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href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/" tabindex="-1">Communicating with Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/" tabindex="-1">Artemis</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" tabindex="-1">James Webb Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" tabindex="-1">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" tabindex="-1">International Space Station</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/" tabindex="-1">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul></li><li>Humans in Space <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/why-go-to-space/" tabindex="-1">Why Go to Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/astronauts/" tabindex="-1">Astronauts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/" tabindex="-1">Commercial Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/destinations/" tabindex="-1">Destinations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/" tabindex="-1">Living in Space</a></li></ul></li><li>Earth &amp; Climate <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/" tabindex="-1">Explore Earth Science</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/" tabindex="-1">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/" tabindex="-1">Earth, Our Planet</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science in Action</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/" tabindex="-1">Earth Multimedia</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/" tabindex="-1">Earth Data</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science Researchers</a></li></ul></li><li>About NASA <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/" tabindex="-1">NASA's Impacts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/" tabindex="-1">Centers and Facilities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/" tabindex="-1">Directorates</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/" tabindex="-1">Organizations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/" tabindex="-1">People of NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/careers/" tabindex="-1">Careers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/" tabindex="-1">Internships</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/" tabindex="-1">Our History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/doing-business-with-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Doing Business with NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/" tabindex="-1">Get Involved</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Contact</a></li></ul></li><li>Learning Resources <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/" tabindex="-1">For Kids and Students</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-educators/" tabindex="-1">For Educators</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/colleges-and-universities/" tabindex="-1">For Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-professionals/" tabindex="-1">For Professionals</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/for-everyone/" tabindex="-1">Science for Everyone</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/requests-for-exhibits-artifacts-or-speakers/" tabindex="-1">Request an Exhibit or Speaker</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/stem-engagement-at-nasa/" tabindex="-1">STEM Engagement at NASA</a></li></ul></li><li>Aeronautics <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/science-in-the-air/" tabindex="-1">Science in the Air</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/aircraft/" tabindex="-1">NASA Aircraft</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/flight-innovation/" tabindex="-1">Flight Innovation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/supersonic-flight/" tabindex="-1">Supersonic Flight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/air-traffic-solutions/" tabindex="-1">Air Traffic Solutions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/green-aero-tech/" tabindex="-1">Green Aviation Tech</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/drones-and-you/" tabindex="-1">Drones & You</a></li></ul></li><li>Technology <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/" tabindex="-1">Technology Transfer & Spinoffs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-travel-technology/" tabindex="-1">Space Travel Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-living-technology/" tabindex="-1">Technology Living in Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/manufacturing-and-materials/" tabindex="-1">Manufacturing and Materials</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/robotics/" tabindex="-1">Robotics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/science-instruments/" tabindex="-1">Science Instruments</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/computing/" tabindex="-1">Computing</a></li></ul></li><li>The Universe <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/" tabindex="-1">Exoplanets</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/search-for-life/" tabindex="-1">The Search for Life in the Universe</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/" tabindex="-1">Stars</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/" 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desktop:display-block"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center tablet:display-flex flex-align-center desktop:display-block hds-color-mode-dark wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav NasaBlocksSecondaryNavigationDesktopBlock"><div class="hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2"><div class="hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items