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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zayyanid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zayyanid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Zayyanid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zayyanid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_—_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_—_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Twin towns — sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_—_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tlemcen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termic%C3%A9n" title="Termicén – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Termicén" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлемсен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тлемсен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Algyeriya)" title="Tlemcen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Algyeriya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tlemcen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Algyeriya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Τλεμσέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τλεμσέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremec%C3%A9n" title="Tremecén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tremecén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemecen" title="Tlemecen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tlemecen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilimsen" title="Tilimsen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tilimsen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80%EB%A0%98%EC%84%BC" title="틀렘센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀렘센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тлемсен (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тлемсен (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="תלמסאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלמסאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлемсен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тлемсен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemsenas" title="Tlemsenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tlemsenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлемсен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тлемсен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тлэмсэн – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тлэмсэн" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen_(stad)" title="Tlemcen (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tlemcen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="トレムセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トレムセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilimsan" title="Tilimsan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tilimsan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremec%C3%A9m" title="Tremecém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tremecém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тлемсен (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тлемсен (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86" title="تلێمسێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تلێمسێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemsen" title="Tlemsen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tlemsen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemsan" title="Tlemsan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tlemsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="ตแลมแซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตแลมแซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilimsan" title="Tilimsan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tilimsan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлемсен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тлемсен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تلمسان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تلمسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tlemcen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlemcen&params=34_52_58_N_01_19_00_W_region:DZ_type:city(140158)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°52′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°19′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.88278°N 1.31667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.88278; -1.31667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Algeria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tlemcen</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">تلمسان</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top left: Mansourah Mosque, Great Mosque of Tlemcen, Mechouar Palace, Lalla Setti Park, El-Ourit Waterfalls"><img alt="Clockwise from top left: Mansourah Mosque, Great Mosque of Tlemcen, Mechouar Palace, Lalla Setti Park, El-Ourit Waterfalls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg/275px-New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg/413px-New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/New_Tlemcen_multi_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Clockwise from top left:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mansourah_Mosque" title="Mansourah Mosque">Mansourah Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen" title="Great Mosque of Tlemcen">Great Mosque of Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechouar_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechouar Palace">Mechouar Palace</a>, Lalla Setti Park, <a href="/wiki/El-Ourit_Waterfalls" title="El-Ourit Waterfalls">El-Ourit Waterfalls</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tlemcen in the Tlemcen Province"><img alt="Location of Tlemcen in the Tlemcen Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg/180px-DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg/270px-DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg/360px-DZ-13-01_-_Tlemcen_-_Wilaya_Tlemcen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1077" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Tlemcen in the <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tlemcen is located in Algeria"><img alt="Tlemcen is located in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.922%;left:36.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tlemcen"><img alt="Tlemcen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Tlemcen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Algeria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlemcen&params=34_52_58_N_01_19_00_W_region:DZ_type:city(140158)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°52′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°19′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.88278°N 1.31667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.88278; -1.31667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlemcen District">Tlemcen District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">40.11 km<sup>2</sup> (15.49 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">842 m (2,762 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2008 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">140,158</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500/km<sup>2</sup> (9,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">13000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tlemcen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تلمسان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tilimsān</i></span>) is the second-largest city in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> after <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a>. