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border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Israeli authorities’ repression of Palestinians, undertaken as part of a policy to maintain the domination of Jewish Israelis over Palestinians, amount to the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">persecution</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report on Israel, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwii-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Israel</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Israel.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/195px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="142" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/293px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/390px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>9,272,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>383,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>41,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>82.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.906 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>7.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>51 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <b>State of Israel</b> is presently a self-proclaimed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" class="extiw" title="wp:Jewish and democratic state" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jewish and democratic state"><i>Jewish state</i></span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and a country in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. It is currently the only country with a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> majority population. Although once an ancient <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>-era civilization, Israel ceased to exist after being conquered by various empires and only re-emerged as a sovereign entity in 1948. The re-establishment of a Jewish state was the historical goal of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. Despite many of their neighbors disliking them, they still exist with the help of foreign powers, mainly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironically</a> enough, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>As expected from a country with a long history of hawkish governments, Israel is involved in numerous international disputes and conflicts, partially arising from religious hostility towards it and partially arising from Israel's own aggressive and oppressive behavior. One of those disputes concerns where exactly Israel's capital really is. Most of the world recognizes the city of Tel Aviv, but Israel itself claims the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as its capital and has most of its government located there. A lot of stress also arises because Israel was built on the land that many Palestinians used to live on and Israel currently occupies <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">the Palestinian territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-majority Palestinians demand their own state and want Israel to stop its oppressive treatment of them. Israel also militarily occupies the Golan Heights region of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and is regularly in conflict with Palestinian liberation/<a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> groups. Complicating the problem is that Hamas and certain of Israel's neighbors don't want Israel to <i>exist</i>, so they have a habit of launching rockets at it once in a while. </p><p>Israel has been inhabited since the earliest migration of <a href="/wiki/Hominid" title="Hominid">hominids</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Its civilization solidified through the unification of various tribes into the Kingdom of Israel during the Iron Age. During this time, the Hebrew people established their city of Jerusalem and built the central temple of their Jewish faith. In 586 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire and its ruler Nebuchadnezzar II rolled in to smash Jerusalem and force many Hebrews into exile in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Hebrews didn't return to the region until <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the Persian Empire freed them and gave them money to rebuild sometime around 550 BCE. Now a province rather than a kingdom, Judah survived under Persian rule until 167 BCE, when the successful Maccabean Revolt reestablished Judah under the Hasmonean dynasty. Unfortunately, they soon got conquered again by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which turned Judah into an occupied territory under the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> dynasty. The Hebrews fought against Roman rule, leading to a series of devastating wars and culminating with the complete destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the exile of much of the Jewish population from their historical homeland. </p><p>The Israeli region became a place of religious significance to the <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christians</a> of the Roman Empire, but it was eventually conquered by the Arab followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Jerusalem, you see, had also become a city of religious significance to the Muslim religion, and we're sure you're starting to see the roots of some of Israel's modern problems. The Arabs built many religious monuments in Jerusalem, but they (most notably under Saladin) still invited the Jews to live in Israel and mostly-freely practice their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Nonetheless, the Jewish population remained small and was a minority among the Muslim Palestinian population. </p><p>Rule over Israel passed between various Muslim powers before ending with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which finally lost control of the region after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Israel became a mandate territory under the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Meanwhile, many members of the Jewish diaspora had become influential thinkers in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and elsewhere, and the Zionist movement began picking up steam in the 19th century. Europeanized Jews started immigrating into Israel during British rule; the Palestinians who were already living there and didn't appreciate being edged out by foreigners began a series of violent riots. To appease them, the British harshly limited Jewish immigration and land-owning rights in Israel in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The Jews retaliated by fighting a prolonged terrorist and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla campaign</a> against the British authorities, forcing them to transfer control over Israel to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1947. </p><p>The UN drew up a partition plan to create a separate state of Israel and Palestine and an internationally-administered Jerusalem, an agreement accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Israel declared its independence in 1948 before being attacked by its various Arab neighbors. Israel won and preserved its rule over the mandate territory, but subsequent wars have seen Israel dramatically expand its territory and place various chunks of its neighbors under military occupation. Although Israel has signed peace agreements with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, it still has fraught relations with most Muslim states and frequently clashes with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Most Palestinian territories are now under de jure military occupation, and Israel's right-wing government doesn't give a shit about their rights. Lasting peace doesn't seem to be coming anytime soon.<sup>[<i>citation NOT needed</i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' numerous attempts to condemn them and hold them to account for their varies war crimes and oppression, the United States gives them practically infinite get-out-of-jail-free-cards with some <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">batshit explanations</a> and <a href="/wiki/PIDOOMA" title="PIDOOMA">PIDOOMAs</a> as to why. Because letting an apartheid ethnostate that is currently enacting genocide on the indigenous population of the area whilst blocking any and all attempts to allow said indigenous people any form of recognition by the international community <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcasm">is a surefire way to make peace between the oppressed and people oppressing them.</a><sup>[<i>citation NOT needed</i>]</sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancient_Israel"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Israel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_trouble_begins"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The trouble begins</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Babylonian_exile"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Babylonian exile</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Persian_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Persian rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Greek_rule_and_the_Maccabean_uprising"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greek rule and the Maccabean uprising</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hasmonean_Israel"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hasmonean Israel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_trouble_gets_worse"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">The trouble gets worse</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Roman_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Roman rule</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Muslim_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Muslim era</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Arab_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arab rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ottoman_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman rule</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_trouble_is_really_bad_now"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">The trouble is really bad now</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Zionist_movement"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zionist movement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#British_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">British rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Insurgency_and_UN_partition"><span class="tocnumber">1.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Insurgency and UN partition</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#War_of_Independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">War of Independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#State_of_Israel_.28and_more_trouble_with_the_Arabs.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">State of Israel (and more trouble with the Arabs)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Consolidation"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consolidation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Six-Day_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Six-Day War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#War_of_attrition"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.3</span> <span class="toctext">War of attrition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Yom_Kippur_War_and_Camp_David_Accords"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Yom Kippur War and Camp David Accords</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Escalation_in_Palestine.2C_the_war_in_Lebanon"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Escalation in Palestine, the war in Lebanon</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Beginning_and_sabotage_of_the_peace_process"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Beginning and sabotage of the peace process</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#More_war_in_Palestine_and_Lebanon"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.7</span> <span class="toctext">More war in Palestine and Lebanon</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Strengthening_diplomatic_position"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Strengthening diplomatic position</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#2023-24_Gaza_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">2023-24 Gaza War</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Democracy_and_elections"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Democracy and elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Occupied_Palestine"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Occupied Palestine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Ultra-Orthodox_influence_and_the_coming_demographic_disaster"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ultra-Orthodox influence and the coming demographic disaster</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Ongoing_disputes_and_crises"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ongoing disputes and crises</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Status_of_Palestine"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Status of Palestine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Status_of_East_Jerusalem"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Status of East Jerusalem</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Gaza_blockade_and_violence"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Gaza blockade and violence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Hostility_with_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hostility with Iran</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Golan_Heights"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Golan Heights</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Apartheid"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Apartheid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Freedom_of_movement"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom of movement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Torture_and_prisoner_abuse"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Torture and prisoner abuse</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Collective_punishment"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Collective punishment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Demolitions_and_land_appropriation"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Demolitions and land appropriation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Women.27s_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Women's rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Freedom_of_expression_and_association"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom of expression and association</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Gay_rights_and_pinkwashing"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Gay rights and pinkwashing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Discrimination_against_Ethiopian_Jews"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Discrimination against Ethiopian Jews</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Legitimate_criticism_vs._antisemitism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legitimate criticism vs. antisemitism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg/195px-Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg/293px-Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg/390px-Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="3148" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Museum_Merenptah-Stele_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Merenptah Stele, the first mention of Israel in historical record.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Israel">Ancient Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Israel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Early hominid life in the Israel region dates back at least 1.5 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> which is a long-ass time. </p><p>In terms of the development of early Israeli civilization, things are very unclear. Most of the problem lies in the fact that it's heavily uncertain how historically accurate the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and similar writings are.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The Late Bronze Age saw the rise of a culture group called <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, composed of various tribes paying tribute to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> who eventually became the Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Around 1209 BCE, the Egyptians erected a stele referring to Israel by name for the first time. However, modern historians believe that this Israel was a loose cultural group rather than a centralized political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> It's also probable that the described conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" title="Israelite">Israelites</a> and the Canaanites and Philistines really did happen in some form or another.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Although the word's exact origin is unknown, these ancient Israelis came to be known as Hebrews. </p><p>The Hebrews had come to identify themselves as separate from their neighbors due to diverging cultures and the rise of their new religion. <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>, or the belief in a single, all-powerful <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, seems to have developed among various small cult religions before eventually merging into Judaism as the idea became more influential. There are still scattered references in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to this older polytheism/henotheism, such as Elohim (which is plural). </p><p>So that's about what modern historians know. Of course, Israeli legend goes much further. Legend describes how <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> made a covenant with Yahweh promising to follow His laws in exchange for receiving divine aid in conquering Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-aisr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aisr-10">[10]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> tells how many of these Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt during the reign of its pharaoh (who is unnamed, but Ramses II (1304-1237 BCE) is frequently thought to be the fellow referenced) before being freed by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and God. According to these same religious texts, Moses received the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> and the broader Mosaic Law supposedly from God during this period. This legal code was a historically significant departure from other early law codes in the region like Hammurabi's because the Mosaic Law declared that criminals would be judged in the eyes of God and not just the authorities. In this sense, assuming this is true, Israel became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>. </p><p>The dynasty of <a href="/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> is also thoroughly described. These kings are considered notable for establishing Israel as a kingdom and then constructing the First Jewish Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-aisr_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aisr-10">[10]</a></sup> Indeed, this temple almost certainly existed in some form or another, and it became a critically important central feature of ancient Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_trouble_begins">The trouble begins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The trouble begins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg/250px-The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg/330px-The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg/400px-The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_captivity_of_Judah.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Destruction of Jerusalem and exile of the Hebrews.</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Babylonian_exile">Babylonian exile</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Babylonian exile">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></div> <p>Hebrew civilization only thrived when it did due to a power vacuum, as it existed between the historical agricultural heartlands of Egypt and the various Mesopotamian empires. That good luck eventually came to a decisive end when Israel came under brutal assault by first the Assyrian Empire and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This second invasion successfully tore down Israel as a unified entity. The Neo-Babylonians used their typical scorched earth and brutality tactics<sup id="cite_ref-mesoi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesoi-12">[12]</a></sup> to raze many Israeli villages and forcibly relocate much of its population in 586 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The Neo-Babylonian ruler, Nebuchadnezzar, gets a very unflattering portrayal in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> as a supervillain-like figure who burns people alive.<sup id="cite_ref-neb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neb-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>In one of history's most resounding acts of cultural warfare, the Neo-Babylonians also destroyed the First Temple in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life. The destruction caused general despair among the remaining Hebrews and inspired a long-lasting determination to see the structure rebuilt, and Jerusalem reclaimed. Nebuchadnezzar would repeatedly show up in Jerusalem, forcing thousands of people who offended him into exile in the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-bexile_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bexile-15">[15]</a></sup> Although it was cruel to tear them away from their ancestral homeland, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence shows that the Hebrews didn't have too bad a time once they relocated to Babylonia. They became traders, business owners, and administrators working to help Nebuchadnezzar expand his empire's economic power.<sup id="cite_ref-bexile_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bexile-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Persian_rule">Persian rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/330px-Second_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/500px-Second_Temple.