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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_diplomatic_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_diplomatic_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Military and diplomatic establishments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_diplomatic_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Utility services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Higher education and research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thiruvananthapuram</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ثيروفانانثابورام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيروفانانثابورام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="تریواندروم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تریواندروم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="তিরুবনন্তপুরম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিরুবনন্তপুরম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Trivandrum (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Trivandrum (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Трывандрам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трывандрам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तिरुवनंतपुरम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तिरुवनंतपुरम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тируванантапурам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тируванантапурам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Thiruvananthapuram (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvanantapuram" title="Tiruvanantapuram – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tiruvanantapuram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Τιρουβανανταπουράμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιρουβανανταπουράμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvanantapuramo" title="Tiruvanantapuramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tiruvanantapuramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="تریواندروم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریواندروم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum" title="Trivandrum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trivandrum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE" title="તિરૂવનંતપુરમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તિરૂવનંતપુરમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%94%EB%82%9C%ED%83%80%ED%91%B8%EB%9E%8C" title="티루바난타푸람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티루바난타푸람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Տրիվանդրամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրիվանդրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ত্রিবানদ্রাম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ত্রিবানদ্রাম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тируванантапурам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тируванантапурам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="טריוונדרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריוונדרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ತಿರುವನಂತಪುರಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿರುವನಂತಪುರಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტირუვანანტაპურამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტირუვანანტაპურამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%B1%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%85" title="تِرُوَنَنتا پوٗرَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تِرُوَنَنتا پوٗرَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum" title="Trivandrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trivandrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapurama" title="Thiruvananthapurama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Thiruvananthapurama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvanantapuramas" title="Tiruvanantapuramas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiruvanantapuramas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvan%C3%A1ntapuram" title="Tiruvanántapuram – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tiruvanántapuram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തിരുവനന്തപുരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിരുവനന്തപുരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तिरुवनंतपुरम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिरुवनंतपुरम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტირუვანანტაპურამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტირუვანანტაპურამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مدينه ثيروفانانثابورام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه ثيروفانانثابورام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تیرووانانتاپورام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تیرووانانتاپورام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum" title="Trivandrum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trivandrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum_(stad)" title="Trivandrum (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trivandrum (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ティルヴァナンタプラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティルヴァナンタプラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE" title="ଥିରୁଅନନ୍ତପୁରମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥିରୁଅନନ୍ତପୁରମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvanantapuram" title="Tiruvanantapuram – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tiruvanantapuram" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਤਿਰੂਵਨੰਤਪੁਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿਰੂਵਨੰਤਪੁਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تھیروواننتھاپورم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھیروواننتھاپورم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvanantapura" title="Tiruvanantapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiruvanantapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тривандрам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тривандрам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तिरुवनन्तपुरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тируванантапурам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тируванантапурам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திருவனந்தபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருவனந்தபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тируванантапурам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тируванантапурам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="తిరువనంతపురం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తిరువనంతపురం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ติรุวนันตปุรัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ติรุวนันตปุรัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тривондрум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тривондрум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тіруванантапурам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіруванантапурам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تروواننتاپورم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تروواننتاپورم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thiruvananthapuram" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%87%A1%E5%BE%97%E7%90%85" title="特里凡得琅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特里凡得琅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thiruvananthapuram&params=08_31_26.8_N_76_56_11.8_E_type:city_region:IN">08°31′26.8″N 76°56′11.8″E / 8.524111°N 76.936611°E / 8.524111; 76.936611</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis and capital of Kerala, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a>. For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram, see <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_metropolitan_area" title="Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area">Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Kerala, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Thiruvananthapuram</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Trivandrum, Ananthapuri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Northern Trivandrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg/288px-Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg/432px-Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg/576px-Trivandrum_Skyline_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="630" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Northern Trivandrum with the <a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark Phase 2</a> in the center</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Padmanabhaswamy Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/135px-Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/203px-Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/270px-Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Niyamasabha Mandiram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg/149px-Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg/224px-Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Niyamasabha-mandiram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="185" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Niyamasabha_Mandiram" title="Niyamasabha Mandiram">Niyamasabha Mandiram</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Technopark, Trivandrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg/142px-Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg/213px-Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg/284px-Technopark_Phase_III_Buildings_February_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark Phase 3</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kovalam Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg/142px-01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg/213px-01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg/284px-01KovalamBeach%26Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam Beach</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kanakakkunnu Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg/140px-Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg/210px-Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg/280px-Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvmcentral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tvmcentral.jpg/144px-Tvmcentral.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tvmcentral.jpg/216px-Tvmcentral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tvmcentral.jpg/288px-Tvmcentral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="575" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Trivandrum Central</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kowdiar Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/288px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/432px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/576px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Thiruvananthapuram"><img alt="Official seal of Thiruvananthapuram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg/100px-Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg/150px-Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg/200px-Seal_of_Corporation_of_Thiruvananthapuram_by_dhevilal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Evergreen City of India God's Own Capital<a href="#cite_note-distcourthistory-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 450px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="450" data-zoom="7" data-lat="10.5" data-lon="76.2" data-overlays="["_70f6248652935b83e2009fd885955fd7e6938e01"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/10.5/76.2/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,10.5,76.2,250x450.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thiruvananthapuram&groups=_70f6248652935b83e2009fd885955fd7e6938e01" width="250" height="450" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,10.5,76.2,250x450@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thiruvananthapuram&groups=_70f6248652935b83e2009fd885955fd7e6938e01 2x" alt="Map" /></a> Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala map</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 390px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="390" data-zoom="11" data-lat="8.4829645" data-lon="76.9395275" data-overlays="["_e94f44c82b2a420a7d14ef72e23dbe6cff077508"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/8.4829645/76.9395275/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,8.4829645,76.9395275,300x390.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thiruvananthapuram&groups=_e94f44c82b2a420a7d14ef72e23dbe6cff077508" width="300" height="390" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,8.4829645,76.9395275,300x390@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thiruvananthapuram&groups=_e94f44c82b2a420a7d14ef72e23dbe6cff077508 2x" alt="Map" /></a> Thiruvananthapuram outline map</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thiruvananthapuram&params=08_31_26.8_N_76_56_11.8_E_type:city_region:IN">08°31′26.8″N 76°56′11.8″E / 8.524111°N 76.936611°E / 8.524111; 76.936611</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/23px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/35px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/46px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="471" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Municipal Corporation</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arya_Rajendran" title="Arya Rajendran">Arya Rajendran</a><a href="#cite_note-gulfnews-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Deputy Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">P. K. Raju (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Member of Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City Police Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">Nagaraju Chakilam <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">214 km2 (83 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">311 km2 (120 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">1st</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">38.93 m (127.72 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">957,730</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-UApop-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,890,406</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Trivandrumite,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Trivian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">695xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91471xxxxxxx</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>KL-01 Thiruvananthapuram</li> <li>KL-15 <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a></li> <li>KL-16 <a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li>KL-19 <a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li>KL-20 <a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li>KL-21 <a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li>KL-22 <a href="/wiki/Kazhakootam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazhakootam">Kazhakootam</a></li> <li>KL-74 <a href="/wiki/Kattakkada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattakkada">Kattakkada</a></li> <li>KL-81 <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Common_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common language">Common language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-langoff-8">[8]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">US$15.777 (equivalent to $18.57 in 2023)Billion<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">International Seaport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram">Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Climatic_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic regions of India">Am/Aw</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trivandrum.nic.in">trivandrum.nic.in</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thiruvananthapuram (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtɪruːvəˌnʌntəˈpʊərəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TIRR-oo-və-NUN-təp-OOR-əm</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Trivandrum.ogg\/Trivandrum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Trivandrum.