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up-flow</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: up-flow"> <meta name="keywords" content="up-flow"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="up-flow"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 17</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: up-flow</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Hg Anomalies and Soil Temperature Distribution to Delineate Upflow and Outflow Zone in Bittuang Geothermal Prospect Area, south Sulawesi, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adhitya%20Mangala">Adhitya Mangala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yobel"> Yobel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bittuang geothermal prospect area located at Tana Toraja district, South Sulawesi. The geothermal system of the area related to Karua Volcano eruption product. This area has surface manifestation such as fumarole, hot springs, sinter silica and mineral alteration. Those prove that there are hydrothermal activities in the subsurface. However, the project and development of the area have not implemented yet. One of the important elements in geothermal exploration is to determine upflow and outflow zone. This information very useful to identify the target for geothermal wells and development which it is a risky task. The methods used in this research were Mercury (Hg) anomalies in soil, soil and manifestation temperature distribution and fault fracture density from 93 km² research area. Hg anomalies performed to determine the distribution of hydrothermal alteration. Soil and manifestation temperature distribution were conducted to estimate heat distribution. Fault fracture density (FFD) useful to determine fracture intensity and trend from surface observation. Those deliver Hg anomaly map, soil and manifestation temperature map that combined overlayed to fault fracture density map and geological map. Then, the conceptual model made from north – south, and east – west cross section to delineate upflow and outflow zone in this area. The result shows that upflow zone located in northern – northeastern of the research area with the increase of elevation and decrease of Hg anomalies and soil temperature. The outflow zone located in southern - southeastern of the research area which characterized by chloride, chloride - bicarbonate geothermal fluid type, higher soil temperature, and Hg anomalies. The range of soil temperature distribution from 16 – 19 °C in upflow and 19 – 26.5 °C in the outflow. The range of Hg from 0 – 200 ppb in upflow and 200 – 520 ppb in the outflow. Structural control of the area show northwest – southeast trend. The boundary between upflow and outflow zone in 1550 – 1650 m elevation. This research delivers the conceptual model with innovative methods that useful to identify a target for geothermal wells, project, and development in Bittuang geothermal prospect area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bittuang%20geothermal%20prospect%20area" title="Bittuang geothermal prospect area">Bittuang geothermal prospect area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hg%20anomalies" title=" Hg anomalies"> Hg anomalies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20temperature" title=" soil temperature"> soil temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upflow%20and%20outflow%20zone" title=" upflow and outflow zone"> upflow and outflow zone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72738/hg-anomalies-and-soil-temperature-distribution-to-delineate-upflow-and-outflow-zone-in-bittuang-geothermal-prospect-area-south-sulawesi-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Gas Holdups in a Gas-Liquid Upflow Bubble Column With Internal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Milind%20Caspar">C. Milind Caspar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valtonia%20Octavio%20Massingue"> Valtonia Octavio Massingue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Maneesh%20Reddy"> K. Maneesh Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20V.%20Ramesh"> K. V. Ramesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gas holdup data were obtained from measured pressure drop values in a gas-liquid upflow bubble column in the presence of string of hemispheres promoter internal. The parameters that influenced the gas holdup are gas velocity, liquid velocity, promoter rod diameter, pitch and base diameter of hemisphere. Tap water was used as liquid phase and nitrogen as gas phase. About 26 percent in gas holdup was obtained due to the insertion of promoter in in the present study in comparison with empty conduit. Pitch and rod diameter have not shown any influence on gas holdup whereas gas holdup was strongly influenced by gas velocity, liquid velocity and hemisphere base diameter. Correlation equation was obtained for the prediction of gas holdup by least squares regression analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubble%20column" title="bubble column">bubble column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-holdup" title=" gas-holdup"> gas-holdup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-phase%20flow" title=" two-phase flow"> two-phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20promoter" title=" turbulent promoter"> turbulent promoter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155124/gas-holdups-in-a-gas-liquid-upflow-bubble-column-with-internal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Comparison of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and an Anaerobic Filter for Treating Wheat Straw Washwater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syazwani%20Idrus">Syazwani Idrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Charles%20J.