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it exports through the port of <a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a>. It had a population of 140,158, as of the 2008 census.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Central Maghreb</a>, the city is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">'Āndalusī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_influence_on_Africa" title="Western influence on Africa">Western influences</a>. From this mosaic of influences, the city derives the title of capital of Andalusian art in Algeria. Various titles are attributed to the city including "the Pearl of the Maghreb<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>", "the African Granada" and "the Medina of the West".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Tlemcen (<i>Tilimsān</i>) was given by the Zayyanid King <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamma_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamma-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possible etymology is that it comes from a <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> word <i>tilmas</i>, meaning "spring, water-hole",<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from the combination of the Berber words <i>tala</i> ("fountain"), the preposition <i>m-</i>, and <i>sān</i> ("two"), thus meaning "two fountains".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamma_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamma-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another proposed etymology is from the <a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zanata</a> words <i>talam</i> ("junction") and <i>sān</i> ("two"), referring to the town's geographic position which links the desert regions to the south with the mountainous regions to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Timeline of Tlemcen (Pomaria)<br /><small>Historical affiliations</small></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> 2nd century–c. 429<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Agadir</a> c. 429–c. 477<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Kingdom of Masuna</a> c. 477-578<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> 578–708<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> 708–c. 757<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen" title="Emirate of Tlemcen">Emirate of Tlemcen</a> c. 757–790<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a> 790–798<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> 798–831<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a> 831–902<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> 902–919<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> 919–944<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> 944–982<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> 982–1015<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid Emirate</a> 1015-1083<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> 1083–1147<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> 1147-1235<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="499" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> 1235-1337<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a> 1337-1348<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="499" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> 1348-1551<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) 1551–1832<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Mascara</a> 1832-1836<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>) 1836–1837<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Mascara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Mascara</a> 1837-1842<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>) 1842–1962<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> 1962–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The areas surrounding Tlemcen were inhabited during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidenced by the discovery of polished axes in the caves of Boudghene by Gustave-Marie Bleicher in 1875. </p><p>There are three important prehistoric sites in the region: lake Karar, located one kilometer south of <a href="/wiki/Remchi" title="Remchi">Remchi</a>; the rock shelters of Mouilah, 5 km north of <a href="/wiki/Maghnia" title="Maghnia">Maghnia</a>; and the deposit called "d'Ouzidan", 2 km west of Aïn El Hout. The shelters found at the Mouilah and Boudghene show evidence of long periods of pre-historic human habitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/AD_17" title="AD 17">AD 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacfarinas" title="Tacfarinas">Tacfarinas</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a> to revolt against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tlemcen became a military outpost of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> in the 2nd century CE under the name of Pomaria. It was then an important city in the North Africa <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, where it was the center of a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, Victor, was a prominent representative at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(411)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (411)">Council of Carthage (411)</a>, and its bishop Honoratus was exiled in 484 by the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a> king <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> for denying <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>. </p><p>It was a center of a large Christian population for many centuries after <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">the city's Arab conquest in 708 AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxengland_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the later eighth century and the ninth century, the city became a Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same Berber Kharijis also began to develop various small Saharan oases and to link them into regular trans-Saharan <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">caravan routes</a> terminating at Tlemcen, beginning a process that would determine Tlemcen's historical role for almost all of the next millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 8th century a settlement named Agadir existed on the site of former Roman Pomaria. <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a> here, the Great Mosque of Agadir, circa 790 (no longer extant).<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1081 or 1082 the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> founded the city of Tagrart ("encampment" in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber language</a>), just west of Agadir.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of the two settlements of Tagrart and Agadir over time became what is now Tlemcen.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time as he founded Tagrart, Ibn Tashfin founded its congregational mosque, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen" title="Great Mosque of Tlemcen">Great Mosque of Tlemcen</a>, which was expanded in 1126 by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">'Ali Ibn Yusuf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built a governor's residence next to it, known after as the <i>Qasr al-Qadim</i> ("Old Palace").