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Trivandrum.ogg/Trivandrum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum.ogg" title="File:Trivandrum.ogg">ⓘ</a> also known as Trivandrum,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-districtprofile-11">[11]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> city of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. As of 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation</a> had a population of 957,730 over an area of 214.86 km2,<a href="#cite_note-citypop-12">[12]</a> making it the largest and the most populous city in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-districtprofile-11">[11]</a> The larger <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_metropolitan_area" title="Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area">Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area</a> had over 1.7 million inhabitants within an area of 543 km2.<a href="#cite_note-uapop-13">[13]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is a port city that is connected by maritime trade. The city is home to India’s first deep-water trans-shipment port, the <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram">Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Shipyard_Poovar" title="Trivandrum Shipyard Poovar">Trivandrum Shipyard Poovar</a>, which enhance maritime activities in the region.The city is also known for <a href="/wiki/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a>, known as the richest temple in the world.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is where India's space program began, with the <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a> and the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a> located here. Thiruvananthapuram is also known for its cultural heritage, being associated with the musical contributions of <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Swathi Thirunal">Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma</a> and the artistic legacy of painter <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>. Thiruvananthapuram has contributed to the development of Malayalam literature through individuals like <a href="/wiki/Ulloor_S._Parameswara_Iyer" title="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer">Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer</a>,<a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman_Pillai" title="C. V. Raman Pillai">C. V. Raman Pillai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a>. Notable beaches in Thiruvananthapuram include <a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a>. The encompassing <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> population is around 1.68 million.<a href="#cite_note-UApop-5">[5]</a> Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-stone-17">[17]</a> Referred to by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> as the "Evergreen city of India",<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-distcourthistory-1">[1]</a> the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ays</a> who were related to feudatories of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis3-20">[20]</a> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Kingdom of Venad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis3-20">[20]</a> In the 18th century, the king <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Marthanda varma">Marthanda Varma</a> expanded the territory, founded the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<a href="#cite_note-history1-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calicut">Calicut</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-22">[22]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence</a> in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a> state and remained so until the new Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was formed in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg/300px-MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg/450px-MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg/600px-MSC_Ship_arriving_at_Vizhinjam_Trivandrum_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>ULCV MSC Claude Girardet is the largest vessel to berth in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It was seen near the beaches of Thiruvananthapuram prior to its arrival at Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram</figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Technological_University" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University">APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University</a>, the regional headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a>, and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Science_and_Technology" title="National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" title="National Centre for Earth Science Studies">National Centre for Earth Science Studies</a> and a campus of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The city is home to media institutions like Toonz Animation India and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Elxsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Elxsi">Tata Elxsi Ltd</a>, and also to <a href="/wiki/Chitranjali_Studio" title="Chitranjali Studio">Chitranjali Film Studio</a>, one of the first film studios in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam Cinema">Malayalam Cinema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kinfra_Film_and_Video_Park" title="Kinfra Film and Video Park">Kinfra Film and Video Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kazhakoottam" title="Kazhakoottam">Kazhakoottam</a>, which is India's first Infotainment industrial park.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and hosts the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a> headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a> and the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport">Vizhinjam International Seaport</a>. Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a>, the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a>, the backwaters of <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> tracts of <a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a>.In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>.<a href="#cite_note-India_Today_survey-28">[28]</a> Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Janaagraha" title="Janaagraha">Janaagraha</a> Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Indian_City-29">[29]</a> The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Governed_City-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The city takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> word thiru-anantha-puram (തിരുവനന്തപുരം <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga\/En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga/En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga" title="File:En-Thiruvananthapuram.oga">ⓘ</a>), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",<a href="#cite_note-Meaning_of_name-31">[31]</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as Ananthapuri, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word Syanandurapuram, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Swathi Thirunal">Swathi Thirunal</a>, erstwhile Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="History of Thiruvananthapuram">History of Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Merger_of_Kanyakumari_with_Madras_State" title="Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State">Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg/220px-Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg/330px-Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg/440px-Raja_ravivarma_painting_50_historic_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Grenville,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</a> being greeted by <a href="/wiki/Visakham_Thirunal" title="Visakham Thirunal">Visakham Thirunal</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ayilyam_Thirunal_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore">Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore</a> looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg/220px-TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg/330px-TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg/440px-TVM_Padmanabhaswamy_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> is the richest temple in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/250px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/375px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg/500px-Padmanabhapuram_Clock_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It is believed that the ships of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> landed in a port called <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a>) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The city was the trading post of <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Trade_in_Thiruvananthapuram-38">[38]</a> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> governed the area of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> between <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> in the north. This included <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kolli_Hills" title="Kolli Hills">Kolli Hills</a>. The region around <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> was ruled by the Cheras during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, the principal trade route between the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trade-39">[39]</a> However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>) was under <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a>, who was more related to the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The early rulers of the city were the <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ays</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a>, which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan</a> dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-vizhis2-45">[45]</a> After the death of king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_Varaguna" title="Vikramaditya Varaguna">Vikramaditya Varaguna</a> in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-vizhis3-20">[20]</a> During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis3-20">[20]</a> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<a href="#cite_note-kanthalloor-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a>, merged with the <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Kingdom of Venad</a> in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-vizhis3-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/220px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/330px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/440px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4527" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a> and Kanyakumari only). It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.</figcaption></figure> Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a>, were parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay dynasty</a> during ancient and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval ages</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> kingdom based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-askh-49">[49]</a> Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a> in various periods.<a href="#cite_note-askh-49">[49]</a> Later it became a part of <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> in 18th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-askh-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a>-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/220px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/330px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG/440px-Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thambiran_Vanakkam" title="Thambiran Vanakkam">Thambiran Vanakkam</a> was printed at Kollam, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Malabar_Tamul" title="Lingua Malabar Tamul">Lingua Malabar Tamul</a> which was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> during the medieval period.</figcaption></figure> The official language of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, was also identified as <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a>, by the natives of Kerala in those times.<a href="#cite_note-:302-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-51">[51]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-majumdar407-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-54">[54]</a> The place names, the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> spoken, and the customs that exist in Kerala today still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the early 18th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a> adopted some members from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Then, <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> founded the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Thiruvithamkoor</a> and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-district_history-57">[57]</a> Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Online._Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore,_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/220px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/330px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg/440px-A_language_map_of_India_prepared_for_the_missionary_projects_at_Serampore%2C_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A language map of India prepared in 1822.</figcaption></figure> As a result of the annexation of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal, and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ramapurathu_Warrier" title="Ramapurathu Warrier">Ramapurathu Warrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a> amongst others served as his court poets.<a href="#cite_note-Gauri_Lakshmi_Bayi_1998_152–168-59">[59]</a> Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-22">[22]</a> The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Maharaja Swathi Thirunal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayilyam_Thirunal" title="Ayilyam Thirunal">Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal</a>. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Observatory" title="Trivandrum Observatory">Observatory</a> (1837), the General Hospital (1839), <a href="/wiki/The_Oriental_Research_Institute_%26_Manuscripts_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library">the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library</a> and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit College">Sanskrit College</a>, Ayurveda College, <a href="/wiki/Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Law College">Law College</a> and a second-grade college for women were started by <a href="/wiki/Moolam_Thirunal" title="Moolam Thirunal">Moolam Thirunal</a> (1885–1924).