margin-0"><nav aria-label="Section" class="NavSecondaryDesktop"><ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center"><li class="usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="/earth/" class="link-external-false"><span>Earth Home</span></a></li><li class="usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="/earth/explore/" class="link-external-false"><span>Explore</span></a></li><li class="usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="/climate-change/" class="link-external-false"><span>Climate Change</span></a></li><li class="usa-nav__primary-item"><a href="/earth/in-action" 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hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet"><div class="hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex"><div class="grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h1 class="page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important margin-0">Explore Earth Science</h1></div><p class="p-lg color-carbon-30-important">NASA uses the vantage point of space to increase our understanding of our home planet, improve lives, and safeguard our future.</p></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"></div></div></div><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, 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https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="800" height="600" alt="Men looking at giant screen" loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:13% 32%;object-position:13% 32%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, 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https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1155/Men_looking_at_giant_screen.jpeg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocksCustomFields hds-module"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using a fleet of satellites and ambitious airborne and ground-based campaigns to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere. We look at Earth in macrocosm and microcosm, from the flow of one mountain stream to the flow of jet streams. Most of all, we look at Earth as a system, examining the cycles and processes—the water cycle, the carbon cycle, ocean circulation, the movement of heat—that interact and influence each other in a complex, dynamic dance across seasons and decades.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div id="h-why-does-nasa-study-earth" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Why Does NASA Study Earth?</span></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module CoreEmbedBlock hds-media margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-providerNameSlug-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube"><div class="flex-container"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"><iframe title="NASA's Earth Minute: Why Does NASA Study Earth?" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/f9F7yDjSdNA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">NASA is designing a new set of Earth-focused missions to provide key information to guide efforts related to climate change, natural hazard mitigation, fighting forest fires, and improving real-time agricultural processes.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Each uniquely designed satellite in the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-nasa-earth-system-observatory-to-help-address-mitigate-climate-change/" data-type="press-release-ext" data-id="79257">Earth System Observatory</a> will complement the others, working in tandem to create a 3D, holistic view of Earth, from bedrock to atmosphere.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div id="h-nasa-s-earth-system-observatory" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>NASA's Earth System Observatory</span></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div id="h-addressing-mitigating-climate-change" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h3><span>Addressing, Mitigating Climate Change</span></h3></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module CoreEmbedBlock hds-media margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-providerNameSlug-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube"><div class="flex-container"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"><iframe title="Introducing: NASA's Earth System Observatory" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_aDeRFqZVgA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></div></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full bg-carbon-05 padding-bottom-9 padding-top-9 wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link NasaBlocksFeaturedLinkBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0 padding-top-9 desktop:padding-top-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-5"><div class="label margin-bottom-2">Featured TOPIC</div><h2 class="page-heading-md margin-0">Air Quality</h2><p class="p-md">Air pollution is a significant threat to human health and our environment. Instruments on NASA satellites, along with airborne and ground-based sensors, are constantly collecting data on major pollutants in our atmosphere.</p><a href="/earth/explore/air-quality/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md" aria-label="Learn more about Air Quality"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span class="line-height-alt-1">Learn More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="width-full"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto NasaBlocksFeaturedLinkBlockImage"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fill"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="510" alt loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-card-grid padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid NasaBlocksCardGridBlock"><div class="hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h2 class="section-heading-sm line-height-sm margin-0">Sea Level Rise</h2></div><p class="margin-0 padding-0">Sea level around the world has been rising for reasons both natural and human-caused.