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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="보이기" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">보이기</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-용어" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#용어"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>용어</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-용어-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-구조" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#구조"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>구조</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-구조-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-분류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#분류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>분류</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-분류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-단당류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#단당류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>단당류</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-단당류-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>단당류 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-단당류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-단당류의_분류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#단당류의_분류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>단당류의 분류</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-단당류의_분류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-고리형_및_선형_구조에서_이성질체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고리형_및_선형_구조에서_이성질체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>고리형 및 선형 구조에서 이성질체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고리형_및_선형_구조에서_이성질체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-생물에서의_사용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생물에서의_사용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>생물에서의 사용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-생물에서의_사용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-이당류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이당류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>이당류</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이당류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-다당류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#다당류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>다당류</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-다당류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-영양" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#영양"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>영양</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-영양-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>영양 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-영양-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-유형" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#유형"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>유형</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-유형-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-식이_탄수화물_일부_제한의_효과" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#식이_탄수화물_일부_제한의_효과"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>식이 탄수화물 일부 제한의 효과</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-식이_탄수화물_일부_제한의_효과-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-물질대사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#물질대사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>물질대사</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-물질대사-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>물질대사 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-물질대사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-이화작용" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이화작용"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>이화작용</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이화작용-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-탄수화물_화학" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#탄수화물_화학"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>탄수화물 화학</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-탄수화물_화학-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참고자료" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고자료"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>참고자료</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고자료-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">탄수화물</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 134개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhidraat" title="Koolhidraat – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolhidraat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_carbonio" title="Hidrato de carbonio – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrato de carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سكريات – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শৰ্কৰা – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শৰ্কৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratlar" title="Karbohidratlar – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbohidratlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربوهیدرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 발리어" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="발리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97ond%C4%97n%C4%93" title="Onglėondėnē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėondėnē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শর্করা – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শর্করা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нүүрһэн уһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэн уһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcid" title="Glúcid – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glúcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 세부아노어" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="세부아노어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربۆھیدرات – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆھیدرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharidy" title="Sacharidy – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sacharidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrad" title="Carbohydrad – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbohydrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulhydrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް – 디베히어" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="디베히어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Υδατάνθρακες – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδατάνθρακες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrato" title="Karbonhidrato – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonhidrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcido" title="Glúcido – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glúcido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahhariidid" title="Sahhariidid – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sahhariidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono hidrato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کربوهیدرات – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilihydraatti" title="Hiilihydraatti – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilihydraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glucide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6lh%C3%BCdraaten" title="Köölhüdraaten – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Köölhüdraaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalhydraat" title="Koalhydraat – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalhydraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbaihiodr%C3%A1it" title="Carbaihiodráit – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbaihiodráit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualuisg" title="Gualuisg – 스코틀랜드 게일어" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualuisg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드 게일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrato" title="Carbohidrato – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פחמימה – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 피지 힌디어" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="피지 힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabonidrat" title="Kabonidrat – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabonidrat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nhidr%C3%A1t" title="Szénhidrát – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénhidrát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ածխաջուր – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrato" title="Carbohydrato – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbohydrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrate" title="Carbohidrate – 인테르링구에" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbohidrate" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="인테르링구에" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 이로코어" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="이로코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykra" title="Sykra – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucidi" title="Glucidi – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glucidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="炭水化物 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭水化物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 자바어" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="자바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირწყლები – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირწყლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көмірсулар – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмірсулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہایڈریٹ – 카슈미르어" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاربوہایڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="카슈미르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboh%C3%AEdrat" title="Karbohîdrat – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbohîdrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83" title="Көмүрсуу – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүрсуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratum" title="Carbohydratum – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbohydratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelenhydrat" title="Kuelenhydrat – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelenhydrat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidraa" title="Carbuidraa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbuidraa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ກະລູຊິດ – 라오어" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະລູຊິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="라오어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliavandeniai" title="Angliavandeniai – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angliavandeniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C4%BChidr%C4%81ti" title="Ogļhidrāti – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogļhidrāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosida" title="Gliosida – 말라가시어" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gliosida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="말라가시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Јаглехидрат – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ് – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Нүүрс ус – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ် – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lenhydrate" title="Kölenhydrate – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kölenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhydraten" title="Koolhydraten – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolhydraten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid" title="Glucid – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glucid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboohayidireeti" title="Kaarboohayidireeti – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboohayidireeti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର – 오리야어" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="오리야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æвзалыдæттæ – 오세트어" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыдæттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="오세트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glowodany" title="Węglowodany – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglowodany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%BC" title="کاربوهایډرېټ – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربوهایډرېټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrato" title="Carboidrato – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carboidrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaku" title="K'illimsayaku – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid%C4%83" title="Glucidă – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glucidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Углеводы – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углеводы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Угльоводы – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угльоводы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углевод – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Углевод" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ – 산탈리어" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="산탈리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidrati" title="Carbuidrati – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbuidrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrati" title="Ugljeni hidrati – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljeni hidrati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7" title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sacharid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikov_hidrat" title="Ogljikov hidrat – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikov hidrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates" title="Carbohydrates – 쇼나어" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Carbohydrates" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="쇼나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratet" title="Karbohidratet – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karbohidratet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Угљени хидрат – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљени хидрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhydrat" title="Kolhydrat – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolhydrat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrati_kabonia" title="Hidrati kabonia – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrati kabonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పిండి పదార్థాలు – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిండి పదార్థాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Карбогидратҳо – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбогидратҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95" title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrata" title="Karbohidrata – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbohidrata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrat" title="Karbonhidrat – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonhidrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күмерсулар – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күмерсулар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – 투비니안어" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="투비니안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Вуглеводи – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглеводи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglevodlar" title="Uglevodlar – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglevodlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrati" title="Carboidrati – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carboidrati" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrat" title="Carbohydrat – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="糖类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნოშქერწყარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოშქერწყარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="קארבאהידראט – 이디시어" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארבאהידראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="이디시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz – 주앙어" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="주앙어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖类" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" title="醣類 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="醣類" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-ch%C3%BAi-ho%C3%A0-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3" title="醣 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Lactose_Haworth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lactose_Haworth.svg/220px-Lactose_Haworth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lactose_Haworth.svg/330px-Lactose_Haworth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lactose_Haworth.svg/440px-Lactose_Haworth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>은 동물의 젖에서 발견되는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>이다. 젖당은 D-<a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>와 D-<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>이 β(1→4) <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="글리코사이드 결합">글리코사이드 결합</a>으로 연결된 구조이다. </figcaption></figure> <p><b>탄수화물</b>(炭水化物, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">carbohydrate</span>)은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소">탄소</a>(C), <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a>(H), <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>(O) <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a>로 구성된 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a>로 보통 수소 원자 : 산소 원자의 비율이 2 : 1이며, 일반적으로 C<sub>m</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>으로 나타낼 수 있다(여기서 m과 n은 다를 수 있다). 이러한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식">화학식</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>에서도 적용된다. 몇 가지 예외가 있는데, 예를 들어 <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>의 당 성분인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>는<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 화학식이 C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄수화물은 기술적으로 탄소의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="수화물">수화물</a>이다. 구조적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="케토스">케토스</a>로 탄수화물을 보는 것이 더 정확하다. </p><p>"탄수화물"이란 용어는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생화학">생화학</a>에서 가장 흔한 용어 중 하나인데, 탄수화물은 당류(糖類, saccharide)의 동의어로 당, <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a> 등을 포함하는 그룹이다. 탄수화물은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>의 4가지 화학 그룹으로 분류된다. 가장 작은(저분자량) 탄수화물인 단당류 및 이당류는 일반적으로 당 또는 당류(糖 또는 糖類, sugars)로 언급된다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "당류(saccharide)"라는 단어는 "당(sugar)"을 의미하는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="그리스어">그리스어</a> σάκχαρον (sákkharon)에서 유래되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-avenas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄수화물의 과학적 명칭은 복잡하지만 단당류 및 이당류의 이름은 단당류인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>(glucose), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>(fructose), 이당류인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">설탕</a>(sucrose), <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>(lactose)에서와 같이 접미사 "-ose"로 끝나는 경우가 많다. </p><p>탄수화물은 생물에서 다양한 역할을 수행한다. 다당류는 에너지 저장(예: <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>) 및 구조적인 성분(예: 식물의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, 절지동물의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>)으로 역할을 한다. <a href="/wiki/5%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="5탄당">5탄당</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>는 조효소(예: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAD" class="mw-redirect" title="FAD">FAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NAD%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="NAD+">NAD<sup>+</sup></a>)의 주요 성분이며, 유전 물질인 <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>의 골격을 구성하는 성분이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>의 구성 성분이다. 탄수화물과 탄수화물 유도체에는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%84" title="면역계">면역계</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="수정 (생물학)">수정</a>, 발병 예방, <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1_%EC%9D%91%EA%B3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="혈액 응고">혈액 응고</a> 및 발생에서 중요한 역할을 하는 다른 많은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a>들이 포함된다.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>녹말과 당(sugar)은 사람의 식단에서 가장 중요한 탄수화물이다. 녹말과 당은 다양한 자연 식품 및 가공 식품에서 발견된다. 녹말은 다당류로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC" title="곡물">곡물</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80" title="밀">밀</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="옥수수">옥수수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%80" title="쌀">쌀</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%9E%90" title="감자">감자</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%B5" title="빵">빵</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%9E%90" title="피자">피자</a>와 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8" title="밀가루">밀가루</a>를 기본으로 한 가공 식품에 풍부하다. 당은 사람의 식단에서 주로 설탕(<a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EC%88%98%EC%88%98" title="사탕수수">사탕수수</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%95%EB%AC%B4" title="사탕무">사탕무</a>에서 추출한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%9C%A0" title="우유">우유</a>에 풍부), <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>(둘 다 <a href="/wiki/%EA%BF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="꿀">꿀</a>, 많은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%BC" title="과일">과일</a>, 일부 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B1%84%EC%86%8C" title="채소">채소</a>에 자연적으로 포함되어 있음)으로 나타난다. 설탕, 우유, 꿀은 종종 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%BC" title="잼">잼</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%B7" title="비스킷">비스킷</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="케이크">케이크</a>와 같은 여러 음식과 음료에 첨가된다. </p><p>모든 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽">세포벽</a>에서 발견되는 다당류인 셀룰로스는 불용성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유">식이 섬유</a>의 주성분 중 하나이다. 불용성 식이 섬유는 소화되지는 않지만, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EB%B3%80" title="배변">배변</a>을 용이하게 하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="소화계통">소화계</a>를 건강하게 유지할 수 있게 도와준다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 식이 섬유에 함유된 다른 다당류에는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="저항성 녹말 (없는 문서)">저항성 녹말</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%88%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="이눌린">이눌린</a>이 포함된다. 이들 다당류들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="대장 (해부학)">대장</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%B4%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="미생물총">미생물총</a> 중 일부 세균에 영양을 공급하고, 이들 세균에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">대사</a>되어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%A7%EC%9D%80_%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%AC_%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="짧은 사슬 지방산">짧은 사슬 지방산</a>을 생성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Handbook_of_Dietary_Fiber_in_Human_Nutrition_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Handbook_of_Dietary_Fiber_in_Human_Nutrition-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="용어"><span id=".EC.9A.A9.EC.96.B4"></span>용어</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 용어"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>과학 문헌에서 "탄수화물(carbohydrate)"이라는 용어는 "당(sugar)" (넓은 의미에서), "당류(saccharide)", "-오스(-ose)",<sup id="cite_ref-avenas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avenas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "당질(glucide)",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "탄소의 수화물(hydrate of carbon)", "폴리하이드록시 알데하이드(polyhydroxy aldehyde)" 또는 "폴리하이드록시 케톤(polyhydroxy ketone)"과 같은 많은 동의어들을 가진다. 이들 용어들 중 일부, 특히 "탄수화물(carbohydrate)"과 "당(sugar)"은 다른 의미로도 사용된다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%ED%92%88%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="식품과학">식품과학</a> 및 많은 비공식적인 상황에서 "탄수화물"이라는 용어는 종종 복합 탄수화물(complex carbohydrate)인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>이 특히 풍부한 식품(예: 곡물, 빵, 파스타)를 의미하거나, 당처럼 단순 탄수화물(simple carbohydrate)이 풍부한 식품(예: 사탕, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%BC" title="잼">잼</a>, 디저트)를 의미한다. </p><p>종종 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%86%8D%EB%AC%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%8B%9D%ED%92%88%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EB%B6%84_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="미국 농무부 식품영양성분 데이터베이스 (없는 문서)">미국 농무부 식품영양성분 데이터베이스</a>(USDA National Nutrient Database)와 같은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EB%B6%84%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영양성분표 (없는 문서)">영양성분표</a>의 목록에서 "탄수화물"이라는 용어는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9" title="지방">지방</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%BC%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="무기염류">무기염류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC" title="에탄올">에탄올</a> 이외의 모든 것에 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 여기에는 일반적으로 탄수화물로 간주되지 않는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아세트산">아세트산</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="젖산">젖산</a>과 같은 화합물도 포함된다. 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유">식이 섬유</a>는 탄수화물이지만, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%ED%92%88_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="식품 에너지">식품 에너지</a>(열량)에는 거의 기여를 하지 못한다. 