%20Banks"> S. Charles J. Banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Heaven"> Sonia Heaven</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study compared the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and anaerobic filters (AF) for the treatment of wheat straw washwater (WSW) which has a high concentration of Potassium ions. The trial was conducted at mesophilic temperatures (37 °C). The digesters were started up over a 48-day period using a synthetic wastewater feed and reached an organic loading rate (OLR) of 6 g COD L^-1 day^-1 with a specific methane production (SMP) of 0.333 L CH4 g^-1 COD. When the feed was switched to WSW it was not possible to maintain the same loading rate as the SMP in all reactors fell sharply to less than 0.1 L CH4 g^-1 COD, with the AF affected more than the UASB. On reducing the OLR to 3 g COD L^-1 day^-1 the reactors recovered to produce 0.21 L CH4 g^-1 CODadded and gave 82% COD removal. A discrepancy between the COD consumed and the methane produced could be accounted for through increased maintenance energy requirement of the microbial community for osmo-regulation as K+ was found to accumulate in the sludge and in the UASB reached a concentration of 4.5 mg K g^-1 wet weight of granules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osmotic%20stress" title=" osmotic stress"> osmotic stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand" title=" chemical oxygen demand"> chemical oxygen demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20methane%20production" title=" specific methane production"> specific methane production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26374/comparison-of-an-upflow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket-and-an-anaerobic-filter-for-treating-wheat-straw-washwater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">655</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> A Review of the Factors That Influence on Nutrient Removal in Upflow Filters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alzeyadi">Ali Alzeyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edward%20Loffill"> Edward Loffill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar%0D%0AAli%20Alattabi"> Rafid Alkhaddar Ali Alattabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phosphate, ammonium, and nitrates are forms of nutrients; they are released from different sources. High nutrient levels contribute to the eutrophication of water bodies by accelerating the extraordinary growth of algae. Recently, many filtration and treatment systems were developed and used for different removal processes. Due to enhanced operational aspects for the up-flow, continuous, granular Media filter researchers became more interested in further developing this technology and its performance for nutrient removal from wastewater. Environmental factors significantly affect the filtration process performance, and understanding their impact will help to maintain the nutrient removal process. Phosphate removal by phosphate sorption materials PSMs and nitrogen removal biologically are the methods of nutrient removal that have been discussed in this paper. Hence, the focus on the factors that influence these processes is the scope of this work. The finding showed the presence of factors affecting both removal processes; the size, shape, and roughness of the filter media particles play a crucial role in supporting biofilm formation. On the other hand, all of which are effected on the reactivity of surface between the media and phosphate. Many studies alluded to factors that have significant influence on the biological removal for nitrogen such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH; this is due to the sensitivity of biological processes while the phosphate removal by PSMs showed less affected by these factors. This review work provides help to the researchers in create a comprehensive approach in regards study the nutrient removal in up flow filtration systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20biological%20treatment" title="nitrogen biological treatment">nitrogen biological treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrients" title=" nutrients"> nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psms" title=" psms"> psms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upflow%20filter" title=" upflow filter"> upflow filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title=" wastewater treatment"> wastewater treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40270/a-review-of-the-factors-that-influence-on-nutrient-removal-in-upflow-filters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> A Study on the Effect of Cod to Sulphate Ratio on Performance of Lab Scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neeraj%20Sahu">Neeraj Sahu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Saadiq"> Ahmad Saadiq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Anaerobic sulphate reduction has the potential for being effective and economically viable over conventional treatment methods for the treatment of sulphate-rich wastewater. However, a major challenge in anaerobic sulphate reduction is the diversion of a fraction of organic carbon towards methane production and some minor problem such as odour problems, corrosion, and increase of effluent chemical oxygen demand. A high-rate anaerobic technology has encouraged researchers to extend its application to the treatment of complex wastewaters with relatively low cost and energy consumption compared to physicochemical methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio on the performance of lab scale UASB reactor. A lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 170 days. In which first 60 days, for successful start-up with acclimation under methanogenesis and sulphidogenesis at COD/SO₄²⁻ of 18 and were operated at COD/SO₄²⁻ ratios of 12, 8, 4 and 1 to evaluate the effects of the presence of sulfate on the reactor performance. The reactor achieved maximum COD removal efficiency and biogas evolution at the end of acclimation (control). This phase lasted 53 days with 89.5% efficiency. The biogas was 0.6 L/d at (OLR) of 1.0 kg COD/m³d when it was treating synthetic wastewater with effective volume of reactor as 2.8 L. When COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio changed from 12 to 1, slight decrease in COD removal efficiencies (76.8–87.4%) was observed, biogas production decreased from 0.58 to 0.32 