<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of the region passed from the Almoravids to the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> in the mid-twelfth century. After its conquest, the Almohad ruler '<a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> surrounded the city with a wall in 1145 and built a new <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the early thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/%27Abdallah_ibn_Ghaniya" title="'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya">'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya</a> attempted to restore Almoravid control of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about 1209, the region around Tlemcen was devastated by retreating Almoravid forces, not long before their final defeat by the Almohads at the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Nafusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Nafusa">Jebel Nafusa</a> in 1210.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the destruction of Tlemcen's already-feeble agricultural base, Tlemcen rose to prominence as a major trading and administrative center in the region under the ensuing reign of the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zayyanid_period">Zayyanid period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zayyanid period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg/181px-Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg/272px-Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg/362px-Portail_de_la_Mosq%C3%A9e_de_Sidi_Bou_M%C3%A9dine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boumediene_Mosque" title="Sidi Boumediene Mosque">Sidi Boumediene Mosque</a>, built in the 14th century (photo c. 1900)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg/203px-Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg/305px-Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg/406px-Porte_mosquee_Sidi_Boumediene_Tlemcen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Entrance to the Sidi Boumediene Mosque (today)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the end of Almohad rule in the 1230s, Tlemcen became the capital of one of the three successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> (1236–1554).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zayyanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a> succeeded in merging Agadir and Tagrart into a single city and gave it the name Tlemcen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamma_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamma-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Yagmurasen resided in the <i>Qasr al-Qadim</i> but he soon moved the seat of power to a new citadel, the <a href="/wiki/El_Mechouar_Palace" title="El Mechouar Palace">Mechouar</a>, towards the mid 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was thereafter ruled for centuries by successive <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayyanid">Zayyanid</a> sultans. During this era it was one of the most important economic and cultural centers in the region, alongside other political capitals like <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages, Tlemcen not only served as a trading city connecting the "coastal" route across the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> with the trans-Saharan caravan routes,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also housed a European trading center, or <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">funduk</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which connected African and European merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African gold arrived in Tlemcen from south of the Sahara through <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taghaza" title="Taghaza">Taghaza</a> and entered European hands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Tlemcen was partially integrated into the European financial system. For example, Genoese <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of exchange">bills of exchange</a> circulated there, at least among merchants not subject to (or not deterred by) religious prohibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak of its success in the first half of the fourteenth century, Tlemcen was a city of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It housed several well-known <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> and numerous wealthy religious foundations, and became the principal centers of culture in the central Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zayyanids were the first to sponsor of the construction of madrasas in this part of the Maghreb, and among the most famous in Tlemcen was the <a href="/wiki/Tashfiniya_Madrasa" title="Tashfiniya Madrasa">Tashfiniya Madrasa</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashfin I</a> (r. 1318–1337).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 284–290">: 284–290 </span></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souk</a> around the Great Mosque, merchants sold woolen fabrics and rugs from the East, slaves and gold from across the Sahara, local earthenware and leather goods, and a variety of Mediterranean maritime goods "redirected" to Tlemcen by <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">corsairs</a>—in addition to imported European goods available at the funduk.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchant houses based in Tlemcen, such as the al-Makkari, maintained regular branch offices in <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the fourteenth century, the city twice fell under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> sultan, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali</a> (1337–1348) and his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Abu 'Inan</a>. Both times the Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end. Over the following two centuries, Zayyanid Tlemcen was intermittently a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (then governed by the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Maghrib al-Aqsa</a> (then governed by the Marinid dynasty), or <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Spanish took the city of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> from the Zayyanids in 1509, continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish to attempt a counterattack against Tlemcen in 1543, which the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> deemed a crusade. The Spanish failed to take the city in the first attack, although the strategic vulnerability of Tlemcen caused the kingdom's weight to shift toward the safer and more heavily fortified corsair base at <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ruler of Tlemcen is reported to have been advised by a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torquemada" title="Tomás de Torquemada">Torquemada</a>, opened the gates of Tlemcen to Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Muslim</a> refugees fleeing Spain. Abraham is said to have supported them with his own money and with the tolerance of the king of Tlemcen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg/220px-Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg/330px-Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg/440px-Mosquee_Abi_El_Hassen_Tlemcen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bellahsen_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bellahsen Mosque">Sidi Bellahsen Mosque</a>, Tlemcen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg/220px-A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg/330px-A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg/440px-A_man_of_Tlemcen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A man of Tlemcen</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1551)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)">Campaign of Tlemcen</a>. Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombarded Algiers in 1830, at which point the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a> capitulated to French colonial rule; a broad coalition of natives continued to resist, coordinated loosely at Tlemcen. </p><p>Tlemcen was a vacation spot and retreat for French settlers in Algeria, who found it far more temperate than Oran or Algiers. The city adapted and became more cosmopolitan, with a unique outlook on art and culture, and its architecture and urban life evolved to accommodate this new sense. In the independence movements of the mid-twentieth century, it was relatively quiet, reflecting the city's sense of aloofness from the turbulence of Algiers. In 1943 Tlemcen was little more than a railway halt. On January 13 a British and American train patrol engaged in a skirmish with the retreating troops of the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> marched eastwards from its Moroccan landing grounds, the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British 8th Army</a> drove west, forcing the Germans into an evacuation pocket at Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1942–1943, before embarking for Italy, the US Army Medical Corps established two fixed hospitals at Tlemcen: 9th Evacuation (as station), 12–26 December 1942. Seven hundred and fifty beds and 32d Station, 28 February – 28 November 1943, 500 beds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important place for pilgrimage of all religions into Tlemcen was the Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of town. Up to 10,000 people worldwide made the journey to the site.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (July 2023)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonetheless, despite religious freedoms, their community had never numbered more than 5,000–6,000 in the 20th century, and discriminatory laws of had been in force since 1881.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Algerian independence in 1962, most of the small Jewish population evacuated to metropolitan France.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berber tribes historically professed Judaism. During the colonial period they served in the French Army. French Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a> paid for a local Jewish school, which closed in 1934, perhaps owing to the rise of Fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 Jordanian sources reported that the Algerian government intended to restore the damaged Jewish tombs at the historic cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlemcen has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Csa</i>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tlemcen (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(107.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.2<br />(115.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(1.51) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(1.59) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(1.38) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(1.01) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(0.17) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(0.63) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(1.14) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">325.5<br />(12.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">298.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">322.9 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">330.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.8 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,056.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant display of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> culture, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Abu_Madyan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Abu Madyan Mosque">a tomb</a>—that of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Boumédiène">Sidi Boumédiène</a>, whose tomb adjoins a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen" title="Great Mosque of Tlemcen">Great Mosque of Tlemcen</a> was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Tlemcenien" title="Le Petit Tlemcenien">Le Petit Tlemcenien</a></i>, French language weekly (1882)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ibn Abī Ḥajalah (1325–1375), poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari</a> (1591–1632), historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Buffet" title="Eugénie Buffet">Eugénie Buffet</a> (1866–1934), French singer</li> <li>Larbi Bensari (1867–1964), musician</li> <li>Henri Dickson (1872–1938), French singer</li> <li>Cheikha Tetma (1891–1962), musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messali_Hadj" title="Messali Hadj">Messali Hadj</a> (1898–1974), nationalist politician</li> <li>Hocine Benachenhou (1898–1979), political revolutionary</li> <li>Abdelhalim Hemche (1906–1979), painter</li> <li>Abdelhamid Benachenhou (1907–1976), historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a> (1908–2001), French writer and historian</li> <li>Abdelkrim Dali (1914–1978), musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a> (1920–2003), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benaouda_Benzerdjeb" title="Benaouda Benzerdjeb">Benaouda Benzerdjeb</a> (1921–1956), physician and martyr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachir_Yell%C3%A8s" title="Bachir Yellès">Bachir Yellès</a> (1921–2022), painter</li> <li>Djilali Sari (born 1928), sociologist and historian</li> <li>Abdelmadjid Meziane (1929–2001), scholar and theologian</li> <li>Kamel Malti (born 1929), musicologist <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Choukri Mesli (born 1931), painter</li> <li>Marie-Claude Gay (born 1942), French novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourad_Medelci" title="Mourad Medelci">Mourad Medelci</a> (1943–2019), politician</li> <li>Ahmed Benhelli (born 1940), diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachid_Baba_Ahmed" title="Rachid Baba Ahmed">Rachid Baba Ahmed</a> (1946–1995), singer and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Na%C3%AFr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Naïr">Sami Naïr</a> (born 1946), political philosopher</li> <li>Emile Malet (born 1947), French journalist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latifa_Ben_Mansour" title="Latifa Ben Mansour">Latifa Ben Mansour</a> (born 1950), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bruel" title="Patrick Bruel">Patrick Bruel</a> (born 1959), French actor and singer</li> <li>Mohamed Zaoui (born 1960), boxer</li> <li>Kherris Kheireddine (born 1973), international footballer</li> <li>Anwar Boudjakdji (born 1976), international footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamel_Habri" title="Kamel Habri">Kamel Habri</a> (born 1976), international footballer</li> <li>Dahlab Ali (born 1976), international footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_—_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.94_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns — sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns — sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tlemcen is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jajmau" title="Jajmau">Jajmau</a>, India<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-Twin_1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twin_1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WA_Tlemcen" title="WA