</p></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"></div></div><div class="hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="hds-cards-included grid-row"><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1022" height="681" alt="Photo of flood waters submerging highway road signs" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Rising Waters</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">With satellites, airborne missions, shipboard measurements, and supercomputers, NASA has been investigating sea level rise for decades.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/earth/explore/sea-level-rise/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="720" height="480" alt="Simulated view of ICESat-2 scanning the front of an ice sheet." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.3);transform-origin:55.00000000000001% 14.000000000000002%;object-position:55.00000000000001% 14.000000000000002%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Taking a Measure of Sea Level Rise</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">Sea level around the world has been rising for reasons both natural and human-caused. This series of articles explores how NASA and other science institutions measure and monitor these changes.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/event/147509/taking-a-measure-of-sea-level-rise" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="576" alt="This visualization shows total sea level change between 1992 and 2019, with orange/red regions indicating where sea levels are rising." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:48% 34%;object-position:48% 34%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Understanding Sea Level </h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA keeps track of sea level change and its causes from space. Find out more about how NASA satellite observations help our understanding of this complex topic.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://sealevel.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-card-grid padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid NasaBlocksCardGridBlock"><div class="hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h2 class="section-heading-sm line-height-sm margin-0">Phytoplankton</h2></div><p class="margin-0 padding-0">They’re small, but they’re mighty. From producing oxygen we breathe to soaking up carbon we emit to feeding fish we eat, tiny phytoplankton are a crucial part of ocean ecosystems and essential to life as we know it on Earth. </p></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"></div></div><div class="hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="hds-cards-included grid-row"><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="1019" alt="Large green blooms of phytoplankton swirl in the dark water around Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea. Image from Landsat 7." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">NASA Wants to Identify Phytoplankton Species from Space. Here’s Why.</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">To give us a new view of these extraordinary aquatic organisms, NASA is launching a satellite in early 2024.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasa-wants-to-identify-phytoplankton-species-from-space-heres-why/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="273" alt="Five types of phytoplankton: cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae, coccolithophore." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:6% 51%;object-position:6% 51%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">What are Phytoplankton?</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">Microscopic plant-like organisms called phytoplankton are the base of the marine food web, and they play a key role in removing carbon dioxide from the air.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Phytoplankton" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="749" alt="Satellite natural-color image of phytoplankton in the water" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Images and stories of phytoplankton</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">Our oceans support phytoplankton blooms around the globe.</p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/search?q=phytoplankton" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-0"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-y-8 bg-carbon-black color-mode-dark color-spacesuit-white NasaBlocksFeaturedMissionBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3"><div class="desktop:grid-col margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"><a href="/missions/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md color-spacesuit-white-important"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span></span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="grid-container grid-container-block padding-0"><div class="grid-row"><div class="tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><h2 class="display-48 margin-0">SWOT</h2><div class="margin-top-3 margin-bottom-2 label tag tag-mission"><div class="mission-status-icon bg-active-green"></div><span>active Mission</span></div><a href="/mission/swot/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md color-spacesuit-white-important"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Learn More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a><div