L/d, while the sulfate removal efficiency increased from 42.5% to 72.7%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic" title="anaerobic">anaerobic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand" title=" chemical oxygen demand"> chemical oxygen demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20loading%20rate" title=" organic loading rate"> organic loading rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulphate" title=" sulphate"> sulphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=up-flow%20anaerobic%20sludge%20blanket%20reactor" title=" up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor"> up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88716/a-study-on-the-effect-of-cod-to-sulphate-ratio-on-performance-of-lab-scale-upflow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Comparison of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and an Anaerobic Filter for Treating Wheat Straw Wash Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syazwani%20Idrus">Syazwani Idrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Banks"> Charles Banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Heaven"> Sonia Heaven</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of osmotic stress was carried out to determine the ability for biogas production in two types of digesters; anaerobic sludge blanket and anaerobic filters in treating wheat straw washed water. Two anaerobic filters (AF1 and 2) and two UASB reactors (U1 and 2) with working volumes of 1.5 L were employed at mesophilic temperatures (37°C). Digesters AF1 and two were seeded with an inoculum which had previously been fed on with a synthetic wastewater includingSodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride. Digesters U1 and two were seeded with 1 kg wet weight of granular sludge which had previously been treating paper mill effluent. During the first 48 days, all digesters were successfully acclimated with synthetic wastewater (SW) to organic loading rate (OLR) of 6 g COD l^-1 day-1. Specific methane production (SMP) of 0.333 l CH4 g-1 COD). The feed was then changed to wash water from a washing operation to reduce the salt content of wheat straw (wheat straw wash water, WSW) at the same OLR. SMP fell sharply in all reactors to less than 0.1 l CH4 g^-1 COD, with the AF affected more than the UASB. The OLR was reduced to 2.5 g COD l^-1 day^-1 to allow adaptation to WSW, and both the UASB and the AF reactors achieved an SMP of 0.21 l CH4 g^-1 COD added at 82% of COD removal. This study also revealed the accumulation of potassium (K) inside the UASB granules to a concentration of 4.5 mg K g^-1 wet weight of granular sludge. The phenomenon of lower SMP and accumulation of K indicates the effect of osmotic stress when fed on WSW. This finding is consistent with the theory that methanogenic organisms operate a Potassium pump to maintain ionic equilibrium, and as this is an energy-driven process, it will, therefore, reduce the overall methane yield. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheat%20straw%20wash%20water" title="wheat straw wash water">wheat straw wash water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upflow%20anaerobic%20sludge%20blanket" title=" upflow anaerobic sludge blanket"> upflow anaerobic sludge blanket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20filter" title=" anaerobic filter"> anaerobic filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20methane%20production" title=" specific methane production"> specific methane production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osmotic%20stress" title=" osmotic stress"> osmotic stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22643/comparison-of-an-upflow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket-and-an-anaerobic-filter-for-treating-wheat-straw-wash-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Separate Production of Hydrogen and Methane from Ethanol Wastewater Using Two-Stage UASB: Micronutrient Transportation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Jaikeaw">S. Jaikeaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chavadej"> S. Chavadej</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to determine the effects of COD loading rate on hydrogen and methane production and micronutrient transportation using a two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system under mesophilic temperature (37°C) with a constant recycle ratio of 1:1 (final effluent flow rate: feed flow rate). The first (hydrogen) UASB unit having 4 L liquid holding volume was controlled at pH 5.5 but the second (methane) UASB unit having 24 L liquid holding volume had no pH control. The two-stage UASB system operated at different COD loading rates from 8 to 20 kg/m³d based on total UASB working volume. The results showed that, at the optimum COD loading rate of 13 kg/m³d, the produced gas from the hydrogen UASB unit contained 1.5% H₂, 16.5% CH₄, and 82% CO₂ with H₂S of 252 ppm and also provided a hydrogen yield of 1.66 mL/g COD removed (or 0.56 mL/g COD applied) and a specific hydrogen production rate of 156.85 ml H₂/LRd (or 5.12 ml H₂/g MLVSS d). Under the optimum COD loading rate, the produced gas from the methane UASB unit mainly contained methane and carbon dioxide without hydrogen of 74 and 26%, respectively with hydrogen sulfide of 287 ppm and the system also provided a maximum methane yield of 407.00 mL/g COD removed (or 263.23 mL/g COD applied) and a specific methane production rate of 2081.44 ml CH₄/LRd (or 99.75 ml CH₄/g MLVSS d). Under the optimum COD loading rate, all micronutrients markedly dropped by the sulfide precipitation reactions. The reduction of micronutrients mostly appeared in the methane UASB unit. Under the studied conditions, both Co and Ni were found to be greatly precipitated out, causing the deficiency to microbial activity. It is hypothesized that an addition of both Co and Ni can improve the methanogenic activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20and%20methane%20production" title="hydrogen and methane production">hydrogen and methane