Tlemcen">WA Tlemcen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_National_Park" title="Tlemcen National Park">Tlemcen National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Ourit_Waterfalls" title="El-Ourit Waterfalls">El-Ourit Waterfalls</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416144340/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tlemcen">"Tlemcen | Definition of Tlemcen in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tlemcen">the original</a> on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Tlemcen+%7C+Definition+of+Tlemcen+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftlemcen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106085222/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/algeria.aspx?levels=Tlemcen">"Tlemcen: Administrative Units"</a>. GeoHive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/cntry/algeria.aspx?levels=Tlemcen">the original</a> on 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tlemcen%3A+Administrative+Units&rft.pub=GeoHive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geohive.com%2Fcntry%2Falgeria.aspx%3Flevels%3DTlemcen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSi_Kaddour_Benghabrit1954" class="citation book cs1">Si Kaddour Benghabrit (1954). <i>Richesses de France</i>. Bordeaux: Delmas. pp. Tlemcen, Perle du Maghreb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richesses+de+France&rft.place=Bordeaux&rft.pages=Tlemcen%2C+Perle+du+Maghreb&rft.pub=Delmas&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Si+Kaddour+Benghabrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Mataillet2010" class="citation news cs1">Dominique Mataillet (April 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/197086/culture/tlemcen-la-grenade-africaine/">"Tlemcen, la Grenade africaine"</a>. <i>Jeune Afrique</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211033926/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/197086/culture/tlemcen-la-grenade-africaine/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jeune+Afrique&rft.atitle=Tlemcen%2C+la+Grenade+africaine&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.au=Dominique+Mataillet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F197086%2Fculture%2Ftlemcen-la-grenade-africaine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamma-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamma_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamma_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamma_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamma, Walid, Abdelkader Djedid, and Mohammed Nabil Ouissi. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/63351/ssoar-cinqcon-2016-13-hamma_et_al-Delimitation_du_patrimoine_urbain_de.pdf?sequence=1">Délimitation du patrimoine urbain de la ville historique de Tlemcen en Algérie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604015226/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/63351/ssoar-cinqcon-2016-13-hamma_et_al-Delimitation_du_patrimoine_urbain_de.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 2023-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Cinq Continents 6, no. 13 (2016): 42-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelYalaoui1960–2007" class="citation book cs1">Bel, A.; Yalaoui, M. (1960–2007). "Tilimsān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tilims%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Yalaoui%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Émile Janier, « Regards sur le passé », <i>Richesses de France</i>, <abbr>no</abbr> 18, éd. Delmas, Bordeaux, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Bodereau, <i>La Capsa ancienne, la Gafsa moderne</i>, éd. Augustin Challamel, Paris, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orthodoxengland-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxengland_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm">"The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today"</a>. orthodoxengland.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094611/http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Christians+Of+North-West+Africa%3A+Some+Lessons+For+Orthodox+Today&rft.pub=orthodoxengland.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxengland.org.uk%2Fmaghreb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldun, History of Berber</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cedric Barnes (2006), <i>Kharijis (768 CE)</i>, in Josef W Meri (ed.), <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge., p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Tlemcen". <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tlemcen&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmagro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Almagro, Antonio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281197636">"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura"</a>. <i>Al-Qantara</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 199–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2015.007">10.3989/alqantara.2015.007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F122812">10261/122812</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521152449/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281197636_The_Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen_and_the_Dome_of_its_Maqsuraem">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Qantara&rft.atitle=The+Great+Mosque+of+Tlemcen+and+the+Dome+of+its+Maqsura&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=199-257&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F122812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Falqantara.2015.007&rft.aulast=Almagro&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281197636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charpentier, Agnès (2018). <i>Tlemcen médiévale: urbanisme, architecture et arts</i> (in French). Éditions de Boccard. pp. 138, 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782701805252" title="Special:BookSources/9782701805252"><bdi>9782701805252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlemcen+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale%3A+urbanisme%2C+architecture+et+arts&rft.pages=138%2C+145&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+Boccard&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782701805252&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also: Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i>, Volume 4 (Taylor & Francis, 1994) p702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Saidi (1997), <i>The unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 8-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanz2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanz, Jennifer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/86907"><i>L'invention d'une capitale : Tlemcen : (VIIe-XIIIe/IXe-XVe siècle)</i></a> (in French). Éditions de la Sorbonne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-351-0683-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-351-0683-6"><bdi>979-10-351-0683-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514100151/https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/86907">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27invention+d%27une+capitale+%3A+Tlemcen+%3A+%28VIIe-XIIIe%2FIXe-XVe+si%C3%A8cle%29&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-10-351-0683-6&rft.aulast=Vanz&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpsorbonne%2F86907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charpentier, Agnès (2018). <i>Tlemcen médiévale: urbanisme, architecture et arts</i> (in French). Éditions de Boccard. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782701805252" title="Special:BookSources/9782701805252"><bdi>9782701805252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlemcen+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale%3A+urbanisme%2C+architecture+et+arts&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+Boccard&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782701805252&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&dq=tlemcen+intellectual&pg=PA98"><i>North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2"><bdi>978-0-292-76190-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730080053/https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&dq=tlemcen+intellectual&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%2C+Revised+Edition%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76190-2&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN-EBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtlemcen%2Bintellectual%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Hrbek (1997), <i>The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.M. Cissoko (1997), <i>The Songhay from the twelfth to the sixteenth century</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 77-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104944649">"funduk"</a>. Oxford Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013192751/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104944649">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=funduk&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110810104944649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbi (1997: 29).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernand Braudel (1979), <i>Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: Vol. III: The Perspective of the World</i>. Transl. Sian Reynolds. Univ. Calif. Press & HarperCollins (1992), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Ehret (2002), <i>The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800</i>. Univ. Virginia Press, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). <i>L'architecture musulmane d'Occident</i>. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Idris (1997), <i>Society in the Maghrib after the disappearance of the Almohads</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 44-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.T Niane (1997), <i>Relationships and exchanges among the different regions</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 245-253).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masatochi Kasaichi (2004), "Three renowned 'ulama' families of Tlemcen: The Maqqari, the Marzuqi and the 'Uqbani". <i>J. Sophia Asian Studies</i> 22: 121-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrbek (1997: 39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrbek (1997: 41).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the battle was depicted in the film <i>Casablanca Express</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094843/?ref_=nv_sr_1"><i>Casablanca Express</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604014928/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094843/?ref_=nv_sr_1">Archived</a> 2023-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/MedSvcsinMedtrnMnrThrtrs/chapter5.htm">"US Medical Corps during Second World War Retrieved 1 December 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101522/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/MedSvcsinMedtrnMnrThrtrs/chapter5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Medical+Corps+during+Second+World+War+Retrieved+1+December+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.amedd.army.mil%2Fbooksdocs%2Fwwii%2FMedSvcsinMedtrnMnrThrtrs%2Fchapter5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/algeria/tiemcen.html">Algerian archive file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911015342/http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/algeria/tiemcen.html">Archived</a> 2015-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19884.html">Tlemcen Jewish heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507004745/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19884.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174530/http://iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/algeria/tiemcen.html">"International Jewish Cemetery Project"</a>. <i>www.albawaba.com (Jordan)</i>. 2 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/algeria/tiemcen.html">the original</a> on 2018-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.albawaba.com+%28Jordan%29&rft.atitle=International+Jewish+Cemetery+Project&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org%2Falgeria%2Ftiemcen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215631/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/TlemcenZenata_60531.csv">"Tlemcen Zenata Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/TlemcenZenata_60531.csv">the original</a> on 26 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Tlemcen+Zenata+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FAlgeria%2FCSV%2FTlemcenZenata_60531.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishers1973" class="citation book cs1">Publishers, Nagel (1973). N., Huguenin-Gonon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PL0LAQAAIAAJ"><i>Algeria</i></a>. Nagel Publishers. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8263-0604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8263-0604-7"><bdi>978-2-8263-0604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Nagel+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-2-8263-0604-7&rft.aulast=Publishers&rft.aufirst=Nagel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPL0LAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Talbi (1997), <i>The Spread of Civilization in the Maghrib and its Impact on Western Civilization</i>, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), <i>General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i> (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 24-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/-00-00-0000-124341_159.php">Hommage à Mahieddine Kamel Malti : L'immensité discrète</a>, El Watan du 14/05/2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115060126/http://granada.org/v2010.nsf/xxtod/ciudadeshermanas">"CIUDADES CON LAS QUE ESTÁ HERMANADA GRANADA"</a> (official website) (in Spanish). Granada, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Granada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granada.org/v2010.nsf/xxtod/ciudadeshermanas">the original</a> on 2014-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIUDADES+CON+LAS+QUE+EST%C3%81+HERMANADA+GRANADA&rft.place=Granada%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Ayuntamiento+de+Granada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.granada.org%2Fv2010.nsf%2Fxxtod%2Fciudadeshermanas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">since 11 July 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803092858/https://www.nanterre.fr/173-jumelage.htm">"Les six villes jumelées"</a>. <i>nanterre.fr</i> (in French). Nanterre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nanterre.fr/173-jumelage.htm">the original</a> on 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nanterre.fr&rft.atitle=Les+six+villes+jumel%C3%A9es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanterre.fr%2F173-jumelage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221123832/http://www.tsa-algerie.com/diplomatie/jumelage-entre-les-villes-de-tlemcen-et-de-lille-martine-aubry-recue-par-bouteflika-et-plusieurs_23840.html">"Jumelage entre les villes de Tlemcen et de Lille : Martine Aubry reçue par Bouteflika et plusieurs ministres - Diplomatie - Tout sur l'Algérie - page 1"</a>. Tsa-algerie.