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/960px-Second_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Model of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.</div></div></div> <p>The Neo-Babylonians were raging <a href="/wiki/Asshole" class="mw-redirect" title="Asshole">assholes</a> to their own people as well, and the empire quickly collapsed when Cyrus the Great rolled into town with his kickass Persian Army. Cyrus had created his Achaemenid Persian Empire on the principles of justice and regional religious liberty, and even the city of Babylon welcomed him as their ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-cyrus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyrus-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Cyrus liked to be known as a man who was generous to his enemies, and he furthered that reputation by freeing the Hebrews from exile in Babylonia. Not only did he free them, but he allowed them to retake their homeland and gave them funds to rebuild their temple.<sup id="cite_ref-cyrus_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyrus-16">[16]</a></sup> As a result, Cyrus is praised in Hebrew scriptures as a man sent by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> to act as their savior.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The Hebrews became a very loyal autonomous region within the Achaemenid Empire, and Hebrew soldiers participated in the Persian conquest and occupation of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, most practicing Jews remained outside of Israel even after Cyrus' decree. Many chose to stay in Babylonia rather than make the difficult desert journey back home, and the Jewish diaspora increasingly relied on the importance of their traditions in maintaining unity.<sup id="cite_ref-aisr_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aisr-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Greek_rule_and_the_Maccabean_uprising">Greek rule and the Maccabean uprising</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greek rule and the Maccabean uprising">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg/225px-The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg/338px-The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg/450px-The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="853" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maccabees_receive_their_father%27s_blessing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Maccabees blesses his followers.</div></div></div> <p>Persian rule was abruptly ended by the attack of Alexander the Great. However, Alexander largely ignored Israel as a politically irrelevant backwater, and the land eventually passed under the control of the Seleucid Empire, which was established by one of Alexander's heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-perhel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perhel-19">[19]</a></sup> The Seleucids launched a campaign to crush the Jewish religion, which involved sacking and desecrating the Second Temple. Like the First Temple, the Second Temple had become the center of Hebrew life and was considered a place where God's presence could be felt on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-maca_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maca-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>The attack on the temple and the regime's previous attempts to enforce Greek culture and religion on the Hebrews finally provoked an outright revolt in 167 BCE led by Jewish rabbi Mattathias, or Maccabees the Hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-maca_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maca-20">[20]</a></sup> The Hebrews proved to be competent at military matters when fighting for their own freedom (this is something of a recurring theme), and they smashed multiple Seleucid armies. There was also a period of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, as the rebels despised those Jews who had adopted Hellenic culture and left the old traditions behind. The Maccabees destroyed Greek altars in the villages, circumcised boys, and forced Hellenized Jews into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>The rebels finally secured Israel's independence by striking an alliance with the Roman Empire, which had strategic reasons to be hostile to the Seleucids. They were quite happy to build a relationship against a mutual foe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> After reclaiming Jerusalem, the rebels cleaned out the Second Temple and established a new kingdom under the Hasmonean dynasty. </p><p>According to legend, the rebels were besieged inside the Second Temple during the initial darkest stages of the revolt, surviving by using a one-day supply of olive oil to <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculously</a> keep the Temple Menorah alight for eight days.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> That story is commemorated with the yearly Jewish Chanukah, or Hanukkah festival. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hasmonean_Israel">Hasmonean Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hasmonean Israel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanhedrin1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/250px-Sanhedrin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/375px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/500px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="2272" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanhedrin1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration of a Hasmonean-era Sanhedrin assembly.</div></div></div> <p>During this period, which lasted from 140 to 37 BCE, Israel started to take on many of its modern characteristics. The new state was ruled by priest-kings who were descendants of Maccabees. They combined schools and religious meeting places to create the first synagogues around the country, leading to the creation of Rabbinical Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-whis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whis-24">[24]</a></sup> There was also a high legal court called the Sanhedrin, composed of old religious wise men who made rulings based on religious law.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>Although the new Israel regained much of the power that it had lost after the first great downfall, it was still hampered by some critical weaknesses. Political and religious divisions were extreme (many Jews like to talk about how much they argue).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The two main political factions were the Pharisees and the Sadducees, both led by Jewish legal experts.<sup id="cite_ref-perhel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perhel-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pvs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvs-27">[27]</a></sup> Of course, the main source of contention was the interpretation of the Jewish faith. The Pharisees literally believed in the religion's <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements, like <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and whatnot, while the Sadduccees were much more <a href="/wiki/Skeptical" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical">skeptical</a> to the point of being quasi-<a href="/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pvs_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvs-27">[27]</a></sup> The other difference came from class, that <a href="/wiki/Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism">eternal division</a>, as the Sadduccees represented the wealthy nobles and the Pharisees were much more influential among the common people. </p><p>These divisions became the Hebrew state's downfall, as the factions supported different claimants to the throne and kept the dynastic succession in perpetual instability.<sup id="cite_ref-perhel_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perhel-19">[19]</a></sup> Eventually, one claimant appealed to Pompey the Great of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for military support. That created the perfect pretext the Romans needed to sweep into the region and never sweep back out again. In 37 BCE, the Roman Senate confirmed the first <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet state">puppet-king</a> of Israel, and he bound the kingdom closer and closer to the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-perhel_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perhel-19">[19]</a></sup> The state eventually became nothing more than a province within the <a href="/wiki/Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire">empire</a>, even if it was technically independent. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_trouble_gets_worse">The trouble gets worse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The trouble gets worse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/500px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="195" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/960px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="879" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Roman depiction of their looting of the Second Temple.</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The Romans were smart enough to leave the Jews' religious rights the fuck alone, considering what had happened the last time a non-Jewish power tried enforcing religion. Thus, so long as the new Roman province of Judea paid its <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and didn't make too much trouble, the Hebrews could basically do what they wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-herod_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod-28">[28]</a></sup> The Sanhedrin could continue enacting religious laws and making the Hebrews live under them. </p><p>Despite that autonomy, Hebrew nationalists still didn't appreciate being made into an imperial outpost, and Jewish religious leaders started preaching against the occupation. According to <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> tradition and minimal historical evidence, <s>Brian</s> <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was born into this chaotic situation and started a ministry talking about how God's Kingdom of Heaven was greater than Rome and would give hope and <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithful">faithful</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Sometime around 33 CE, according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> anyway, Jesus made himself into an even bigger problem by criticizing local Jewish leaders for conducting trade in the Second Temple; those local religious leaders retaliated by convincing the Roman occupiers that the troublemaker had to go. Hence the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> and the eventual kick-starting of a new religion. </p><p>Back to the stuff <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a> know actually happened, tensions erupted in Judea by 66 CE when the Roman governor of Judea demanded compensation payments for a series of riots earlier in the year. That demand for money triggered a general revolt and started a war until 70 CE. The Roman Empire was extremely harsh in fighting that war, and it's estimated today that at least a million Hebrews died in the struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-firstwar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstwar-30">[30]</a></sup> Some died in the fighting, some died due to <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> destruction, and others were executed, massacred, or forced into <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. For the final act, the Roman Empire besieged Jerusalem, destroyed and looted the Second Temple, and deported the Hebrew population across the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-firstwar_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstwar-30">[30]</a></sup> The remaining Hebrews, sad and furious, rose up repeatedly until about 137 CE, resulting in more and more of their population being removed from Israel. </p><p>Many of Judaism's greatest treasures are still missing, such as the legendary golden Temple Menorah that burned during the Maccabees rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> And, of course, to add insult to injury, the Romans later converted to Christianity and decided that Jerusalem was <i>their</i> <a href="/wiki/Holy" title="Holy">holy</a> city because Jesus had died there. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Muslim_era">The Muslim era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Muslim era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Arab_rule">Arab rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arab rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1099jerusalem.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1099jerusalem.jpg/330px-1099jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1099jerusalem.jpg/500px-1099jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/1099jerusalem.jpg/530px-1099jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="802" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1099jerusalem.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade.</div></div></div> <p>Over time, the Jewish population in Israel dwindled under Roman and then Byzantine rule as Christian pilgrims settled in the region to be close to their holy sites.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Over those centuries of Byzantine rule, the Samaritan ethnoreligious group launched a series of revolts that resulted in constant warfare and devastation in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of people died, and the region's population declined dramatically. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Rock,_Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/250px-Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/500px-Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Rock,_Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Dome of the Rock, built in 691 CE.</div></div></div> <p>These conflicts were one of the factors that significantly weakened the Byzantine Empire and made it a military pushover when the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> came knocking. For context, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> died after unifying Arabia in 632 CE, and Israel was wholly conquered by the Arab caliphate in 638 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-islam_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islam-34">[34]</a></sup> The Muslims, heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> traditions, considered Jerusalem a holy city. Their story goes that Muhammad was taken to Jerusalem to meet God and the other <a href="/wiki/Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets">prophets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jerujourney_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerujourney-35">[35]</a></sup> Caliph Umar of the Rashidun Caliphate officially declared Jerusalem Islam's third-holiest city. The Arabs built the Dome of the Rock on the site of the former Second Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-islam_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islam-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>Although the early Muslim rulers were known to treat their non-Muslim subjects reasonably well, this wasn't the case in Israel, now Palestine. Umar II, who came to power in 717 CE, imposed <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> lifestyle restrictions on non-Muslims in the Holy Land that encouraged a wave of conversions. Whether true or not, the new converts rapidly changed the religious landscape there in favor of Islam. </p><p>Palestine was a coveted territory, and through the ages and the different caliphates, it came under attack by various factions, including the Qarmatians, the Byzantines, various Bedouin tribes, and the Seljuk Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Palestine was a constant battlefield, but things only got worse when the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> decided to jump into the fray. Following a string of Byzantine territorial losses to the Seljuk Turks, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> delivered a sermon calling for a Christian holy war to reclaim the holy sites in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-metcrusadei_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcrusadei-37">[37]</a></sup> Enter the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_(7115261791).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg/275px-Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg/413px-Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg/550px-Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_%287115261791%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="2636" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C2%B4am_National_Park_Panorama_1_(7115261791).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ancient Jewish village abandoned in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Although the Jews had no love for their Muslim rulers, at least the Muslims weren't interested in wholesale massacring them like the Crusaders were doing. Jews helped the Muslims try to hold Jerusalem against the Crusaders during the 1099 siege, and the Crusaders punished them by massacring most of the city's Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p><p>By all accounts, the Jews fought bravely alongside Muslim soldiers throughout the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Saladin, the Kurdish sultan who came to rule much of the Middle East, rewarded them for this loyalty by recapturing Jerusalem in 1187 and inviting Jews to reestablish their communities and worship freely.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Sure enough, Jews started arriving from Europe to settle in Palestine, especially from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Sure, the journey was long and dangerous, but it sucked less than being a Jew in fucking Medieval Europe. </p><p>In 1260, the rule of Jerusalem passed to the Mamluk rulers of Egypt, who continued tolerating foreign Jewish immigration into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> With Sephardic Jews from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> also starting to enter the area, the Jewish population in and around Jerusalem had increased to about 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils,_1870s.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/330px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/500px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/960px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="2313" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils,_1870s.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jews praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem, 1870s.</div></div></div> <p>In 1517, the rising Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in its entirety, both to dominate the Middle East's spice trade and to conquer the holy cities in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Meanwhile, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> finished conquering the formerly Muslim-held areas in Iberia and began to forcibly expel and persecute Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>. Jews fleeing or forced to leave their homes in Iberia found the Ottomans quite welcoming; the Turks only required that the Jews pay extra taxes and publicly acknowledge the superior power of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-ottojew_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottojew-45">[45]</a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-16th century, the Ottomans had the largest Jewish community globally. The empire benefited directly from the Jewish presence in Palestine. Jewish refugees moving in came pre-packaged with European knowledge and languages, and they had no reason to feel any affection whatsoever for their former Christian oppressors.<sup id="cite_ref-ottojewi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottojewi-46">[46]</a></sup> As a result, Jews generally became international businessmen, spies, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">diplomats</a>. Jewish communities prospered and were allowed to explore and develop their own unique culture.<sup id="cite_ref-ottojew_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottojew-45">[45]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, it's common knowledge that the Ottoman Empire started going down the tubes by the 18th century. Much of that was due to Western imperialism elsewhere in the world, as the naval trade routes they established reduced Ottoman domination of trade and therefore reduced Ottoman finances.<sup id="cite_ref-ottojew_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottojew-45">[45]</a></sup> The Ottomans also entered into a brutal series of wars that lasted centuries and resulted in more and more of the empire's territory being lost to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. As the prosperity and power of the empire declined, so did the well-being of the empire's Jewish communities. Unfortunately, as time went on and the empire was surrounded by increasingly powerful enemies, the Turks became more and more suspicious of the empire's minority populations, including the Jews. Things got even worse after the 1908 revolution of the Committee of Union and Progress, better known as the Young Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[note 1]</a></sup> Once in power, they started plotting the forced assimilation and possible extermination of minorities. This program began with implementing a wide variety of social programs designed to forcibly assimilate minorities, including renaming children and requiring instruction in schools to be conducted only in Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_trouble_is_really_bad_now">The trouble is really bad now</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The trouble is really bad now">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Zionist_movement">Zionist movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Zionist movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/960px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2127" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jewish immigration into British-held Palestine, 1947.