production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol%20wastewater" title=" ethanol wastewater"> ethanol wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20two-stage%20upflow%20anaerobic%20blanket%20%28UASB%29%20system" title=" a two-stage upflow anaerobic blanket (UASB) system"> a two-stage upflow anaerobic blanket (UASB) system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesophillic%20temperature" title=" mesophillic temperature"> mesophillic temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20concentration%20%28MLVSS%29" title=" microbial concentration (MLVSS)"> microbial concentration (MLVSS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micronutrients" title=" micronutrients"> micronutrients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66190/separate-production-of-hydrogen-and-methane-from-ethanol-wastewater-using-two-stage-uasb-micronutrient-transportation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Investigation into the Optimum Hydraulic Loading Rate for Selected Filter Media Packed in a Continuous Upflow Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Alzeyadi">A. Alzeyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Loffill"> E. Loffill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Alkhaddar"> R. Alkhaddar </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Continuous upflow filters can combine the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphate) and suspended solid removal in one unit process. The contaminant removal could be achieved chemically or biologically; in both processes the filter removal efficiency depends on the interaction between the packed filter media and the influent. In this paper a residence time distribution (RTD) study was carried out to understand and compare the transfer behaviour of contaminants through a selected filter media packed in a laboratory-scale continuous up flow filter; the selected filter media are limestone and white dolomite. The experimental work was conducted by injecting a tracer (red drain dye tracer –RDD) into the filtration system and then measuring the tracer concentration at the outflow as a function of time; the tracer injection was applied at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) (3.8 to 15.2 m h-1). The results were analysed according to the cumulative distribution function F(t) to estimate the residence time of the tracer molecules inside the filter media. The mean residence time (MRT) and variance σ2 are two moments of RTD that were calculated to compare the RTD characteristics of limestone with white dolomite. The results showed that the exit-age distribution of the tracer looks better at HLRs (3.8 to 7.6 m h-1) and (3.8 m h-1) for limestone and white dolomite respectively. At these HLRs the cumulative distribution function F(t) revealed that the residence time of the tracer inside the limestone was longer than in the white dolomite; whereas all the tracer took 8 minutes to leave the white dolomite at 3.8 m h-1. On the other hand, the same amount of the tracer took 10 minutes to leave the limestone at the same HLR. In conclusion, the determination of the optimal level of hydraulic loading rate, which achieved the better influent distribution over the filtration system, helps to identify the applicability of the material as filter media. Further work will be applied to examine the efficiency of the limestone and white dolomite for phosphate removal by pumping a phosphate solution into the filter at HLRs (3.8 to 7.6 m h-1). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20media" title="filter media">filter media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20loading%20rate" title=" hydraulic loading rate"> hydraulic loading rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residence%20time%20distribution" title=" residence time distribution"> residence time distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracer" title=" tracer "> tracer </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34275/investigation-into-the-optimum-hydraulic-loading-rate-for-selected-filter-media-packed-in-a-continuous-upflow-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34275.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Evaluating the Process of Biofuel Generation from Grass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karan%20Bhandari">Karan Bhandari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Almost quarter region of Indian terrain is covered by grasslands. Grass being a low maintenance perennial crop is in abundance. Farmers are well acquainted with its nature, yield and storage. The aim of this paper is to study and identify the applicability of grass as a source of bio fuel. Anaerobic break down is a well-recognized technology. This process is vital for harnessing bio fuel from grass. Grass is a lignocellulosic material which is fibrous and can readily cause problems with parts in motion. Further, it also has a tendency to float. This paper also deals with the ideal digester configuration for biogas generation from grass. Intensive analysis of the literature is studied on the optimum production of grass storage in accordance with bio digester specifications. Subsequent to this two different digester systems were designed, fabricated, analyzed. The first setup was a double stage wet continuous arrangement usually known as a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The next was a double stage, double phase system implementing Sequentially Fed Leach Beds using an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (SLBR-UASB). The above methodologies were carried for the same feedstock acquired from the same field. Examination of grass silage was undertaken using Biomethane Potential values. The outcomes portrayed that the Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor system produced about 450 liters of methane per Kg of volatile solids, at a detention period of 48 days. The second method involving Leach Beds produced about 340 liters of methane per Kg of volatile solids with a detention period of 28 days. The results showcased that CSTR when designed exclusively for grass proved to be extremely efficient in