종종 식이 섬유는 당류로 취급되어 식품의 전체 에너지 계산에 포함되기도 한다. </p><p>엄격한 의미에서 "당(sugar)"은 단맛이 나고, 물에 잘 녹는 탄수화물을 뜻하며, 이들 중 다수는 음식에 사용된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="구조"><span id=".EA.B5.AC.EC.A1.B0"></span>구조</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 구조"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학">화학</a>에서 "탄수화물"이란 용어는 과거에 화학식이 C<sub>m</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>인 화합물에 사용되었다. 이러한 정의에 따라, 일부 화학자들은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A6%84%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="포름알데하이드">포름알데하이드</a>(CH<sub>2</sub>O)를 가장 단순한 탄수화물이라 간주했었고,<sup id="cite_ref-coulter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 어떤 화학자들은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%9C%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리콜알데하이드">글리콜알데하이드</a>(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)를 가장 단순한 탄수화물이라 간주하기도 했었다.<sup id="cite_ref-tietz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tietz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 오늘날 탄수화물은 하나 또는 두 개의 탄소 원자를 가진 화합물을 제외하고, C<sub>m</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>의 화학식에서 벗어난 많은 생물학적 탄수화물들을 포함하는, 생화학적 의미에서 일반적으로 이해된다. 예를 들어, 탄수화물은 종종 N-아세틸기(예: <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>), 황산기(예: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8" title="글리코사미노글리칸">글리코사미노글리칸</a>), 카복시기(예: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%8C%EC%82%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="시알산 (없는 문서)">시알산</a>), 디옥시 변형(예: <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="푸코스">푸코스</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%8C%EC%82%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="시알산 (없는 문서)">시알산</a>)과 같은 작용기를 가질 수도 있다. </p><p>천연적인 탄수화물은 일반적으로 화학식이 (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> (여기서 n은 3이상)을 갖는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>로 구성된다. 전형적인 단당류는 많은 하이드록시기를 가지고 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4" title="케톤">케톤</a>이며, 보통 알데하이드 또는 케톤 작용기를 갖고 있지 않는 탄소 원자에 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="하이드록시기">하이드록시기</a>가 하나씩 첨가되어 있다. 단당류의 예로는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">글리세르알데하이드</a> 등이 있다. 그러나 일반적으로 "단당류"라고 불리는 일부 생물학적 물질들은 이러한 화학식 (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> 을 따르지 않는다(예: <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A1%A0%EC%82%B0" title="우론산">우론산</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="푸코스">푸코스</a>와 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%B9" title="디옥시당">디옥시당</a>). 그리고 이러한 화학식 (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> 을 따르지만, 단당류로 간주되지 않는 화학물질들(예: 포름알데하이드(CH<sub>2</sub>O) 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%9C%ED%86%A8" title="이노시톨">이노시톨</a>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>선형의 단당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a>/<a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4" title="케톤">케톤</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90%EA%B8%B0" title="카보닐기">카보닐기</a>(C=O)와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="하이드록시기">하이드록시기</a>(–OH)가 반응하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="헤미아세탈">헤미아세탈</a>/<a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%BC%80%ED%83%88" class="mw-redirect" title="헤미케탈">헤미케탈</a>을 형성하는 고리형과 공존한다. </p><p>단당류들은 다양한 방법으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>(또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a>)를 형성할 수 있다. 많은 탄수화물들은 하나 이상의 작용기가 대체되거나 제거된 하나 이상의 변형된 단당류 단위체를 포함한다. 예를 들어, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>의 구성 성분인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>의 변형이고, <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="글루코스">글루코스</a>에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소">질소</a>가 함유된 형태인 <a href="/wiki/N-%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B8%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EB%AF%BC" title="N-아세틸글루코사민">N-아세틸글루코사민</a>을 단위체로 하는 중합체이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="분류"><span id=".EB.B6.84.EB.A5.98"></span>분류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 분류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>탄수화물은 폴리하이드록시알데하이드, 폴리하이드록시케톤, 이들의 단순 유도체 및 아세탈이나 케탈을 갖는 것들의 중합체이다. 탄수화물은 중합된 정도에 따라 분류될 수 있으며, 3가지 주요 그룹인 당, 올리고당류, 다당류로 나눌 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>주요 식이 탄수화물들 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>종류 (DP*)</th> <th>하위 분류</th> <th>해당 범주의 물질들의 예 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="background-color:#B9FFe8">당류 (1–2) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일로스">자일로스</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BF%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="엿당">엿당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="트레할로스">트레할로스</a>, 유당 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="폴리올 (없는 문서)">폴리올</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%ED%86%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="소르비톨">소르비톨</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%88%ED%86%A8" title="만니톨">만니톨</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B9FFe8"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a> (3–9) </th> <td>말토-올리고당류</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="말토덱스트린">말토덱스트린</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>기타 올리고당류</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라피노스">라피노스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%82%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="스타키오스">스타키오스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="프럭토올리고당">프락토올리고당</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B9FFe8"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a> (>9) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a>, 변성 녹말들 </td></tr> <tr> <td>비-녹말 다당류</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="헤미셀룰로스">헤미셀룰로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="펙틴">펙틴</a>, 하이드로콜로이드 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>DP * = 중합의 정도 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="단당류"><span id=".EB.8B.A8.EB.8B.B9.EB.A5.98"></span>단당류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 단당류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>입니다.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:D-glucose_color_coded.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/130px-D-glucose_color_coded.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/195px-D-glucose_color_coded.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/D-glucose_color_coded.png/260px-D-glucose_color_coded.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>D-<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>은 화학식이 C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>인 알도헥소스이다. 빨간색 원자는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a>이고, 파란색 원자는 알데하이드에서 가장 멀리 떨어져 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%84%EC%84%B1_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="카이랄성 (화학)">비대칭 중심</a>을 나타낸다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94_%ED%88%AC%EC%98%81%EC%8B%9D" title="피셔 투영식">피셔 투영식</a>에서 하이드록시기(-OH)가 오른쪽에 위치하기 때문에 D-포도당이다.</figcaption></figure> <p>단당류는 더 작은 탄수화물로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="가수분해">가수분해</a>될 수 없다는 점에서 가장 단순한 탄수화물이다. 단당류는 2개 이상의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="하이드록시기">하이드록시기</a>를 갖는 알데하이드 또는 케톤이다. 변형되지 않은 단당류의 일반적인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식">화학식</a>은 (C·H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>이며, 문자 그대로 "탄소 수화물"이다. 단당류는 중요한 연료 분자이자 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0" title="핵산">핵산</a>의 구성 요소이다. n=3인 가장 작은 단당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A4" title="다이하이드록시아세톤">다이하이드록시아세톤</a>, L-글리세르알데하이드, D-<a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">글리세르알데하이드</a>이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="단당류의_분류"><span id=".EB.8B.A8.EB.8B.B9.EB.A5.98.EC.9D.98_.EB.B6.84.EB.A5.98"></span>단당류의 분류</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 단당류의 분류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:187px;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/185px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/278px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/370px-Alpha-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="747" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/185px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/278px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png/370px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="603" /></a></span> </p> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>포도당의 α-<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a> 및 β-아노머. 5번 탄소(C-5)에 결합된 CH<sub>2</sub>OH기에 대한 아노머 탄소의 하이드록시기(적색과 녹색으로 표시된 -OH)의 위치에 주목해야 한다. -OH와 -CH<sub>2</sub>OH가 고리 평면에 대해 서로 반대쪽(트랜스)에 위치하면 α-아노머이고, 서로 같은 쪽(시스)에 위치하면 β-아노머이다.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p>단당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90%EA%B8%B0" title="카보닐기">카보닐기</a>의 위치, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소">탄소</a> 원자의 수, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%84%EC%84%B1_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="카이랄성 (화학)">키랄</a> 탄소의 세 가지 특성에 따라 분류된다. 단당류의 카보닐기가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="알데하이드">알데하이드</a>인 경우는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a>이고, 카보닐기가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4" title="케톤">케톤</a>인 경우는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="케토스">케토스</a>이다. 단당류가 3개의 탄소 원자를 가지는 경우는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="삼탄당">삼탄당</a>(트라이오스)이라 부르고, 4개는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="사탄당">사탄당</a>(테트로스), 5개는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="오탄당">오탄당</a>(펜토스), 6개는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="육탄당">육탄당</a>(헥소스)으로 부르는 식이다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이러한 두 분류 체계(카보닐기의 위치, 탄소 원자의 수)는 종종 결합되어 사용된다. 예를 들어, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>은 알도헥소스(6탄소 알데하이드)이고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>는 알도펜토스(5탄소 알데하이드)이며, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>은 케토헥소스(6탄소 케톤)이다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="하이드록시기">하이드록시기</a>(-OH)를 갖는 각 탄소 원자는 첫 번째 탄소와 마지막 탄소를 제외하고는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%84%EC%84%B1_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="카이랄성 (화학)">비대칭</a>이며, 두 가지 가능한 입체 배치(R 또는 S)를 갖는 입체 중심을 형성한다. 이러한 비대칭성으로 인해, 다수의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" title="이성질체">이성질체</a>가 존재할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 알도헥소스인 D-포도당은 르벨-반트 호프의 규칙(Le Bel-van't Hoff rule)을 사용하여 화학식 (C·H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>의 6개의 탄소 원자 중 4개가 비대칭 탄소여서 D-포도당은 2<sup>4</sup>=16가지의 가능한 입체 이성질체들 중 하나가 된다. 알도트라이오스인 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">글리세르알데하이드</a>의 경우에 한 쌍의 가능한 입체 이성질체가 있는데, 이들은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%9A%B8%EC%83%81_%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="거울상 이성질체">거울상 이성질체</a>이면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%EB%A8%B8" title="에피머">에피머</a>이다. 알도스인 글리세르알데하이드에 상응하는 케토스인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A4" title="다이하이드록시아세톤">다이하이드록시아세톤</a>은 입체 중심을 가지지 않는 대칭 분자이다. D- 또는 L- 배치는 카보닐기로부터 가장 멀리 떨어져 있는 비대칭 탄소의 하이드록시기의 방향에 따라 정해진다. 피셔 투영식에서 하이드록시기(-OH)가 분자의 오른쪽에 있으면 D-당이고, 왼쪽에 있으면 L-당이다. "D-" 와 "L-" 접두사는 당이 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%EA%B4%91" title="편광">편광</a> 평면을 회전시키는 방향을 나타내는 "d-" 또는 "l-" 과 혼동되어서는 안된다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고리형_및_선형_구조에서_이성질체"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EB.A6.AC.ED.98.95_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.84.A0.ED.98.95_.EA.B5.AC.EC.A1.B0.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C_.EC.9D.B4.EC.84.B1.EC.A7.88.EC.B2.B4"></span>고리형 및 선형 구조에서 이성질체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 고리형 및 선형 구조에서 이성질체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif/200px-Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Glucose_Fisher_to_Haworth.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>은 선형 또는 고리형으로 존재할 수 있다.</figcaption></figure> <p>선형 구조의 단당류에서 알데하이드 또는 케톤은 분자 내 다른 탄소의 하이드록시기와 가역적으로 반응하여 두 탄소 원자 사이에 산소를 갖는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="헤테로고리 화합물">헤테로고리</a> 구조인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%83%88" title="헤미아세탈">헤미아세탈</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%BC%80%ED%83%88" class="mw-redirect" title="헤미케탈">헤미케탈</a>을 형성한다. 5개의 원자를 갖는 고리는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a>, 6개의 원자를 갖는 고리는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a>로 불리며, 이러한 고리형은 선형과 평형 상태로 존재한다.<sup id="cite_ref-pigman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pigman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>선형에서 고리형으로 전환되는 동안, 아노머 탄소라고 불리는 카보닐 산소를 포함하는 탄소 원자는 두 가지 가능한 배치를 갖는 입체 중심이 된다. 