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div> <p>Any discussion about the development of Zionism should start with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, who was almost as influential in Jewish history as Cyrus the Great. Before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the subsequent continent-wide destruction of the old order, European <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a> were denied citizenship, <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights">equal rights</a>, and the right to join the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> or own property.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the Early Modern Era, Jews faced waves of violence such as the slaughters during the Crusades or the horrific Chmielnicki Pogrom. Jewish emancipation, or the process by which Jews started to gain civil equality, began in principle during the early French revolutionary regimes but didn't really become a reality until Bonaparte seized control of France and started rampaging around Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> Napoleon was basically Godzilla in that he destroyed Europe's old laws and conventions and replaced them with his own legal code and Jewish emancipation policies.<sup id="cite_ref-emancipate_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emancipate-51">[50]</a></sup> These events set the stage for Jews to become more influential in European society as they gained access to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalist">journalist</a> professions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> </p><p>That didn't mean the end of antisemitism; the opposite was true, as poor non-Jews in Europe resented that they couldn't look down on the Jews anymore. The same process that caused race riots during <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</a> saw a rapid increase in anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> and harassment. The combination of increased access to society and more fear of violence led many Jews to wonder if it might just be possible to rebuild their own nation on the soil where it once stood.<sup id="cite_ref-zioi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zioi-53">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>Zionism is curious in that it was both a secular and a deeply religious movement. Much of Europe's Jewish population had been forced to secularize to fit in with Europeans. Still, many other Jews were concerned about the implications for their religion and were convinced that only a return to their Holy Land could reverse this.<sup id="cite_ref-zioi_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zioi-53">[52]</a></sup> That characteristic of Zionism helps explain Israel's <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxically</a> secular-yet-<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> nature. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="British_rule">British rule</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: British rule">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/300px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/450px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg/600px-Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="620" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Opstand_tegen_Britten_in_Palestina_-_Arabs_revolt_against_the_English_authority.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>British troops force Arab civilians out of Jerusalem, 1938.</div></div></div> <p>By <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was clear to just about everyone that the Ottoman Empire was doomed to split into a litany of successor states. Zionists were thrilled by this idea, but so were Arab nationalists who wanted to incorporate Palestine into an Arab super-state.<sup id="cite_ref-wwi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi-54">[53]</a></sup> At this point in time, British statesman and politician Chaim Weizmann was the chief advocate for Zionism, and he knew that it was the will of the empires rather than the will of the people that mattered.<sup id="cite_ref-wwi_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi-54">[53]</a></sup> Thus, he pointed out that Palestine was quite proximate to the British Suez Canal and how nice it would be to use that territory to protect Britain's lifeline to colonial <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper,_May_18,_1939._King_George_Ave,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="195" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/500px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/960px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2227" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper,_May_18,_1939._King_George_Ave,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jewish protest against immigration restrictions, 1939.</div></div></div> <p>British diplomacy during the war concerning the Middle East was a truly disgusting display of <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">two-faced</a> bastardry. The British won the allegiance of Arabs revolting against Ottoman rule by promising to help them establish a unified Arab state. Then the British struck a secret agreement with the French to carve up the Middle East in 1916<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> and issued the Balfour Declaration stating support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-wwi_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi-54">[53]</a></sup> Long story short, the British decided that keeping the Jews and Arabs at each others' throats would enable them to keep Palestine under control more easily. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> placed Palestine under British rule as a mandate territory, figuring that the British could keep it peaceful and prepare it for eventual independence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> Both of those last two things represent disastrous miscalculations. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG/330px-Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG/500px-Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG/960px-Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3442" data-file-height="2464" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Curfew_in_Tel_Aviv_H_ih_039.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>British troops enforce curfew in Tel Aviv to prevent Zionist terrorism, 1946.</div></div></div> <p>The British generally considered the Jews their political allies in the region, especially since the Jewish Legion of Zionist volunteers helped them conquer the area during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> Mass Jewish immigration into Palestine began almost immediately, as the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> had culminated in a series of horrific pogroms against Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the Palestinian Arabs realized that they had been screwed out of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> by British colonialism and saw that the Jews were being shipped in by the British, seemingly to displace the Palestinians. This unsurprisingly culminated in a series of bloody riots in Jerusalem in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> More riots followed in 1921 and 1929, followed by a full Arab revolt in 1936, so the Jews organized their own militia called "Haganah" to help protect their own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> </p><p>By 1937, the British realized that the Jews and Arabs weren't getting along, and they proposed partitioning Palestine between them.<sup id="cite_ref-arev_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arev-61">[60]</a></sup> The Jews rejected the borders but accepted the principle of partition, while the Palestinians furiously rejected the entire proposal. In 1939, the British decided to end Palestinian revolts by caving to their demands. British authorities announced that they would limit Jewish immigration over the next five years and make any further immigration subject to Arab approval.<sup id="cite_ref-wwii_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwii-62">[61]</a></sup> David Ben-Gurion, then the leader of Jewish advocacy, declared that the Jews would support the British in the war against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> but would still fervently resist the new policy. Once <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> joined the war in 1940, British leader <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> decided it was a crucial strategy to keep the Arabs compliant. Thus, he harshly restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine right at the point where Jewish immigration out of Europe was <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">more essential than it had ever been before</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwii_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwii-62">[61]</a></sup> Although thousands of Jewish volunteers served in the British military in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Jewish loyalty to London was rapidly fading. Zionists increasingly turned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and American Jews for support. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Insurgency_and_UN_partition">Insurgency and UN partition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Insurgency and UN partition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KD_1946.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KD_1946.JPG/250px-KD_1946.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/KD_1946.JPG/500px-KD_1946.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="667" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KD_1946.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ruins of the King David Hotel after the Zionist bombing.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The representatives of the Arab States claim that the partition of Palestine would be an historic injustice. But this view of the case is unacceptable, if only because, after all, the Jewish people has been closely linked with Palestine for a considerable period in history. Apart from that, we must not overlook—and the USSR delegation drew attention to this circumstance originally at the special session of the General Assembly—we must not overlook the position in which the Jewish people found themselves as a result of the recent world war.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Soviet ambassador to the UN, Andrei Gromyko, argues for a Jewish state in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Nothing had prepared us for this windfall.... Moscow was reversing its traditional posture by proposing the option of a Jewish state... Gromyko had become a Zionist hero.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Abba Eban, first Israeli ambassador to the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-hvardun_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvardun-64">[63]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>About 1.5 million Jews fought the <a href="/wiki/Axis" title="Axis">Axis</a> in various allied military forces, meaning that the Jews had a lot of militarily-experienced men.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> changed everything about how power worked in Palestine. US president <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> felt morally obliged to support the Jews in whatever they wanted. Meanwhile, the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party" title="Labour Party">Labour</a> government continued to abide by immigration restrictions out of fear that the empire could collapse if too many anti-colonial revolts happened at once. Unfortunately for them, that policy triggered a whole different kind of revolt. The Jews were enraged, and David Ben-Gurion organized Jewish militias to coordinate illegal immigration into Palestine and armed warfare against British colonial authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-insur_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insur-66">[65]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:287px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="190" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/500px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/960px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ben-Gurion declares Israeli independence, 1948.</div></div></div> <p>Zionist forces utilized terrorist tactics against the British, although it's important to note that they generally focused their efforts on government and military targets.<sup id="cite_ref-zterror_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zterror-67">[66]</a></sup> Nonetheless, civilians definitely died in Zionist attacks. Most infamous was the bombing that destroyed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, which had become a British colonial headquarters. The Zionists warned of the impending explosion, but not soon enough to give the British time to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-zterror_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zterror-67">[66]</a></sup> The bombing killed 91 people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> </p><p>All in all, the insurgency and terror campaign was highly effective. By 1947, the British had been forced to dispatch about 100,000 troops into Palestine, an expense they just couldn't afford after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-insur_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insur-66">[65]</a></sup> Finally, the British threw their hands up and said "fuck it" and shoved the issue at the UN for them to figure out. </p><p>The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) drew up a partition plan for an independent Israel and Palestine and an internationally-governed Jerusalem; this plan was approved by both the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in a rare show of cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-insur_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insur-66">[65]</a></sup> In fact, the Soviet delegation came out in support of the plan first after their UN ambassador Andrei Gromyko shocked the hell out of everybody by reversing decades of Soviet policy and endorsing a Jewish state.<sup id="cite_ref-hvardun_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvardun-64">[63]</a></sup> He had done this on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. The latter figured that since the Jews were fighting against the British, a Jewish state in Palestine would naturally be an enemy of the British Empire and a potential regional ally for the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-hvardun_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvardun-64">[63]</a></sup> The Zionists were thrilled by the idea of getting their Jewish state at long last, but the Arab League and the Palestinians were enraged by the plan. </p><p>Although violent Palestinian resistance to partition began immediately, Ben-Gurion was able to use his Zionist militias to gain control of the UN-mandated territories and proclaimed the establishment of an independent Israel in 1948. The US, the Soviets, and the UN-recognized Israel days later. Unfortunately for Israel, its independence wouldn't be a sure thing until it dealt with the imminent military threat presented by the Palestinians and the Arab League. A month after Israel's declaration of independence, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> mobilized troops to invade.<sup id="cite_ref-insur_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insur-66">[65]</a></sup> Oh boy. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="War_of_Independence">War of Independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War of Independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirim1948_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nirim1948_1.jpg/330px-Nirim1948_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nirim1948_1.jpg/500px-Nirim1948_1.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nirim1948_1.jpg/550px-Nirim1948_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirim1948_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli soldiers in Negev, 1948.</div></div></div> <p>Open warfare between Jews and Arabs began even before the British withdrawal, and the British did nothing to put an end to the rising conflict that ended up killing 2,000 in its early stages.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> The Israelis were vastly outnumbered by their enemies, evidenced by most Jewish population centers being under siege early in the war and having to be liberated. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg/250px-Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="231" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg/330px-Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg/500px-Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="688" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_1947_and_1950_de.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Territorial changes after the war.</div></div></div> <p>Although outnumbered, the Israelis had a few crucial advantages that proved decisive in this war. Palestinian Arabs had no professional soldiers or military structure, and the Arab states backing them were far from politically unified.<sup id="cite_ref-iwartac_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwartac-70">[69]</a></sup> By contrast, the Israelis were fighting for the survival of their new nation, and many were experienced soldiers who had fought in the world war. Within a handful of months, though, the Israeli state had to perform the frankly impressive feat of transforming the disorganized Jewish militias into a competent and professional military. In fact, by mid-1948, Israel's superior mobilization strategy paid off when they raised a larger armed force than the Arab opposition. In terms of numbers, the Israelis mobilized their entire able-bodied adult population for an army of more than 100,000 to face off against about 25,000 Arab soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-iwartac_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwartac-70">[69]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1827" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Raising Israel's flag in celebration of victory.</div></div></div> <p>That being said, Israel would have had a much worse time had the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> not stepped up to the plate for them once more. The Soviet Union, through its puppet <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, sold a shitload of weaponry to Israel that the communists had captured from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the world war.<sup id="cite_ref-russb_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russb-71">[70]</a></sup> Ben-Gurion later expressed his view that the guns from the commies were essential in ensuring Israel's victory in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-hvardun_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvardun-64">[63]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Arab League states expected an easy victory that they could use for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> purposes. Thus, they didn't put much effort into coordinating or planning their offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-arabloss_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabloss-72">[71]</a></sup> They were also crippled by the competing political goals of the various leaders, as Egypt's king wanted to be the ruler of the Arab world, and Jordan wanted to occupy Jerusalem for itself. Not only did the Arab forces suffer humiliating military defeats against the Israelis, but they also started turning against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-arabloss_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabloss-72">[71]</a></sup> </p><p>The war ended with an armistice between the parties, which benefited Israel greatly. Israel ended up with 50% more land than was initially allocated under the UN partition plan, creating Israel's modern borders. The remainder of Palestine effectively ceased to exist, as the West Bank came under Jordanian occupation, and the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-nakbai_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nakbai-73">[72]</a></sup> After the Kingdom of Jordan took over Jerusalem and the West Bank, their authorities expelled Jews from East Jerusalem, destroyed many Jewish holy sites, and forbade Jews from praying at the Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup> </p><p>With those territorial expansions for most parties, it wasn't the Arab states that lost the war. No, it was the poor goddamn Palestinians who lost out. The widespread destruction of Arab villages and various <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> committed by radical Israeli militias forced about 700,000 Palestinians to flee their homes into the neighboring Arab states.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Once comprising villages and cities, Palestine was effectively wiped off the map.</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup> Palestinians refer to this mass exodus as the <i>Nakba</i>, or "catastrophe."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> In their absence, the Israelis passed a series of laws stripping the fleeing Arabs of their property and making it illegal for them to return. Many of those Palestinian families remain refugees to this day. </p><p>There was also a second refugee crisis, as the various Arab states, in turn, forced their Jewish population out of their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> Israel's population swelled by hundreds of thousands as a result. </p> <h3><span id="State_of_Israel_(and_more_trouble_with_the_Arabs)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="State_of_Israel_.28and_more_trouble_with_the_Arabs.29">State of Israel (and more trouble with the Arabs)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State of Israel (and more trouble with the Arabs)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Austerity.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Israel_Austerity.jpg/330px-Israel_Austerity.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Israel_Austerity.jpg/500px-Israel_Austerity.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Israel_Austerity.jpg/960px-Israel_Austerity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2052" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Austerity.