class="border-bottom border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-80-important margin-y-4"></div></div><div class="tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="800" height="600" alt loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-related-links NasaBlocksRelatedLinkBlock"><a href="https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/news/74/5-things-to-know-about-how-swot-will-look-at-the-worlds-water/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>5 Things to Know About How SWOT Will Look at the World's Water</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-top-5 margin-bottom-2"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div id="h-our-satellite-fleet" class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreHeadingBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><h2><span>Our Satellite Fleet</span></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-3"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8 desktop:grid-offset-2"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module width-full maxw-full CoreParagraphBlock"><div class="grid-container-block grid-container padding-0"><p class="margin-0 padding-0">In order to study the Earth as a whole system and understand how it is changing, NASA develops and supports a large number of Earth observing missions. These missions provide Earth science researchers the necessary data to address key questions about global climate change. Missions begin with a study phase during which the key science objectives of the mission are identified, and designs for spacecraft and instruments are analyzed. Following a successful study phase, missions enter a development phase whereby all aspects of the mission are developed and tested to insure it meets the mission objectives. Operating missions are those missions that are currently active and providing science data to researchers. Operating missions may be in their primary operational phase or in an extended operational phase. Missions begin with a study phase during which the key science objectives of the mission are identified, and designs for spacecraft and instruments are analyzed. Following a successful study phase, missions enter a development phase whereby all aspects of the mission are developed and tested to insure it meets the mission objectives.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout BlockLayoutGeneric grid-row grid-container grid-container-block smd-padding-x-responsive margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-10 desktop:grid-offset-1"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-media wp-block-image CoreImageBlock"><div class="margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide"><div class="hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto"><figure class="hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="3000" height="1688" alt="An image showing Earth from space at a distance, superimposed over the surrounding space are images and names of the current and planned satellites NASA&#039;s Earth division will use to observe the planet." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=320&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=640&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=768&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1024&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1280&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=1536&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=2048&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=2560&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=3072&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=4096&format=jpeg&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure><figcaption class="hds-caption padding-top-2"><div class="hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0">NASA's Earth observing fleet as of 10.31.24</div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main></div><div class="NasaFooter" data-v-21bfe27b><footer class="usa-footer bg-carbon-black-important padding-x-3 padding-y-7" data-v-21bfe27b><div 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Editors</div></li><li class="hds-footer-meta" data-v-21bfe27b><div class="hds-footer-meta-label" data-v-21bfe27b>Responsible NASA Official for Science:</div><div class="hds-footer-meta-value" data-v-21bfe27b>Dana Bolles</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div><div id="teleports"></div><script type="application/json" id="__NUXT_DATA__" data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":890,"once":903,"_errors":904,"serverRendered":79,"path":905,"pinia":906},{"MRo28nPsyq":3,"AWUXVp57yf":449},{"type":4,"value":5},"post",{"id":6,"post_type":7,"title":8,"authors":9,"categories":28,"classes":35,"color_mode":42,"date":43,"date_gmt":44,"modified_date_gmt":45,"manualExcerpt":25,"preview":26,"permalink":46,"purge":47,"readTime":50,"seo":51,"template":62,"timeAgo":63,"blocks":64},56846,"topic","Explore Earth 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Right now there are NASA robots are millions of miles away helping us better understand what’s out there.",{"id":85,"url":186,"alt":187,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":188,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25},"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49797993848_5314da8448_h.jpg","Special delivery to ISS",{"x":189,"y":189},".50",{"id":85,"url":191,"alt":192,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":193,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25},"https://live.staticflickr.com/4115/4858568740_6632dc4f4c_h.jpg","An early shuttle