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa-algerie.com/diplomatie/jumelage-entre-les-villes-de-tlemcen-et-de-lille-martine-aubry-recue-par-bouteflika-et-plusieurs_23840.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumelage+entre+les+villes+de+Tlemcen+et+de+Lille+%3A+Martine+Aubry+re%C3%A7ue+par+Bouteflika+et+plusieurs+ministres+-+Diplomatie+-+Tout+sur+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+-+page+1&rft.pub=Tsa-algerie.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa-algerie.com%2Fdiplomatie%2Fjumelage-entre-les-villes-de-tlemcen-et-de-lille-martine-aubry-recue-par-bouteflika-et-plusieurs_23840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm">"Jumelages"</a>. <i>montpellier.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826015921/http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=montpellier.fr&rft.atitle=Jumelages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpellier.fr%2F30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Официальный портал Казани</bdi></a>. <i>kzn.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416154119/http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kzn.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzn.ru%2Fpage12827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twin_1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twin_1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145836/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147">"Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">©</a>City of Sarajevo 2001–2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147">the original</a> on 2016-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraternity+cities+on+Sarajevo+Official+Web+Site&rft.pub=%C2%A9City+of+Sarajevo+2001%E2%80%932008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarajevo.ba%2Fen%2Fstream.php%3Fkat%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">since 1964</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tlemcen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlemcen-dz.com/">Tlemcen</a>, non official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-tlemcen.dz/">Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.LibreTlemcen.org/">Free/Open Source Community of Tlemcen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citedetlemcen.free.fr/">Unofficial portrait of this city</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tlemçen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tlem%C3%A7en">"Tlemçen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1034–1035.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tlem%C3%A7en&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1034-1035&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPétridès1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pétridès, Sophron (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pomaria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pomaria">"Pomaria" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pomaria&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9trid%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Sophron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlemcen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlemcen.info/">Tlemcen in the region Oran</a>, non official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Tlemcen_Province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tlemcen_Province" title="Template:Tlemcen Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tlemcen_Province" title="Template talk:Tlemcen Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tlemcen_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tlemcen Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px_Tlemcen_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/25px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/38px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/50px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Capital:</b> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlemcen</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlemcen District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlemcen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="20" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ-13_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DZ-13_%282019%29.svg/250px-DZ-13_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DZ-13_%282019%29.svg/375px-DZ-13_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DZ-13_%282019%29.svg/500px-DZ-13_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghazaouet_District" title="Ghazaouet District">Ghazaouet District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaouet" title="Ghazaouet">Ghazaouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souahlia" title="Souahlia">Souahlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienet" title="Tienet">Tienet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Yaghmouracene" title="Dar Yaghmouracene">Dar Yaghmouracene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabra_District" title="Sabra District">Sabra District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabra,_Algeria" title="Sabra, Algeria">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouhlou,_Algeria" title="Bouhlou, Algeria">Bouhlou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nedroma_District" title="Nedroma District">Nedroma District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nedroma" title="Nedroma">Nedroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djebala" title="Djebala">Djebala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remchi_District" title="Remchi District">Remchi District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remchi" title="Remchi">Remchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Ouarsous" title="Beni Ouarsous">Beni Ouarsous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Youcef" title="Aïn Youcef">Aïn Youcef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaa_Chioukh" title="Sebaa Chioukh">Sebaa Chioukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fehoul" title="El Fehoul">El Fehoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sebdou_District" title="Sebdou District">Sebdou District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebdou" title="Sebdou">Sebdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Gor" title="El Gor">El Gor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Aricha" title="El Aricha">El Aricha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Assa_District" title="Bab El Assa District">Bab El Assa District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Assa" title="Bab El Assa">Bab El Assa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souani" title="Souani">Souani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Tlata" title="Souk Tlata">Souk Tlata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansourah_District_(Tlemcen_Province)" title="Mansourah District (Tlemcen Province)">Mansourah District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Tlemcen" title="Mansoura, Tlemcen">Mansourah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terny_Beni_Hdiel" title="Terny Beni Hdiel">Terny Beni Hdiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Ghoraba" title="Aïn Ghoraba">Aïn Ghoraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Mester" title="Beni Mester">Beni