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israelis wait in line for food rations, 1954.</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Consolidation">Consolidation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consolidation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Israel focused a lot on attracting foreign Jewish immigration, hoping that the state could expand territorially, although the hoped-for mass influx from the West never really materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-nytgi_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytgi-79">[78]</a></sup> Most Jews who arrived were from the Middle East or Africa, and they were generally treated worse and had fewer opportunities than those Jews who came from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:237px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg/235px-Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg/353px-Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg/470px-Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="356" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann_takes_notes_during_his_trial_USHMM_65268.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Adolf Eichmann on trial for his Nazi crimes in Jerusalem.</div></div></div> <p>Israel's early days were defined by the economic crisis. Food and other goods had to be rationed, and the economy got so bad that Ben-Gurion actually signed the reparations deal with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> to get some much-needed cash.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup> That deal pissed off a lot of Jews who thought that Ben-Gurion was putting a monetary value on the lives lost in the Holocaust. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, previously instrumental to Israel's establishment, quickly 180'd back into hostility towards the Zionist cause. This happened when Golda Meir, Israel’s envoy to the Soviets, proposed that the Soviet Union allow and encourage its Jewish population to emigrate to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-russb_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russb-71">[70]</a></sup> As that whole <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> thing demonstrated, the Soviets weren't too keen on the concept of people leaving their communist utopia. Soviet Jews were pleased under the leadership of Comrade Stalin, thank you very much. Combined with Israel's friendly attitude towards the US, that issue cemented the Soviet Union as an enemy. </p><p>The country also suffered attacks from Palestinian raiders from across the borders; these attacks were almost always met with Israeli counter-raids.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup> Israel also committed an act of aggression against Egypt in 1952 alongside the UK and France, when Israel agreed to invade to support the imperialists' scheme to regain the Suez Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-ikesuez_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikesuez-83">[82]</a></sup> For the first and probably last time, the US actually turned against Israel when president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> threatened sanctions if Israel didn't get the fuck out of Egypt, as the USSR (who backed Egypt) was threatening nuclear warfare against them, and the UK and France.<sup id="cite_ref-baduk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baduk-84">[83]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, Israel also shocked the world by sending <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> to kidnap the escaped <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> criminal <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup> This news caused consternation in the <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA">CIA</a>, which had known about Eichmann's location and didn't say anything out of fear that Eichmann's testimony might spill some embarrassing beans over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" class="extiw" title="wp:Operation Paperclip" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ciabad_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciabad-86">[85]</a></sup> Israel later put Eichmann on trial, found him guilty, and executed him for being <s>banal</s><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> an evil fucker. Eichmann, to this day, holds the dubious distinction of being the only person <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> on the order of an Israeli civilian court.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Six-Day_War">Six-Day War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Six-Day War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg/300px-Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg/450px-Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg/600px-Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_tanks_advancing_on_the_Golan_Heights._June_1967._D327-098.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli armored offensive in the Golan heights.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The Egyptian Army concentrations in the Sinai approaches do not prove that <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> was really about to attack us. We must be honest with ourselves. We decided to attack him.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Our basic objective will be to destroy Israel. The Arab people want to fight.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Nasser on the eve of the war, making it really easy for the Israelis to justify a first strike on him.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutawi2002p95_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutawi2002p95-90">[89]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Israel was undergoing a tumultuous period, it wasn't like their Arab neighbors were faring much better. The humiliating military smackdown inflicted on them by Israel led to domestic unrest and coups in Syria and Egypt, which installed <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> military strongmen as <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sixi_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixi-91">[90]</a></sup> The Arabs made no secret that they wanted to avenge themselves upon Israel, and Israel continued stockpiling for the inevitable next war. Making things worse, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions played into the situation as well, as the Soviets happily sold modern weapons to Egypt and the Israelis bought equipment from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-sixi_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixi-91">[90]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:247px;"><a href="/wiki/File:6dayswar1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/6dayswar1.jpg/250px-6dayswar1.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/6dayswar1.jpg/500px-6dayswar1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:6dayswar1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli troops examine a destroyed Egyptian fighter.</div></div></div> <p>By 1967, Israel was controlled by its new home-born generation, convinced that the old Jewish diaspora had suffered because they failed to fight back.<sup id="cite_ref-sixi_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixi-91">[90]</a></sup> The new generation was determined to kick ass first and ask questions later. In the end, the situation exploded into a war that same year based on - well, this thing remains a hot potato: </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="2143" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%22_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_-_panoramio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF troops at the Western Wall in Jerusalem, 1967.</div></div></div> <ul><li>The Arab interpretation: Israeli hardliners noticed that people were getting stressed that Egypt was building up its military, so they cooked up a story that Egypt was massing for imminent war across the Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-sixlie_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixlie-92">[91]</a></sup></li> <li>The Israeli interpretation: Given that Arab leaders around them were chanting "Death to Israel" pretty much every day and that Egypt had closed one of Israel's lifelines, the Strait of Tiran, it was pretty obvious they were going to attack. Better safe than sorry.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Israel basically did a Pearl Harbor to start the war, smashing most of Egypt's air force before it even got off the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-sixii_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixii-94">[93]</a></sup> Egyptian leader Nasser immediately declared a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, but the second wave of the attack came when Israeli tanks poured into the Sinai Peninsula and killed 10,000 Egyptian soldiers in 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-sixii_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixii-94">[93]</a></sup> Despite Israel's attempts to keep the conflict just between them and Egypt, Syria and Jordan joined the war to limit Israeli aggression. Although hoping to avoid that situation, Israel pushed the Arabs out and conquered the West Bank. When in control of Jerusalem, jubilant Israeli soldiers celebrated by blowing ram horns and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-sixii_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixii-94">[93]</a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the UN managed to broker a ceasefire, but it could hardly be called anything other than a decisive Israeli victory. Israel had more than tripled the land under its control, gaining control of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup> True to its name, the war lasted only six days. Unfortunately, the short conflict was still disastrous for the Palestinians. (Bet you didn't see that coming!) </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_of_attrition">War of attrition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: War of attrition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg/330px-Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg/500px-Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg/600px-Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inferno._XXIV.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF operation against the PLO in Jordan, 1968.</div></div></div> <p>Now under military occupation, Palestinians still living in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip faced immediate hardship under Israeli rule. Palestinians were blocked from traveling abroad or conducting foreign trade, making them <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisoners</a> inside their own communities.<sup id="cite_ref-sixpale_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixpale-96">[95]</a></sup> Another 300,000 Palestinians became displaced in the immediate aftermath of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-sixlie_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixlie-92">[91]</a></sup> In a sinister foreshadowing of what was to come, the Israeli government bulldozed an entire Muslim neighborhood to create a large praying plaza in front of the Western Wall in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup> </p><p>This poor treatment and second defeat further radicalized Palestinians and Arabs alike. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), created in 1964, escalated its attacks on Israelis and declared that its goal was to destroy Israel and replace it with a unified Palestinian state.<sup id="cite_ref-plo_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plo-99">[98]</a></sup> The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a huge wave of political violence from Palestinians who were pissed off about being under Israeli occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup> Perhaps the most infamous incident was the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, in which Palestinian terrorists took eleven Israeli athletes and one West German police officer hostage and eventually killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup> </p><p>The Arab League also held a summit after the war, which resulted in the Khartoum Resolution, a declaration that there would be no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></sup> Israel also retaliated for the Munich massacre by bombing PLO installations the Arab League states hosted. Between 1969 and 1970, low-scale hostilities between Israel and its neighbors were constant, resulting in thousands of dead soldiers and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></sup> This period is called the "War of Attrition". </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Yom_Kippur_War_and_Camp_David_Accords">Yom Kippur War and Camp David Accords</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur War and Camp David Accords">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg/330px-Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg/500px-Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg/530px-Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="638" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ofira_Air_Battle.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Egyptian MiG-17 shot down near an IDF base, 1973.</div></div></div> <p>Under its new and more pragmatic ruler Anwar Sadat, Egypt offered Israel a peace deal in the early 1970s in exchange for returning the Sinai Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-yki_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yki-104">[103]</a></sup> Israeli prime minister Golda Meir rejected the offer, so Sadat turned to a different regional player. He met with Syria's recently-risen dictator Hafez al-Assad, and the two leaders struck a secret accord promising to unite their forces against Israel. Despite that agreement, though, the two leaders had very different goals. Sadat only wanted to force Israel to the bargaining table to get Sinai back, while Assad wanted to militarily recapture the Golan Heights and avenge Syria's former defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-yki_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yki-104">[103]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/250px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/375px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/500px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="348" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Destroyed Israeli tanks near the Suez.</div></div></div> <p>To maximize their chances of victory, the two leaders chose to launch their attack on the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the "Day of Atonement". During that holiday, Israel shut down entirely for <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> to the point that traffic was halted and broadcasts were ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-ykii_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ykii-105">[104]</a></sup> The attack caught the Israelis by surprise, and the Arabs were in much better shape than the last two attempts. Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal went smoother than expected, and Israel's military reserves were quickly depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-ykiii_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ykiii-106">[105]</a></sup> With no other choice, Israel asked the US to save them. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> answered the call by supplying US arms and supplies, although the US paid for it when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" class="extiw" title="wp:1973 oil crisis" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 1973 oil crisis">OPEC retaliated with an oil embargo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ykiii_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ykiii-106">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_David,_Menachem_Begin,_Anwar_Sadat,_1978.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/275px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/413px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg/550px-Camp_David%2C_Menachem_Begin%2C_Anwar_Sadat%2C_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1218" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_David,_Menachem_Begin,_Anwar_Sadat,_1978.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Camp David Accords. From left to right: Sadat, Carter, Begin.</div></div></div> <p>Once reinforced with foreign weapons, the Israelis could get back on their feet. Peace came with a UN ceasefire and an agreement to just let things go back to how they were. It was, however, clear to the Israelis that they needed to fix their issues with at least some of their neighbors once and for all. </p><p>Finally, in 1978, Sadat's attempt to force Israel into bargaining with him paid off. In 1977, Sadat had made a show of goodwill by traveling to Jerusalem and speaking before the Israeli legislature, the first time an Arab leader had recognized Israeli sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></sup> Although that made some progress, the Egyptians and the Israelis still couldn't find common ground on the Sinai. To make things move a bit faster, US president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> invited both Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to meet on US soil and hash out their differences with Carter as a mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup> </p><p>Over two weeks, the summit finally broke the diplomatic deadlock and created of some "framework documents". In 1979, Israel and Egypt translated that framework into a working peace treaty that saw Israel withdraw from the Sinai and Egypt agree to keep the region demilitarized.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup> The peace treaty has lasted just fine so far, and Israel now considers Egypt one of its closest regional allies.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup> </p><p>Hooray for not killing each other! Too bad things went sour elsewhere again. </p> <h4><span id="Escalation_in_Palestine,_the_war_in_Lebanon"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Escalation_in_Palestine.2C_the_war_in_Lebanon">Escalation in Palestine, the war in Lebanon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Escalation in Palestine, the war in Lebanon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg/250px-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg/500px-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="404" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3_1978.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aftermath of the Coastal Road bus attack.</div></div></div> <p>In early 1978, the PLO decided to remind everyone that they were still around and pissed off by hijacking a bus and murdering 38 Israelis, including 13 children.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></sup> As it's known now, the Coastal Road bus massacre failed to sabotage the Israeli-Egyptian peace process but sure did piss Israel right the hell off. Israel retaliated by launching a full invasion of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, which was known to host PLO terrorists and bases. The short invasion resulted in about 1,000 Arab deaths and was condemned by the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></sup> That condemnation began an ongoing pattern of anger between Israel and the UN. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_(1982).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_%281982%29.jpg/250px-Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_%281982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_%281982%29.jpg/500px-Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_%281982%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="525" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_troops_in_south_Lebanon_(1982).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF troops in southern Lebanon, 1982.</div></div></div> <p>Amid escalating conflict with the PLO, Israel also became much more aggressive towards poor Joe Sixpack of Palestine, who just wanted to live his goddamn life. First came the official Israeli policy to encourage the establishment of many illegal Jewish settlements in Palestinian areas. This policy began the current trend of harsher military occupation and virtual <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></sup> Then came the 1980 Jerusalem Law, which effectively announced the annexation of East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></sup> That's been a bit of a sore point for Palestinians too. </p><p>Then, amid much international screaming, Israel unilaterally annexed the Golan Heights in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup> After that, amid even more international screaming, Israel launched another invasion of Lebanon in 1982 because the first invasion apparently hadn't been enough. Lebanese Christian militias used the opportunity to rise up and commit horrific massacres against the Muslim population. Israel earned the world's disgust when the IDF (Israeli Defense Force) stood by and allowed mass murder right in front of their faces.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></sup> Israel declared "mission accomplished" and left Lebanon in 1985, leaving behind a country in ruins that would be embroiled in religious civil war until 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the First Intifada, a series of Palestinian protests and riots, broke out and was met with a massively disproportionate response from the Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginning_and_sabotage_of_the_peace_process">Beginning and sabotage of the peace process</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Beginning and sabotage of the peace process">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/275px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/413px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/550px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="880" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing the Oslo Accords at the White House. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> likes to watch.