<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Thiruvananthapuram-60">[60]</a> The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Sree_Moolam_Popular_Assembly" title="Sree Moolam Popular Assembly">Sree Moolam Popular Assembly</a>, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Despite not being under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at any time, the city featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's freedom struggle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> presided by Dr <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Sitaramaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Sitaramaiah">Pattabhi Sitaramaiah</a> was held here in 1938. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a> built-in 1915 was the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore Royal Family">Travancore Royal Family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kowdiar-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Chitra_Thirunal_Bala_Rama_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma">Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma</a>, who took over in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-ThiruvananthapuramHistoryIntro-63">[63]</a> The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "<a href="/wiki/Temple_Entry_Proclamation" title="Temple Entry Proclamation">Temple Entry Proclamation</a>" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">University of Travancore</a> in 1937, which later became <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">Kerala University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Kerala_History-64">[64]</a> With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by <a href="/wiki/Pattom_Thanu_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattom Thanu Pillai">Pattom Thanu Pillai</a>, was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Thiru-Kochi</a>, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The king of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitra_Thirunal_Bala_Rama_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma">Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/Rajpramukh" title="Rajpramukh">Rajpramukh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin Union</a> from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> With the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a> (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a> (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-VSSC_Thiruvananthapuram-67">[67]</a> A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Technopark_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopark Kerala">Technopark</a>—India's first IT park—in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Technopark_Thiruvananthapuram-68">[68]</a> Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography and climate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Geography of Thiruvananthapuram">Geography of Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:828px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Pattom, the north eastern part of the city. The Western Ghats mountain range is seen in the background"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg/820px-Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="820" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg/1230px-Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg/1640px-Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="470" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pattom_Skyline_panoramo_02.jpg" title="File:Pattom Skyline panoramo 02.jpg"> </a></div>View of <a href="/wiki/Pattom" title="Pattom">Pattom</a>, the north eastern part of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> mountain range is seen in the background</div></div></div> Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> by the seashore and is at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thiruvananthapuram&params=8.5_N_76.9_E_">8°30′N 76°54′E / 8.5°N 76.9°E / 8.5; 76.9</a> on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> to its west and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> to its east. The average elevation of the city is 16 ft (4.9 m) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Karamana" title="Karamana">Karamana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killi_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Killi river">Killi rivers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Lake" title="Vellayani Lake">Vellayani</a>, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite soil</a> high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">sandy loam</a> soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram Corporation</a> is spread over 214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a> The wider <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_metropolitan_area" title="Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area">Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area</a> comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ListofUA-77">[77]</a> Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a> (SAC) of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Air_Command-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The city has a climate that lies on the border between a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Aw) and a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (Am). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. The mean maximum temperature is 34 °C (93 °F) and the mean minimum temperature is 19 °C (66 °F). The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season.<a href="#cite_note-Thiruvananthapuram_Weather-79">[79]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the <a href="/wiki/South-west_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South-west monsoon">south-west monsoons</a> and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around 1,835 mm (72.2 in) per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was 10.8 °C (51.4 °F) on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) on 21 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-80">[80]</a> At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was 12.1 °C (53.8 °F) on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) on 5 May 1998.<a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-80">[80]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (0.70) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (0.85) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (1.20) </td> <td style="background: #42FF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.3 (4.81) </td> <td style="background: #00BF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">213.8 (8.42) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">307.8 (12.12) </td> <td style="background: #00EA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.2 (7.29) </td> <td style="background: #0FFF0F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.0 (6.34) </td> <td style="background: #00CF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.7 (7.74) </td> <td style="background: #004300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">297.2 (11.70) </td> <td style="background: #00B600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">212.8 (8.38) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #16FF16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,835.3 (72.26) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.0 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (70) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23 (74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.2 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.0 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.6 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,321.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (sun 1971–2000)<a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDsun-82">[82]</a> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-TCC1-84">[84]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-85">[85]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> Others include <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> & Other religions (0.06%)<table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-86">[86]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:68.51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">68.51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:16.79%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.79%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:13.77%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.77%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.85%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.85%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:0.09%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.09%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of 214 km2 (83 sq mi), had a population of 957,730.<a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a> The city's population density was 4,454/km2 (11,540/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a> The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UApop-5">[5]</a> The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-citygi-3">[3]</a> Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%<a href="#cite_note-Citycenpop-87">[87]</a> exceeds the all-India average of 74%.<a href="#cite_note-censusindliter-88">[88]</a> It is a historical city where <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayali</a> form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. There are also minorities like the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a> and North Indians residing here. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, 16.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> and 13.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CityCensus-89">[89]</a> The remainder of the community includes <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CityCensus-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City: English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> has the most speakers after <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>. The city also has a few <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Kannada, Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the <a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Below Poverty Line (India)">poverty line</a> in the city was 11,667.<a href="#cite_note-Urban_poor_in_Thiruvananthapuram-90">[90]</a> Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, and Eastern India, mainly <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and from neighbouring countries like <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Trivandrum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Trivandrum district">Administration of Trivandrum district</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Legislative_Assembly,_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/220px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/330px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/440px-Kerala_Legislative_Assembly%2C_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> Building</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation">Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram</a> or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.<a href="#cite_note-citad-92">[92]</a> Each ward elects a <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillor</a> to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.<a href="#cite_note-orgst-93">[93]</a> TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a>. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees.<a href="#cite_note-orgst-93">[93]</a> The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">government</a>, who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.<a href="#cite_note-orgstruc-94">[94]</a> For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, <a href="/wiki/Nemom" title="Nemom">Nemom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulloor" title="Ulloor">Ulloor</a>, Attipra, Thiruvallom, <a href="/wiki/Kazhakkuttom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazhakkuttom">Kazhakkuttom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sreekaryam" title="Sreekaryam">Sreekaryam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudappanakunnu" title="Kudappanakunnu">Kudappanakunnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vattiyoorkavu" title="Vattiyoorkavu">Vattiyoorkavu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Development_Authority" title="Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority">Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority</a> is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_metropolitan_area" title="Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area">greater Thiruvananthapuram</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> As the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>, Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> and the state secretariat, which is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat" title="Kerala Government Secretariat">Kerala Government Secretariat complex</a>. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—<a href="/wiki/Attingal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Attingal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Thiruvananthapuram</a>—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">MLAs</a>) to the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Government_Secretariat,_Thiruvananthapuram,_Kerala,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/220px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/330px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/440px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat" title="Kerala Government Secretariat">Kerala Government Secretariat</a> is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Law and order">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_City_Police" title="Thiruvananthapuram City Police">Thiruvananthapuram City Police</a> is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">commissioner of police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poli-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_city_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram city police">Thiruvananthapuram city police</a> is a division of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Police" title="Kerala Police">Kerala Police</a>, and the administrative control lies with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_(Kerala)" title="Department of Home (Kerala)">Kerala Home Ministry</a>. Thiruvananthapuram city police is the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of four subdivisional offices and 24 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.