methane production. The SLBR-UASB has significant potential to allow for lower detention times with significant levels of methane production. This technology has immense future for research and development in India in terms utilizing of grass crop as a non-conventional source of fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomethane%20potential%20values" title="biomethane potential values">biomethane potential values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio%20digester%20specifications" title=" bio digester specifications"> bio digester specifications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuously%20stirred%20tank%20reactor" title=" continuously stirred tank reactor"> continuously stirred tank reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upflow%20anaerobic%20sludge%20blanket" title=" upflow anaerobic sludge blanket"> upflow anaerobic sludge blanket</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60567/evaluating-the-process-of-biofuel-generation-from-grass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60567.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> H2 Production and Treatment of Cake Wastewater Industry via Up-Flow Anaerobic Staged Reactor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20A.%20Mohsen">Manal A. Mohsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Tawfik"> Ahmed Tawfik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen production from cake wastewater by anaerobic dark fermentation via upflow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR) was investigated in this study. The reactor was continuously operated for four months at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 21.57 hr, PH value of 6 ± 0.6, temperature of 21.1°C, and organic loading rate of 2.43 gCOD/l.d. The hydrogen production was 5.7 l H<sub>2</sub>/d and the hydrogen yield was 134.8 ml H<sub>2</sub> /g COD<sub>removed</sub>. The system showed an overall removal efficiency of TCOD, TBOD, TSS, TKN, and Carbohydrates of 40 ± 13%, 59 ± 18%, 84 ± 17%, 28 ± 27%, and 85 ± 15% respectively during the long term operation period. Based on the available results, the system is not sufficient for the effective treatment of cake wastewater, and the effluent quality of UASR is not complying for discharge into sewerage network, therefore a post treatment is needed (not covered in this study). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cake%20wastewater%20industry" title="cake wastewater industry">cake wastewater industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand%20%28COD%29" title=" chemical oxygen demand (COD)"> chemical oxygen demand (COD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title=" hydrogen production"> hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=up-flow%20anaerobic%20staged%20reactor%20%28UASR%29" title=" up-flow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR)"> up-flow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40013/h2-production-and-treatment-of-cake-wastewater-industry-via-up-flow-anaerobic-staged-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Study Biogas Produced by Strain Archaea Methanothrix soehngenii in Different Biodigesters UASB in Treating Brewery Effluent in Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ederaldo%20Godoy%20Junior">Ederaldo Godoy Junior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ricardo%20O.%20Jesus"> Ricardo O. Jesus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20H.%20Jesus"> Pedro H. Jesus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20R.%20Camargo"> José R. Camargo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20Y.%20Oliveira"> Jorge Y. Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicoly%20Milhardo%20Louren%C3%A7o"> Nicoly Milhardo Lourenço</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work aimed at the comparative study of the quality and quantity of biogas produced by archaea strain Methanothrix soehngenii operating in different versions of anaerobic digesters upflow sludge bed in the brewery wastewater treatment in Brazil in the tropical region. Four types of UASB digesters were studied made of different geometries and materials which are: a UASB IC steel 20 meters high; a circular UASB steel 6 meters high; an UASB reinforced concrete lined with geomembrane PEAB with 6 meters high; and finally a UASB plug flow comprising two UASB in serious rotomolded HDPE 6 meters high.Observed clearly that the biogas produced in the digester UASB steel H2S concentrations had values lower than the HDPE. With respect to efficiency in short time, the UASB IC showed the best results to absorb overloads, as the UASB circular steel showed an efficiency of 90% removal of the organic load. The UASB system plug flow in HDPE showed the lowest cost of deployment, and its efficiency in removing the organic load was 80%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title="biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=achaeas" title=" achaeas"> achaeas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB" title=" UASB"> UASB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brewery%20effluent" title=" Brewery effluent"> Brewery effluent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43846/study-biogas-produced-by-strain-archaea-methanothrix-soehngenii-in-different-biodigesters-uasb-in-treating-brewery-effluent-in-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Identification of Microbial Community in an Anaerobic Reactor Treating Brewery Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20M.%20Enitan">Abimbola M. Enitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20O.%20Odiyo"> John O. Odiyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feroz%20M.