launch",{"x":189,"y":189},{"id":85,"url":195,"alt":196,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":197,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25},"https://live.staticflickr.com/1611/25524892462_a030e841bb_h.jpg","Blurry satellite against the blackness of space",{"x":189,"y":189},{"id":85,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":199,"external":79,"target":80},"https://science.nasa.gov/location/goddard-space-flight-center/","Learn More","yes","Quick Facts",[204,209],{"slide_image":205,"slide_text":208},{"id":85,"url":206,"alt":16,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":207,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25},"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/image-carousel-example-01.jpg",{"x":189,"y":189},"Ranger 7 was the first robotic probe to successfully transmit close images of the lunar surface back to Earth.",{"slide_image":210,"slide_text":213},{"id":85,"url":211,"alt":16,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":50,"focalPoint":212,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25},"https://smd-cms.nasa.gov/wp-content/plugins/nasa-blocks/assets/images/image-carousel-example-02.jpeg",{"x":189,"y":189},"Ranger 7 sent 4,316 stunning images before crashing into the Moon on the northern rim of the Sea of Clouds.","Location","Greenbelt, MD","Founded","May 1, 1959","People","10,000+","Director","Dennis J. Andrucyk","Impact & Benefits","banner_image",{"name":225,"attributes":226},"core/paragraph",{"anchor":16,"content":227,"dropCap":26},"From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using a fleet of satellites and ambitious airborne and ground-based campaigns to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere. We look at Earth in macrocosm and microcosm, from the flow of one mountain stream to the flow of jet streams. Most of all, we look at Earth as a system, examining the cycles and processes—the water cycle, the carbon cycle, ocean circulation, the movement of heat—that interact and influence each other in a complex, dynamic dance across seasons and decades.",{"name":229,"attributes":230},"core/heading",{"anchor":231,"content":232,"level":50,"stripped_content":232},"h-why-does-nasa-study-earth","Why Does NASA Study Earth?",{"name":234,"attributes":235},"core/embed",{"allowResponsive":79,"anchor":16,"previewable":79,"providerNameSlug":236,"responsive":79,"type":237,"url":238,"embed_handler":239},"youtube","video","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9F7yDjSdNA","\u003Ciframe title=\"NASA's Earth Minute: Why Does NASA Study Earth?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/f9F7yDjSdNA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"name":225,"attributes":241},{"anchor":16,"content":242,"dropCap":26},"NASA is designing a new set of Earth-focused missions to provide key information to guide efforts related to climate change, natural hazard mitigation, fighting forest fires, and improving real-time agricultural processes.",{"name":225,"attributes":244},{"anchor":16,"content":245,"dropCap":26},"Each uniquely designed satellite in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-nasa-earth-system-observatory-to-help-address-mitigate-climate-change/\" data-type=\"press-release-ext\" data-id=\"79257\">Earth System Observatory\u003C/a> will complement the others, working in tandem to create a 3D, holistic view of Earth, from bedrock to atmosphere.",{"name":229,"attributes":247},{"anchor":248,"content":249,"level":50,"stripped_content":249},"h-nasa-s-earth-system-observatory","NASA's Earth System Observatory",{"name":229,"attributes":251},{"anchor":252,"content":253,"level":254,"stripped_content":253},"h-addressing-mitigating-climate-change","Addressing, Mitigating Climate Change",3,{"name":234,"attributes":256},{"allowResponsive":79,"anchor":16,"previewable":79,"providerNameSlug":236,"responsive":79,"type":237,"url":257,"embed_handler":258},"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aDeRFqZVgA","\u003Ciframe title=\"Introducing: NASA's Earth System Observatory\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/_aDeRFqZVgA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"name":260,"attributes":261},"nasa-blocks/featured-link",{"align":68,"anchor":16,"description":262,"fit":175,"heading":263,"image":264,"linkId":271,"more_link":200,"show_caption":69,"show_credits":69,"subheading":274},"Air pollution is a significant threat to human health and our environment. Instruments on NASA satellites, along with airborne and ground-based sensors, are constantly collecting data on major pollutants in our atmosphere.","Air Quality",{"id":265,"url":266,"alt":16,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":267,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":268,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":269,"height":270},257916,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/geos.channels.demo-102323-v04.jpg?w=1024","fill",{"x":189,"y":189},1024,510,{"id":272,"title":263,"kind":78,"type":7,"url":273,"external":79,"target":80},230340,"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/air-quality/","Featured TOPIC",{"name":276,"attributes":277},"nasa-blocks/card-grid",{"align":68,"anchor":16,"color_mode":278,"columns":279,"description":280,"heading":281,"linkId":282,"more_link":285,"show_link":26,"slides":286},"color-mode-dark","three","Sea level around the world has been rising for reasons both natural and human-caused.","Sea Level Rise",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":283,"external":79,"target":284},"https://plus.nasa.gov/video/rising-waters-sea-level-nasa-infrastructure/","_blank","More on Sea Level Rise",[287,309,329],{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":288,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":296},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":291,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},61624,"A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) spacecraft