</div></div></div> <p>In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin was elected prime minister on a platform calling for compromise with the Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></sup> The following year, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian Authority as an autonomous regional government with the acknowledged right to govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup> Unfortunately, the ongoing Oslo process can't be completed without resolving the vital questions of Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem, illegal Israeli settlements, and the Palestinian right of return (comparable to the Jewish right of return).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately, Israel's government has since used the Oslo agreement as a cover to seize increasing degrees of control over Palestinian land. The agreement temporarily ceded a large amount of Palestinian land to what was supposed to be Israeli custodianship and gradual transference to Palestinian governance. Instead, peacemaker Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a hardline Jew in 1995, and elections saw him succeeded by the hardline rightist Benjamin Netanyahu.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> The Netanyahu government immediately suspended all plans of returning Palestinian land granted by the Accords for custodianship and instead effectively annexed them, beginning the long-running policy of constructing illegal Israeli settlements there.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup> Since then, Netanyahu's <a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a> has sabotaged and transformed what was supposed to be a peace process into a flimsy legal cover for land grabs and oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup> </p><p>Not a whole lot of progress has materialized on these issues since then. There's probably a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for you if you can figure that shitstorm out. Good luck. </p><p>In 1994, Israel signed a peace agreement with Jordan that has lasted so far. Part of the agreement stipulates that Jordanian authorities get to administer Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem, which controversially includes Temple Mount.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="More_war_in_Palestine_and_Lebanon">More war in Palestine and Lebanon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: More war in Palestine and Lebanon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg/500px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1174" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Standing_Guard_in_Nablus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF in Nablus during the Second Intifada, 2002.</div></div></div> <p>Unfortunately for the Palestinians, things went bad again. Another round of diplomatic talks in 2000 fell through on the issue of what exact borders an independent Palestine might have.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup> Both sides blamed the other for the failure. Shortly after, Palestinians were enraged by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's visit to Temple Mount. That triggered the Second Intifada, an even more intense bout of violence that lasted until about 2005 and killed thousands on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup> During that period of violence, Israel constructed the controversial wall near the West Bank border. Israel claims it is a defensive measure. However, Palestinians see it as racial <a href="/wiki/Segregation" title="Segregation">segregation</a>. It mostly cuts into the West Bank rather than being built on the Israel - West Bank border or inside Israel proper.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GazaWPshelling.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GazaWPshelling.gif/250px-GazaWPshelling.gif" decoding="async" width="195" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GazaWPshelling.gif/330px-GazaWPshelling.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GazaWPshelling.gif/390px-GazaWPshelling.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="349" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GazaWPshelling.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli white phosphorous shell explodes over Gaza, 2009.</div></div></div> <p>Meanwhile, the chickens scattered in Lebanon by Israel came home to roost when Iranian-backed <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> militia <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> started launching attacks on Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon again in 2006, conducting a war that is widely considered a failure. The IDF failed to locate and destroy most of Hezbollah's strength, failed to prevent missile attacks on Israeli soil, and failed to eliminate any of Hezbollah's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup> Israel had been humiliated in a lost war for the first time, despite claiming victory. </p><p>Back at home, the year 2005 saw the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> oust the Palestinian Authority and take control of the Gaza Strip.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup> Political differences between the PLO and Hamas escalated into violence in 2007. Hamas also started using the Gaza Strip as a base from which to launch rocket attacks against Israel, provoking an Israeli invasion of the territory in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> Israel again earned the world's disgust by indiscriminately using white phosphorous explosives during the war, a weapon generally acknowledged as a <a href="/wiki/WMD" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD">WMD</a>. This resulted in the intentional killing of Palestinians, which is forbidden under international law and is classed as a war crime. Israel has never been brought to justice at an international court despite this blatant war crime. Alongside deadly white phosphorous chemical incendiaries, Gazan civilians were killed by Israeli missiles, bombs, heavy artillery, tank shells, and small arms fire directed at populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> This also contributed to the resulting death of many Palestinian civilians. </p><p>Israel attacked Gaza again in 2014, massacring hundreds of people.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup> During this attack, Israeli troops randomly fired their weapons, resulting in the death of numerous civilians, including women and children. No fewer than 2,251 Palestinians (of which at least 65% were civilians)<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup> were intentionally killed by the Israeli military during this atrocious massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Strengthening_diplomatic_position">Strengthening diplomatic position</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Strengthening diplomatic position">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:287px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Disorders_in_Lod,_May_2021._IV.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg/285px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="190" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg/428px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg/570px-Disorders_in_Lod%2C_May_2021._IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1062" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Disorders_in_Lod,_May_2021._IV.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli riot police in Lod, south of Tel Aviv, during the 2021 crisis.</div></div></div> <p>Israel's diplomatic status is better today than it's ever been. Israel has trade agreements with most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> and a big chunk of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup> Israel's peace agreements with Jordan and Egypt seem stable, and its relations with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> are improving due to their shared enemy, Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="765" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Israeli_Air_Force_bombed_the_press_offices_in_Gaza_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Israeli airstrike on a press building during the 2021 Gaza War.</div></div></div> <p>Israel has previously benefited from the close personal alliance between former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and Israel's then prime minister and notorious <a href="/wiki/Wingnut" title="Wingnut">wingnut</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>. In 2017, President Trump moved the US embassy from Tel Aviv to East Jerusalem, thus signaling that the US would recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-141">[140]</a></sup> The decision triggered a flurry of violence and crackdowns but noticeably didn't cause too much diplomatic unrest among the Arab states. That's probably explained by the fact that the Arab world now seems to view Israel as an uncomfortable ally helping them fight against Iranian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-141">[140]</a></sup> Trump also released a "peace plan" to end the Israel-Palestine conflict, which was referred to by Netanyahu as the "deal of the century"; it was created without ever speaking to Palestinians (don't look so shocked). While the plan did technically offer Palestinians a sovereign state, it would, in practice, be nothing more than an isolated, partially self-governing territory of Israel. It was widely compared to Indian reservations and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">bantustans</a>. It would have also allowed Israel to continue to construct settlements in the West Bank and required the State of Palestine to concede control of crucial parts of the West Bank in exchange for isolated, worthless pieces of land in the desert. Unsurprisingly, this proposal was immediately and vehemently rejected by the Palestinian leadership. However, many believe that it was, in fact, never intended to be accepted and was made horrible on purpose so that Palestinians would immediately reject it. Thus, a person who knew nothing about the plan could believe it was rejected because those damn Arabs don't want peace. Of course, the plan was ultimately so terrible that it was hated <a href="/wiki/Stopped_clock" title="Stopped clock">even by many hardline Zionists</a>. </p><p>Warming ties with the Arab world were confirmed in September 2020 when <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> signed an agreement with Israel to recognize the Israeli state and normalize diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup> Behind the peace deals was the offer from the US of generous arms sales; the UAE has already gone and purchased Reaper drones, EA-18G Growler jets, and F-35 fighter planes.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup> In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s post-Bashir government followed their example in normalizing relations with Israel in exchange for the US removing them from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the worst violence since 2014 broke out, once again dashing any foolishly optimistic hopes that the region could be heading towards peace. Tensions spiked dangerously when Israel's "Jerusalem Day" holiday (commemorating the 1967 victory) coincided with a series of forced evictions of Palestinians from a neighborhood in East Jerusalem, sparking first peaceful protests and then clashes with Israeli police,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup> and then escalated into riots, a freaking police raid on the Al-Aqsa Mosque (which is the third-holiest site in Islam),<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></sup> and finally, rocket attacks and airstrikes carried out between Israel and Hamas.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> Israel took the opportunity to pound Gaza with airstrikes,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></sup> flattening many buildings and murdering many civilians. Israeli forces also destroyed a business tower housing various media outlets like the <i>Associated Press</i> and <i>Al-Jazeera</i>. Despite Israel's insistence that the tower housed Hamas combatants, Israel's government has failed to provide literally any evidence of that claim,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup> making it dubious. Since 2022 there has been a drastic increase in violence within the West Bank. In 2022, Israeli Forces killed 170 Palestinians, including 30 children, making it the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem since 2006. And in the first half of 2023 Israel has killed 160 Palestinians, including 26 children. This is due to nearly daily Israeli raids within the West Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2023-24_Gaza_War">2023-24 Gaza War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2023-24 Gaza War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/9/9a/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png/250px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/9a/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png/375px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/9a/October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png/500px-October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="887" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:October_2023_Gaza%E2%88%92Israel_conflict.svg.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The situation in late 2023.</div></div></div> <p>Then, months later the unthinkable happened: on October 7th, 2023 Hamas militants briefly invaded parts of central Israel, killing an estimated 1,400 civilians and abducting a further 250 people, both numbers including foreign nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[note 2]</a></sup> Based on the paragraphs above, you can imagine what happened to Gaza after that. You see, Gaza is currently under a brutal siege, which has caused a rapidly-deteriorating humanitarian crisis and the destruction of the urban exclave's healthcare infrastructure; though figures vary widely, they generally agree that said siege has claimed the lives of several times that number already, estimated at around 15,000- including journalists, who of course were often deliberately targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></sup> As of November 24th, it was confirmed that 13 of these hostages have been released in prisoner swaps,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup> a cautiously promising breakthrough thus far. </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has filed a lawsuit against Israel on accusations of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in the Gaza strip alongside the 75 years of apartheid rule. <sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup>. To the surprise of literally nobody, Israel vehemently rejected this case and <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_things_that_are_affiliated_with_Hamas_(According_to_Israel)" title="Fun:List of things that are affiliated with Hamas (According to Israel)">labelled the ICJ and South Africa as being affiliated with Hamas.</a> In response to further ICC and ICJ rulings that Israel should stop its assault on the Gaza strip, <a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">Israel intensified its bombing campaign and deliberately struck a refugee camp in Rafah</a>, a purported safe zone, killing dozens of Palestinians, including infants.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup> On July 2024, the International Court of Justice ruled Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories to be illegal, and they also ruled that Israel was violating international prohibitions against <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and institutionalized racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/960px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Knesset chamber, meeting place of Israel's parliament.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Democracy_and_elections">Democracy and elections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Democracy and elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Israel has been called "the only <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in the Middle East". Unfortunately, that's not quite true. While Israel is certainly the <s><i>most</i> democratic</s> least undemocratic state in the region, <span title="short for: id est (Latin phrase that means 'in other words', 'that is', or 'which means')" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">i.e.</span>, the closest one to a proper democracy, certain failings have created a situation in which Israel's parliamentary system fails to represent the will of its people. Elections, for instance, are overseen by a partisan electoral commission.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup> Following the 2022 legislative election Netanyahu and his coalition partners have sought to weaken the High Court of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup> Many right wing Israelis have sought to weaken the High Court of Israel due to perceived protection of Palestinian rights, and upholding secularism.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup> Proposed legislation from the Netanyahu government would be an expansion of use of administrative detention under the control of Ben Gvirs control.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup> </p><p>Israel's ongoing military occupations have resulted in a cultural shift towards <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>. Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, the nationalist right has mounted an assault on liberal institutions by declaring Israel to be a Jewish state, bribing the media for favorable coverage, and attempting to make Netanyahu immune from any kind of prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup> In March 2020, Netanyahu's Likud Party took the extraordinary action of shutting down the Knesset for a few days to prevent a vote to appoint a new Knesset Speaker of another party.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup> Even with the Knesset shut down, the Netanyahu administration continued business without parliamentary oversight. </p><p>Meanwhile, Israeli colonization of the West Bank has significantly altered its political landscape. Israeli settlers on Palestinian land campaign and run for seats in the Knesset during election seasons, while Palestinians living on that same land don't even have the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-iswbvote_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iswbvote-168">[166]</a></sup> This means the Israeli government rules most aspects of Palestinian life entirely unchallenged. Instead, Palestinians vote for the Palestinian Authority, a regime that controls around 40% of Palestinian land and is entirely reliant on Israel for its continued functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-iswbvote_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iswbvote-168">[166]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Occupied_Palestine">Occupied Palestine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Occupied Palestine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/330px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/500px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/960px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF checkpoint between Palestinian villagers and their farmland.</div></div></div> <p>Although right-wing Israelis call Palestine a "disputed" territory, the reality is that Palestine is under military occupation. Former prime minister Ariel Sharon admitted it before the Knesset before explaining his view that the occupation was unsustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-pocc_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocc-169">[167]</a></sup> Sharon was succeeded by Netanyahu, who seems to have made it his mission to <i>make</i> the occupation sustainable by accelerating settlement construction and increasing military presence.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup> </p><p>Since 1967, Israel's military has been responsible for administration and governance in the Palestinian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-amnepal_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnepal-171">[169]</a></sup> Since the Oslo Accords, Israel has handed partial administrative rights to the Palestinian Authority. However, the Israeli military reigns supreme in the region, and most rural areas are still under Israeli civil authority.<sup id="cite_ref-amnepal_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnepal-171">[169]</a></sup> </p><p>Israeli rule in the region is arbitrary and uncaring at best. Israeli forces' <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations include: </p> <ul><li>Home demolitions and forced evictions.</li> <li>Lack of access to <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.</li> <li>Punitive arrests.</li> <li>Unfair trials.</li> <li>Ill-treatment and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> of detainees.</li> <li>The use of lethal force to suppress nonviolent demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-palgazam_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgazam-172">[170]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Despite Hamas' best efforts, Israel also maintains partial control of the Gaza Strip and is considered by the international community to be the de facto occupying power in Gaza. It controls all of Gaza's border crossings, except the Rafah crossing to and from Egypt, in addition to Gaza's airspace, coastal waters, and the no-go "buffer zone" of 300 meters (as of 2021) between the Gaza Strip and Israel. On top of that, Israel maintains a population registry to determine who may leave and enter Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-palgazam_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgazam-172">[170]</a></sup> Since 2007, Israel, with the shameful support of Egypt's current President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, has used that control to enforce a tight blockade on almost all goods into or out of Gaza, including medical supplies. While Israel and Egypt claim that this blockade is necessary on security grounds, the actual purpose is to collectively punish Gazans for the actions of Hamas. This is though Israel and Egypt have no basis for behaving in that manner, and collectively punishing civilians is expressly forbidden by international law. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ultra-Orthodox_influence_and_the_coming_demographic_disaster">Ultra-Orthodox influence and the coming demographic disaster</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ultra-Orthodox influence and the coming demographic disaster">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:317px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_(2).