Mester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Mimoun_District" title="Ouled Mimoun District">Ouled Mimoun District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Mimoun" title="Ouled Mimoun">Ouled Mimoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Lakhdar" title="Oued Lakhdar">Oued Lakhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Semiel" title="Beni Semiel">Beni Semiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Djillali_District" title="Sidi Djillali District">Sidi Djillali District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Djillali" title="Sidi Djillali">Sidi Djillali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bouihi" title="El Bouihi">El Bouihi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatouane_District" title="Chatouane District">Chatouane District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chetouane" title="Chetouane">Chetouane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Fezza" title="Aïn Fezza">Aïn Fezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amieur" title="Amieur">Amieur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honaine_District" title="Honaine District">Honaine District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honaine" title="Honaine">Honaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Khellad" title="Beni Khellad">Beni Khellad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Snous_District" title="Béni Snous District">Béni Snous District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Snous" title="Beni Snous">Beni Snous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azails" title="Azails">Azails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Bahdel" title="Beni Bahdel">Beni Bahdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Boussa%C3%AFd_District" title="Béni Boussaïd District">Béni Boussaïd District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Boussaid" title="Beni Boussaid">Beni Boussaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Medjahed" title="Sidi Medjahed">Sidi Medjahed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Ben_M%27Hidi_District" title="Marsa Ben M'Hidi District">Marsa Ben M'Hidi District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Ben_M%27Hidi" title="Marsa Ben M'Hidi">Marsa Ben M'Hidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msirda_Fouaga" title="Msirda Fouaga">Msirda Fouaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Felaoucene_District" title="Felaoucene District">Felaoucene District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellaoucene" title="Fellaoucene">Fellaoucene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Fetah" title="Aïn Fetah">Aïn Fetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Kebira" title="Aïn Kebira">Aïn Kebira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Tallout_District" title="Aïn Tallout District">Aïn Tallout District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Tallout" title="Aïn Tallout">Aïn Tallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Nehala" title="Aïn Nehala">Aïn Nehala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bensekrane_District" title="Bensekrane District">Bensekrane District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bensekrane" title="Bensekrane">Bensekrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Abdelli" title="Sidi Abdelli">Sidi Abdelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hennaya_District" title="Hennaya District">Hennaya District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hennaya" title="Hennaya">Hennaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata,_Algeria" title="Zenata, Algeria">Zenata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Riyah" title="Ouled Riyah">Ouled Riyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghnia_District" title="Maghnia District">Maghnia District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghnia" title="Maghnia">Maghnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Boughrara" title="Hammam Boughrara">Hammam Boughrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provincial</a> seats of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria" title="Adrar, Algeria">Adrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Aïn Defla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent" title="Aïn Témouchent">Aïn Témouchent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batna,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Batna, Algeria">Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char" title="Béchar">Béchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra" title="Bouïra">Bouïra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s" title="Boumerdès">Boumerdès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djelfa" title="Djelfa">Djelfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bayadh" title="El Bayadh">El Bayadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Oued" title="El Oued">El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Taref" title="El Taref">El Taref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illizi" title="Illizi">Illizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenchela" title="Khenchela">Khenchela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">Laghouat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mila, Algeria">Mila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Sila,_Algeria" title="M'Sila, Algeria">M'Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma" title="Naâma">Naâma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi" title="Oum El Bouaghi">Oum El Bouaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relizane" title="Relizane">Relizane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria" title="Saïda, Algeria">Saida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanrasset" title="Tamanrasset">Tamanrasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tébessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissemsilt" title="Tissemsilt">Tissemsilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlemcen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/80px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Algeria</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185134#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185134#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185134#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242574020">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1233735/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4106512-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85128040">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12102210z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12102210z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tlemcen (Algeria)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0319083&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452104">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562192605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7ed3d520-bcdd-4bcd-b74c-fd220501379c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029383420">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tilimsan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&oldid=1258808410">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tlemcen&oldid=1258808410</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tlemcen" title="Category:Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_establishments_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire">2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a 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