onboard, Friday, Dec. 16, 2022, from Space Launch Complex 4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. Jointly developed by NASA and Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), with contributions from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and United Kingdom Space Agency, SWOT is the first satellite mission that will observe nearly all water on Earth’s surface, measuring the height of water in the planet’s lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and the ocean. Photo Credit: (NASA/Keegan Barber)",{"x":292,"y":292},0.5,"https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/amf-nhq202212160009/","custom","Read More",{"description":297,"featuredImg":298,"more_link":295,"title":306,"linkId":307},"With satellites, airborne missions, shipboard measurements, and supercomputers, NASA has been investigating sea level rise for decades.",{"id":299,"url":300,"alt":301,"caption":302,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":303,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":304,"height":305},25927,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Miss_flood-jpg.webp?w=1022","Photo of flood waters submerging highway road signs","\u003Cp>Valley Park, MO, January 1, 2016 - High flood waters cause the busy intersection of I-44 and Route 141 to close. (Photo by Steve Zumwalt - FEMA)\u003C/p>",{"x":189,"y":189},1022,681,"Rising Waters",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":308,"external":79,"target":80},"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/sea-level-rise/",{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":310,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":312},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":311,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},{"x":292,"y":292},{"description":313,"featuredImg":314,"more_link":295,"title":326,"linkId":327},"Sea level around the world has been rising for reasons both natural and human-caused. This series of articles explores how NASA and other science institutions measure and monitor these changes.",{"id":315,"url":316,"alt":317,"caption":318,"credits":319,"fit":175,"zoom":320,"focalPoint":321,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":324,"height":325},116677,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/icesat2-th.jpg?w=720","Simulated view of ICESat-2 scanning the front of an ice sheet.","In 2003, NASA launched the first Earth-observing laser altimeter aboard the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which was also the first altimetry mission specifically designed to observe ice. ICESat operated until 2010, and NASA launched a more advanced ICESat-2 in 2018. While the first generation satellite carried three lasers that fired 40 pulses of infrared light per second and took measurements every 170 meters (560 feet), the successor carries two green lasers that fire 10,000 pulses per second and collect data every 70 centimeters (30 inches). ICESat-2 gathers enough data to estimate the annual height change of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets to within 4 millimeters (0.2 inches).","NASA",30,{"x":322,"y":323},0.55,0.14,720,480,"Taking a Measure of Sea Level Rise",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":328,"external":79,"target":284},"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/event/147509/taking-a-measure-of-sea-level-rise",{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":330,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":332},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":331,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},{"x":292,"y":292},{"description":333,"featuredImg":334,"more_link":295,"title":344,"linkId":345},"NASA keeps track of sea level change and its causes from space. Find out more about how NASA satellite observations help our understanding of this complex topic.",{"id":335,"url":336,"alt":337,"caption":338,"credits":339,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":340,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":269,"height":343},23965,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sshc_w_cbar_print-jpeg.webp?w=1024","This visualization shows total sea level change between 1992 and 2019, with orange/red regions indicating where sea levels are rising.","This visualization shows total sea level change between 1992 and 2019, with orange/red regions indicating where sea levels are rising. - \u003Ca href=\"https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4853\">Download this image and similar animations on the NASA SVS site.\u003C/a>","NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio",{"x":341,"y":342},0.48,0.34,576,"Understanding Sea Level ",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":346,"external":79,"target":80},"https://sealevel.nasa.gov/",{"name":276,"attributes":348},{"align":68,"anchor":16,"color_mode":278,"columns":279,"description":349,"heading":350,"linkId":351,"more_link":353,"show_link":26,"slides":354},"They’re small, but they’re mighty. From producing oxygen we breathe to soaking up carbon we emit to feeding fish we eat, tiny phytoplankton are a crucial part of ocean ecosystems and essential to life as we know it on Earth. ","Phytoplankton",{"id":85,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":352,"external":79,"target":80},"https://science.nasa.gov/missions/","All NASA Galleries",[355,373,391],{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":356,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":358},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":357,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},{"x":292,"y":292},{"description":359,"featuredImg":360,"more_link":295,"title":368,"linkId":369},"To