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg/330px-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg/500px-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg/960px-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Haredi Jews protest against conscription of religious students, 2014.</div></div></div> <p>Even within Israel, there's increasing nervousness and anxiety over the Haredi Jews' outsized role in Israeli society and politics, seen often in their relentless bullying of prime ministers into acquiescing to their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup> Haredi Jews, often labeled "Ultra-Orthodox", see it as their holy obligation to spend as much of their lives as possible studying Jewish <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a>, and they also believe in gender segregation and shun the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haredilife_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredilife-174">[172]</a></sup> Haredi political parties have managed to make themselves kingmakers within the Israeli right-wing, and they flexed that power in 2019 by sinking a coalition agreement over the issue of conscripting religious students into the military, forcing another election.<sup id="cite_ref-haredilife_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredilife-174">[172]</a></sup> The Haredi electorate has also trended sharply to the right in recent years, and their demographic support notably helped propel far-right anti-secular politician <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a> into the national spotlight.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup> This trend is unlikely to change soon. A larger percentage of young Israelis is Haredi Orthodox and religious Zionist than in previous generations. As a result, unlike countries like the US and the UK, the youth in Israel is extremely right-wing. Over 60% of the voters below 35 identify as right-wing, while less than 50% of the older identifying as such.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup> </p><p>Seventy years prior, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion granted draft exemptions to students at yeshivot, which initially applied to only a few hundred scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-haredexmp_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredexmp-177">[175]</a></sup> Over time, this number grew to tens of thousands of young men who also received state handouts so they could devote themselves to studying Jewish scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-haredexmp_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredexmp-177">[175]</a></sup> By 2010, Israeli university students had become quite resentful towards the roughly 600,000 Ultra-Orthodox religious students who not only didn't pay for education but also lived almost entirely on state benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup> Worst of all, Haredi religious schools are pretty shitty. That's not our opinion, by the way; that comes from Professor Dan Ben-David of the Shoresh Institution for Socioeconomic Research, who notes that very few Haredi children learn core subjects like math, English or <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haredavid_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredavid-179">[177]</a></sup> Ben-David also considers it a security threat, as uneducated children raised in gender-segregated environments wouldn't be effective in Israel's military even if they wanted to join.<sup id="cite_ref-haredavid_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredavid-179">[177]</a></sup> </p><p>Lack of education makes Haredi essentially unemployable in a modern economy, which would be a problem for them were the average Haredi man not completely uninterested in employment. In 2011, the Bank of Israel reported that more than 60% of Haredi men don't work and that most lived well below the poverty line and had an average of 8 children per family.<sup id="cite_ref-haredempl_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredempl-180">[178]</a></sup> The huge number of children per household is also a major problem since it means the Haredi population is rapidly increasing. Professor Ben-David predicted in 2019 that some 49% of all children in Israel aged 0 to 14 will be ultra-Orthodox by 2065.<sup id="cite_ref-haredavid_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredavid-179">[177]</a></sup> Economics professor Omer Moav from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem noted that, "They are a real danger to Israel. If we go bankrupt it’s the end of the story for us. Our strong army rests on a strong economy."<sup id="cite_ref-haredempl_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredempl-180">[178]</a></sup> Efforts to reform Haredi education have always been met with fierce opposition from the religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-haredavid_179-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haredavid-179">[177]</a></sup> </p><p>During COVID-19, Haredim, much like the right-wing in America, refused to follow lockdown procedures; they kept schools open and large gatherings for prayers, weddings, or funerals, "ending up with spectacularly high infection rates (exacerbated by crowded living conditions) that contributed to Israel being the 2020 world leader in national lockdown days." Haredim are also known to interfere with public transportation and commerce on Shabbat, prevent women from singing in public, enforce gender segregation, and hold a monopoly on formal marriage (they refuse to marry gay Israelis) and conversions. Many Russian-speaking immigrants are not recognized as Jews, and "mixed couples in general are driven to the absurdity of traveling abroad to marry."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup> </p><p>By June 2024, Israel's Supreme Court ruled that the military draft exemption no longer applies to Ultra Orthodox Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup> over the bitter objections of the community and religious parties in Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition. This led to clashes between the Ultr Orthodox and Israeli police in August 2024. <sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup> The court also "banned financial aid to religious institutions whose students refused military service." <sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ongoing_disputes_and_crises">Ongoing disputes and crises</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ongoing disputes and crises">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:387px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c8/Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png/385px-Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png" decoding="async" width="385" height="468" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c8/Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png/578px-Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c8/Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png/770px-Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="954" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stratfor_Israel_Palestine_situation_2020.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The three mandated zones in Palestine.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_of_Palestine">Status of Palestine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Status of Palestine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Oslo Accord was never meant to be a permanent arrangement. Yet, it has remained in force ever since its adoption, largely thanks to the efforts of the extremist Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></sup> Under the 1993 agreement, Palestine is split into three regions. Area A, which consists of the primary Palestinian urban areas, has most of its internal affairs and security controlled by the Palestinian Authority.<sup id="cite_ref-pareas_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pareas-189">[187]</a></sup> Originally, Israeli forces were supposed to be legally barred from entering Area A, but Israel unilaterally dissolved this provision while hunting militants during the Second Intifada.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></sup> Entry is still barred to Israeli citizens. Area B, which consists of more rural Palestinian villages, are under the Palestinian Authority's internal jurisdiction but has a nominal Israeli security presence. However, this is limited to non-existent in practice, meaning crime and disorder are rife in these areas. Israel does <b>not</b> give a shit about that because its government does not see this as being its problem, so it would rather just save a few shekels and leave the Palestinians without law and order. </p><p>Area C is the real problem, consisting of about 60% of Palestinian territory. Much of it is uninhabited by anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-osloarc_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osloarc-191">[189]</a></sup> The Oslo Accords gave Israel full administrative control and a free hand to do whatever was necessary for its security in Area C. Still, the area was meant to be transferred to Palestinian control in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-osloarc_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osloarc-191">[189]</a></sup> However, as the transfer never happened, Israel maintained de facto control. It holds extensive power in Area C. An estimated 300,000 Palestinians live in Area C, along with some 400,000 Israeli colonists living in settlements constructed there.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></sup> </p><p>Along with using its administrative control to construct settlements, Israel also regularly demolishes Palestinian homes that they have not seen fit to authorize (Israel authorizes very few Palestinian construction requests).<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></sup> 30% of Area C is also barred from Palestinian entry, and 70% of existing Palestinian homes there lack <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> infrastructure access.<sup id="cite_ref-unocha_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unocha-194">[192]</a></sup> Nearly half of the Area C communities report that their access to emergency and basic health care is hampered by the long distances to the nearest clinic and/or the need to pass a checkpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-unocha_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unocha-194">[192]</a></sup> </p><p>Violence is still sporadic in Palestine, with protests becoming uncontrolled and the IDF responding with often lethal force. Amid these various grievances, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announced in 2015 that Palestine no longer considered the Oslo Accords legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-ipci_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipci-195">[193]</a></sup> Israel's harsher treatment of Palestinians has also helped the PLO reconcile with Hamas and form a unity agreement against their common enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> </p><p>As far as anyone has been able to envision, there are really only two broad ways for the conflict to end. The "two-state solution" would create an independent Israel and Palestine and is the most widely accepted idea internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-twoone_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoone-197">[195]</a></sup> It's based on the idea that the two sides are irreconcilable and thus deserve to make their own way. Unfortunately, to make a two-state solution work, you'd need to figure out exactly where the border of those two states would lie. That's the root of the problem, as Israel has been building settlements on Palestinian land, and both sides claim East Jerusalem. </p><p>Then there's the "one-state solution", which would merge Israel and Palestine. Many hardliner Israelis don't want that since annexing Palestine and granting them citizenship would mean that Israeli Jews would be outnumbered by Arabs, thus meaning the end of Israel as a Jewish state.<sup id="cite_ref-twoone_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoone-197">[195]</a></sup> Alternatively, there's the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> version, where Israel either forces out the Palestinians or outright kills them all and takes the land anyways. That solution is deemed unacceptable to everyone, bar former Prime Minister Netanyahu, and then Prime Minister Bennett, and then Netanyahu again with an even more radical right-wing government. Unfortunately, it's hard to deny that this is the direction Israel is heading with widespread settlement-building, violence against Palestinians, including massacres, and the denial of Palestinian development rights.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_of_East_Jerusalem">Status of East Jerusalem</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Status of East Jerusalem">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:327px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg/325px-Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg/488px-Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg/650px-Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli-Police-Facebook--Jerusalem-aerial-04.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>East Jerusalem, the half with all the cool shit.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> <p>Before 1967, Israel only controlled the western chunk of Jerusalem, but the Six-Day War saw Israel conquer the eastern half. Israel's unilateral annexation of East Jerusalem is considered illegal under international law, and Palestine claims it as the capital of their proposed independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup> That, by the way, is why much of the international community continues to insist that Tel Aviv is Israel's capital and not Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></sup> It's also why Palestinians freaked the fuck out when Trump moved the US embassy to Jerusalem; they don't view Israel's hold over the eastern half of the city as legitimate. </p><p>Right now, East Jerusalem is highly militarized, and Palestinians there live in fear. Israeli ministers occasionally demand the destruction of all Palestinian homes built in East Jerusalem without permits, a threat that targets nearly 40 percent of the city’s Palestinians because of restrictive zoning.<sup id="cite_ref-eastj_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastj-202">[200]</a></sup> Jewish mobs chanting “Death to Arabs” have paraded through the streets, nightly police raids target Palestinian neighborhoods, and people on both sides of the religious divide are occasionally shot or stabbed.<sup id="cite_ref-eastj_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastj-202">[200]</a></sup> </p><p>East Jerusalem is also sectioned off from the rest of the West Bank by the infamous wall, which rightly angers Palestinians. Walls are even going up inside that part of the city, as Israel has responded to the violence by building concrete barriers between Jewish and Palestinian neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></sup> So it goes. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gaza_blockade_and_violence">Gaza blockade and violence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Gaza blockade and violence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/350px-PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/525px-PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/700px-PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PRC_Medical_Warehouse_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Burned-out medical warehouse in Gaza.</div></div></div> <p>Since the beginning of the current Gaza conflict in about 2007, Israel has enforced a harsh blockade against the entirety of the Gaza Strip in the hopes that it will weaken Hamas and end the terrorist group's rocket attacks on Israel. It hasn't worked so far, and the UN denounces the measure as "collective punishment" and a "medieval siege".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></sup> Hamas demands an easing of the closure in exchange for a halt in rocket fire. Still, Israel doesn't seem interested in sitting down at the negotiating table, and Hamas won't even communicate with them until that main demand is met.<sup id="cite_ref-currblock_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currblock-205">[203]</a></sup> Egypt, which also shares a border with Gaza, has cooperated with the blockade effort despite anger from fellow Muslim nations.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></sup> </p><p>More than a decade of economic warfare and boom boom warfare have turned Gaza, a dense city with about two million people, into a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> nightmare. About half of the population is unemployed and faces acute food insecurity; about one million people.<sup id="cite_ref-gazablok_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazablok-207">[205]</a></sup> Only minimal amounts of fuel and cooking gas are ever available, and Gaza's citizens are only permitted to fish right off the shore. That has the implications you'd expect on medical care, electricity, and general health. Water is also scarce in Gaza, as Gaza's coastline is polluted with sewage, and it's unable to build the necessary infrastructure to pipe in drinkable water.<sup id="cite_ref-gazablok_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazablok-207">[205]</a></sup> Some 80% of the area's population relies on international aid to survive, and the UN warns that conditions are so extreme here that Gaza could imminently become uninhabitable.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></sup> </p><p>Israelis and Palestinians both seem to view Gaza as a giant prison. Palestinians may go to Gaza, but they aren't allowed to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></sup> They certainly aren't permitted to go to the West Bank, where Netanyahu seems determined to limit Palestinian population growth as much as possible. As a result, the only real hope for Palestinians in Gaza is being able to illegally emigrate out of there and move to a different country. </p><p>Palestinians in Gaza occasionally protest against Israel, but Israeli forces are known to respond violently. In 2018, the IDF killed about 300 Gazans during that year's wave of protests and injured at least 35,000 others.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></sup> Gaza's health system could not deal with the many injuries and had to resort to amputations for hundreds of people. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hostility_with_Iran">Hostility with Iran</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hostility with Iran">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg/250px-Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg/500px-Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstrations_and_protests_against_United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_in_Tehran_038.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Burning image of Netanyahu at a Tehran protest.</div></div></div> <p>Israel and Iran are on infamously bad terms with each other. It's weird, considering that Israel has historically fought much more devastating wars against <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and is now on good terms with them. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has viewed Israel as a puppet of the West, a neo-colonial occupier state, and a religious abomination since the <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">1979 Islamic Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></sup> On the other hand, Israel hates Iran for repeatedly threatening to "wipe Israel off the map". However, Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> claims that only means destroying Israel's current government.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the reason, Israel and Iran have been unrelentingly hostile for decades. Part of the issue is the general fear that Iran might develop a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> and use it against Israel. That fear motivated Israeli intelligence's various assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></sup> and Netanyahu's fierce public opposition to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s touted nuclear deal with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></sup> </p><p>That hostility has also extended into other frames of warfare. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> is rapidly evolving into a proxy conflict between Israel and Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></sup> and both countries occasionally hit each other with <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberattacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a></sup> There's also evidence that the infamous Stuxnet virus was created by Israel to unleash against Iranian nuclear sites.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg/500px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1417" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Chief_of_Staff_Trains_with_Soldiers_at_Paratrooper_Exercise.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>IDF exercise in the Golan Heights.</div></div></div> <p>It's also widely believed that Israel has a nuclear weapons stockpile numbering between 80 and 400 warheads.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></sup> Under its "strategic ambiguity" policy, Israel refuses to confirm or deny its ownership of nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></sup> Israel has also not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Golan_Heights">Golan Heights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Golan Heights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Golan Heights is a small chunk of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> that has been under Israeli military occupation since the conclusion of the Six-Day War in 1967. Israel then unilaterally annexed the region, and the United States is the only country that recognizes that claim after Trump made that policy in 2019. Israel has thanked Trump for his diplomatic recognition by unveiling a plan to build a new settlement in the region named "Trump Heights."<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></sup> </p><p>There are a few reasons why Israel has been so determined to hold on to the region. The Golan Heights serves as a rugged defensive region against Syria, and it wraps around the Sea of Galilee to ensure Israel's ability to secure that water source.