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3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Paradigms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-supervised_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-supervised learning (not yet started)">Semi-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-supervised_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-supervised learning (not yet started)">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-learning_(computer_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-learning (computer science) (not yet started)">Meta-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online machine learning (not yet started)">Online learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batch_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batch learning (not yet started)">Batch learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curriculum_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curriculum learning (not yet started)">Curriculum learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule-based_machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rule-based machine learning (not yet started)">Rule-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuro-symbolic_AI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuro-symbolic AI (not yet started)">Neuro-symbolic AI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuromorphic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuromorphic engineering (not yet started)">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum machine learning (not yet started)">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical classification (not yet started)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">Generative modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensionality_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensionality reduction (not yet started)">Dimensionality reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Density_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Density estimation (not yet started)">Density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomaly_detection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomaly detection (not yet started)">Anomaly detection</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Data cleaning (not yet started)">Data cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automated_machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automated machine learning (not yet started)">AutoML</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_rule_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association rule learning (not yet started)">Association rules</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning) (not yet started)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_prediction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structured prediction (not yet started)">Structured prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feature_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feature engineering (not yet started)">Feature engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feature_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feature learning (not yet started)">Feature learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Learning_to_rank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning to rank (not yet started)">Learning to rank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammar_induction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammar induction (not yet started)">Grammar induction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontology learning (not yet started)">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multimodal_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multimodal learning (not yet started)">Multimodal learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical classification (not yet started)">classification</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a></b>)</span></span> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apprenticeship_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apprenticeship learning (not yet started)">Apprenticeship learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decision_tree_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decision tree learning (not yet started)">Decision trees</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensemble_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensemble learning (not yet started)">Ensembles</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_aggregating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bootstrap aggregating (not yet started)">Bagging</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boosting_(machine_learning)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boosting (machine learning) (not yet started)">Boosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_forest" title="Random forest">Random forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm (not yet started)"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naive_Bayes_classifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naive Bayes classifier (not yet started)">Naive Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relevance_vector_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relevance vector machine (not yet started)">Relevance vector machine (RVM)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Support_vector_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Support vector machine (not yet started)">Support vector machine (SVM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIRCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIRCH (not yet started)">BIRCH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CURE_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CURE algorithm (not yet started)">CURE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchical_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierarchical clustering (not yet started)">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-means_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-means clustering (not yet started)"><i>k</i>-means</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzzy clustering (not yet started)">Fuzzy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expectation–maximization algorithm (not yet started)">Expectation–maximization (EM)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=DBSCAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DBSCAN (not yet started)">DBSCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPTICS_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPTICS algorithm (not yet started)">OPTICS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mean shift (not yet started)">Mean shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensionality_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensionality reduction (not yet started)">Dimensionality reduction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canonical_correlation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canonical correlation (not yet started)">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_component_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent component analysis (not yet started)">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_discriminant_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear discriminant analysis (not yet started)">LDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-negative_matrix_factorization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-negative matrix factorization (not yet started)">NMF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principal_component_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principal component analysis (not yet started)">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_generalized_decomposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proper generalized decomposition (not yet started)">PGD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (not yet started)">t-SNE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparse_dictionary_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparse dictionary learning (not yet started)">SDL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_prediction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structured prediction (not yet started)">Structured prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphical_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphical model (not yet started)">Graphical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayes net</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_random_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional random field (not yet started)">Conditional random field</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidden_Markov_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidden Markov model (not yet started)">Hidden Markov</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomaly_detection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomaly detection (not yet started)">Anomaly detection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_sample_consensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random sample consensus (not yet started)">RANSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm (not yet started)"><i>k</i>-NN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_outlier_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local outlier factor (not yet started)">Local outlier factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolation_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolation forest (not yet started)">Isolation forest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoencoder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoencoder (not yet started)">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feedforward_neural_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feedforward neural network (not yet started)">Feedforward neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recurrent_neural_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recurrent neural network (not yet started)">Recurrent neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_short-term_memory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long short-term memory (not yet started)">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gated_recurrent_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gated recurrent unit (not yet started)">GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echo_state_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echo state network (not yet started)">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reservoir_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reservoir computing (not yet started)">reservoir computing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boltzmann_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boltzmann