existents. Després de l'enfonsament de la Unió Soviètica, es va presentar una proposta per dividir la <a href="/wiki/Karatxai-Txerk%C3%A8ssia" title="Karatxai-Txerkèssia">República Karatxai-Txerkess</a> en múltiples repúbliques més petites. La idea va ser rebutjada per referèndum el 28 de març de 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder2007134_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder2007134-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una proposta similar es va produir a la <a href="/wiki/Mord%C3%B2via" title="Mordòvia">República de Mordòvia</a> per dividir-la per separar les pàtries d'Erzian i Mokxan. La proposta va ser rebutjada l'any 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Notes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="" data-severity="1"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image" style="width: 52px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/35px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/53px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg/70px-Tango_Globe_of_Letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Aquest article o secció necessita millorar una <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Traduccions" title="Viquipèdia:Traduccions">traducció</a> deficient</b>.<br /><span style="font-size:90%;" class="hide-when-compact">Podeu col·laborar-hi si coneixeu prou la llengua d'origen. Comproveu en la <a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Discussió:Repúbliques de Rússia">pàgina de discussió</a> si ja s'ha comentat aquest problema. En cas contrari podeu <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&veaction=edit&preloadtitle=Millorar+la+traducci%C3%B3&section=new&preload=Plantilla:Millorar_traducció/preload&preloadparams%5b%5d=%3E">iniciar un fil de discussió</a> per consultar com es pot millorar. Elimineu aquest avís si creieu que està solucionat sense objeccions en la discussió.</span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-width" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crimea-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crimea_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of Crimea (encara no existeix)">Republic of Crimea</a> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation (encara no existeix)">annexed by Russia</a> in 2014; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donetsk_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donetsk People's Republic (encara no existeix)">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luhansk_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luhansk People's Republic (encara no existeix)">Luhansk People's Republic</a> were annexed in 2022. The United Nations recognize all three as part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine (encara no existeix)">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney2018180_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2018180-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Percent of population belonging to a titular ethnic group according to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Census_(2021)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Census (2021) (encara no existeix)">2021 Russian Census</a> and change from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Census_(2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Census (2010) (encara no existeix)">2010 Russian Census</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney20236,_16,_43"Crimea_and_Sevastopol,_which_were_annexed_in_2014,_and...four_Ukrainian_regions_annexed_de_jure,_if_not_de_facto,_in_2022...After_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_were_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2014,_the_federal_centre_repeatedly_emphasized_internal_and_external_threats_to_their_stability...If_Russia_were_ever_to_achieve_similar_control_over_the_four_territories_purportedly_annexed_from_Ukraine_in_2022,_such_focus_on_their_security,_too,_would_seem_likely...Putin_announced_the_annexation_of_four_Ukrainian_regions:_the_so-called_'People's_Republics'_established_in_the_eastern_Ukrainian_cities_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk...despite_Russian_control_of_all_of_these_territories_being_by_no_means_assured."_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeaney2023">Heaney, 2023</a>, p. 6, 16, 43, "Crimea and Sevastopol, which were annexed in 2014, and...four Ukrainian regions annexed de jure, if not de facto, in 2022...After Crimea and Sevastopol were annexed from Ukraine in 2014, the federal centre repeatedly emphasized internal and external threats to their stability...If Russia were ever to achieve similar control over the four territories purportedly annexed from Ukraine in 2022, such focus on their security, too, would seem likely...Putin announced the annexation of four Ukrainian regions: the so-called 'People's Republics' established in the eastern Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk...despite Russian control of all of these territories being by no means assured.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakkisrud2023"Ethnic_autonomies_within_the_Russian_Federation...As_per_the_1993_Constitution...Added:_Crimea_(2014)"_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlakkisrud2023">Blakkisrud, 2023</a>, "Ethnic autonomies within the Russian Federation...As per the 1993 Constitution...Added: Crimea (2014)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESakwa2023"Thus_Russia_inherited_89_regions_in_1991_grouped_into_three_main_types_(ethno-federal_republics,_autonomous_regions_of_various_sorts,_and_ordinary_regions_[oblasts],_including_today_the_major_cities_of_Moscow_and_St_Petersburg_along_with_Sevastopol_in_Crimea)._The_result_in_institutional_terms_is_asymmetrical_federalism_in_what_is_now_85_regions_(following_the_merger_of_certain_smaller_entities_and_the_incorporation_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea_and_Sevastopol_in_2014)"_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakwa2023">Sakwa, 2023</a>, "Thus Russia inherited 89 regions in 1991 grouped into three main types (ethno-federal republics, autonomous regions of various sorts, and ordinary regions [oblasts], including today the major cities of Moscow and St Petersburg along with Sevastopol in Crimea). The result in institutional terms is asymmetrical federalism in what is now 85 regions (following the merger of certain smaller entities and the incorporation of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in 2014)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2023"Including_the_two_territories_in_Crimea,_the_85_territories_comprise_22_republics,_nine_krais_(provinces),_46_oblasts_(regions),_three_cities_of_federal_status_(Moscow,_St_Petersburg_and_Sevastopol),_one_autonomous_oblast_and_four_autonomous_okrugs."-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney2023"Including_the_two_territories_in_Crimea,_the_85_territories_comprise_22_republics,_nine_krais_(provinces),_46_oblasts_(regions),_three_cities_of_federal_status_(Moscow,_St_Petersburg_and_Sevastopol),_one_autonomous_oblast_and_four_autonomous_okrugs."_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeaney2023">Heaney, 2023</a>, "Including the two territories in Crimea, the 85 territories comprise 22 republics, nine krais (provinces), 46 oblasts (regions), three cities of federal status (Moscow, St Petersburg and Sevastopol), one autonomous oblast and four autonomous okrugs.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney2018180-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney2018180_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeaney2018">Heaney, 2018</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Raymond1992120-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Raymond1992120_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Raymond1992">John Raymond, 1992</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMälksoo2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mälksoo</span>, Lauri <i>History of International Law 2017</i>, 4-2017, pàg. 7–8.