%20Swalaha"> Feroz M. Swalaha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study of microbial ecology and their function in anaerobic digestion processes are essential to control the biological processes. This is to know the symbiotic relationship between the microorganisms that are involved in the conversion of complex organic matter in the industrial wastewater to simple molecules. In this study, diversity and quantity of bacterial community in the granular sludge taken from the different compartments of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating brewery wastewater was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis showed three major eubacteria phyla that belong to <em>Proteobacteria, Firmicutes </em>and<em> Chloroflexi</em> in the full-scale UASB reactor, with different groups populating different compartment. The result of qPCR assay showed high amount of eubacteria with increase in concentration along the reactor’s compartment. This study extends our understanding on the diverse, topological distribution and shifts in concentration of microbial communities in the different compartments of a full-scale UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater. The colonization and the trophic interactions among these microbial populations in reducing and transforming complex organic matter within the UASB reactors were established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewery%20wastewater" title=" brewery wastewater"> brewery wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20quantitative%20PCR" title=" real-time quantitative PCR"> real-time quantitative PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB%20reactor" title=" UASB reactor"> UASB reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79480/identification-of-microbial-community-in-an-anaerobic-reactor-treating-brewery-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Water Re-Use Optimization in a Sugar Platform Biorefinery Using Municipal Solid Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leo%20Paul%20Vaurs">Leo Paul Vaurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Heaven"> Sonia Heaven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Banks"> Charles Banks</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a virtually unlimited source of lignocellulosic material in the form of a waste paper/cardboard mixture which can be converted into fermentable sugars via cellulolytic enzyme hydrolysis in a biorefinery. The extraction of the lignocellulosic fraction and its preparation, however, are energy and water demanding processes. The waste water generated is a rich organic liquor with a high Chemical Oxygen Demand that can be partially cleaned while generating biogas in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket bioreactor and be further re-used in the process. In this work, an experiment was designed to determine the critical contaminant concentrations in water affecting either anaerobic digestion or enzymatic hydrolysis by simulating multiple water re-circulations. It was found that re-using more than 16.5 times the same water could decrease the hydrolysis yield by up to 65 % and led to a complete granules desegregation. Due to the complexity of the water stream, the contaminant(s) responsible for the performance decrease could not be identified but it was suspected to be caused by sodium, potassium, lipid accumulation for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process and heavy metal build-up for enzymatic hydrolysis. The experimental data were incorporated into a Water Pinch technology based model that was used to optimize the water re-utilization in the modelled system to reduce fresh water requirement and wastewater generation while ensuring all processes performed at optimal level. Multiple scenarios were modelled in which sub-process requirements were evaluated in term of importance, operational costs and impact on the CAPEX. The best compromise between water usage, AD and enzymatic hydrolysis yield was determined for each assumed contaminant degradations by anaerobic granules. Results from the model will be used to build the first MSW based biorefinery in the USA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title=" municipal solid waste"> municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20optimization" title=" water optimization"> water optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59926/water-re-use-optimization-in-a-sugar-platform-biorefinery-using-municipal-solid-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Developing a DNN Model for the Production of Biogas From a Hybrid BO-TPE System in an Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadjer%20Sadoune">Hadjer Sadoune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liza%20Lamini"> Liza Lamini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scherazade%20Krim"> Scherazade Krim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amel%20Djouadi"> Amel Djouadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachida%20Rihani"> Rachida Rihani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deep neural networks are highly regarded for their accuracy in predicting intricate fermentation processes. Their ability to learn from a large amount of datasets through artificial intelligence makes them particularly effective models. The primary obstacle in improving the performance of these models is to carefully choose the suitable hyperparameters, including the neural network architecture (number of hidden layers and hidden units), activation function, optimizer, learning rate, and other relevant factors. This study predicts biogas production from real wastewater treatment plant data using a sophisticated approach: hybrid Bayesian optimization with a tree-structured Parzen estimator (BO-TPE) for an optimised deep neural network (DNN) model. The plant utilizes an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) digester that treats industrial wastewater from soft drinks and breweries. The digester has a working volume of 1574 m3 and a total volume of 1914 m3. Its internal diameter and height were 19 and 7.14 m, respectively. The data preprocessing was conducted with meticulous attention to preserving data quality while avoiding data reduction. Three normalization techniques were applied to the pre-processed data (MinMaxScaler, RobustScaler and StandardScaler) and compared with the Non-Normalized data. The RobustScaler approach has strong predictive ability for estimating the volume of biogas produced. The highest