산소 원자는 고리 평면의 위쪽이나 아래쪽에 위치할 수 있는데, 이런 식으로 가능한 입체 이성질체의 쌍을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a>라고 한다. α-아노머에서 아노머 탄소의 -OH 치환기는 -CH<sub>2</sub>OH와 고리 평면에 대해 서로 반대쪽(트랜스)에 위치한다. -CH<sub>2</sub>OH 치환기와 아노머 탄소의 하이드록시기(-OH)가 고리 평면에 대해 서로 같은 쪽(시스)에 있는 형태는 β-아노머라고 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="생물에서의_사용"><span id=".EC.83.9D.EB.AC.BC.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C.EC.9D.98_.EC.82.AC.EC.9A.A9"></span>생물에서의 사용</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 생물에서의 사용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>단당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="물질대사">물질대사</a>를 위한 주요 에너지원(<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>이 가장 중요함)으로 사용되며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="생합성">생합성</a> 과정에서도 사용된다. 세포에서 단당류를 즉각적으로 필요로 하지 않을 때, 단당류들은 종종 공간적으로 보다 효율적인 형태인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>로 전환된다. 사람을 포함한 많은 동물에서 저장 다당류의 형태는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>으로 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%9C%A1" title="근육">근육</a>에 저장된다. 식물에서 저장되는 다당류의 형태는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>이다. 가장 풍부하게 존재하는 탄수화물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>는 식물과 조류의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%B2%BD" title="세포벽">세포벽</a>을 구성하는 성분이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>를 구성하는 성분이며, <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>를 구성하는 성분이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AD%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="릭소스">릭소스</a>는 사람의 심장에서 발견되는 릭소플라빈(lyxoflavin)의 성분이다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="리불로스">리불로스</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일룰로스">자일룰로스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a>에서 발견된다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>의 구성 성분인 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%A7%89" title="세포막">세포막</a>의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="갈락토지질 (없는 문서)">갈락토지질</a>과 많은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="조직 (생물학)">조직</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="당단백질">당단백질</a>에서 발견된다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="만노스">만노스</a>는 사람의 물질대사에서 특히 특정 단백질의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%ED%99%94" title="글리코실화">글리코실화</a>에서 발견된다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>은 많은 식물과 사람에서 발견되며, 사람의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="소화 (생물학)">소화</a> 과정 중 장으로 직접 흡수되어 간에서 대사되고, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%95%A1" title="정액">정액</a>에서도 발견된다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A4%EC%B6%A9" title="곤충">곤충</a>의 주요 당인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="트레할로스">트레할로스</a>는 계속적인 비행을 지원하기 위해 2분자의 포도당으로 빠르게 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="가수분해">가수분해</a>된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="이당류"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.EB.8B.B9.EB.A5.98"></span>이당류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 이당류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Sucrose_3Dprojection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/250px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/375px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sucrose_3Dprojection.png/500px-Sucrose_3Dprojection.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>설탕으로도 알려진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>는 일반적인 이당류이다. 수크로스는 D-<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>(왼쪽)과 D-<a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>(오른쪽)으로 구성된다.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>입니다.</div> <p>이당류는 2분자의 단당류가 결합된 화합물로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BF%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="엿당">엿당</a>(포도당+포도당), <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">설탕</a>(포도당+과당), <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>(포도당+갈락토스)이 있다. 이당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="글리코사이드 결합">글리코사이드 결합</a>으로 연결된 2분자의 단당류로 구성되며, 하나의 단당류에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a> 원자가 또 다른 단당류에서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="하이드록시기">하이드록시기</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%88%EC%88%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="탈수 반응">탈수 반응</a>을 통해 소실된다. 변형되지 않은 이당류의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식">화학식</a>은 C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>이다. 많은 종류의 이당류가 있지만, 몇 가지 이당류는 특히 주목할만 하다. </p><p>오른쪽 그림에 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>(설탕)는 가장 풍부하게 존재하는 이당류이며, 식물에서 운반되는 탄수화물의 주요 형태이다. 수크로스는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a> 1분자와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a> 1분자로 구성된다. 수크로스의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EB%AA%85" title="계통명">계통명</a>은 α-D-글루코피라노실-(1↔2)-β-D-프럭토푸라노사이드이며, 다음의 4가지를 나타내고 있다. </p> <ul><li>수크로스를 구성하는 단당류: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>(글루코스)과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>(프럭토스)</li> <li>고리 유형: 포도당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a>이고, 과당은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a>이다.</li> <li>어떻게 서로 연결되는가: α-D-포도당의 1번 탄소(C-1)에 있는 산소는 D-과당의 2번 탄소(C-2)와 연결된다.</li> <li>접미사 "-oside"는 두 단당류의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머 탄소</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="글리코사이드 결합">글리코사이드 결합</a>에 참여함을 나타낸다.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>은 1분자의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">D-갈락토스</a>와 1분자의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">D-포도당</a>으로 구성된 이당류이며, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%98" title="포유류">포유류</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96" title="젖">젖</a>에서 자연적으로 발견된다. 젖당의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EB%AA%85" title="계통명">계통명</a>은 β-D-갈락토피라노실-(1→4)-D-글루코피라노스이다. 다른 주목할만한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>에는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BF%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="엿당">엿당</a>(D-글루코스 2분자가 α(1→4) 글리코사이드 결합으로 연결)과 셀로비오스(D-글루코스 2분자가 β(1→4) 글리코사이드 결합으로 연결)가 있다. 이당류는 환원성 이당류와 비환원성 이당류의 두 가지 유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 작용기가 다른 단당류와의 결합에 존재하는 경우, 환원성 이당류 또는 비오스(biose)라고 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="다당류"><span id=".EB.8B.A4.EB.8B.B9.EB.A5.98"></span>다당류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 다당류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/350px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/525px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png/700px-Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>의 3D 구조</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>입니다.</div> <p>다당류는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a> 분자들이 연쇄적으로 결합한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="중합체">중합체</a>이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a>로 구분한다. 녹말은 수만 개의 α-<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a> 분자가 결합하여 생성되는데 곁가지의 유무에 따라 다시 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a>로 나누기도 한다. 대부분의 식물 세포는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a>를 녹말의 형태로 저장한다. 동물은 대부분의 에너지를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9" title="지방">지방</a>의 형태로 저장하지만 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%9C%A1" title="근육">근육</a>에는 소량의 글리코젠이 들어 있다. 글리코젠의 합성과 분해는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0" title="인슐린">인슐린</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="글루카곤">글루카곤</a>의 영향을 받는데 인슐린은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당량">혈당량</a>을 낮추는 작용을 하며 포도당을 글리코젠으로 바꾸고, 글루카곤은 반대로 글리코젠을 분해하여 포도당을 생성해서 혈당량을 높이는 작용을 한다. 글리코젠 또한 녹말과 같이 α-포도당 분자로 이루어져 있으나 녹말에 비해 곁가지의 수가 훨씬 더 많다. 셀룰로스는 수만 개의 β-포도당 분자가 결합하여 생성되며 대부분의 식물은 셀룰로스로 세포벽을 만든다. 사람은 셀룰로스를 분해할 수 없지만, 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%9D_%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="초식 동물">초식 동물</a>들은 장 내에 셀룰로스를 분해하는 공생 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>이 있어 이들의 도움으로 셀룰로스를 분해하여 포도당으로 분해할 수 있다. 소 안에 들어있는 세균은 셀룰로스를 분해하여 최종적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%83%84" class="mw-redirect" title="메탄">메탄</a> 가스를 생성하기 때문에, 일부 과학자들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C" title="소">소</a>의 트림이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%83%84_%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="메탄 가스">메탄 가스</a> 생성의 주 원인이라고 주장하고 있다. 셀룰로스는 녹말이나 글리코젠과는 달리 곧은 사슬 형태로만 존재한다. 또한 셀룰로스는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a> 분자를 잘 흡수하는데, 이는 섬유소가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EB%B9%84" title="변비">변비</a>를 해소하는 데 중요한 역할을 하는 것과 관련이 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="영양"><span id=".EC.98.81.EC.96.91"></span>영양</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 영양"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Wheat_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/220px-Wheat_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/330px-Wheat_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wheat_products.jpg/440px-Wheat_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>탄수화물은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC" title="곡물">곡물</a>에 다량으로 함유되어 있다.</figcaption></figure> <p>음식에서 섭취하는 탄수화물은 단순당인 경우 3.87 kcal/g의 에너지를,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 복합 탄수화물의 경우 3.57~4.12 kcal/g의 에너지를 생산한다.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 상대적으로 높은 양의 탄수화물은 과자, 쿠키, 사탕, 설탕, 벌꿀, 청량음료, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%B5" title="빵">빵</a>, 크래커, 잼, 과일 가공품, 파스타, 시리얼을 포함한 가공 식품이나 식물로 만든 정제 식품과 관련된다. 낮은 함량의 탄수화물은 콩, 괴경, 쌀, 과일과 같은 정제되지 않은 음식과 관련이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 우유가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당">젖당</a>을 많이 함유하고 있지만, 동물성 식품은 일반적으로 탄수화물 함량이 가장 낮다. </p><p>생물은 일반적으로 에너지를 생산하기 위해 모든 종류의 탄수화물을 대사할 수는 없다. 포도당은 거의 보편적이며 접근가능한 에너지원이다. 많은 생물들은 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>들과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>들을 대사할 수 있지만, 포도당을 가장 먼저 대사에 이용한다. 예를 들어, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EA%B7%A0" title="대장균">대장균</a>(<i>Escherichia coli</i>)에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%8B%B9_%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="젖당 오페론">젖당 오페론</a>이 존재할 때 젖당 분해 효소를 발현시키지만, 젖당과 포도당 둘 다 존재하면 젖당 오페론이 억제되어 포도당이 먼저 사용된다. 또한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>는 일반적인 에너지원이다. 많은 생물들은 녹말을 포도당으로 쉽게 분해할 수 있다. 그러나 대부분의 생물들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EB%85%B8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="아라비노자일란 (없는 문서)">아라비노자일란</a>과 같은 다른 다당류들을 대사할 수 없다. 이러한 탄수화물들은 일부 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="원생생물">원생생물</a>에 의해 대사될 수 있다. 예를 들어 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="반추동물">반추동물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%B0%EA%B0%9C%EB%AF%B8" title="흰개미">흰개미</a>는 셀룰로스를 분해하는 데에 미생물을 이용한다. 이러한 복합 탄수화물은 잘 소화되지 않더라도 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유">식이 섬유</a>라고 불리며, 사람에서 중요한 식이 요소이다. 식이 섬유는 소화 기능을 향상시키는 등의 이점이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>건강한 중년 성인의 심장 질환 및 비만의 위험에 대한 결과를 토대로<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 미국 국립 의학아카데미는 미국과 캐나다 성인이 곡물 탄수화물로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="음식 에너지">음식 에너지</a>의 45~65%를 섭취할 것을 권장한다.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D%EB%9F%89%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="세계식량농업기구">세계식량농업기구</a>(FAO)와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="세계보건기구">세계보건기구</a>(WHO)는 식이 가이드라인이 전체 에너지의 55~75%를 탄수화물로부터 얻는 것을 목표로 하고 있지만, 당(단순 탄수화물 기준)으로부터 직접적으로 얻는 것은 10%만이 목표라고 밝혔다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017년 코크란 라이브러리(Cochrane Library)는 전체 곡물 식이가 심혈관 질환에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 주장을 뒷받침하는 증거가 충분하지 않다고 결론지었다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28836672_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28836672-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="유형"><span id=".EC.9C.A0.ED.98.95"></span>유형</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 유형"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>영양학자들은 종종 탄수화물을 단순 탄수화물 또는 복합 탄수화물로 지칭한다. 그러나 이들 그룹 간의 정확한 구분은 모호할 수 있다. 복합 탄수화물이란 용어는 미국 상원 영양 특별위원회에서 발표한 미국의 식이 목표(1977년)라는 보고서에서 최초로 사용되었으며, 당과 다른 탄수화물들(영양적으로 우수한)을 구별하기 위해 사용되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 이 보고서는 다당류뿐만 아니라 당을 포함하고 있음에도 불구하고 복합 탄수화물에 "과일, 채소, 곡물"을 포함시켰다. 이러한 혼란은 오늘날 일부 영양학자들이 복합 탄수화물이라는 용어를 섬유, 비타민, 무기염류가 발견되는 모든 음식에 존재하는 소화성 당류(에너지를 제공하지만 다른 영양소는 거의 공급하지 않는 탄수화물)을 일컫는 용어로 사용함에 따라 지속되고 있다. 그러나 표준적인 사용법은 탄수화물을 화학적으로 분류하는 것이다. 당(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a>)인 경우 단순 탄수화물이고, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>(또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당">올리고당</a>)인 경우 복합 탄수화물이다.