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeNess2016237-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeNess2016237_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeNess2016">Cope i Ness, 2016</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985467-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985467_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldbruggeSimonsVan_den_Berg1985">Feldbrugge, Simons i Van den Berg, 1985</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liam-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-liam_11-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-liam_11-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGreenacre2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Greenacre</span>, Liam. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liamslookathistory.blogspot.com/2016/08/korenizatsiya-soviet-nationalities.html">Korenizatsiya: The Soviet Nationalities Policy for Recognised Minorities</a>». <i>Liam's Look at History</i>, 23-08-2016. [Consulta: 6 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBazarova2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bazarova</span>, Vladimirovna (en rus) <i>Power</i>, 21, 2013, pàg. 176.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp199979-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp199979_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemp1999">Kemp, 1999</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPodobed2019"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Podobed</span>, Pavlo. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127035823/https://prometheus.ngo/idel-ural-polyethnic-volcano-of-the-russian-federation/">Idel-Ural: Polyethnic Volcano of the Russian Federation</a>» (en ucraïnès). <i>Prometheus Security Environment Research Center</i>, 28-03-2019. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prometheus.ngo/idel-ural-polyethnic-volcano-of-the-russian-federation/">original</a> el 27 gener 2021. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idel-ural.org/en/archives/komi-and-imperial-policy-in-the-arctic/">Komi and imperial policy in the Arctic</a>» (en anglès americà). <i>Free Idel-Ural</i>, 01-06-2020. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085_16-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChulosPiirainen200085_16-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChulosPiirainen2000">Chulos i Piirainen, 2000</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERett1996618-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERett1996618_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRett1996">Rett, 1996</a>, p. 618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotljarchukSundström201715-16-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotljarchukSundström201715-16_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotljarchukSundström2017">Kotljarchuk i Sundström, 2017</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_19-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_19-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf">Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations</a>». <i>Human Rights Watch</i> p. 11–74, 01-09-1991. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStatiev2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Statiev</span>, Alexander <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>, 6, 2, 2005, pàg. 285–318. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2005.0029">10.1353/kri.2005.0029</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996156_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBugay1996">Bugay, 1996</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-1">21,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskerov201512_22-2">21,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAskerov2015">Askerov, 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPohl2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pohl</span>, Otto. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlrn.org/img/violation/Crimean_Tatar_Deportations.pdf">The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tatars</a>», 2000. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188_24-0">23,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuchinova2007187–188_24-1">23,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuchinova2007">Guchinova, 2007</a>, p. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crmtransfer-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crmtransfer_25-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crmtransfer_25-1">24,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html">Transfer of the Crimea to the Ukraine</a>». <i>International Committee for Crimea</i>, 01-07-2005. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/ussr_4485.htm">Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 8, 1944 "On the resettlement of Balkars living in the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on the renaming of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"</a>» (en rus). <i>Library USSR</i>. [Consulta: 19 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner200431-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner200431_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner2004">Tanner, 2004</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199_28-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolian2004199_28-1">27,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolian2004">Polian, 2004</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csce.gov/sites/helsinkicommission.house.gov/files/Minority%20Rights%20Problem%20Parameters%20and%20Patters%20in%20the%20CSCE%20Context.pdf"><i></i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csce.gov%2Fsites%2Fhelsinkicommission.house.gov%2Ffiles%2FMinority%2520Rights%2520Problem%2520Parameters%2520and%2520Patters%2520in%2520the%2520CSCE%2520Context.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladman2004102-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladman2004102_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGladman2004">Gladman, 2004</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuva-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuva_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFToomas1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Toomas</span>, Alatalu <i>Soviet Studies</i>, 44, 5, 1992, pàg. 881–895. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139208412051">10.1080/09668139208412051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-5859">0038-5859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/152275">152275</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonsWesterlund201581-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonsWesterlund201581_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimonsWesterlund2015">Simons i Westerlund, 2015</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002207-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2002207_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2002">Ross, 2002</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWoodruff1990"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Woodruff</span>, David. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/06/12/Russian-republic-declares-sovereignty/9247645163200/">Russian republic declares sovereignty</a>» (en anglès). <i>UPI</i>, 12-06-1990. [Consulta: 17 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewtonTompson2010119-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewtonTompson2010119_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewtonTompson2010">Newton i Tompson, 2010</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2002106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2002106_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahn2002">Kahn, 2002</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFZamyatin2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zamyatin</span>, Konstantin <i>Finnish-Ugric Communications</i>, 36, 2013, pàg. 132.