give us a new view of these extraordinary aquatic organisms, NASA is launching a satellite in early 2024.",{"id":361,"url":362,"alt":363,"caption":364,"credits":365,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":366,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":269,"height":367},61597,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/phytoplanktonsweden-jpeg.webp?w=1024","Large green blooms of phytoplankton swirl in the dark water around Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea. Image from Landsat 7.","In the style of Van Gogh's painting \"Starry Night,\" massive congregations of greenish phytoplankton swirl in the dark water around Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea. Phytoplankton are microscopic marine plants that form the first link in nearly all ocean food chains. Population explosions, or blooms, of phytoplankton, like the one shown here, occur when deep currents bring nutrients up to sunlit surface waters, fueling the growth and reproduction of these tiny plants.","NASA/USGS/Landsat 7",{"x":189,"y":189},1019,"NASA Wants to Identify Phytoplankton Species from Space. Here’s Why.",{"id":370,"title":368,"kind":78,"type":371,"url":372,"external":79,"target":284},137503,"post-ext","https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasa-wants-to-identify-phytoplankton-species-from-space-heres-why/",{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":374,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":376},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":375,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},{"x":292,"y":292},{"description":377,"featuredImg":378,"more_link":295,"title":388,"linkId":389},"Microscopic plant-like organisms called phytoplankton are the base of the marine food web, and they play a key role in removing carbon dioxide from the air.",{"id":379,"url":380,"alt":381,"caption":382,"credits":383,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":384,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":269,"height":387},61601,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/phytoplankton-collage.png?w=1024","Five types of phytoplankton: cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae, coccolithophore.","Phytoplankton are extremely diverse, varying from photosynthesizing bacteria (cyanobacteria), to plant-like diatoms, to armor-plated coccolithophores (drawings not to scale). From left: cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae, coccolithophore.","NASA EOS Project Science Office/Sally Bensusen",{"x":385,"y":386},0.06,0.51,273,"What are Phytoplankton?",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":390,"external":79,"target":284},"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Phytoplankton",{"id":25,"excerpt":25,"featuredImg":392,"link":46,"title":8,"read_time":25,"time_ago":63,"card_type":294,"more_link":295,"custom":394},{"id":289,"url":59,"alt":16,"caption":290,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":393,"parallax":180,"detail_link":293,"contentType":58,"width":57,"height":57},{"x":292,"y":292},{"description":395,"featuredImg":396,"more_link":295,"title":403,"linkId":404},"Our oceans support phytoplankton blooms around the globe.",{"id":397,"url":398,"alt":399,"caption":400,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":176,"focalPoint":401,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":269,"height":402},26212,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/barentseabloom_amo_2018201_lrg-jpg.webp?w=1024","Satellite natural-color image of phytoplankton in the water","The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite acquired this natural-color image of plant-like organisms called phytoplankton in the water off Norway and Russia in July 2018. To learn more, visit NASA’s Earth Observatory website.",{"x":189,"y":189},749,"Images and stories of phytoplankton",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":405,"external":79,"target":284},"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/search?q=phytoplankton",{"name":407,"attributes":408},"nasa-blocks/featured-mission",{"align":68,"anchor":16,"countdown":69,"linkId":409,"more_link":16,"post_id":410,"featured_mission":411},{"id":85,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":352,"external":79,"target":80},"55549",{"badge_image":25,"countdown_text":412,"featured_image":413,"mission_countdown":69,"mission_date":25,"mission_excerpt":16,"mission_status":417,"mission_title":418,"mission_url":419,"raw_mission_date":16},"Countdown to Launch",{"id":414,"url":415,"alt":16,"caption":16,"credits":16,"fit":175,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":416,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":181,"height":182},61216,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/swot-artist-eos-800-jpg.webp?w=800",{"x":292,"y":292},"active","SWOT","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swot/",{"name":421,"attributes":422},"nasa-blocks/related-link",{"align":423,"anchor":16,"linkId":424,"more_link":426},"center",{"id":25,"title":25,"kind":25,"type":25,"url":425,"external":79,"target":284},"https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/news/74/5-things-to-know-about-how-swot-will-look-at-the-worlds-water/","5 Things to Know About How SWOT Will Look at the World's Water",{"name":229,"attributes":428},{"anchor":429,"content":430,"level":50,"stripped_content":430},"h-our-satellite-fleet","Our Satellite Fleet",{"name":225,"attributes":432},{"anchor":16,"content":433,"dropCap":26},"In order to study the Earth as a whole system and understand how it is changing, NASA develops and supports a large number of Earth observing missions. These missions