<sup id="cite_ref-NutSource_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NutSource-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>어떤 경우든 단순 탄수화물과 복합 탄수화물을 화학적으로 구분하는 것은 탄수화물의 영양 품질을 결정하는데 거의 가치가 없다.<sup id="cite_ref-NutSource_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NutSource-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 일부 단순 탄수화물(예: <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="과당">과당</a>)은 혈당을 천천히 올리는 반면 일부 복합 탄수화물(예: <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a>)은 특히 가공되었을 경우에 혈당을 빠르게 상승시킨다. 소화 속도는 탄수화물과 함께 섭취되는 다른 영양소들, 음식의 준비 방법, 물질대사의 개인차, 탄수화물의 화학적 성질을 비롯한 다양한 요인들에 의해 결정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%86%8D%EB%AC%B4%EB%B6%80" title="미국 농무부">미국 농무부</a>의 2010 미국인을 위한 식이 가이드라인은 하루에 170g의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC" title="통곡물">통곡물</a>을 포함한 균형잡힌 식단에서 탄수화물의 소비를 요구한다.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>혈당지수와 혈당부하는 사람의 소화 과정동안 음식물의 작용을 특징짓기 위해 개발되었다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="혈당량">혈당량</a>에 미치는 영향의 신속성과 중요성을 토대로 하여 탄수화물이 풍부한 음식물의 순위를 정한다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="혈당지수">혈당지수</a>는 음식물의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>이 얼마나 빨리 흡수되는지를 측정하는 것이며, <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EB%8B%B9%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98" title="혈당부하">혈당부하</a>는 음식물에서 흡수될 수 있는 포도당의 전체량을 측정하는 것이다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="인슐린 지수 (없는 문서)">인슐린 지수</a>는 음식물 내의 포도당(또는 녹말) 및 일부 아미노산으로 인해 발생하는 혈액 중 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%B0" title="인슐린">인슐린</a> 수치에 대한 영향을 토대로 음식물의 순위를 매기는 보다 최근의 분류 방법이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="식이_탄수화물_일부_제한의_효과"><span id=".EC.8B.9D.EC.9D.B4_.ED.83.84.EC.88.98.ED.99.94.EB.AC.BC_.EC.9D.BC.EB.B6.80_.EC.A0.9C.ED.95.9C.EC.9D.98_.ED.9A.A8.EA.B3.BC"></span>식이 탄수화물 일부 제한의 효과</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 식이 탄수화물 일부 제한의 효과"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95" title="저탄수화물 식이요법">저탄수화물 식이요법</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p>탄수화물은 생물에서 일반적인 에너지원이다.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 사람은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질">단백질</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9" title="지방">지방</a>으로부터 필요한 에너지를 모두 얻을 수 있지만, 극단적인 탄수화물 제한으로 인해 건강에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적인 영향은 여전히 광범위하게 연구되지 않은 채로 남아있다.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유">식이 섬유</a>의 경우(에너지원이 아닌 소화되지 않는 탄수화물) 부적절한 섭취는 사망률을 현저하게 증가시킬 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16685046_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16685046-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>며칠 동안 매우 적은 양의 탄수화물로 구성된 식이 요법을 하면 일반적으로 단백질 함량이 유사한 같은 칼로리의 식단보다 혈액 중 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4%EC%B2%B4" title="케톤체">케톤체</a> 수가 많아진다. 혈액 중 비교적 높은 농도의 케톤체가 존재하면 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A4%EC%A6%9D" title="케톤증">케톤증</a>이라 하며, 당뇨병성 케톤산증으로 알려진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%ED%98%95_%EB%8B%B9%EB%87%A8%EB%B3%91" title="제1형 당뇨병">제1형 당뇨병</a> 환자에서 종종 볼 수 있는 치명적인 상태와 혼동되기 쉽다. 케톤산증을 앓게 되면 고혈당, 탈수, 전해질의 불균형과 함께 훨씬 높은 농도의 혈액 내 케톤체를 가지게 된다. </p><p>긴 사슬 지방산은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1%EB%87%8C%EC%9E%A5%EB%B2%BD" title="혈액뇌장벽">혈액뇌장벽</a>을 통과할 수 없지만, 간에서 이들을 분해하여 케톤체를 생성할 수 있다. 그러나 중간 사슬 지방산인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A5%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="옥탄산">옥탄산</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%B5%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="헵탄산">헵탄산</a>은 혈액뇌장벽을 통과하여 뇌에서 사용될 수 있는데, 일반적으로 뇌는 에너지를 생성하는데 포도당을 사용한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebert_2003_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebert_2003-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 사람은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="포도당신생합성">포도당신생합성</a>을 통해 특정 아미노산 및 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="트라이글리세라이드">트라이글리세라이드</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A1%A4" title="글리세롤">글리세롤</a> 골격으로부터 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>을 합성할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="물질대사"><span id=".EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88.EB.8C.80.EC.82.AC"></span>물질대사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 물질대사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="탄수화물 대사">탄수화물 대사</a>입니다.</div> <p>탄수화물 대사는 생물체 내에서 탄수화물의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="동화작용">생성</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="이화작용">분해</a> 및 상호전환에 관여하는 다양한 생화학적 과정을 의미한다. </p><p>가장 중요한 탄수화물은 거의 모든 생물에서 대사되는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>이다. 포도당과 다른 탄수화물들의 대사는 생물종 전체에 걸쳐 다양한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="대사경로">대사경로</a>들의 일부이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물">식물</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성">광합성</a>에 의해 이산화 탄소와 물로부터 탄수화물을 합성하고, 보통 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a> 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="지질 (생물학)">지질</a>의 형태로 저장한다. 식물에 저장된 탄수화물은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="동물">동물</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="균류">균류</a>에 의해 소비되고, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a>을 위한 연료로 사용된다. 1 g의 탄수화물이 산화되면 약 4 kcal의 에너지가 생성되고, 1 g의 지방이 산화되면 약 9 kcal의 에너지가 생성된다. 인체는 체중에 따라 300 ~ 500 g의 탄수화물을 저장하고, 저장 공간의 상당 부분을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9%EA%B7%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="골격근">골격근</a>이 차지한다.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 물질대사(예: 포도당의 산화)로부터 얻은 에너지는 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0_%EC%82%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아데노신 삼인산">ATP</a>의 형태로 세포 내에 일시적으로 저장된다.<sup id="cite_ref-energetics_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energetics-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 생물은 포도당과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>를 대사하여 부산물로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>을 생성하면서 에너지를 방출하는 산소 호흡이나 무산소 호흡을 할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="이화작용"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.ED.99.94.EC.9E.91.EC.9A.A9"></span>이화작용</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 이화작용"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="이화작용">이화작용</a>은 세포가 더 큰 분자를 더 작은 분자로 분해하면서 에너지를 방출하는 대사 반응이다. 단당류는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="시트르산 회로">시트르산 회로</a>를 거치면서 대사될 수 있다. </p><p>해당과정에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a>들은 먼저 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="글리코시데이스">글리코시데이스</a>라고 불리는 효소에 의해 단당류로 분해된다. 단당류는 단당류의 분해 대사에 이용될 수 있다. 2 ATP는 해당과정의 초기 단계인 에너지 투자기에서 포도당을 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="포도당 6-인산">포도당 6-인산</a>으로 인산화 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="과당 6-인산">과당 6-인산</a>을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%B9_1,6-%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0" title="과당 1,6-이중인산">과당 1,6-이중인산</a>으로 인산화시키는데 사용되어 반응의 진행 방향을 비가역적으로 만든다.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 사람의 경우에서와 같이 특정 탄수화물을 대사시킬 수 있는 효소가 없는 경우도 있기 때문에 모든 탄수화물을 이용할 수 있는 것은 아니다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="탄수화물_화학"><span id=".ED.83.84.EC.88.98.ED.99.94.EB.AC.BC_.ED.99.94.ED.95.99"></span>탄수화물 화학</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 탄수화물 화학"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>탄수화물 화학(carbohydrate chemistry)은 유기화학 분야 중에서 큰 부분이며 경제적으로 중요한 분야이다. 탄수화물과 관련된 주요 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="유기 반응">유기 반응</a>은 다음과 같다. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%8F%84%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="아마도리 전위 (없는 문서)">아마도리 전위</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%84%A4%ED%94%84_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="네프 반응 (없는 문서)">네프 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B3%BC_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="볼 분해 (없는 문서)">볼 분해</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B1" title="바이오플라스틱">바이오플라스틱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효">발효</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="당생물학">당생물학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="당지질">당지질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%A4" title="글리콤">글리콤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B9%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="글리코믹스">글리코믹스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8B%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="글리코실기">글리코실기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="고분자">고분자</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95" title="저탄수화물 식이요법">저탄수화물 식이요법</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성">광합성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1_%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="저항성 녹말 (없는 문서)">저항성 녹말</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%82%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="당산">당산</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%B5%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%85%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%EB%B2%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄수화물의 핵자기공명분광법 (없는 문서)">탄수화물의 핵자기공명분광법</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Solomon EP, Berg LR, Martin DW (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=itHVNZicPgwC&pg=PT86&lpg=PT86&dq=C5H10O4+Deoxyribose">《Biology》</a>. Cengage Learning. 52쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0534278281" title="특수:책찾기/978-0534278281"><bdi>978-0534278281</bdi></a> – google.books.com 경유.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0534278281&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Eldra+Pearl&rft.au=Berg%2C+Linda+R.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Diana+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DitHVNZicPgwC%26pg%3DPT86%26lpg%3DPT86%26dq%3DC5H10O4%2BDeoxyribose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><i>National Institute of Standards and Technology</i> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C5H10O4/c6-2-1-4(8)5(9)3-7/h2,4-5,7-9H,1,3H2">“Material Measurement Library D-erythro-Pentose, 2-deoxy-”</a>. nist.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Measurement+Library+D-erythro-Pentose%2C+2-deoxy-&rft.pub=nist.gov&rft.date=2011&rft.au=%27%27National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Finchi%2FInChI%253D1S%2FC5H10O4%2Fc6-2-1-4%288%295%289%293-7%2Fh2%2C4-5%2C7-9H%2C1%2C3H2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Flitsch SL, Ulijn RV (January 2003). “Sugars tied to the spot”. 《Nature》 <b>421</b> (6920): 219–20. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..219F">2003Natur.421..219F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F421219a">10.1038/421219a</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12529622">12529622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sugars+tied+to+the+spot&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6920&rft.pages=219-20&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12529622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F421219a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..219F&rft.aulast=Flitsch&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Ulijn%2C+RV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avenas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-avenas_4-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-avenas_4-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Avenas P (2012). 〈Etymology of main polysaccharide names〉. Navard P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209064118/https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783709104200-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1364512-p174060193">《The European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE)》</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Wien: Springer-Verlag. 2018년 2월 9일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783709104200-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1364512-p174060193">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 10월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+main+polysaccharide+names&rft.btitle=The+European+Polysaccharide+Network+of+Excellence+%28EPNOE%29&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Avenas&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783709104200-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1364512-p174060193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993). 《Human Biology and Health》. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 52–59쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-13-981176-1" title="특수:책찾기/0-13-981176-1"><bdi>0-13-981176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=52-59&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Jean&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Charles+William&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Susan&rft.au=Warner%2C+Maryanna+Quon&rft.au=LaHart%2C+David&rft.au=Wright%2C+Jill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">USDA National Nutrient Database, 2015, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC_Handbook_of_Dietary_Fiber_in_Human_Nutrition-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Handbook_of_Dietary_Fiber_in_Human_Nutrition_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cummings, John H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crcpress.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Dietary-Fiber-in-Human-Nutrition-Third-Edition/Spiller/p/book/9780849323874">《The Effect of Dietary Fiber on Fecal Weight and Composition》</a> 3판. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 184쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8493-2387-8" title="특수:책찾기/0-8493-2387-8"><bdi>0-8493-2387-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effect+of+Dietary+Fiber+on+Fecal+Weight+and+Composition&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8493-2387-8&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2FCRC-Handbook-of-Dietary-Fiber-in-Human-Nutrition-Third-Edition%2FSpiller%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780849323874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Byrne CS, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4564526">“The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis”</a>. 《International Journal of Obesity》 <b>39</b> (9): 1331–8. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fijo.2015.84">10.1038/ijo.2015.84</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4564526">4564526</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971927">25971927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Obesity&rft.atitle=The+role+of+short+chain+fatty+acids+in+appetite+regulation+and+energy+homeostasis&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1331-8&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4564526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25971927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fijo.2015.84&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Chambers%2C+ES&rft.au=Morrison%2C+DJ&rft.au=Frost%2C+G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4564526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fearon WF (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkOaBQAAQBAJ">《Introduction to Biochemistry》</a> 2판. London: Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biochemistry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Fearon&rft.aufirst=WF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkOaBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">USDA National Nutrient Database, 2015, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coulter-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-coulter_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coulter JM, Barnes CR, Cowles HC (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WyZnVpCiTHIC&pg=PA375&dq=simplest+carbohydrate">《A Textbook of Botany for Colleges and Universities》</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Botany+for+Colleges+and+Universities&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=John+Merle&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Charler+Reid&rft.au=Cowles%2C+Henry+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyZnVpCiTHIC%26pg%3DPA375%26dq%3Dsimplest%2Bcarbohydrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tietz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tietz_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Tietz NW (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5hqAAAAMAAJ&q=simplest+carbohydrate">《Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry》</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tietz+fundamentals+of+clinical+chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burtis&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft.au=Ashwood%2C+Edward+R.&rft.au=Tietz%2C+Norbert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5hqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsimplest%2Bcarbohydrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Matthews CE, Van Holde KE, Ahern KG (1999). 《Biochemistry》 3판. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8053-3066-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-8053-3066-6"><bdi>0-8053-3066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8053-3066-6&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Van+Holde%2C+KE&rft.au=Ahern%2C+KG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%B0%9D%ED%9E%88%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:출처 밝히기"><span title="2018년 10월 11일에 쪽 번호가 요청되었습니다.">쪽 번호 필요</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">〈Chapter 1 – The role of carbohydrates in nutrition〉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8079e/w8079e07.htm">《Carbohydrates in human nutrition》</a>. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper - 66. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+The+role+of+carbohydrates+in+nutrition&rft.btitle=Carbohydrates+in+human+nutrition&rft.series=FAO+Food+and+Nutrition+Paper+-+66&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw8079e%2Fw8079e07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bertozzi CR, Rabuka D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1955/#_ch2_s4_">〈Structural Basis of Glycan Diversity〉</a>. 《Essentials of Glycobiology》 3판. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-621821-32-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-621821-32-8"><bdi>978-1-621821-32-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structural+Basis+of+Glycan+Diversity&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Glycobiology&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor+%28NY%29&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-621821-32-8&rft.aulast=Bertozzi&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+R&rft.au=Rabuka%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK1955%2F%23_ch2_s4_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">《Biology: Exploring Life》</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-13-250882-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-13-250882-6"><bdi>0-13-250882-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-250882-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Brad&rft.au=Heyden%2C+Robin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pigman W, Horton D (1972). 〈Chapter 1: Stereochemistry of the Monosaccharides〉. Pigman and Horton. 《The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A》 2판. San Diego: Academic Press. 1–67쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Stereochemistry+of+the+Monosaccharides&rft.btitle=The+Carbohydrates%3A+Chemistry+and+Biochemistry+Vol+1A&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=1-67&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft.au=Horton%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pigman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pigman_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pigman W, Anet EF (1972). 〈Chapter 4: Mutarotations and Actions of Acids and Bases〉. Pigman and Horton. 《The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol 1A》 2판. San Diego: Academic Press. 165–94쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Mutarotations+and+Actions+of+Acids+and+Bases&rft.btitle=The+Carbohydrates%3A+Chemistry+and+Biochemistry+Vol+1A&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=165-94&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft.au=Anet%2C+E.F.L.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/lyxoflavin">“lyxoflavin”</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lyxoflavin&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Flyxoflavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003224558/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6202">“Show Foods”</a>. 《usda.gov》. 2017년 10월 3일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6202">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 10월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usda.gov&rft.atitle=Show+Foods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F6202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5022e/y5022e04.htm">“Calculation of the Energy Content of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors”</a>. 《fao.org》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Calculation+of+the+Energy+Content+of+Foods+%E2%80%93+Energy+Conversion+Factors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F006%2Fy5022e%2Fy5022e04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314193016/https://www.diabetes.org.uk/upload/how%20we%20help/catalogue/carb-reference-list-0511.pdf">“Carbohydrate reference list”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《www.diabetes.org.uk》. 2016년 3월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diabetes.org.uk/upload/How%20we%20help/catalogue/carb-reference-list-0511.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 10월 30일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diabetes.org.uk&rft.atitle=Carbohydrate+reference+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diabetes.org.uk%2Fupload%2FHow%2520we%2520help%2Fcatalogue%2Fcarb-reference-list-0511.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pichon L, Huneau JF, Fromentin G, Tomé D (May 2006). “A high-protein, high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet reduces energy intake, hepatic lipogenesis, and adiposity in rats”. 《The Journal of Nutrition》 <b>136</b> (5): 1256–60. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F136.5.1256">10.1093/jn/136.5.1256</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614413">16614413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=A+high-protein%2C+high-fat%2C+carbohydrate-free+diet+reduces+energy+intake%2C+hepatic+lipogenesis%2C+and+adiposity+in+rats&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1256-60&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F136.5.1256&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16614413&rft.aulast=Pichon&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Huneau%2C+JF&rft.au=Fromentin%2C+G&rft.au=Tom%C3%A9%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tighe P, Duthie G, Vaughan N, Brittenden J, Simpson WG, Duthie S, Mutch W, Wahle K, Horgan G, Thies F (October 2010). “Effect of increased consumption of whole-grain foods on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy middle-aged persons: a randomized controlled trial”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 <b>92</b> (4): 733–40. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2010.29417">10.3945/ajcn.2010.29417</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685951">20685951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Effect+of+increased+consumption+of+whole-grain+foods+on+blood+pressure+and+other+cardiovascular+risk+markers+in+healthy+middle-aged+persons%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=733-40&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2010.29417&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20685951&rft.aulast=Tighe&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Duthie%2C+G&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+N&rft.au=Brittenden%2C+J&rft.au=Simpson%2C+WG&rft.au=Duthie%2C+S&rft.au=Mutch%2C+W&rft.au=Wahle%2C+K&rft.au=Horgan%2C+G&rft.au=Thies%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html">Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070210182833/http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html">보관됨</a> 2007-02-10 - <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/769.html">769</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912060636/http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/769.html#">Archived</a> 2006년 9월 12일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-309-08537-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-309-08537-3">0-309-08537-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (2003). <i>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423051140/http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110423051140/http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf</a></i> (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 55–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/92-4-120916-X" title="특수:책찾기/92-4-120916-X">92-4-120916-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28836672-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28836672_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kelly SA, Hartley L, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Jones HM, Al-Khudairy L, Clar C, Germanò R, Lunn HR, Frost G, Rees K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044051/https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/54579/2/Kelly_et_al-2017-.pdf">“Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews》 <b>8</b>: CD005051. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005051.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28836672">28836672</a>. 2018년 9월 28일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/54579/2/Kelly_et_al-2017-.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 10월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Whole+grain+cereals+for+the+primary+or+secondary+prevention+of+cardiovascular+disease&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=CD005051&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD005051.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28836672&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Hartley%2C+L&rft.au=Loveman%2C+E&rft.au=Colquitt%2C+JL&rft.au=Jones%2C+HM&rft.au=Al-Khudairy%2C+L&rft.au=Clar%2C+C&rft.au=German%C3%B2%2C+R&rft.au=Lunn%2C+HR&rft.au=Frost%2C+G&rft.au=Rees%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%3A8443%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F54579%2F2%2FKelly_et_al-2017-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (1998), <i>Carbohydrates in human nutrition</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8079E/w8079e07.htm">chapter 1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/92-5-104114-8" title="특수:책찾기/92-5-104114-8">92-5-104114-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NutSource-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NutSource_29-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NutSource_29-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/">“Carbohydrates”</a>. 《The Nutrition Source》. Harvard School of Public Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 4월 3일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nutrition+Source&rft.atitle=Carbohydrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnutritionsource%2Fcarbohydrates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Wolever TM, Thompson LH, Rao AV (February 1986). “Simple and complex carbohydrates”. 《Nutrition Reviews》 <b>44</b> (2): 44–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x">10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3703387">3703387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Simple+and+complex+carbohydrates&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-9&rft.date=1986-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3703387&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+AL&rft.au=Wolever%2C+TM&rft.au=Thompson%2C+LH&rft.au=Rao%2C+AV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Department of Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DietaryGuidelines.htm"><i>Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820230816/http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DietaryGuidelines.htm">Archived</a> 2014년 8월 20일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r1_32-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-r1_32-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Westman EC (May 2002). “Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition?”. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 <b>75</b> (5): 951–3; author reply 953–4. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F75.5.951a">10.1093/ajcn/75.5.951a</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976176">11976176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Is+dietary+carbohydrate+essential+for+human+nutrition%3F&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=951-3%3B+author+reply+953-4&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F75.5.951a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11976176&rft.aulast=Westman&rft.aufirst=EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Park Y, Subar AF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513325">“Dietary fiber intake and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health study”</a>. 《Archives of Internal Medicine》 <b>171</b> (12): 1061–8. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2011.18">10.1001/archinternmed.2011.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513325">3513325</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321288">21321288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Dietary+fiber+intake+and+mortality+in+the+NIH-AARP+diet+and+health+study&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1061-8&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3513325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21321288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2011.18&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Subar%2C+AF&rft.au=Hollenbeck%2C+A&rft.au=Schatzkin%2C+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3513325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16685046-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16685046_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears B (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/5/1055.full.pdf+html">“Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 <b>83</b> (5): 1055–61. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F83.5.1055">10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685046">16685046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Ketogenic+low-carbohydrate+diets+have+no+metabolic+advantage+over+nonketogenic+low-carbohydrate+diets&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1055-61&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F83.5.1055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16685046&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Tjonn%2C+SL&rft.au=Swan%2C+PD&rft.au=White%2C+A&rft.au=Hutchins%2C+H&rft.au=Sears%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajcn.nutrition.org%2Fcontent%2F83%2F5%2F1055.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert_2003-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebert_2003_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ebert D, Haller RG, Walton ME (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/13/5928.full">“Energy contribution of octanoate to intact rat brain metabolism measured by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy”</a>. 《The Journal of Neuroscience》 <b>23</b> (13): 5928–35. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843297">12843297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Energy+contribution+of+octanoate+to+intact+rat+brain+metabolism+measured+by+13C+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5928-35&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12843297&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Haller%2C+RG&rft.au=Walton%2C+ME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jneurosci.org%2Fcontent%2F23%2F13%2F5928.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Marin-Valencia I, Good LB, Ma Q, Malloy CR, Pascual JM (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564188">“Heptanoate as a neural fuel: energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normal and glucose transporter I-deficient (G1D) brain”</a>. 《Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism》 <b>33</b> (2): 175–82. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fjcbfm.2012.151">10.1038/jcbfm.2012.151</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564188">3564188</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23072752">23072752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cerebral+Blood+Flow+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Heptanoate+as+a+neural+fuel%3A+energetic+and+neurotransmitter+precursors+in+normal+and+glucose+transporter+I-deficient+%28G1D%29+brain&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-82&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3564188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23072752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjcbfm.2012.151&rft.aulast=Marin-Valencia&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Good%2C+LB&rft.au=Ma%2C+Q&rft.au=Malloy%2C+CR&rft.au=Pascual%2C+JM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3564188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Horn RS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815002436/http://www.medbio.info/horn/intmet/integration_of_metabolism%20v4.htm">“Integration of Metabolism”</a>. 《medbio.info》. 2018년 8월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medbio.info/Horn/IntMet/integration_of_metabolism%20v4.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2018년 10월 17일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medbio.info&rft.atitle=Integration+of+Metabolism&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medbio.info%2FHorn%2FIntMet%2Fintegration_of_metabolism%2520v4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maughan, Ron (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319(13)00087-2&context=PC&vid=hc&search_scope=everything&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US">“Surgery Oxford”</a>. 《www.onesearch.cuny.edu》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onesearch.cuny.edu&rft.atitle=Surgery+Oxford&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Maughan&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.cuny.edu%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3DTN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319%2813%2900087-2%26context%3DPC%26vid%3Dhc%26search_scope%3Deverything%26tab%3Ddefault_tab%26lang%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36482206">.mw-parser-output .fix{background-color:#fff9f9;color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc}</style><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="위키백과:깨진 링크">깨진 링크</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319(13)00087-2&context=PC&vid=hc&search_scope=everything&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US">과거 내용 찾기</a>)]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-energetics-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-energetics_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mehta S (2013년 10월 9일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2013/10/energetics-of-cellular-respiration-glucose-metabolism/">“Energetics of Cellular Respiration (Glucose Metabolism)”</a>. 《Biochemistry Notes, Notes》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry+Notes%2C+Notes&rft.atitle=Energetics+of+Cellular+Respiration+%28Glucose+Metabolism%29&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Sweety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpharmaxchange.info%2Fpress%2F2013%2F10%2Fenergetics-of-cellular-respiration-glucose-metabolism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maughan, Ron (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319(13)00087-2&context=PC&vid=hc&search_scope=everything&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US">“Surgery Oxford”</a>. 《www.onesearch.cuny.edu》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onesearch.cuny.edu&rft.atitle=Surgery+Oxford&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Maughan&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.cuny.edu%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3DTN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319%2813%2900087-2%26context%3DPC%26vid%3Dhc%26search_scope%3Deverything%26tab%3Ddefault_tab%26lang%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36482206"><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="위키백과:깨진 링크">깨진 링크</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://onesearch.cuny.