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starovoitova-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-starovoitova_38-0">37,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-starovoitova_38-1">37,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStarovoitova1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Starovoitova</span>, Galina <i>Peaceworks</i>, 19, 1997, pàg. 5–11.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105_39-0">38,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanYakovlev1996104–105_39-1">38,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanYakovlev1996">Berman i Yakovlev, 1996</a>, p. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaundersStrukov201059-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaundersStrukov201059_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaundersStrukov2010">Saunders i Strukov, 2010</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rulit.me/books/prodolzhaya-letopis-predkov-read-229234-1.html#section_1"><i></i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rulit.me%2Fbooks%2Fprodolzhaya-letopis-predkov-read-229234-1.html%23section_1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutions.ru/?p=2930">Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Mari SSR</a>» (en rus). <i>Pashkov Library</i>, 06-01-2010. [Consulta: 5 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBairovich2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bairovich</span>, Chimit-Dorzhu. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_14/4816-ondar.html">Adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Soviet Republic of Tuva</a>» (en rus). <i>Tuva Asia</i>, 31-05-2012. [Consulta: 5 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHiggins1995"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Higgins</span>, Andrew. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-dzhokhar-dudayev-lone-wolf-of-grozny-1569145.html">Dzhokhar Dudayev: Lone wolf of Grozny</a>» (en anglès). <i>The Independent</i>, 22-01-1995. 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[Consulta: 30 abril 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFDS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EFDS_49-0">48,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EFDS_49-1">48,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173857/https://www.europeanforum.net/headlines/russia-revoking-tatarstan-s-autonomy">Russia revoking Tatarstan's autonomy</a>» (en anglès). <i>European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity</i>, 09-08-2017. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanforum.net/headlines/russia-revoking-tatarstan-s-autonomy">original</a> el 2019-03-07. [Consulta: 7 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mizuki-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mizuki_50-0">49,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mizuki_50-1">49,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mizuki_50-2">49,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chuman</span>, Mizuki <i>Demokratizatsiya</i>, pàg. 135–146.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173824/https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2005/russia">Nations in Transit: Russia</a>». <i>Freedom House</i>, 2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2005/russia">original</a> el 2019-03-07. [Consulta: 6 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFArslanbenzer2019"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Arslanbenzer</span>, Hakan. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/portrait/2019/11/14/dzhokhar-dudayev-fighting-for-a-free-chechnya">Dzhokhar Dudayev: Fighting for a free Chechnya</a>» (en anglès). <i>Daily Sabah</i>, 14-11-2019. 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[Consulta: 23 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aslan-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aslan_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1485209/Aslan-Maskhadov.html">Aslan Maskhadov</a>» (en anglès). <i>The Telegraph</i>, 09-03-2005 [Consulta: 24 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERené2018147–148-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERené2018147–148_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRené2018">René, 2018</a>, p. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWilliams2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Williams</span>, Daniel «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-02/07/076r-020700-idx.html">Russians Capture Grozny</a>». <i>The Washington Post</i>, 07-02-2000 [Consulta: 30 abril 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> <i></i>, 09-06-2000 [Consulta: 24 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAris2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Aris</span>, Ben «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1425501/Boycott-call-in-Chechen-poll-ignored.html">Boycott call in Chechen poll ignored</a>». <i>The Telegraph</i>, 24-03-2003 [Consulta: 24 juny 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBohlen2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bohlen</span>, Celestine «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/09/world/russian-regions-wary-as-putin-tightens-control.html">Russian Regions Wary as Putin Tightens Control</a>» (en anglès). <i>The New York Times</i>, 09-03-2000 [Consulta: 6 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTurner2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Turner</span>, Cassandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/167/"><i>We Never Said We're Independent: Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions</i></a> (Tesi) (en anglès).  Universitat de Mississipi, 2018, p. 49.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Never+Said+We%27re+Independent%3A+Natural+Resources%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Fight+for+Political+Autonomy+in+Russia%27s+Regions&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegrove.olemiss.edu%2Fhon_thesis%2F167%2F"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1077565.html">Federation Council Backs Power-Sharing Bill</a>». <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>, 11-07-2007. 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[Consulta: 6 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMalashenko2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Malashenko</span>, Alexey. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegie.ru/2010/01/25/mintimer-shaimiev-steps-down-as-president-of-tatarstan-pub-40503">Mintimer Shaimiev Steps Down as President of Tatarstan</a>» (en anglès). <i>Carnegie Moscow Center</i>, 25-01-2010. [Consulta: 7 maig 2019].</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since d’agost 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBarry2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Barry</span>, Ellen «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/world/europe/14russia.html">Russian Regional Strongman to Retire</a>» (en anglès). <i>The New York Times</i>, 13-07-2010 [Consulta: 8 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAvdaliani2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Avdaliani</span>, Emil. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112629/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/7285/No-Longer-the-Russian-Federation:-A-Look-at-Tartarstan">No Longer the Russian Federation: A Look at Tartarstan</a>». <i>Georgia Today</i>, 14-08-2017. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/7285/No-Longer-the-Russian-Federation:-A-Look-at-Tartarstan">original</a> el 2019-03-07. [Consulta: 6 març 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLatypova2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Latypova</span>, Leyla «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/09/27/ethnic-minorities-hit-hardest-by-russias-mobilization-activists-say-a78879">Ethnic Minorities Hit Hardest By Russia's Mobilization, Activists Say</a>». <i>The Moscow Times</i>, 27-09-2022.