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a></sup> </p><p>The Golan Heights' residents became the victims of forced depopulation, as many fled during the war without being permitted to return. Israel often demolishes depopulated villages to make way for illegal Jewish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Apartheid">Apartheid</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Apartheid">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">More information on this subject can be found <a href="/wiki/Apartheid#Israel_and_the_occupied_Palestinian_territories" title="Apartheid">here</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg/500px-Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg/960px-Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Wall_Graffiti_-_Ich_bin_ein_Berliner.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"<i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Ich bin ein Berliner</a></i>" graffitied on the Palestinian side of the Bethlehem border wall.</div></div></div> <p>Israel's harsh policies towards Palestinians have provoked comparisons with <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s infamous <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime against black Africans. Ronnie Kasrils, a Jewish activist known for fighting against apartheid in South Africa, explained that Israel's land seizure, military occupation, and forced home demolition policies remind him of ethnic cleansing and apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a></sup> Desmond Tutu also voiced his support for the "Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions" movement, saying that systemic humiliation and harassment of Palestinian civilians reminded him of conditions in apartheid South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released a report accusing Israel of committing apartheid against Palestinians, stating, "Israeli authorities have carried out a range of inhumane acts in the OPT".<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> rejects the comparison, stating that there is no Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, policy or plan to segregate, persecute, or mistreat the Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></sup> Critics of the comparison note that Israeli law requires that citizens be treated the same regardless of race or religion<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></sup>, although so does the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">we all know how well that works for blacks and minorities</a> (also, Palestinians are, conveniently, not Israeli citizens) </p><p>By 2018, the Knesset under Netanyahu passed a law that explicitly declares Israel as a "Jewish nation-state," recognizes Hebrew as Israel's official language, strips Arabic of its designation as an official status (now it is a "special" language below that of Hebrew), endorses the establishment of Jewish settlements on Palestinian land, and explicitly says national self-determination in Israel is "exclusive" to the Jewish people. As critics have stated, "defining sovereignty and democratic self-rule as belonging solely" to a specific people over others is one of the hallmarks of an apartheid state.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></sup> </p><p>The increasingly powerful Israeli anti-<a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> group, Lehava, protests weddings between Palestinians and Jews that attract many hundreds of angry Lehava supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-lehava_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehava-233">[231]</a></sup> Lehava receives indirect funding from the Israeli government through its sister organization Hemla.<sup id="cite_ref-lehava_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehava-233">[231]</a></sup> </p><p>In December 2015, the Israeli education ministry rejected <i>Borderlife</i>, by the Israeli writer Dorit Rabinyan, from High School curricula, a book about a Palestinian and an Israeli who fall in love with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a></sup> The stated reason by senior officials was that the theme "is perceived by large segments of society as a threat to a separate identity" and that today's Israeli adolescents are not sufficiently concerned about "considerations involving maintaining the identity of people and the significance of assimilation”.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_movement">Freedom of movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Freedom of movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Israel maintains strict limits on Palestinians' right to travel within the West Bank, let alone outside of it. These restrictions are designed to keep Palestinians away from illegal Jewish settlements in the West Bank. This is to prevent Palestinian violence against the illegal settlers there. On top of that, they also force Palestinians to take time-consuming detours during their daily lives and have even restricted, or denied, their access to their own agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwi_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwi-236">[234]</a></sup> Restrictions are enforced by military checkpoints and perpetual troop presence. </p><p>Then there's the issue of the separation barrier that walls off much of the West Bank from the rest of Israel. Unfortunately, that wall doesn't lie on Israel's side of its border with the West Bank. Instead, it substantially infringes on the Palestinian side of the West Bank. About 11,000 Palestinians are separated from the West Bank by a wall. On top of that, they are also prevented from going to Israel proper and East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwi_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwi-236">[234]</a></sup> They're basically shit out of luck. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Torture_and_prisoner_abuse">Torture and prisoner abuse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Torture and prisoner abuse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kziot.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kziot.JPG/330px-Kziot.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kziot.JPG/500px-Kziot.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kziot.JPG/550px-Kziot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="751" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kziot.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ktzi'ot Prison, Israel's largest detention facility by land area.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></div> <p>On the order of its high court, Israel has admitted to the use of torture for much of the country's history,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></sup> but torture is still practiced in the occupied territories. Thousands of Palestinian prisoners are held in Israeli facilities and exposed to horrific conditions. </p><p>Unfortunately, prison conditions are already awful. Prisoners are often denied food and medical care, beaten and tortured, and kept in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></sup> Reported torture methods include beating, slapping, painful shackling, sleep deprivation, use of stress positions, and threats.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-239">[237]</a></sup> Some cases are bad enough to be brought to the attention of Israeli courts, such as an instance where 20 men were gagged and bound and had their limbs broken with clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Collective_punishment">Collective punishment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Collective punishment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem,_January_2014_(6_3).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg/330px-Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg/500px-Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg/960px-Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem%2C_January_2014_%286_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_demolitions_in_East_Jerusalem,_January_2014_(6_3).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Palestinian family collects their possessions from the streets after the demolition of their home.</div></div></div> <p>Human rights organizations have strongly denounced Israel's practice of demolishing the homes of the families of those considered to be Arab terrorists. Human Rights Watch has called this common collective punishment a war crime.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015, Israel legislated a three-year mandatory minimum prison sentence for throwing rocks at Israeli troops, civilians, or vehicles. The law also allows Israel to cancel national health insurance and other benefits for the parents of an imprisoned minor. The government purports that the legislation is temporary, passed in response to increased Palestinian protests — including rock-throwing — against Israel's ongoing occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Demolitions_and_land_appropriation">Demolitions and land appropriation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Demolitions and land appropriation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Home demolitions are also used arbitrarily and as a means of collective punishment. The Israeli occupation regime in Palestine demolishes hundreds of homes per year, displacing the Palestinian residents and offering no compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-239">[237]</a></sup> The stated justification is to preserve the IDF's "operational freedom". The courts repeatedly support the military's right to clear out houses even in areas under the nominal "full control" of the Palestinian Authority, where Israel has no legal jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></sup> </p><p>Along with the military, many demolitions are illegally initiated by Israeli settler organizations, which like to clear Palestinians off of prime neighborhood-building land (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facts_on_the_ground" class="extiw" title="wp:Facts on the ground" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Facts on the ground">"facts on the ground"</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_239-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-239">[237]</a></sup> Homeless Palestinians have no choice but to build "unrecognized" villages that Israel refuses to provide with municipal services and are at constant risk of demolition. </p> <h3><span id="Women's_rights"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Women.27s_rights">Women's rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall,_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/330px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="187" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/500px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/960px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall,_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sex-segregated prayer at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.</div></div></div> <p>The centrality of religion to Israel's identity leads to particular tensions for women. Israeli women enjoy all rights and social mobility that one would expect in a liberal <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. They are also subject to obligations that women in most other states are free or barred from, namely <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> — though the period of conscription is shorter for women than for men at two years instead of three (which is still longer than in most other countries with conscription). However, the strong social influence of and legal control by Orthodox Judaism means that women in Israel are sometimes faced with official and unofficial <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> justified by religious <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> in places where <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> communities are predominant, such as Mea Shearim in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak, where some buses and public utilities serving these areas are sex-segregated.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_expression_and_association">Freedom of expression and association</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Freedom of expression and association">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Israeli authorities use various measures, including raids, incitement campaigns, movement restrictions, and judicial harassment, to target human rights defenders, journalists, and critics of Israel's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_239-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-239">[237]</a></sup> Israel publishes lists of Palestinian human rights activists, calling them "terrorists in suits", and encourages law enforcement to subject these people to legal harassment. </p><p>Israel has directly targeted Human Rights Watch, ordering many of its officials to be deported.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_239-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-239">[237]</a></sup> Foreign human rights activists are routinely prevented from entering occupied Palestinian territory as Israel is trying to avoid news of the conditions in these regions from getting out. </p><p>Allies of Israel have moved to suppress the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement abroad. The <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> and many US states have introduced legislation restricting the ability of private interests from attempting to financially sever ties with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></sup> This is a blatant use of government power to compel financial decisions from non-government entities. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayovel_gay_3.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hayovel_gay_3.JPG/250px-Hayovel_gay_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hayovel_gay_3.JPG/375px-Hayovel_gay_3.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hayovel_gay_3.JPG/500px-Hayovel_gay_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayovel_gay_3.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Pro-LGBT rights signs in Israel, 2012.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gay_rights_and_pinkwashing">Gay rights and pinkwashing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Gay rights and pinkwashing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Israel is the only state in the Middle East to extend <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>. However, Palestinian gay rights groups resent being used as "cover" for Israel's treatment of Palestinians in general.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a></sup> Moreover — and as is true in many countries — there are still significant <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a> members of the Israeli parliament and government.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></sup> </p><p>Israel's relatively positive stance on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> is often used by its supporters as evidence that it is an inherently <a href="/wiki/Progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive">progressive</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></sup> There is, however, no <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a> in Israel because Israeli marriage law falls firmly under the control of the Orthodox rabbinate. Therefore, neither Reform nor Conservative rabbis may perform marriages in Israel, although Israel recognizes both gay and straight marriages entered abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></sup> Israel's 2020 attempt to ban conversion therapy is also under threat from member parties of the Netanyahu ruling coalition and opposition from ultra-Orthodox Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></sup> </p><p>Some have pointed out how gay rights have been used to "<a href="/wiki/Not_as_bad_as" title="Not as bad as">pinkwash</a>" Israel's oppressive policies toward Palestinians. During one of the Freedom Flotillas made up mostly of <a href="/wiki/American" class="mw-redirect" title="American">Americans</a> who set out to break the controversial blockade of Gaza, an anonymous gay man named Mark posted a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video, claiming to be shocked by widespread homophobia among those on the flotilla. The Israeli government initially promoted this video; however, it turned out that "Mark" was actually an Israeli actor. The video was tweeted by Guy Seemann, an employee of the prime minister of Israel. Seemann denied that he had posted the video in any official capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Discrimination_against_Ethiopian_Jews">Discrimination against Ethiopian Jews</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Discrimination against Ethiopian Jews">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Ethiopian Jews face many systemic disadvantages in Israeli society. Ethiopian Jews have the highest poverty rate among all Jewish groups in Israel, and they face a disproportionate level of imprisonment and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></sup> Additionally, they face significant barriers in employment, having a considerably lower salary on average and facing difficulty even being hired, resulting in Ethiopian Jews having a high unemployment rate.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></sup> They often live segregated in their own communities, and some in the religious establishment argue that they are <a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" class="mw-redirect" title="No true Scotsman">not true Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></sup> There have been cases of systemic housing discrimination by landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legitimate_criticism_vs._antisemitism">Legitimate criticism vs. antisemitism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Legitimate criticism vs. antisemitism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Many antisemites use what would be valid criticisms of Israel as a veil for their antisemitism. Rabbi Jill Jacobs, executive director of the human rights organization T'ruah, has described some of these tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-261">[259]</a></sup> Some of these tactics and signs of antisemitism include:<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-261">[259]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Seeing an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li>Using code-words like "globalists" or "elites" (right-wing), or "Zionists" particularly to refer to all Israelis or all Jews (left-wing)</li> <li>Rejecting Jewish history</li> <li>Dismissing the humanity of Israelis</li> <li>Assuming that the Israeli government speaks for all Jews</li> <li>Referring to Israel as Palestine (or part of Palestine)</li></ul> <p>However, some on the pro-Israel side conflate actual, valid criticism of Israel with antisemitism to quash any opposition to Israel and its treatment of Palestinians. An example of this would be United States Representative <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, smeared by many pro-Israel conservatives and liberals as an antisemite because she criticized the horrific crimes against humanity perpetrated by Israel as well as the influence that pro-Israel lobbying groups like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="extiw" title="wp:American Israel Public Affairs Committee" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: American Israel Public Affairs Committee">AIPAC</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (American Israel Public Affairs Committee) have in steering public opinion and government policy towards Israel in the United States. Another example is former UK Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> and a few others who were purged by the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blairites</a> from the party for supporting Palestinians under the vague notion of eliminating antisemitism in the party.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> These tactics are especially ironic given the Likud government's open association and collaboration with antisemitic governments and politicians in countries like Hungary, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan and elsewhere (not to mention Israel's covert and increasingly overt support of anti-Iranian Wahhabi jihadis, such as the Al-Qaeda-linked Al-Nusra Front in Syria) Even Netanyahu, who throws spurious accusations at anyone who would criticize his party or government, has posed for pictures with actual neo-Nazis in Hungary.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Unsurprisingly, given the amount of anti-Semitism, bigotry and discrimination Jews have experienced throughout the centuries, there are a lot of anti-Semitic tropes. As such, for those who want to legitimately criticize particular policies the Israeli government has taken on, endorsed or tacitly allowed, it is easy to accidentally run afoul of some dog whistle used by Neo Nazis. It is therefore best to be very specific about the policy, about the segment of Israeli society/government and about why they deserve criticism for that policy. Yes, this takes more thought and effort, but tough luck; get over your entitlement; you don't get to be lazy here (This is similar to care needed criticizing some stance by somebody claiming to speak in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a> movement) </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg/250px-Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="148" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg/500px-Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="2767" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Israeli government buildings in West Jerusalem. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:51px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_in_Israel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/225px-Food_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/338px-Food_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/450px-Food_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1620" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Israeli platter of falafel, hummus and Israeli salad. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_(5713574059).