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0263-9319(13)00087-2&context=PC&vid=hc&search_scope=everything&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US">과거 내용 찾기</a>)]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고자료"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0.EC.9E.90.EB.A3.8C"></span>참고자료</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=18" title="부분 편집: 참고자료"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/SR/SR28/sr28_doc.pdf">“Compolition of foods raw, processed, prepared”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture. September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 10월 30일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compolition+of+foods+raw%2C+processed%2C+prepared&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2FARSUserFiles%2F80400525%2FData%2FSR%2FSR28%2Fsr28_doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC&action=edit&section=19" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C_%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="산소 비발생 광합성">산소 비발생 광합성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="탄수화물 분해">탄수화물 분해</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡">세포 호흡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%8B%B9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="해당과정">해당과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EC%82%B0_%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="피루브산 산화">피루브산 산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="시트르산 회로">시트르산 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="산화적 인산화">산화적 인산화</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC%EA%B3%84" title="전자전달계">전자전달계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP 합성효소">ATP 생성효소</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효">발효</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EC%82%B0_%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="젖산 발효">젖산 발효</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%83%84%EC%98%AC_%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="에탄올 발효">에탄올 발효</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%88%EC%88%98%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="기질수준 인산화">기질수준 인산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="글리코젠 분해">글리코젠 분해</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="오탄당 인산 경로">오탄당 인산 경로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="코리 회로">코리 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%B6%A9%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="보충대사 반응">보충대사 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A7%81-%EB%9D%BC%ED%8F%AC%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="루베링-라포포트 경로">루베링-라포포트 경로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="지질 대사">지질 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94" title="베타 산화">β 산화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4" title="지방산 분해">지방산 분해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="지방산 합성">지방산 합성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9_%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="지방 생합성">지방 생합성</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="핵산 대사">핵산 대사</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="퓨린 대사">퓨린 대사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%98_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="피리미딘 대사">피리미딘 대사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%9A%8C%EC%88%98_%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C" title="뉴클레오타이드 회수 경로">뉴클레오타이드 회수 경로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9-%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%8C_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="포도당-알라닌 회로">포도당-알라닌 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%A4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="글리옥실산 회로">글리옥실산 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%AD%EB%B9%84_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="낭비 회로">낭비 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="Q 회로">Q 회로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="역시트르산 회로">역시트르산 회로</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="탄수화물" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀토론:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:탄수화물"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="탄수화물" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">탄수화물</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">일반</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스">알도스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="케토스">케토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="푸라노스">푸라노스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="피라노스">피라노스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="글리코사이드 결합">글리코사이드 결합</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기하 구조</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EB%A8%B8" title="아노머">아노머</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%EB%A8%B8" title="에피머">에피머</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B4%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="변광회전">변광회전</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="단당류">단당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="삼탄당">삼탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도트라이오스(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%95%8C%EB%8D%B0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="글리세르알데하이드">글리세르알데하이드</a>)</li> <li>케토트라이오스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A4" title="다이하이드록시아세톤">다이하이드록시아세톤</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="사탄당">사탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도테트로스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="에리트로스">에리트로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="트레오스">트레오스</a>)</li> <li>케토테트로스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="에리트룰로스">에리트룰로스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="오탄당">오탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도펜토스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="아라비노스">아라비노스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AD%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="릭소스">릭소스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="리보스">리보스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일로스">자일로스</a>(목당, 목재당))</li> <li>케토펜토스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="리불로스">리불로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="자일룰로스">자일룰로스</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%B9" title="디옥시당">디옥시당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="디옥시리보스">디옥시리보스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="육탄당">육탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>알도헥소스(<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="알로스">알로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="알트로스">알트로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="글루코스">글루코스</a>(포도당), <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="굴로스">굴로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="이도스">이도스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="만노스">만노스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC)" title="탈로스 (화합물)">탈로스</a>)</li> <li>케토헥소스(<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="프럭토스">프럭토스</a>(과당), <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="프시코스">프시코스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="소르보스">소르보스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="타가토스">타가토스</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%B9" title="디옥시당">디옥시당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="푸코스">푸코스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%BF%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="푸쿨로스">푸쿨로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%8C%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="람노스">람노스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%A0%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="칠탄당">칠탄당</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>케토헵토스(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%85%B8%ED%97%B5%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="만노헵툴로스">만노헵툴로스</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8F%84%ED%97%B5%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="세도헵툴로스">세도헵툴로스</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7탄소 초과</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="팔탄당">팔탄당</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9" title="구탄당">구탄당</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%BC%EC%82%B0" title="뉴라민산">뉴라민산</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">이당류 이상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="이당류">이당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="셀로비오스">셀로비오스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="아이소말토스">아이소말토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아이소말툴로스">아이소말툴로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="락토스">락토스</a>(젖당, 유당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%88%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%98%A4%EC%A6%88" title="락툴로오즈">락툴로오즈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="말토스">말토스</a>(엿당, 맥아당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스">수크로스</a>(설탕, 자당)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="트레할로스">트레할로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="투라노스">투라노스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="삼당류">삼당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="말토트라이오스">말토트라이오스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%B9%98%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="멜레치토스">멜레치토스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라피노스">라피노스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="사당류">사당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%82%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="스타키오스">스타키오스</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기타 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="올리고당류">올리고당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아카보스">아카보스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="프럭토올리고당">프럭토올리고당</a>(FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="갈락토올리고당">갈락토올리고당</a>(GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%8B%B9" title="아이소말토올리고당">아이소말토올리고당</a>(IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%86%A0%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="말토덱스트린">말토덱스트린</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="다당류">다당류</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="베타글루칸">베타글루칸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80-%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="오트 베타-글루칸">오트 베타-글루칸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%82%9C" title="렌티난">렌티난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%84%EB%9E%80" title="시조필란">시조필란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%B0" title="지모산">지모산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="셀룰로스">셀룰로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="키틴">키틴</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%82%B0" title="키토산">키토산</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="덱스트린">덱스트린</a>(호정) / <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="덱스트란">덱스트란</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="프럭토스">프럭토스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AD%ED%83%84" title="프럭탄">프럭탄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%88%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="이눌린">이눌린</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="갈락토스">갈락토스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BD%ED%83%84" title="갈락탄">갈락탄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="글루코스">글루코스</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%B8" title="글루칸">글루칸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%A0%A0" title="글리코젠">글리코젠</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="헤미셀룰로스">헤미셀룰로스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%98_%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%B9%EB%A5%98" title="레반 다당류">레반 다당류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%8C" title="리그닌">리그닌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%82%9C" title="만난">만난</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="펙틴">펙틴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%A7%90" title="녹말">녹말</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="아밀로펙틴">아밀로펙틴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="아밀로스">아밀로스</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%94%ED%83%84%EA%B2%80" title="잔탄검">잔탄검</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="생체분자">생체분자</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="틀:탄수화물">탄수화물</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%8B%B9%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="틀:당단백질">당단백질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틀:글리코사이드">글리코사이드</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:지질">지질</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0" title="틀:지방산">지방산</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:지방산 대사 중간생성물들">지방산 대사 중간생성물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:인지질">인지질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%91%EA%B3%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88" title="틀:스핑고지질">스핑고지질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="틀:스테로이드 대사 중간생성물들">스테로이드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="틀:에이코사노이드">에이코사노이드</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="틀:단백질">단백질</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="틀:아미노산">단백질생성성 아미노산</a> / <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:아미노산 대사 중간생성물들">아미노산 대사 중간생성물</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0" title="틀:핵산">핵산</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%B5%EC%97%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="틀:핵염기">구성 성분</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:뉴클레오타이드 대사 중간생성물들">뉴클레오타이드 대사 중간생성물</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%BC%EB%A1%A4" title="틀:테트라피롤">테트라피롤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%97%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%93%A4" title="틀:헴 대사 중간생성물들">헴 대사 중간생성물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC" title="틀:알코올">알코올</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="식품화학" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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