<a href="#cite_note-kerpol-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Prison,_Poojappura" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Prison, Poojappura">Central Prison</a> is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Prisons_and_Correctional_Services" title="Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services">Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_diplomatic_establishments">Military and diplomatic establishments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military and diplomatic establishments">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> is headquartered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-SAC-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a> (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram">Pallipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In addition to this, three units of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a> (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the city there is a Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> a Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and Honorary Consulates of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_services">Utility services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Utility services">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Water_Authority" title="Kerala Water Authority">Kerala Water Authority</a> supplies the city with water that is sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Karamana_River" title="Karamana River">Karamana River</a>;<a href="#cite_note-water-110">[110]</a> most of it is drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Aruvikkara" title="Aruvikkara">Aruvikkara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peppara_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary">Peppara</a> reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Electricity is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board" title="Kerala State Electricity Board">Kerala State Electricity Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Fire services are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Fire_And_Rescue_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Fire And Rescue Services">Kerala Fire And Rescue Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Economy of Thiruvananthapuram">Economy of Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:984px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night."><img alt="View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg/976px-Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="976" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg/1464px-Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg/1952px-Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum_City_North_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg"> </a></div><div style="text-align:center">View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG/220px-Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG/330px-Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG/440px-Thiruvananthapuram_Infosys_campus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.</figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a>, education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sceco-118">[118]</a> Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a> With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a> Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> firm <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorStan-119">[119]</a> State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is a major <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> research centre in India. The <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a>, the most significant and leading centre of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vssc-120">[120]</a> and several space-related, state-owned <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation#Organisation_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO centres</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a> are based in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-isrocen-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BrahMos_Aerospace" title="BrahMos Aerospace">BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited</a> is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.<a href="#cite_note-brahmos-122">[122]</a> Other enterprises include <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Titanium_Products" title="Travancore Titanium Products">Travancore Titanium Products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Automobiles_Limited" title="Kerala Automobiles Limited">Kerala Automobiles Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Co-operative_Milk_Marketing_Federation" title="Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation">MILMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Indian_Clays" title="English Indian Clays">English Indian Clays</a>, <a href="/wiki/KELTRON" class="mw-redirect" title="KELTRON">Keltron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Rubber_Works" title="Trivandrum Rubber Works">Trivandrum Rubber Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/HLL_Lifecare" title="HLL Lifecare">HLL Lifecare Limited</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg/220px-Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg/330px-Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg/440px-Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>A highway at Thiruvananthapuram</figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram is a major <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">IT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_enabled_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology enabled services">ITES</a> hub in India. The city contributes about 40-45% of Kerala's total software exports.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-stone-17">[17]</a> Thiruvananthapuram houses major <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">Technology companies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envestnet" title="Envestnet">Envestnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, <a href="/wiki/UST_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="UST Global">UST Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a>, Flytxt, <a href="/wiki/Navigant_Consulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigant Consulting">Navigant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Elxsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Elxsi">Tata Elxsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/RR_Donnelly" class="mw-redirect" title="RR Donnelly">RR Donnelly</a> and Quest Global.<a href="#cite_note-techcomp-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark</a> is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.<a href="#cite_note-techlarge-124">[124]</a> It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies.<a href="#cite_note-ecrev-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-techcomp-123">[123]</a> Other IT, media and industrial campuses include <a href="/wiki/Kinfra_Film_and_Video_Park" title="Kinfra Film and Video Park">Kinfra Film and Video Park</a>, Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and <a href="/wiki/Chithranjali_Film_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithranjali Film Complex">Chithranjali Film Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kinfra-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Other major IT, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and industrial campuses include <a href="/wiki/Technocity,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram">Technocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio_360_Life_Sciences_Park" title="Bio 360 Life Sciences Park">Bio 360 Life sciences park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Science_Park,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram">Digital Science Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Tourism is a significant economic sector.<a href="#cite_note-Tourists_Statistics_2007-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-tour-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The presence of natural attractions like beaches, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">backwaters</a>, hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.<a href="#cite_note-trvtour-132">[132]</a> The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport">Vizhinjam International Seaport</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Transshipment_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Transshipment port">transhipment port</a> under construction.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>-<a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca</a> shipping lane.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg/220px-Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg/330px-Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg/440px-Harverting_lotus_leafs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting lotus leaves from <a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Lake" title="Vellayani Lake">Vellayani Lake</a>.</figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.<a href="#cite_note-tour-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a> are popular beach towns near the city. Other important beaches include <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a>, Azhimala Beach, <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a> Beach and Veli Beach. Other places of interest include <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthyamala">Agasthyamala</a> rain forests, <a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallar,_Trivandrum" title="Kallar, Trivandrum">Kallar</a>, Braemore, <a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a> hills, <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and <a href="/wiki/Kappil,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram">Kappil</a>-<a href="/wiki/Edava" title="Edava">Edava</a> lakes. The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Kerala Architecture</a> with British and Dravidian influences.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napier_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier museum">Napier museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Zoo" title="Thiruvananthapuram Zoo">Thiruvanathapuram Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Swamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmanabha Swamy temple">Padmanabha Swamy temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuthira_Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthira Malika">Kuthira Malika palace</a>, Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this. The main museums include <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a> (with its attached Priyadarsini <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a>), <a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koyikkal_Palace" title="Koyikkal Palace">Koyikkal Palace Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a> is listed in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Culture of Thiruvananthapuram">Culture of Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg/220px-Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg/330px-Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg/440px-Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1855, the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a> contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attukal_pongala1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Attukal_pongala1.JPG/220px-Attukal_pongala1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Attukal_pongala1.JPG/330px-Attukal_pongala1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Attukal_pongala1.JPG/440px-Attukal_pongala1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women</figcaption></figure> Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Swathi Thirunal">Swathi Thirunal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> hail from the city.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Prominent social reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Sri Narayana Guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattampi_Swamikal" title="Chattampi Swamikal">Chattampi Swamikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman_Pillai" title="C. V. Raman Pillai">C. V. Raman Pillai</a> also are from Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Two of the three <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_triumvirate_poets" title="Malayalam triumvirate poets">Malayalam triumvirate poets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulloor_S._Parameswara_Iyer" title="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer">Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a> are from Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/State_Central_Library,_Kerala" title="State Central Library, Kerala">State Central Library</a>, one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">Kerala University Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">classical music</a> since the days of <a href="/wiki/List_of_maharajas_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of maharajas of Travancore">Maharaja of Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-classicalmusictvm-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,<a href="#cite_note-classicalmusictvm-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Sangeethotsavam" title="Swathi Sangeethotsavam">Swathi Sangeethotsavam</a>, Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.<a href="#cite_note-classicalmusictvm-149">[149]</a> The 111-day-long <a href="/wiki/Soorya_Festival" title="Soorya Festival">Soorya Festival</a> is the biggest art and cultural event in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sooryafest-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-sooryafest-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg/220px-Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg/330px-Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg/440px-Iffk_2011_DSCN4617-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>16th <a href="/wiki/IFFK" class="mw-redirect" title="IFFK">IFFK</a> 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_film_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam film Industry">Malayalam film Industry</a> was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, <a href="/wiki/Vigathakumaran" title="Vigathakumaran">Vigathakumaran</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/J._C._Daniel" title="J. C. Daniel">J. C. Daniel</a> was released in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a> (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">Central Board of Film Certification</a>'s regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, <a href="/wiki/Chitranjali_Studio" title="Chitranjali Studio">Chitranjali Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merryland_Studio" title="Merryland Studio">Merryland Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinfra_Film_and_Video_Park" title="Kinfra Film and Video Park">Kinfra Film and Video Park</a> and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Apart from the famous <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a>, the city's architecture is championed by the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum Zoo">Thiruvananthapuram Zoo</a>, one of the oldest zoos in India.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Other architectural landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Kuthira_Malika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthira Malika">Kuthira Malika Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attukal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Attukal temple">Attukal temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beemapally" title="Beemapally">Beemapally Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connemara_Market" title="Connemara Market">Connemara Market</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mateer_Memorial_Church" title="Mateer Memorial Church">Mateer Memorial Church</a>. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Baker" title="Laurie Baker">Laurie Baker</a>'s architecture.