predicted biogas volume was 2236.105 Nm³/d, with coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.712, 164.610, and 223.429, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20production" title=" biogas production"> biogas production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20neural%20network" title=" deep neural network"> deep neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20bo-tpe" title=" hybrid bo-tpe"> hybrid bo-tpe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperparameters%20tuning" title=" hyperparameters tuning"> hyperparameters tuning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185307/developing-a-dnn-model-for-the-production-of-biogas-from-a-hybrid-bo-tpe-system-in-an-anaerobic-wastewater-treatment-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">38</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Study of the Anaerobic Degradation Potential of High Strength Molasses Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mischopoulou">M. Mischopoulou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Naidis"> P. Naidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kalamaras"> S. Kalamaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kotsopoulos"> T. Kotsopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Samaras"> P. Samaras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The treatment of high strength wastewater by an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor has several benefits, such as high organic removal efficiency, short hydraulic retention time along with low operating costs. In addition, high volumes of biogas are released in these reactors, which can be utilized in several industrial facilities for energy production. This study aims at the examination of the application potential of anaerobic treatment of wastewater, with high molasses content derived from yeast manufacturing, by a lab-scale UASB reactor. The molasses wastewater and the sludge used in the experiments were collected from the wastewater treatment plant of a baker’s yeast manufacturing company. The experimental set-up consisted of a 15 L thermostated UASB reactor at 37 ◦C. Before the reactor start-up, the reactor was filled with sludge and molasses wastewater at a ratio 1:1 v/v. Influent was fed to the reactor at a flowrate of 12 L/d, corresponding to a hydraulic residence time of about 30 h. Effluents were collected from the system outlet and were analyzed for the determination of the following parameters: COD, pH, total solids, volatile solids, ammonium, phosphates and total nitrogen according to the standard methods of analysis. In addition, volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition of the effluent was determined by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID), as an indicator to evaluate the process efficiency. The volume of biogas generated in the reactor was daily measured by the water displacement method, while gas composition was analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The effluent quality was greatly enhanced due to the use of the UASB reactor and high rate of biogas production was observed. The anaerobic treatment of the molasses wastewater by the UASB reactor improved the biodegradation potential of the influent, resulting at high methane yields and an effluent with better quality than the raw wastewater. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20production" title=" biogas production"> biogas production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molasses%20wastewater" title=" molasses wastewater"> molasses wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB%20reactor" title=" UASB reactor"> UASB reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21656/study-of-the-anaerobic-degradation-potential-of-high-strength-molasses-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Developing Granular Sludge and Maintaining High Nitrite Accumulation for Anammox to Treat Municipal Wastewater High-efficiently in a Flexible Two-stage Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhihao%20Peng">Zhihao Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiong%20Zhang"> Qiong Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiyao%20Li"> Xiyao Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongzhen%20Peng"> Yongzhen Peng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, conventional nitrogen removal process (nitrification and denitrification) was adopted in most wastewater treatment plants, but many problems have occurred, such as: high aeration energy consumption, extra carbon sources dosage and high sludge treatment costs. The emergence of anammox has bring about the great revolution to the nitrogen removal technology, and only the ammonia and nitrite were required to remove nitrogen autotrophically, no demand for aeration and sludge treatment. However, there existed many challenges in anammox applications: difficulty of biomass retention, insufficiency of nitrite substrate, damage from complex organic etc. Much effort was put into the research in overcoming the above challenges, and the payment was rewarded. It was also imperative to establish an innovative process that can settle the above problems synchronously, after all any obstacle above mentioned can cause the collapse of anammox system. Therefore, in this study, a two-stage process was established that the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were used in the pre-stage and post-stage, respectively. The domestic wastewater entered into the SBR first and went through anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (An/O/A) mode, and the draining at the aerobic end of SBR was mixed with domestic wastewater, the mixture then entering to the UASB. In the long term, organic and nitrogen removal performance was evaluated. All along the operation, most COD was removed in pre-stage (COD removal efficiency > 64.1%), including some macromolecular organic matter, like: tryptophan, tyrosinase and fulvic acid, which could weaken the damage of organic matter to anammox. And the An/O/A operating mode of SBR was beneficial to the achievement and maintenance of