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 68 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Russian_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Russian Federation (encara no existeix)">Constitution of Russia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asymmetries-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-asymmetries_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSolnick1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Solnick</span>, Steven «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1996-810-08-Solnick.pdf">Còpia arxivada</a>». <i>The National Council for Soviet and East European Research</i>, 29-05-1996. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/1996-810-08-Solnick.pdf">original</a> el 9 d’octubre 2022 [Consulta: 29 d’agost 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoexMartinez-Vazquez20014-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoexMartinez-Vazquez20014_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoexMartinez-Vazquez2001">Boex i Martinez-Vazquez, 2001</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSolnick1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Solnick</span>, Steven <i>The National Council for Soviet and East European Research</i>, 30-05-1996, pàg. 4.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlexander2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alexander</span>, James <i>Demokratizatsiya</i>, 12, 2, 2004, pàg. 237. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3200%2FDEMO.12.2.233-263">10.3200/DEMO.12.2.233-263</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77_74-0">73,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkKempton200239–77_74-1">73,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkKempton2002">Clark i Kempton, 2002</a>, p. 39–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDrobizheva1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Drobizheva</span>, Leokadia «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324152823/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crn/crn_papers/Drobizheva2.pdf">Còpia arxivada</a>». <i>Preventing of Deadly Conflicts</i>, 4-1998, pàg. 12. 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[Consulta: 25 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-election-president-putin-minnikhanov/27244226.html">Tatarstan Vote Seen As Test For Russian Regional 'President'</a>» (en anglès). <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>, 15-09-2015. [Consulta: 7 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVoroshilov2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Voroshilov</span>, Denis. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/politics/21/12/2021/61c1e67c9a794789c7df41bd">Putin signed a law banning the heads of regions from being called presidents</a>» (en rus). <i>RBC</i>, 21-12-2021. [Consulta: 21 desembre 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHauer2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hauer</span>, Neil <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, 01-08-2018 [Consulta: 26 agost 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCoalson2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Coalson</span>, Robert. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-language-bill-ethnic-republics-existential-threat/29306974.html">A Common Language: Russia's 'Ethnic' Republics See Language Bill As Existential Threat</a>» (en anglès). <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>, 20-06-2018. [Consulta: 21 juny 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMatejova2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Matejova</span>, Miriam <i>International Journal on World Peace</i>, 30, 2013, pàg. 11–12.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchwirtz2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schwirtz</span>, Michael «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/world/europe/chechnyas-costs-stir-anger-as-russia-approaches-elections.html">Russian Anger Grows Over Chechnya Subsidies</a>» (en anglès). <i>The New York Times</i>, 08-10-2011 [Consulta: 9 juny 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBullough2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bullough</span>, Oliver. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/23/putins-closest-ally-and-his-biggest-liability">Putin's closest ally – and his biggest liability</a>» (en anglès). <i>The Guardian</i>, 23-09-2015. [Consulta: 9 juny 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFArutunyan2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Arutunyan</span>, Anna. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_why_putin_wont_get_tough_on_kadyrov_7278/">Why Putin won't get tough on Kadyrov</a>» (en anglès britànic). <i>European Council on Foreign Relations</i>, 25-04-2017. [Consulta: 9 juny 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBowen2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bowen</span>, Andrew. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interpretermag.com/kadyrovtsy-vladimir-putins-combat-infantry-and-ramzan-kadyrovs-henchmen/">Kadyrovtsy: "Vladimir Putin's Combat Infantry" and Ramzan Kadyrov's Henchmen</a>». <i>The Interpreter</i>, 15-06-2015. [Consulta: 9 juny 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHalbach2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Halbach</span>, Uwe <i>Foundation Science and Politics</i>, 2018, pàg. 5.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFZimnitskaya2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zimnitskaya</span>, Hanna <i>International Studies Honors Projects</i>, 2012.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuillory2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guillory</span>, Sean. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/feature/2016/09/21/how-separatists-are-prosecuted-in-russia">How 'separatists' are prosecuted in Russia: Independent lawyers on one of Russia's most controversial statutes</a>». <i>Meduza</i>, 21-09-2016. [Consulta: 7 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell200378-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell200378_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2003">Bell, 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-broadens-anti-incitement-law-to-include-separatism/">Russia broadens anti-incitement law to include separatism</a>» (en anglès americà). <i>The Times of Israel</i>, 05-07-2014. [Consulta: 7 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimea-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crimea_98-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuttermanPolityuk2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gutterman</span>, Steve; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Polityuk</span>, Pavel «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318">Putin signs Crimea treaty as Ukraine serviceman dies in attack</a>» (en anglès). <i>Reuters</i>, 18-03-2014 [Consulta: 8 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLuhn2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Luhn</span>, Alec «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/18/red-square-rally-vladimir-putin-crimea">Red Square rally hails Vladimir Putin after Crimea accession</a>» (en anglès). <i>The Guardian</i>, 18-03-2014 [Consulta: 8 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> (en anglès) <i></i>, 27-03-2014 [Consulta: 8 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-rebel-region-may-hold-referendum-joining-russia-2022-03-27/">Ukrainian rebel region Luhansk may vote to join Russia</a>». <i></i>, 27-03-2022 [Consulta: 31 març 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHumphries2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Humphries</span>, Conor «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-backed-donetsk-republic-will-consider-joining-russia-leader-2022-03-29/">Russia-backed Donetsk Republic may consider joining Russia – leader</a>». <i></i>, 29-03-2022.