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Along with the major festivals of <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>, Christian and Islamic festivals like <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakrid">Bakrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Milad-e-sheriff</a>, the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like <a href="/wiki/Attukal_Temple" title="Attukal Temple">Attukal Pongala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beemapally" title="Beemapally">Beemapally Uroos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God_Church,_Vettukad" title="Mother of God Church, Vettukad">Vettukaad Church Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu</a> and Lakshadeepam festival.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Attukal_Temple" title="Attukal Temple">Attukal Pongala</a> festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.<a href="#cite_note-atkp1-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-atkp2-168">[168]</a> Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The general cuisine of the people is <a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Keralite cuisine</a>, which is generally characterised by an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture#Cuisine" title="South Indian culture">South Indian</a> cuisines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">North Indian</a> cuisines, are popular.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a> cuisines.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvpmroad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tvpmroad.jpg/200px-Tvpmroad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tvpmroad.jpg/300px-Tvpmroad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tvpmroad.jpg/400px-Tvpmroad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg/200px-Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg/300px-Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg/400px-Road_transport_in_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Another road in the city</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Transport in Thiruvananthapuram">Transport in Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg/220px-Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg/330px-Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg/440px-Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg/220px-Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg/330px-Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg/440px-Double_Decker_bus_in_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">KSRTC</a> Double-decker bus in the city</figcaption></figure> The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The city buses operated by <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a> (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bus_Station_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram">Central Bus Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thampanoor" title="Thampanoor">Thampanoor</a>, where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in <a href="/wiki/East_Fort" title="East Fort">East Fort</a>, where most city buses ply from.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Three-wheeled, yellow and black <a href="/wiki/Auto-rickshaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-rickshaws">auto-rickshaws</a> and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Light_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro">Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro</a> is a fully elevated <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">metro rail</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system planned to ease the congestion in the city.<a href="#cite_note-tvmroad-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-tvmmetro-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a> infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-tvmroad-180">[180]</a> The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Public_Works_Department" title="Kerala Public Works Department">Kerala PWD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.<a href="#cite_note-trcip-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> TRCIP is a <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public-private partnership</a> project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.<a href="#cite_note-trcip-183">[183]</a> TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-roadaward-185">[185]</a> TCRIP has also been selected by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a replicable Public Private Partnership model.<a href="#cite_note-unroad-186">[186]</a> It was one of the 12 <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public-private partnership</a> project case studies from across the world which fulfil the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> of the UN Agenda 2030.<a href="#cite_note-unroad1-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-unroad2-188">[188]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is served by <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">National Highway 66</a> of India's <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway (India)">National Highways system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The city is connected to the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_and_East%E2%80%93West_Corridor" title="North–South and East–West Corridor">North-South Corridor</a> of the National Highway system at <a href="/wiki/Aralvaimozhi" title="Aralvaimozhi">Aralvaimozhi</a>, which is 80 km south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_1_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Highway 1 (Kerala)">State Highway 1</a>, which commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Road" title="Main Central Road">Main Central Road</a> is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_2_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 2 (Kerala)">State Highway 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_45_(Kerala)" title="State Highway 45 (Kerala)">State Highway 45</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stateroads-191">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road (Thiruvananthapuram)">Mahatma Gandhi Road</a> is the main arterial road in the city.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the <a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Thiruvananthapuram is a <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division" title="Thiruvananthapuram railway division">divisional headquarters</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Long-distance trains originate from <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochuveli_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochuveli Railway Station">Kochuveli railway terminals</a>. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Central</a> is the busiest railway station in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Other railway stations in the city are <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Pettah" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Pettah">Thiruvananthapuram Pettah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemom_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemom railway station">Nemom railway station</a>, Veli railway station and <a href="/wiki/Kazhakoottam_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazhakoottam railway station">Kazhakoottam railway station</a>. Being the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">municipal corporation</a> in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Trivandrum Rajdhani Express, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_-_Silchar_Superfast_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express">Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochuveli_-_Amritsar_Weekly_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express">Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express</a>. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at <a href="/wiki/Nemom_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemom railway station">Nemom railway station</a> to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> Thiruvananthapuram is served by the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a>, located at Chakai, only 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. As the city is headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a> (SAC) of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>, Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Air_Command,_Thiruvananthapuram-200">[200]</a> IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Academy_for_Aviation_Technology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology">Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology</a> which carries out pilot-training activities.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ferry_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferry terminal">cruise terminal</a> is under trial run at <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport">Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal</a> and some of the world's largest container vessels had already docked here.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schools_in_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools in Thiruvananthapuram">Schools in Thiruvananthapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram">Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG/200px-Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG/300px-Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG/400px-Model_School_Thiruvananthapuram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Model_Boys_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School">Model School</a> Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/200px-Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/300px-Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg/400px-Chitra_Tirunal_Balarama_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Clock Tower at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/200px-Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/300px-Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg/400px-Medical_college_Gate_Thiruvananthapuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Main gate of <a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram">Medical college</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observatory_at_IIST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Observatory_at_IIST.jpg/200px-Observatory_at_IIST.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Observatory_at_IIST.jpg/300px-Observatory_at_IIST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Observatory_at_IIST.jpg/400px-Observatory_at_IIST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Observatory in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-scllist-208">[208]</a> The government schools are run directly by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Education_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala State Education Board">Kerala State Education Board</a> and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.<a href="#cite_note-syllabus-209">[209]</a> The aided schools also follow the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Education_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala State Education Board">state syllabus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and English are the primary languages of instruction; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> are also used.<a href="#cite_note-syllabus-209">[209]</a> The schools are affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Education_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala State Education Board">The State Council of Educational Research and Training</a> (SCERT), <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE), <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">International General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (IGCSE) and <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a> (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncertsurv-211">[211]</a> The notable schools in the city include <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Higher_Secondary_School_(Thiruvananthapuram)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Higher Secondary School (Thiruvananthapuram)">St. Mary's Higher Secondary School</a>, which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_Model_Boys_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School">Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_Higher_Secondary_School_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Higher Secondary School for Girls">Government Higher Secondary School for Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Angel%27s_Convent_Trivandrum" title="Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum">Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMV_High_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="SMV High School, Thiruvananthapuram">SMV School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_School" title="Trivandrum International School">Trivandrum International School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalayas" title="Chinmaya Vidyalayas">Chinmaya Vidyalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram">Loyola School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Nagar_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram">Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya_Vidyalaya,_Trivandrum" title="Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Trivandrum">Sarvodaya Vidyalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Bhavan_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School">Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Central_School" title="Arya Central School">Arya Central School</a>, Jyothi Nilayam School, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Higher_Secondary_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram">St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Residential_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Residential School">St. Thomas Residential School</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_School,_Trivandrum" title="The Oxford School, Trivandrum">The Oxford School</a> and <a href="/wiki/VSSC_Central_School" title="VSSC Central School">VSSC Central School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highscllist-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_and_research">Higher education and research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Higher education and research">edit</a>]</div> Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">physical science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-technology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two <a href="/wiki/State_university_(India)" title="State university (India)">state universities</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Deemed_university" title="Deemed university">deemed university</a>. The state universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Technological_University" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University">APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">graduate courses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> in space sciences, space technology and space applications.<a href="#cite_note-iist-216">[216]</a> The city also houses two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Institutes_of_National_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology">Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology</a> (SCTIMST) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research</a> (IISER).<a href="#cite_note-inilist-217">[217]</a> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a> (IGNOU).