provide Earth science researchers the necessary data to address key questions about global climate change. Missions begin with a study phase during which the key science objectives of the mission are identified, and designs for spacecraft and instruments are analyzed. Following a successful study phase, missions enter a development phase whereby all aspects of the mission are developed and tested to insure it meets the mission objectives. Operating missions are those missions that are currently active and providing science data to researchers. Operating missions may be in their primary operational phase or in an extended operational phase. Missions begin with a study phase during which the key science objectives of the mission are identified, and designs for spacecraft and instruments are analyzed. Following a successful study phase, missions enter a development phase whereby all aspects of the mission are developed and tested to insure it meets the mission objectives.",{"name":435,"attributes":436},"core/image",{"alt":437,"background":438,"image_align":447,"migrated":79,"url":448},"An image showing Earth from space at a distance, superimposed over the surrounding space are images and names of the current and planned satellites NASA's Earth division will use to observe the planet.",{"id":439,"url":440,"alt":441,"caption":442,"credits":16,"fit":443,"zoom":85,"focalPoint":444,"parallax":180,"detail_link":25,"contentType":58,"width":445,"height":446},432526,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg?w=3000&h=1688&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","An image showing Earth from space at a distance, superimposed over the surrounding space are images and names of the current and planned satellites NASA's Earth division will use to observe the planet.","NASA's Earth observing fleet as of 10.31.24","fit",{"x":189,"y":189},3000,1688,"wide","https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/earth-science-division/frequently-updated-content/NASA%20Earth%20Fleet%20Chart.jpg",{"type":450,"value":451},"global-nav",[452,506,534,564,615,649,683,717,751,819,845],{"id":453,"title":454,"slug":455,"location":456,"menu_items":457},3850,"Missions","missions","global-nav-missions",[458,463,467,471,476,481,486,491,496,501],{"id":459,"title":460,"url":461,"order":462},131284,"Search All NASA Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/missions/",1,{"id":464,"title":465,"url":466,"order":50},222998,"A to Z List of Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/a-to-z-of-nasa-missions/",{"id":468,"title":469,"url":470,"order":254},52235,"Upcoming Launches and Landings","https://www.nasa.gov/events/",{"id":472,"title":473,"url":474,"order":475},52234,"Spaceships and Rockets","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/",4,{"id":477,"title":478,"url":479,"order":480},52236,"Communicating with Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/",5,{"id":482,"title":483,"url":484,"order":485},131266,"Artemis","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/",6,{"id":487,"title":488,"url":489,"order":490},131278,"James Webb Space Telescope","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/",7,{"id":492,"title":493,"url":494,"order":495},131280,"Hubble Space Telescope","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/",8,{"id":497,"title":498,"url":499,"order":500},131271,"International Space Station","https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/",9,{"id":502,"title":503,"url":504,"order":505},131275,"OSIRIS-REx","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/",10,{"id":507,"title":508,"slug":509,"location":510,"menu_items":511},3854,"Humans in 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Climate","earth-climate","global-nav-earth-climate",[540,542,544,548,552,556,560],{"id":541,"title":8,"url":46,"order":462},114924,{"id":543,"title":98,"url":101,"order":50},114925,{"id":545,"title":546,"url":547,"order":254},114938,"Earth, Our Planet","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/",{"id":549,"title":550,"url":551,"order":475},114940,"Earth Science in Action","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/",{"id":553,"title":554,"url":555,"order":480},114999,"Earth Multimedia","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/",{"id":557,"title":558,"url":559,"order":485},115011,"Earth Data","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/",{"id":561,"title":562,"url":563,"order":490},115015,"Earth Science Researchers","https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/",{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"location":568,"menu_items":569},3856,"About NASA","about-nasa","global-nav-about-nasa",[570,574,578,582,586,590,594,598,602,606,610],{"id":571,"title":572,"url":573,"order":462},52224,"NASA's Impacts","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/",{"id":575,"title":576,"url":577,"order":50},52225,"Centers and Facilities","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/",{"id":579,"title":580,"url":581,"order":254},52226,"Directorates","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/",{"id":583,"title":584,"url":585,"order":475},52227,"Organizations","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/",{"id":587,"title":588,"url":589,"order":480},52228,"People of NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/",{"id":591,"title":592,"url":593,"order":485},52229,"Careers","https://www.nasa.gov/careers/",{"id":595,"title":596,"url":597,"order":490},52230,"Internships","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/",{"id":599,"title":600,"url":601,"order":495},52231,"Our History","https://www.nasa.gov/history/",{"id":603,"title":604,"url":605,"order":500},114913,"Doing Business with 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