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPicheta2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Picheta</span>, Rob. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/27/europe/ukraine-russia-referendum-explainer-intl/index.html">Russian forces have staged illegal 'referendums' in Ukraine. What comes next?</a>». <i>CNN</i>, 27-09-2022. [Consulta: 1r octubre 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annexation2022-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-annexation2022_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-says-russia-has-four-new-regions-he-announces-annexation-ukrainian-2022-09-30/">Putin says Russia has 'four new regions' as he announces annexation of Ukrainian territory</a>». <i></i>, 30-09-2022 [Consulta: 1r octubre 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/30/west-condemns-russia-illegal-annexation-of-ukrainian-provinces">West condemns Russia's 'illegal' annexation of Ukraine provinces</a>». <i>Al Jazeera</i>, 30-09-2022. [Consulta: 1r octubre 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1129047">Ukraine: UN Secretary-General condemns Russia annexation plan</a>». <i>United Nations</i>, 29-09-2022. [Consulta: 1r octubre 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDutton2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dutton</span>, Jack «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-zelensky-un-five-conditions-peace-russia-1745298">Ukraine's Zelensky Lays Out Five Conditions for Peace With Russia</a>» (en anglès). <i></i>, 22-09-2022 [Consulta: 5 novembre 2022].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">National composition of the population</a>».  Federal State Statistics Service. [Consulta: 12 gener 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELussierOrttungParetskaya2000523–524-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELussierOrttungParetskaya2000523–524_110-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLussierOrttungParetskaya2000">Lussier, Orttung i Paretskaya, 2000</a>, p. 523–524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinSnyder200269-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinSnyder200269_111-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinSnyder2002">Rubin i Snyder, 2002</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-0">110,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-1">110,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-2">110,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-3">110,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshauShlapentokh2007105–106_112-4">110,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoshauShlapentokh2007">Joshau i Shlapentokh, 2007</a>, p. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-0">111,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-1">111,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-2">111,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200324–25_113-3">111,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2003">Ross, 2003</a>, p. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vesma.today/news/post/398-25-let-nazad-chukotka-vyshla-iz-sostava-magadanskoy-oblasti">25 years ago Chukotka withdrew from the Magadan Region</a>». <i>Vesma Today</i>, 29-09-2017. [Consulta: 31 octubre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKolguyev2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kolguyev</span>, Georgy. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.nvinder.ru/archive/2005/nov/17/07.html">Nenets Republic – It Sounds Weird</a>» (en rus). <i>Nyaryana Vynder</i>, 17-11-2005. [Consulta: 10 maig 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoeder2007134-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoeder2007134_116-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoeder2007">Roeder, 2007</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTaagepera2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Taagepera</span>, Rein. <i>The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State</i>.  Nova York: Routledge, 2013. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-415-91977-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-415-91977-7">ISBN 978-0-415-91977-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finno-Ugric+Republics+and+the+Russian+State&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91977-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> Heaney. <i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018</i>.  Routledge, 2018, p. 180 (Europa Territories of the World series). <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-35110-391-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-35110-391-6">ISBN 978-1-35110-391-6</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027753558">1027753558</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2018&rft.date=2018&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=180&rft.series=Europa+Territories+of+the+World+series&rft.isbn=978-1-35110-391-6&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1027753558"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> «Territorial Surveys». A: Heaney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2022/Publications/p/book/9781032249698"><i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2022</i></a>. 23rd.  Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2022. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781032249698" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781032249698">ISBN 9781032249698</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2022&rft.atitle=Territorial+Surveys&rft.date=2022&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.isbn=9781032249698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2022%2FPublications%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032249698"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> «The Government of the Russian Federation». A: Heaney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2023/Publications/p/book/9781032469744"><i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2023</i></a>. 24th.  Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2023, p. 43–51. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781032469744" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781032469744">ISBN 9781032469744</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2023&rft.atitle=The+Government+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2023&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9351&rft.isbn=9781032469744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2023%2FPublications%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032469744"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJohn_Raymond1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">John Raymond</span>, Walter. <i>Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms</i>.  Brunswick Publishing Corp, 1992, p. 120. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781556180088" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781556180088">ISBN 9781556180088</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Politics%3A+Selected+American+and+Foreign+Political+and+Legal+Terms&rft.aulast=John+Raymond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Brunswick+Publishing+Corp&rft.pages=120&rft.isbn=9781556180088"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCope2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cope</span>, Zak. <i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism</i>.  Palgrave Macmillian, 2016, p. 237. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-230-39278-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-230-39278-6">ISBN 978-0-230-39278-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Imperialism+and+Anti-Imperialism&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Zak&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillian&rft.pages=237&rft.isbn=978-0-230-39278-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFeldbrugge1985"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Feldbrugge</span>, Ferdinand. <i>Encyclopedia of Soviet Law</i>.  Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985, p. 467. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/90-247-3075-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/90-247-3075-9">ISBN 90-247-3075-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Soviet+Law&rft.aulast=Feldbrugge&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft.date=1985&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.pages=467&rft.isbn=90-247-3075-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlakkisrud2023"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helge_Blakkisrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helge Blakkisrud (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blakkisrud</span>, Helge</a>. «Ethnic Relations». A: Gill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society/Gill/p/book/9781032110523"><i>Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society</i></a>. Second.  Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2023, p. 449–462. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-032-11052-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-032-11052-3">ISBN 978-1-032-11052-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Relations&rft.aulast=Blakkisrud&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft.date=2023&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=449%E2%80%93462&rft.isbn=978-1-032-11052-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FRoutledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society%2FGill%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032110523"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSakwa2023"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Sakwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Sakwa (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sakwa</span>, Richard</a>. «Democratisation». A: Gill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society/Gill/p/book/9781032110523"><i>Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society</i></a>. Second.  Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2023, p. 33–45. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-032-11052-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-032-11052-3">ISBN 978-1-032-11052-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Democratisation&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=2023&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=33%E2%80%9345&rft.isbn=978-1-032-11052-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FRoutledge-Handbook-of-Russian-Politics-and-Society%2FGill%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032110523"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKemp1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kemp</span>, Walter. <i>Nationalism and Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: A Basic Contradiction?</i>.  Macmillian Press LTD, 1999, p. 79. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-230-37525-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-230-37525-3">ISBN 978-0-230-37525-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Soviet+Union%3A+A+Basic+Contradiction%3F&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Macmillian+Press+LTD&rft.pages=79&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37525-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChulos2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chulos</span>, Chris. <i>The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia</i>.  Ashgate Publishing, 2000, p. 85. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-315-20039-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-315-20039-2">ISBN 978-1-315-20039-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+an+Empire%2C+the+Birth+of+a+Nation%3A+National+Identities+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Chulos&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.pages=85&rft.isbn=978-1-315-20039-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRett1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rett</span>, Ludwikowski. <i>Constitution-making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance</i>.  Duke University Press, 1996, p. 618. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8223-1802-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8223-1802-6">ISBN 978-0-8223-1802-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution-making+in+the+Region+of+Former+Soviet+Dominance&rft.aulast=Rett&rft.aufirst=Ludwikowski&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.pages=618&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1802-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKotljarchuk2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kotljarchuk</span>, Andrej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1164774/FULLTEXT02.pdf"><i>Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research</i></a>.  Södertörn University, 2017, p. 15-16. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-91-7601-777-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-91-7601-777-7">ISBN 978-91-7601-777-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+and+Religious+Minorities+in+Stalin%27s+Soviet+Union%3A+New+Dimensions+of+Research&rft.aulast=Kotljarchuk&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft.date=2017&rft.pub=S%C3%B6dert%C3%B6rn+University&rft.pages=15-16&rft.isbn=978-91-7601-777-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1164774%2FFULLTEXT02.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBugay1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bugay</span>, Nikolay. <i>The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union</i>.  Nova Science Publishers, 1996, p. 156. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1-56072-371-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1-56072-371-8">ISBN 1-56072-371-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deportation+of+Peoples+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.aulast=Bugay&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.pages=156&rft.isbn=1-56072-371-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAskerov2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Askerov</span>, Ali. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict</i>.  Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 12. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4422-4925-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4422-4925-7">ISBN 978-1-4422-4925-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chechen+Conflict&rft.aulast=Askerov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.pages=12&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4925-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuchinova2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guchinova</span>, Elza-Bair. <i>Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity</i>.  Hokkaido University Press, 2007, p. 187–188.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deportation+of+the+Kalmyks+%281943%E2%80%931956%29%3A+Stigmatized+Ethnicity&rft.aulast=Guchinova&rft.aufirst=Elza-Bair&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Hokkaido+University+Press&rft.pages=187%E2%80%93188"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTanner2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tanner</span>, Arno. <i>The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries</i>.  East-West Books, 2004, p. 31. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9789529168088" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9789529168088">ISBN 9789529168088</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Minorities+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+History+and+Today+of+Selected+Ethnic+Groups+in+Five+Countries&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=East-West+Books&rft.pages=31&rft.isbn=9789529168088"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPolian2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Polian</span>, Pavel. <i>Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR</i>.  Central European University Press, 2004, p. 199. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/963-9241-68-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/963-9241-68-7">ISBN 963-9241-68-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Their+Will%3A+The+History+and+Geography+of+Forced+Migrations+in+the+USSR&rft.aulast=Polian&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.pages=199&rft.isbn=963-9241-68-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGladman2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gladman</span>, Imogen. <i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2004</i>.  Europa Publications, 2004, p. 102. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1-85743-248-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1-85743-248-7">ISBN 1-85743-248-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2004&rft.aulast=Gladman&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.pages=102&rft.isbn=1-85743-248-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSimons2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Simons</span>, Greg. <i>Religion, Politics and Nation-Building in Post-Communist Countries</i>.  Ashgate Publishing, 2015, p. 81. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781472449696" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781472449696">ISBN 9781472449696</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Politics+and+Nation-Building+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.pages=81&rft.isbn=9781472449696"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRoss2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ross</span>, Cameron. <i>Regional Politics in Russia</i>.  Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 207. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7190-5890-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7190-5890-2">ISBN 0-7190-5890-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Politics+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.pages=207&rft.isbn=0-7190-5890-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNewton2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Newton</span>, Julie. <i>Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics</i>.  Palgrave Macmillian, 2010, p. 119. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-349-36232-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-349-36232-5">ISBN 978-1-349-36232-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions%2C+Ideas+and+Leadership+in+Russian+Politics&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillian&rft.pages=119&rft.isbn=978-1-349-36232-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKahn2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kahn</span>, Jeffery. <i>Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia</i>.  Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 106. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-19-924699-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-19-924699-8">ISBN 0-19-924699-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Democratization%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=106&rft.isbn=0-19-924699-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBermanYakovlev1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Berman</span>, Margo; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Yakovlev</span>, Alexander. <i>Striving for Law in a Lawless Land: Memoirs of a Russian Reformer</i>.  M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p. 104–105. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1-56324-639-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1-56324-639-2">ISBN 1-56324-639-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striving+for+Law+in+a+Lawless+Land%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Russian+Reformer&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Margo&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.pages=104%E2%80%93105&rft.isbn=1-56324-639-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSaundersStrukov2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Saunders</span>, Robert; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Strukov</span>, Vlad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00saun"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation</i></a>.  Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00saun/page/n107">59</a>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8108-7460-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8108-7460-2">ISBN 978-0-8108-7460-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00saun%2Fpage%2Fn107+59%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7460-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00saun"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRené2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">René</span>, De La Pedraja. <i>The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018</i>.  McFarland & Company, 2018, p. 147–148. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-47666-991-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-47666-991-5">ISBN 978-1-47666-991-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Military+Resurgence%3A+Post-Soviet+Decline+and+Rebuilding%2C+1992-2018&rft.aulast=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=De+La+Pedraja&rft.date=2018&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.pages=147%E2%80%93148&rft.isbn=978-1-47666-991-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBoex2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boex</span>, Jameson. <i>Russia's Transition to a New Federalism</i>.  International Bank for Reconstruction, 2001, p. 4. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-8213-4840-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-8213-4840-X">ISBN 0-8213-4840-X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Transition+to+a+New+Federalism&rft.aulast=Boex&rft.aufirst=Jameson&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=International+Bank+for+Reconstruction&rft.pages=4&rft.isbn=0-8213-4840-X"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFClark2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Clark</span>, Terry. <i>Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union</i>.  Praeger, 2002, p. 77. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-275-97306-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-275-97306-9">ISBN 0-275-97306-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+or+Separation%3A+Center-Periphery+Relations+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.pages=77&rft.isbn=0-275-97306-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSergunin2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sergunin</span>, Alexander. <i>Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior: Theory and Practice</i>.  Ibidem, 2016, p. 185. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3-8382-6782-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3-8382-6782-1">ISBN 978-3-8382-6782-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Russian+Foreign+Policy+Behavior%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.aulast=Sergunin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Ibidem&rft.pages=185&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6782-1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKempton2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kempton</span>, Daniel. <i>Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union</i>.  Praeger, 2002, p. 39–40. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-275-97306-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-275-97306-9">ISBN 0-275-97306-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+or+Separation%3A+Center-Periphery+Relations+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.aulast=Kempton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.pages=39%E2%80%9340&rft.isbn=0-275-97306-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWegren2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wegren</span>, Stephen. <i>Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain</i>.  Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 68. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4422-3919-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4422-3919-7">ISBN 978-1-4422-3919-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%27s+Russia%3A+Past+Imperfect%2C+Future+Uncertain&rft.aulast=Wegren&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.pages=68&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3919-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGoode2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Goode</span>, J. Paul. <i>The Decline of Regionalism in Putin's Russia: Boundary Issues</i>.  Routledge, 2011, p. 95. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-203-81623-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-203-81623-3">ISBN 978-0-203-81623-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Regionalism+in+Putin%27s+Russia%3A+Boundary+Issues&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=J.+Paul&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=95&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81623-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHeaney2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Heaney</span>, Dominic. <i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2009</i>.  Routledge, 2009, p. 12. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-857-43517-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-857-43517-7">ISBN 978-1-857-43517-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2009&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=12&rft.isbn=978-1-857-43517-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBell2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bell</span>, Imogen. <i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2003</i>.  Europa Publications, 2003, p. 78. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1-85743-191-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1-85743-191-X">ISBN 1-85743-191-X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2003&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.pages=78&rft.isbn=1-85743-191-X"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLussier2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lussier</span>, Danielle. <i>The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders</i>.  EastWest Institute, 2000, p. 523–524. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7656-0559-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7656-0559-7">ISBN 0-7656-0559-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republics+and+Regions+of+the+Russian+Federation%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics%2C+Policies%2C+and+Leaders&rft.aulast=Lussier&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=EastWest+Institute&rft.pages=523%E2%80%93524&rft.isbn=0-7656-0559-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRubin2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rubin</span>, Barnett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietpoliti00rubi"><i>Post-Soviet Political Order</i></a>.  Routledge, 2002, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postsovietpoliti00rubi/page/n77">69</a>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-415-17069-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-415-17069-9">ISBN 0-415-17069-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Political+Order&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostsovietpoliti00rubi%2Fpage%2Fn77+69%5D&rft.isbn=0-415-17069-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostsovietpoliti00rubi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJoshau2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Joshau</span>, Woods. <i>Contemporary Russia as a Feudal Society: A New Perspective on the Post-Soviet Era</i>.  Springer, 2007, p. 105–106. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-230-60969-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-230-60969-3">ISBN 978-0-230-60969-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Russia+as+a+Feudal+Society%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+the+Post-Soviet+Era&rft.aulast=Joshau&rft.aufirst=Woods&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=105%E2%80%93106&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60969-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRoss2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ross</span>, Cameron. <i>Federalism and Democratisation in Russia</i>.  Manchester University Press, 2003, p. 24–25. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-7190-5869-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-7190-5869-1">ISBN 978-0-7190-5869-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Democratisation+in+Russia&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.pages=24%E2%80%9325&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5869-1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRoeder2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roeder</span>, Philip. <i>Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism</i>.  Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 134. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-691-12728-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-691-12728-6">ISBN 978-0-691-12728-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.pages=134&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12728-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSotiriou2019"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sotiriou</span>, Stylianos. <i>Politics and International Relations in Eurasia</i>.  Lexington Books, 2019, p. 100. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9781498565394" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9781498565394">ISBN 9781498565394</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+International+Relations+in+Eurasia&rft.aulast=Sotiriou&rft.aufirst=Stylianos&rft.date=2019&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.pages=100&rft.isbn=9781498565394"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repúbliques_de_Rússia&oldid=34254626">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repúbliques_de_Rússia&oldid=34254626</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Rep%C3%BAbliques_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Categoria:Repúbliques de Rússia">Repúbliques de Rússia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_arguments_duplicats_en_utilitzaci%C3%B3_de_plantilles" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb arguments duplicats en utilització de plantilles">Pàgines amb arguments duplicats en utilització de plantilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_enlla%C3%A7os_externs_no_actius" title="Categoria:Articles amb enllaços externs no actius">Articles amb enllaços externs no actius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_mancats_de_coordenades" title="Categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades">Articles mancats de coordenades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_traducci%C3%B3_per_millorar" title="Categoria:Articles amb traducció per millorar">Articles amb traducció per millorar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_traduccions_sense_revisar" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar">Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 18 nov 2024 a les 04:03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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