<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram">Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram</a> is the first and a premier <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> in Kerala, founded in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Other notable medical schools apart from <a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology">SCTIMST</a> (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Cancer_Centre,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram">Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram</a> (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes <a href="/wiki/SUT_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="SUT Academy of Medical Sciences">SUT Academy of Medical Sciences</a>, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.<a href="#cite_note-procollist-220">[220]</a> The city houses several prominent <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">legal education</a> institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Government_Law_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram">Government Law College</a>, formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Law_Academy_Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Law Academy Law College">Kerala Law Academy</a> is another major legal education institution.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business schools</a> include <a href="/wiki/Asian_School_of_Business" title="Asian School of Business">Asian School of Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum#Masters_of_Business_Administration" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">CET School of Management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Management_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Management in Kerala">Institute of Management in Kerala</a> (IMK).<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> There are over 23 <a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">engineering education</a> institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-engcollist-226">[226]</a> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">IIST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram">IISER</a>, the other major engineering education institutions include <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">College of Engineering, Trivandrum</a> (CET), which is the first engineering college in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_Engineering_College,_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Engineering College, Trivandrum">Government Engineering College BartonHill</a> (GEC), <a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Thirunal_College_of_Engineering" title="Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering">Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering</a> (SCT), <a href="/wiki/C-DAC_Thiruvananthapuram#ER_&_DCI_Institute_of_Technology" title="C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram">ER & DCI Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_of_Engineering,_Kariavattom" title="University College of Engineering, Kariavattom">University College of Engineering</a>, Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and <a href="/wiki/Mar_Baselios_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology">Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-engcollist-226">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College Thiruvananthapuram</a> established in 1866 and <a href="/wiki/Government_College_for_Women,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram">H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women</a> established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Other prominent <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> colleges include the <a href="/wiki/Government_Arts_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram">Government Arts College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ivanios_College" title="Mar Ivanios College">Mar Ivanios College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_Sanskrit_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram">Government Sanskrit College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_College_of_Social_Sciences" title="Loyola College of Social Sciences">Loyola College of Social Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Thumba" title="St. Xavier's College, Thumba">St. Xavier's College</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram">All Saints College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a> colleges are <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_College_of_Music" title="Swathi Thirunal College of Music">Swathi Thirunal College of Music</a>, which is the first music academy in Kerala<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Fine_Arts_Trivandrum" title="College of Fine Arts Trivandrum">College of Fine Arts Trivandrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lakshmibai_National_College_of_Physical_Education" title="Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education">Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education</a> is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> academic institutes of the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Authority_of_India" title="Sports Authority of India">Sports Authority of India</a> (SAI).<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology_and_Management,_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala">Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala</a> (IIITMK),<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Speech_and_Hearing" title="National Institute of Speech and Hearing">National Institute of Speech and Hearing</a> (NISH),<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Centre_for_Biotechnology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology">Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Imaging_Technology" title="Centre for Development of Imaging Technology">Centre for Development of Imaging Technology</a> (C-Dit),<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_Studies" title="Centre for Development Studies">Centre for Development Studies</a> (CDS),<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Tropical_Botanic_Garden_and_Research_Institute" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute">Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" title="National Centre for Earth Science Studies">National Centre for Earth Science Studies</a> (NCESS),<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/C-DAC_Thiruvananthapuram" title="C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram">Centre for Development of Advanced Computing</a> (C-DAC)<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_%26_Manuscripts_Library" title="Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library">Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala University">Kerala University</a> is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">MHRD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">National Institutional Ranking Framework</a> (NIRF).<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In engineering, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">College of Engineering, Trivandrum</a> (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">College of Engineering, Trivandrum</a> is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College</a> is listed as the best college in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Media in Thiruvananthapuram">Media in Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Kerala" title="Media in Kerala">Kerala</a> are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, <a href="/wiki/DD_Malayalam" title="DD Malayalam">Doordarshan Malayalam</a> began broadcasting from the city in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)" title="Asianet (TV channel)">Asianet</a>, the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam-language_television_channels" title="List of Malayalam-language television channels">Malayalam channels</a> based in the city include <a href="/wiki/Asianet_News" title="Asianet News">Asianet News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrita_TV" title="Amrita TV">Amrita TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_TV" title="Kappa TV">Kappa TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kairali_TV" title="Kairali TV">Kairali TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/WE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WE TV">Kairali We</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_News" title="Mathrubhumi News">Mathrubhumi News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaumudy_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumudy TV">Kaumudy TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/JaiHind_TV" title="JaiHind TV">JaiHind TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18 Kerala</a> and People TV.<a href="#cite_note-medialist-251">[251]</a> All major Malayalam channels, including <a href="/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)" title="Asianet (TV channel)">Asianet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janam_TV" title="Janam TV">Janam TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeevan_TV" title="Jeevan TV">Jeevan TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/MediaOne_TV" title="MediaOne TV">MediaOne TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manorama_News" title="Manorama News">Manorama News</a> have production facilities or offices in the city.<a href="#cite_note-medialist-251">[251]</a> TV channels are accessible via <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable subscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">direct-broadcast satellite services</a>, or <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">internet-based television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Direct-to-Home</a> (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include <a href="/wiki/Sun_Direct_DTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Direct DTH">Sun Direct DTH</a>, <a href="/wiki/DD_Direct%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="DD Direct+">DD Direct+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videocon_d2h" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocon d2h">Videocon d2h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Digital TV">Reliance Digital TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airtel_digital_TV" title="Airtel digital TV">Airtel digital TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Sky">Tata Play</a>. Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam-language_newspapers" title="List of Malayalam-language newspapers">Malayalam newspapers</a> available are <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kaumudi" title="Kerala Kaumudi">Kerala Kaumudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam" title="Madhyamam">Madhyamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmabhumi" title="Janmabhumi">Janmabhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_(newspaper)" title="Chandrika (newspaper)">Chandrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thejas" title="Thejas">Thejas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Daily" title="Siraj Daily">Siraj Daily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepika_(newspaper)" title="Deepika (newspaper)">Deepika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deepika_(newspaper)#Rashtra_Deepika" title="Deepika (newspaper)">Rashtra Deepika</a>. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Deccan_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deccan Chronicle">The Deccan Chronicle</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medialist-251">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave radio</a> stations in the city.<a href="#cite_note-amradio-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vividh_Bharati" title="Vividh Bharati">Vividh Bharati</a> of All India Radio also airs an <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio</a> station known as Ananthapuri FM.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are <a href="/wiki/Big_FM_(Indian_radio_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big FM (Indian radio station)">Big FM</a> 92.7 MHz,<a href="#cite_note-radiolist-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Club_FM_94.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Club FM 94.3">Club FM 94.3</a> MHz,<a href="#cite_note-Club_FM-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a> 98.3 MHz,<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Mirchi_Thiruvananthapuram-261">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_FM_93.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Red FM 93.5">Red FM 93.5</a> MHz<a href="#cite_note-radiolist-259">[259]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_DC" title="Radio DC">Radio DC</a> 90.4 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_DC_Thiruvananthapuram-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Sports in Thiruvananthapuram">Sports in Thiruvananthapuram</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg/200px-Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg/300px-Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg/400px-Greenfield_International_Stadium_Kerala_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_India_in_2017%E2%80%9318" title="New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18">India vs New Zealand T20</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg/200px-Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg/300px-Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg/400px-Chandrashekaran_nair_stadium_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A football match in <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharan_Nair_Stadium" title="Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium">CSN Stadium</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg/200px-BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg/300px-BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg/400px-BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="864" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Badminton at TOSS Academy</div></div></div></div></div> The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the <a href="/wiki/University_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">University Stadium</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-1stodi-263">[263]</a> The city also hosted the first <a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Twenty20</a> International cricket match in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Cricket_Association" title="Kerala Cricket Association">Kerala Cricket Association</a> is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include <a href="/wiki/Sanju_Samson" title="Sanju Samson">Sanju Samson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raiphi_Gomez" title="Raiphi Gomez">Raiphi Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Ninan" title="Ryan Ninan">Ryan Ninan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aneil_Nambiar" title="Aneil Nambiar">Aneil Nambiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._N._Ananthapadmanabhan" title="K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan">K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Prem" title="Rohan Prem">Rohan Prem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udiramala_Subramaniam" title="Udiramala Subramaniam">Udiramala Subramaniam</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._M._K._Mohandas" title="P. M. K. Mohandas">P. M. K. Mohandas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Pillai" title="Bhaskar Pillai">Bhaskar Pillai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhan_Prasanth" title="Padmanabhan Prasanth">Padmanabhan Prasanth</a>. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Xavier%27s_College_Ground" title="St Xavier's College Ground">St Xavier's College Ground</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Medical College ground<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vellyani_Agricultural_College_Ground" title="Vellyani Agricultural College Ground">Vellyani Agricultural College Ground</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> are the main cricket grounds in the city. <a href="/wiki/The_Sports_Hub,_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sports Hub, Trivandrum">The Sports Hub, Trivandrum</a>, commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_India" title="List of stadiums in India">largest cricket and football stadiums in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grnfld-271">[271]</a> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the <a href="/wiki/2015_SAFF_Championship" title="2015 SAFF Championship">2015 SAFF Championship</a> at the Greenfield Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/SBI_Kerala_(Football_Club)" class="mw-redirect" title="SBI Kerala (Football Club)">SBI Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium FC">Titanium FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board" title="Kerala State Electricity Board">KSEB</a>, Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Football is usually played in the <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_International_Stadium" title="Greenfield International Stadium">Greenfield International Stadium(The Sports Hub)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharan_Nair_Stadium" title="Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium">Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">University Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include <a href="/wiki/Jobby_Justin" title="Jobby Justin">Jobby Justin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinu_Jose" title="Vinu Jose">Vinu Jose</a>, Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan. The city has facilities to host most types of sports.<a href="#cite_note-tvmsports-276">[276]</a> Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the <a href="/wiki/2015_National_Games_of_India" title="2015 National Games of India">2015 National Games of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Athletic competitions are usually held at the <a href="/wiki/University_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">University Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharan_Nair_Stadium" title="Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium">Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">Central Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> The Trivandrum Marathon is a <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_George_Indoor_Stadium" title="Jimmy George Indoor Stadium">Jimmy George Indoor Stadium</a> is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">aquatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tvmsports-276">[276]</a> The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> The major sports training and coaching institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmibai_National_College_of_Physical_Education" title="Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education">Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education</a> (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and <a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">standup paddleboarding</a> tournaments are held in the city.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The surf competitions are usually held on <a href="/wiki/Kovalam_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovalam Beach">Kovalam Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varkala_Beach" title="Varkala Beach">Varkala Beach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> is another <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">adventure sport</a> usually seen on Varkala Beach.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Golf_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club">SAI Trivandrum golf club</a>, established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.<a href="#cite_note-saigolf-289">[289]</a> It is leased to the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Authority_of_India" title="Sports Authority of India">Sports Authority of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saigolf-289">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Thiruvananthapuram" title="List of people from Thiruvananthapuram">List of people from Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Railway_Stations_in_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum">List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikkadamukku_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikkadamukku Trivandrum">Arikkadamukku Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_Indian_cities_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest Indian cities by GDP">Largest Indian cities by GDP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-distcourthistory-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-distcourthistory_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-distcourthistory_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063231/http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram">"History – Official Website of District Court of India"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Kerala&rft.atitle=Astra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskerala.org%2Fastra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/junior-badminton-league-on-july-30-at-greenfield-1633002.html">"Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield"</a>. The New Indian Express. 25 July 2017. 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Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kazhakootam+Sainik+School+wins+basketball+tournament&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fthiruvananthapuram%2F2017%2Foct%2F30%2Fkazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6">"Information of NSF"</a>. The National Rifle Association of India. 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Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kovalam+Surf+Club&rft.atitle=Kovalam+Surf+Club%3A+No+school%2C+no+surfing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kovalamsurfclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/travel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html">"5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India!"</a>. News 18. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+18&rft.atitle=5+Exquisite+Places+for+your+Next+Solo+Trip+to+South+India%21&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findiwo%2Ftravel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saigolf-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saigolf_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saigolf_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/">"History"</a>. SAI Trivandrum Golf Club. Sports Authority of India. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAI+Trivandrum+Golf+Club&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaitrivandrumgolfclub.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7063">The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2</a>. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. 2002. p. 7063. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177552577" title="Special:BookSources/9788177552577"><bdi>9788177552577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+encyclopaedia%3A+biographical%2C+historical%2C+religious%2C+administrative%2C+ethnological%2C+commercial+and+scientific.+Archery-Banog%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=7063&rft.pub=Genesis+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788177552577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ukyp-gbtHcC%26pg%3DPA7063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Gudm1iW78C&q=thiruvananthapuram">Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram</a>. Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008. 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+Kerala%2C+Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pub=Information+%26+Public+Relations+Department%2C+Government+of+Kerala%2C+2008&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1Gudm1iW78C%26q%3Dthiruvananthapuram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThiruvananthapuram" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Thiruvananthapuram at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" 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href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" class="extiw" title="q:Thiruvananthapuram">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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title="b:Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Thiruvananthapuram">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" class="extiw" title="voy:Thiruvananthapuram">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/">Official District website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102009/http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/">Archived</a> 15 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191835/http://www.tvm.kerala.gov.in/home.htm">Government of Kerala Website on 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style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="History of Thiruvananthapuram">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple_treasure" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure">Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Geography of Thiruvananthapuram">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamana_River" title="Karamana River">Karamana River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimore" title="Brimore">Brimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Dam" title="Neyyar Dam">Neyyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Culture of Thiruvananthapuram">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Media in Thiruvananthapuram">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Culture of Thiruvananthapuram">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_City_Police" title="Thiruvananthapuram City Police">Thiruvananthapuram City Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Development_Authority" title="Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority">Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocity,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram">Technocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio_360_Life_Sciences_Park" title="Bio 360 Life Sciences Park">Bio 360 Life Sciences Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Travancore" title="State Bank of Travancore">State Bank of Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electronics_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation">Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UST_(company)" title="UST (company)">UST (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Titanium_Products" title="Travancore Titanium Products">Travancore Titanium Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation">Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLL_Lifecare" title="HLL Lifecare">HLL Lifecare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-DAC_Thiruvananthapuram" title="C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram">C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_Studies" title="Centre for Development Studies">Centre for Development Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">Free Software Foundation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram">Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Malls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_International_Shopping_Mall,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram">Lulu International Shopping Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_of_Travancore" title="Mall of Travancore">Mall of Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Zentrum" title="Taurus Zentrum">Taurus Zentrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Sports in Thiruvananthapuram">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_International_Stadium" title="Greenfield International Stadium">Greenfield International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Golf_Club" title="Trivandrum Golf Club">Trivandrum Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharan_Nair_Stadium" title="Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium">Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_George_Indoor_Stadium" title="Jimmy George Indoor Stadium">Jimmy George Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">Central Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">University Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Xavier%27s_College_Ground" title="St Xavier's College Ground">St Xavier's College Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellyani_Agricultural_College_Ground" title="Vellyani Agricultural College Ground">Vellyani Agricultural College Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Transport in Thiruvananthapuram">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bus_station_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram">Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Road" title="Main Central Road">Main Central Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road (Thiruvananthapuram)">MG Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Thiruvananthapuram_trunk_line" title="Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line">Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazhakuttam_railway_station" title="Kazhakuttam railway station">Kazhakuttam railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochuveli_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochuveli railway station">Kochuveli railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemom_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemom railway station">Nemom railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_railway_station" title="Neyyattinkara railway station">Neyyattinkara railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Pettah_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division" title="Thiruvananthapuram railway division">Thiruvananthapuram railway division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Metro" title="Thiruvananthapuram Metro">Thiruvananthapuram Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram">Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Cancer_Centre,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram">Regional Cancer Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology,_Trivandrum" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum">Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attukal_Temple" title="Attukal Temple">Attukal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palayam_Juma_Mosque" title="Palayam Juma Mosque">Palayam Juma Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Trivandrum" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Trivandrum">St. Joseph's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary,_Pattom" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom">Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary,_Queen_of_Peace_Basilica" title="St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica">St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O.T.C._Hanuman_Temple,_Palayam" title="O.T.C. Hanuman Temple, Palayam">O.T.C. Hanuman Temple, Palayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Devi_Temple" title="Vellayani Devi Temple">Vellayani Devi Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Education in Thiruvananthapuram">Education and research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Central_School" title="Arya Central School">Arya Central School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Vidyalayas" title="Chinmaya Vidyalayas">Chinmaya Vidyalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Nagar_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram">Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Model_Boys_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School">Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Angel%27s_Convent_Trivandrum" title="Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum">Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Sangathan" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan">Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram">Loyola School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannam_Memorial_Residential_Higher_Secondary_School" title="Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School">Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_School,_Trivandrum" title="The Oxford School, Trivandrum">The Oxford School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School_Kazhakootam" title="Sainik School Kazhakootam">Sainik School Kazhakootam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Higher_Secondary_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram">St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St.Thomas_School,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="St.Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram">St.Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_School" title="Trivandrum International School">Trivandrum International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSSC_Central_School" title="VSSC Central School">VSSC Central School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Technological_University" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University">APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Fine_Arts_Trivandrum" title="College of Fine Arts Trivandrum">College of Fine Arts Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Engineering_College,_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Engineering College, Trivandrum">Government Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_University_of_Digital_Sciences,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology">Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Baselios_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology">Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Ivanios_College" title="Mar Ivanios College">Mar Ivanios College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Thirunal_College_of_Engineering" title="Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering">Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUT_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="SUT Academy of Medical Sciences">SUT Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram" title="University College Thiruvananthapuram">University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Tropical_Botanic_Garden_and_Research_Institute" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute">Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Centre_for_Biotechnology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology">Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Science_and_Technology" title="National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" title="National Centre for Earth Science Studies">National Centre for Earth Science Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_%26_Manuscripts_Library" title="Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library">Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Imaging_Technology" title="Centre for Development of Imaging Technology">Centre for Development of Imaging Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Engineering_Science_and_Technology_Research_Park" title="Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park">Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Media in Thiruvananthapuram">Media and entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Press_Club,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram">Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)" title="Asianet (TV channel)">Asianet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_TV" title="Amrita TV">Amrita TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JaiHind_TV" title="JaiHind TV">JaiHind TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairali_TV" title="Kairali TV">Kairali TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_TV_Network" title="Sun TV Network">Sun TV Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kaumudi" title="Kerala Kaumudi">Kerala Kaumudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitranjali_Studio" title="Chitranjali Studio">Chitranjali Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinfra_Film_and_Video_Park" title="Kinfra Film and Video Park">Kinfra Film and Video Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Chalachitra_Academy" title="Kerala State Chalachitra Academy">Kerala State Chalachitra Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Festivals & events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keraleeyam_(festival)" title="Keraleeyam (festival)">Keraleeyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soorya_Festival" title="Soorya Festival">Soorya Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attukal_Pongala" title="Attukal Pongala">Attukal Pongala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_metropolitan_area" title="Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area">Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Thiruvananthapuram" title="List of people from Thiruvananthapuram">People from Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_City_Police_Mobile_App" title="Thiruvananthapuram City Police Mobile App">Thiruvananthapuram City Police Mobile App (iSafe)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Thiruvananthapuram">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thiruvananthapuram_Culture156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Related_Topics_-_Thiruvananthapuram_Culture" title="Template:Related Topics - Thiruvananthapuram Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Related_Topics_-_Thiruvananthapuram_Culture" title="Template talk:Related Topics - Thiruvananthapuram Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Related_Topics_-_Thiruvananthapuram_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Related Topics - Thiruvananthapuram Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thiruvananthapuram_Culture156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Culture of Thiruvananthapuram">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattampi_Swamikal" title="Chattampi Swamikal">Chattampi Swamikal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Padmanabhaswamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple">Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Fort" title="East Fort">East Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum Central">Trivandrum Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Fine_Arts_Trivandrum" title="College of Fine Arts Trivandrum">College of Fine Arts Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Fine_Arts_Trivandrum" title="College of Fine Arts Trivandrum">College of Fine Arts Trivandrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad-e-sherif" class="mw-redirect" title="Milad-e-sherif">Milad-e-sherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Padmanabhaswamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple">Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attukal" title="Attukal">Attukal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palayam_Juma_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayam Juma Masjid">Palayam Juma Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beemapally" title="Beemapally">Beemapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettucaud" title="Vettucaud">Vettucaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famous_people_from_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="List of famous people from Trivandrum">List of famous people from Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template talk:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Million-plus agglomerations</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Haryana: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li> <li>Jammu and Kashmir: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li>Punjab: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li>Rajasthan: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chhattisgarh: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li> <li>Uttar Pradesh:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal Council">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bihar: <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li>Jharkhand: <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li>West Bengal: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zonal_Council" title="Western Zonal Council">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gujarat: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li>Maharashtra: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andhra Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li>Karnataka: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li>Kerala: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li>Tamil Nadu: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li>Telangana: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thiruvananthapuram_district317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Template:Thiruvananthapuram district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Template talk:Thiruvananthapuram district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thiruvananthapuram district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thiruvananthapuram_district317" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>District HQ: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="History of Thiruvananthapuram">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg/90px-India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg/135px-India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg/180px-India_Kerala_Thiruvananthapuram_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamana_River" title="Karamana River">Karamana River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamanapuram_River" title="Vamanapuram River">Vamanapuram River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neyyar River">Neyyar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala_Beach" title="Varkala Beach">Varkala Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenmutty_Falls,_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenmutty Falls, Thiruvananthapuram">Meenmutty Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyar_Dam" title="Neyyar Dam">Neyyar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankumugham_Beach" title="Shankumugham Beach">Shankumugham Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and Taluks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taluks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Pettah_railway_station" title="Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station">Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala_Sivagiri_railway_station" title="Varkala Sivagiri railway station">Varkala Sivagiri railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochuveli_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochuveli railway station">Kochuveli railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_railway_station" title="Neyyattinkara railway station">Neyyattinkara railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bus_Station_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram">Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_47_(India)" title="National Highway 47 (India)">NH 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Road" title="Main Central Road">Main Central Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemom_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemom railway station">Nemom railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Education in Thiruvananthapuram">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Trivandrum" title="College of Engineering, Trivandrum">Thiruvananthapuram Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Thirunal_College_of_Engineering" title="Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering">Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_International_School" title="Trivandrum International School">Trivandrum International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Earth Science Studies">Centre for Earth Science Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering_Attingal" title="College of Engineering Attingal">College of Engineering Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_College_of_Music" title="Swathi Thirunal College of Music">Swathi Thirunal College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Fine_Arts_Trivandrum" title="College of Fine Arts Trivandrum">College of Fine Arts Trivandrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat" title="Kerala Government Secretariat">Secretariat Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_Castle" title="Halcyon Castle">Halcyon Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace" title="Kowdiar Palace">Kowdiar Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyamasabha_Mandiram" title="Niyamasabha Mandiram">Niyamasabha Mandiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Kerala" title="International Film Festival of Kerala">International Film Festival of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Chalachitra_Academy" title="Kerala State Chalachitra Academy">Kerala State Chalachitra Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Culture of Thiruvananthapuram">Culture of Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Attingal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Golf_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club">Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharan_Nair_Stadium" title="Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium">Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Stadium_(Thiruvananthapuram)" title="University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)">University Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Museum" title="Napier Museum">Napier Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala611" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala611" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template talk:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State and Union Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvorim" title="Porvorim">Porvorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167715#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133688771">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209053/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMDxjKmr4xJTj97khGpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4244302-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80073655">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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