partial nitrification (PN). Hence, sufficient and steady nitrite supply was another favorable condition to anammox enhancement. Besides, the flexible mixing ratio helped to gain a substrate ratio appropriate to anammox (1.32-1.46), which further enhance the anammox. Further, the UASB was used and gas recirculation strategy was adopted in the post-stage, aiming to achieve granulation by the selection pressure. As expected, the granules formed rapidly during 38 days, which increased from 153.3 to 354.3 μm. Based on bioactivity and gene measurement, the anammox metabolism and abundance level rose evidently, by 2.35 mgN/gVss·h and 5.3 x109. The anammox bacteria mainly distributed in the large granules (>1000 μm), while the biomass in the flocs (<200 μm) and microgranules (200-500 μm) barely displayed anammox bioactivity. Enhanced anammox promoted the advanced autotrophic nitrogen removal, which increased from 71.9% to 93.4%, even when the temperature was only 12.9 ℃. Therefore, it was feasible to enhance anammox in the multiple favorable conditions created, and the strategy extended the application of anammox to the full-scale mainstream, enhanced the understanding of anammox in the aspects of culturing conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anammox" title="anammox">anammox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granules" title=" granules"> granules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrite%20accumulation" title=" nitrite accumulation"> nitrite accumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20removal%20efficiency" title=" nitrogen removal efficiency"> nitrogen removal efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185829/developing-granular-sludge-and-maintaining-high-nitrite-accumulation-for-anammox-to-treat-municipal-wastewater-high-efficiently-in-a-flexible-two-stage-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Followed by Dissolved Air Flotation Treating Municipal Sewage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priscila%20Ribeiro%20dos%20Santos">Priscila Ribeiro dos Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luiz%20Antonio%20Daniel"> Luiz Antonio Daniel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Inadequate access to clean water and sanitation has become one of the most widespread problems affecting people throughout the developing world, leading to an unceasing need for low-cost and sustainable wastewater treatment systems. The UASB technology has been widely employed as a suitable and economical option for the treatment of sewage in developing countries, which involves low initial investment, low energy requirements, low operation and maintenance costs, high loading capacity, short hydraulic retention times, long solids retention times and low sludge production. Whereas dissolved air flotation process is a good option for the post-treatment of anaerobic effluents, being capable of producing high quality effluents in terms of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, and even pathogens. This work presents an evaluation and monitoring, over a period of 6 months, of one compact full-scale system with this configuration, UASB reactors followed by dissolved air flotation units (DAF), operating in Brazil. It was verified as a successful treatment system, and an issue of relevance since dissolved air flotation process treating UASB reactor effluents is not widely encompassed in the literature. The study covered the removal and behavior of several variables, such as turbidity, total suspend solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Escherichia coli, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens. The physicochemical variables were analyzed according to the protocols established by the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. For microbiological variables, such as Escherichia coli and total coliforms, it was used the “pour plate” technique with Chromocult Coliform Agar (Merk Cat. No.1.10426) serving as the culture medium, while the microorganism Clostridium perfringens was analyzed through the filtering membrane technique, with the Ágar m-CP (Oxoid Ltda, England) serving as the culture medium. Approximately 74% of total COD was removed in the UASB reactor, and the complementary removal done during the flotation process resulted in 88% of COD removal from the raw sewage, thus the initial concentration of COD of 729 mg.L-1 decreased to 87 mg.L-1. Whereas, in terms of particulate COD, the overall removal efficiency for the whole system was about 94%, decreasing from 375 mg.L-1 in raw sewage to 29 mg.L-1 in final effluent. The UASB reactor removed on average 77% of the TSS from raw sewage. While the dissolved air flotation process did not work as expected, removing only 30% of TSS from the anaerobic effluent. The final effluent presented an average concentration of 38 mg.L-1 of TSS. The turbidity was significantly reduced, leading to an overall efficiency removal of 80% and a final turbidity of 28 NTU.The treated effluent still presented a high concentration of fecal pollution indicators (E. coli, total coliforms, and Clostridium perfringens), showing that the system did not present a good performance in removing pathogens. Clostridium perfringens was the organism which suffered the higher removal by the treatment system. The results can be considered satisfactory for the physicochemical variables, taking into account the simplicity of the system, besides that, it is necessary a post-treatment to improve the microbiological quality of the final effluent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolved%20air%20flotation" title="dissolved air flotation">dissolved air flotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20sewage" title=" municipal sewage"> municipal sewage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB%20reactor" title=" UASB reactor"> UASB reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37925/upflow-anaerobic-sludge-blanket-reactor-followed-by-dissolved-air-flotation-treating-municipal-sewage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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