machine (not yet started)">Boltzmann machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restricted_Boltzmann_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restricted Boltzmann machine (not yet started)">Restricted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_adversarial_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generative adversarial network (not yet started)">GAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diffusion_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diffusion model (not yet started)">Diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-organizing_map&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-organizing map (not yet started)">SOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-Net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-Net (not yet started)">U-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LeNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeNet (not yet started)">LeNet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AlexNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AlexNet (not yet started)">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeepDream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeepDream (not yet started)">DeepDream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_radiance_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neural radiance field (not yet started)">Neural radiance field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_transformer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vision transformer (not yet started)">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture) (not yet started)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiking_neural_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiking neural network (not yet started)">Spiking neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memtransistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memtransistor (not yet started)">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrochemical_RAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrochemical RAM (not yet started)">Electrochemical RAM</a> (ECRAM)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-learning (not yet started)">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State–action–reward–state–action (not yet started)">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporal_difference_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporal difference learning (not yet started)">Temporal difference (TD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning (not yet started)">Multi-agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-play (reinforcement learning technique) (not yet started)">Self-play</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Learning with humans</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_learning_(machine_learning)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Active learning (machine learning) (not yet started)">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowdsourcing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowdsourcing (not yet started)">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human-in-the-loop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human-in-the-loop (not yet started)">Human-in-the-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback (not yet started)">RLHF</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Model diagnostics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coefficient_of_determination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coefficient of determination (not yet started)">Coefficient of determination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confusion_matrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confusion matrix (not yet started)">Confusion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Learning_curve_(machine_learning)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning curve (machine learning) (not yet started)">Learning curve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receiver_operating_characteristic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Receiver operating characteristic (not yet started)">ROC curve</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Mathematical foundations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernel_machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernel machines (not yet started)">Kernel machines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bias–variance tradeoff (not yet started)">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_learning_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational learning theory (not yet started)">Computational learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirical_risk_minimization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirical risk minimization (not yet started)">Empirical risk minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occam_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occam learning (not yet started)">Occam learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Probably_approximately_correct_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probably approximately correct learning (not yet started)">PAC learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_learning_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical learning theory (not yet started)">Statistical learning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory (not yet started)">VC theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topological_deep_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topological deep learning (not yet started)">Topological deep learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Journals and conferences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ECML_PKDD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ECML PKDD (not yet started)">ECML PKDD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (not yet started)">NeurIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference on Machine Learning (not yet started)">ICML</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference on Learning Representations (not yet started)">ICLR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (not yet started)">IJCAI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Learning_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Learning (journal) (not yet started)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research (not yet started)">JMLR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed machine-learning-list-title"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence (not yet started)">Glossary of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research (not yet started)">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of datasets in computer vision and image processing (not yet started)">List of datasets in computer vision and image processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of machine learning (not yet started)">Outline of machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098456">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_learning" title="Template:Machine learning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Machine_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Machine learning (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Machine_learning&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unsupervised learning</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> where algorithms find patterns in data without any labels. This is different from supervised learning, where data comes with labels to guide the learning process. Other types of learning, like weak or semi-supervised learning, use some labeled data, while self-supervised learning is sometimes considered a form of unsupervised learning. </p><p>In unsupervised learning, the data is often collected from sources like the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> with little processing, making it cheaper than supervised learning, where labeled datasets are created manually. </p><p>There are special algorithms for unsupervised learning, such as k-means for grouping similar data, PCA for reducing data complexity, and autoencoders for learning useful representations. With the rise of deep learning, large-scale unsupervised learning is mostly done using neural networks trained with gradient descent and special training techniques. </p><p>Sometimes, models trained with unsupervised learning are used directly, but often they are adjusted for other tasks. For example, a model trained to generate text can later be fine-tuned for tasks like text classification. Similarly, autoencoders can learn useful features that help improve other models, such as those used in image generation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsupervised_learning&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsupervised_learning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Wu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://na.uni-tuebingen.de/ex/ml_seminar_ss2022/Unsupervised_Learning%20Final.pdf">"Unsupervised Learnin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mathematisches Institut Universität Tübingen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematisches+Institut+Universit%C3%A4t+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.atitle=Unsupervised+Learnin&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fna.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fex%2Fml_seminar_ss2022%2FUnsupervised_Learning%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AUnsupervised+learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhangHouMian" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Xiao; Zhang, Fanjin; Hou, Zhenyu; Mian, Li; Wang, Zhaoyu; Zhang, Jing; Tang, Jie (2023-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9462394">"Self-Supervised Learning: Generative or Contrastive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">857–</span>876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTKDE.2021.3090866">10.1109/TKDE.2021.3090866</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-2191">1558-2191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Knowledge+and+Data+Engineering&rft.atitle=Self-Supervised+Learning%3A+Generative+or+Contrastive&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E857-%3C%2Fspan%3E876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTKDE.2021.3090866&rft.issn=1558-2191&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fanjin&rft.au=Hou%2C+Zhenyu&rft.au=Mian%2C+Li&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhaoyu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jing&rft.au=Tang%2C+Jie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9462394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AUnsupervised+learning" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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