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg/225px-Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg/338px-Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg/450px-Cyclist_with_Procession_of_Palestinian_Women_and_Cat_-_Tel_Aviv_Promenade_-_Israel_%285713574059%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Arab women and some cyclists travel Tel Aviv. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnei-Hitin-MT-521.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karnei-Hitin-MT-521.jpg/250px-Karnei-Hitin-MT-521.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karnei-Hitin-MT-521.jpg/500px-Karnei-Hitin-MT-521.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Site of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Hattin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, with the Sea of Galilee in the background. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:WOW_Torah_Reading.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WOW_Torah_Reading.jpg/250px-WOW_Torah_Reading.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WOW_Torah_Reading.jpg/500px-WOW_Torah_Reading.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Jewish Israeli women reading the Torah at the Western Wall. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv_-_panoramio_-_Ocean_Star.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tel_Aviv_-_panoramio_-_Ocean_Star.jpg/250px-Tel_Aviv_-_panoramio_-_Ocean_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tel_Aviv_-_panoramio_-_Ocean_Star.jpg/500px-Tel_Aviv_-_panoramio_-_Ocean_Star.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Skyline of Tel Aviv. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:37px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arayes_(2).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arayes_%282%29.jpg/250px-Arayes_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="181" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arayes_%282%29.jpg/500px-Arayes_%282%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2931" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Grilling meat-stuffed pitas. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:55px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_(14755133799).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg/250px-Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="145" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg/500px-Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3062" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The Shrine of the Book, home of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:47px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/250px-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="161" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/500px-%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A3_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Beach volleyball on Tel Aviv Beach. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> - A modern day example according to international law.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> - The current prime minister who also doubles as a war criminal.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">From whom <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a> took their unforunate name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">TW: Some may find the videos in this source disturbing.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hrwii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hrwii_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/israel-and-palestine">World Report 2024: Israel and Palestine</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham P. Bloch (1987). "Sultan Saladin Opens Jerusalem to Jews". <i>One a day: an anthology of Jewish historical anniversaries for every day of the year</i>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-88125-108-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" class="extiw" title="wp:White Paper of 1939" rel="nofollow">White Paper of 1939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" class="extiw" title="wp:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine" rel="nofollow">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTchernov1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tchernov, Eitan (1988). "The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant". <i>Paléorient</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1988.4455">10.3406/paleo.1988.4455</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492295">41492295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+%27Ubeidiya+Formation+%28Jordan+Valley%2C+Israel%29+and+the+Earliest+Hominids+in+the+Levant&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.1988.4455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41492295%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tchernov&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dever, William (2001). <i>What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?.</i> Eerdmans. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-3-927120-37-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Braunstein, Susan L. (2011). "The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Farʿah (South)". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.</i> 364 (364): 1–36. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001. JSTOR 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFDever2003" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William (2003). <i>Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0975-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></span> p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.</i> Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589830974. p.230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aisr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aisr_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aisr_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aisr_10-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/4.htm">Ancient Israel</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/852/the-temple-in-jerusalem/">The Temple in Jerusalem</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mesoi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mesoi_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/iraq/12.htm">Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/after-the-first-temple/">After the First Temple</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-neb_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2018/11-12/babylon-restoration-king-nebuchadrezzar-empire/">Nebuchadrezzar: the builder king of Babylon</a>. <i>National Geographic.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bexile-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bexile_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bexile_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon/ancient-tablets-reveal-life-of-jews-in-nebuchadnezzars-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203">Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyrus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cyrus_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cyrus_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Achaemenid_Empire/">Achaemenid Empire</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people/reference/cyrus-the-great/">Who was Cyrus the Great?</a> <i>National Geographic.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, William R. (1912). "The Passover Papyrus from Elephantine". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. 31 (1): 1–33. JSTOR 3259988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perhel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perhel_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perhel_19-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perhel_19-2">19.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perhel_19-3">19.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/5.htm">Israel: Hellenism</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maca-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-maca_20-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-maca_20-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/827/the-maccabean-revolt/">The Maccabean Revolt</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas de Lange (ed.), <i>The Illustrated History of the Jewish People</i>, London, Aurum Press, 1997, 1-85410-530-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Jewish_Treaty" class="extiw" title="wp:Roman–Jewish Treaty" rel="nofollow">Roman–Jewish Treaty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/102911/jewish/What-Is-Hanukkah.htm">What Is Hanukkah?</a> <i>Chabad.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whis-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-whis_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>whis</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" class="extiw" title="wp:Sanhedrin" rel="nofollow">Sanhedrin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conversation-debate/">Conversation & Debate</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvs-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pvs_27-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pvs_27-1">27.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/the-difference-between-pharisees-and-sadducees-in-the-bible-363348">The Difference Between Pharisees and Sadducees in the Bible</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herod-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-herod_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/portrait/jews.html">Jews and the Roman Empire</a>. <i>PBS.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/jesus.html">Jesus</a>. <i>PBS.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstwar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-firstwar_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-firstwar_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-temple-its-destruction/">The Temple and its Destruction</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/what-happened-to-the-jerusalem-temples-menorah">What Happened to the Jerusalem Temple’s Menorah?</a> <i>Daily Beast.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). <i>Atlas of Jewish History.</i> Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-415-08800-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" class="extiw" title="wp:Samaritan revolts" rel="nofollow">Samaritan revolts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islam-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-islam_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-islam_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/6.htm">Israel: Palestine</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jerujourney-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jerujourney_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/why-is-isra-miraj-important-to-muslims.aspx">Why is Isra’ Mi’raj Important to Muslims?</a>. <i>BeliefNet.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gil, Moshe (1997). <i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metcrusadei-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-metcrusadei_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm">The Crusades (1095–1291)</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan D. Cooper (2009). <i>The geography of genocide.</i> University Press of America. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7618-4097-8. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Gil (1992). <i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 829. ISBN 978-0-521-40437-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham P. Bloch (1987). "Sultan Saladin Opens Jerusalem to Jews". <i>One a day: an anthology of Jewish historical anniversaries for every day of the year.</i> KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-88125-108-1. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Carmel; Peter Schäfer; Yossi Ben-Artzi (1990). The Jewish settlement in Palestine, 634–1881. L. Reichert. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-88226-479-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, Gudrun (2008). <i>A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel.</i> Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fannie Fern Andrews (1976). <i>The Holy Land under mandate.</i> Hyperion Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-88355-304-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="extiw" title="wp:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)" rel="nofollow">Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ottojew-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ottojew_45-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ottojew_45-1">45.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ottojew_45-2">45.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-ottoman-empire/">The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ottojewi-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ottojewi_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu/i-jewish-population/5-ottoman-empire/">Early Modern Jewish History</a>. <i>Fordham University.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2008). "Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk 'Social Engineering'". <i>European Journal of Turkish Studies</i> (7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism/Anti-Semitism-in-medieval-Europe">Anti-Semitism In Medieval Europe</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/ins/weider/c_jews.htmlhttps://www.napoleon-series.org/ins/weider/c_jews.html">Napoleon and the Jews</a>. By Ben Weider, CM, PhD. <i>International Napoleonic Society.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emancipate-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-emancipate_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stljewishlight.com/features/arts_culture/article_da9952c2-0891-11e0-b256-001cc4c03286.html">Napoleon scholar details Emancipation of European Jews</a>. <i>STL Jewish Light.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/napoleon-bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zioi-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zioi_53-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zioi_53-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/7.htm">Origins of Zionism</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wwi_54-0">53.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wwi_54-1">53.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wwi_54-2">53.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/14.htm">Israel: World War I</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" class="extiw" title="wp:Sykes–Picot Agreement" rel="nofollow">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM-OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html">The Trusteeship Council - The mandate system of the league of nations</a>. <i>Nations Encyclopedia.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schechtman, Joseph B. (2007). "Jewish Legion". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica.</i> 11. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 304. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Wolftal, introduction to Nokhem Shtif, <i>The Pogroms in Ukraine, 1918-19: Prelude to the Holocaust,</i> Open Book Publishers, 2019.978-1-783-74747-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" class="extiw" title="wp:1920 Nebi Musa riots" rel="nofollow">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah" class="extiw" title="wp:Haganah" rel="nofollow">Haganah</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arev-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-arev_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/17.htm">The Palestinian Revolt.</a> <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwii-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wwii_62-0">61.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wwii_62-1">61.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/18.htm">World War II</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/8E9EACABC8A7E3D185256CF0005BA586">Hundred and Twenty Fifth Plenary Meeting Held in the General Assembly Hall at Flushing Meadow, New York, on Wednesday, 26 November 1947, at 3 p.m.</a> "124. Continuation of the discussion on the Palestinian question".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hvardun-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hvardun_64-0">63.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hvardun_64-1">63.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hvardun_64-2">63.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hvardun_64-3">63.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/martinkramer/files/who_saved_israel_1947.pdf">Who Saved Israel in 1947?</a> Martin Kramer. <i>Mosaic Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers.html">Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies</a>. <i>Yad Vashem.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insur-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insur_66-0">65.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insur_66-1">65.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insur_66-2">65.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-insur_66-3">65.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/20.htm">Prelude to Statehood</a>. <i>Country Studies.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zterror-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zterror_67-0">66.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-zterror_67-1">66.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/assessing-role-of-terrorism-by-jewish-underground-in-founding-of-israel/2015/03/13/9ac811fe-b938-11e4-9423-f3d0a1ec335c_story.html">How terrorism helped found Israel</a>. <i>Washington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" class="extiw" title="wp:King David Hotel bombing" rel="nofollow">King David Hotel bombing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoav Gelber,<i> Palestine 1948,</i> Sussex Academic Press, Brighton, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84519-075-0 p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwartac-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iwartac_70-0">69.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iwartac_70-1">69.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2018/9/24/weakness-into-strength-overcoming-strategic-deficits-in-the-1948-israeli-war-for-independence">Weakness into Strength: Overcoming Strategic Deficits in the 1948 Israeli War for Independence</a>. <i>The Strategy Bridge.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russb-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russb_71-0">70.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russb_71-1">70.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/327040-ussr-and-israel-from-friends-to-foes">Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe</a>. <i>Russia Beyond.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabloss-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arabloss_72-0">71.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arabloss_72-1">71.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/arabunity/2008/02/200852518398869597.html">Why the Arabs were defeated</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nakbai-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nakbai_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/israels-war-of-independence/">Israel’s War of Independence</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_East_Jerusalem_under_Jordanian_occupation" class="extiw" title="wp:Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation" rel="nofollow">Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian occupation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="extiw" title="wp:1948 Palestinian exodus" rel="nofollow">1948 Palestinian exodus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bardi, Ariel Sophia (March 2016). "The "Architectural Cleansing" of Palestine". <i>American Anthropologist.</i> 118 (1): 165–171. doi:10.1111/aman.12520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East," Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270. ISBN 978-0-8133-4047-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="extiw" title="wp:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries" rel="nofollow">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytgi-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytgi_79-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/14/weekinreview/why-greater-israel-never-came-to-be.html">Why 'Greater Israel' Never Came to Be</a> <i>New York Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A144y7qwRJMC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Israel: Challenges to Identity, Democracy, and the State</a>. By Clive Jones, Emma Murphy. <i>Google Books.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shindler, Colin (2002). The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream. I.B.Tauris Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86064-774-1. pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kameel B. Nasr (1996). <i>Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936–1993</i>. McFarland. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-0-7864-3105-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ikesuez-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ikesuez_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/7218678">An affair to remember</a> <i>The Economist</i> 7.26.06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baduk-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-baduk_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/1956-russia-almost-launched-nuclear-war-against-britain-18978?page=2v">In 1956, Russia Almost Launched a Nuclear War against Britain, France and Israel</a> <i>The National Interest</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-operation-finale-180970153/">The True Story of “Operation Finale”</a> <i>Smithsonian Magazine.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciabad-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ciabad_86-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/secondworldwar.usa">Why Israel's capture of Eichmann caused panic at the CIA</a> <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" class="extiw" title="wp:Eichmann in Jerusalem" rel="nofollow"><i>Eichmann in Jerusalem</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shlomo Shpiro (2006). "No place to hide: Intelligence and civil liberties in Israel". <i>Cambridge Review of International Affairs.</i> 19 (44): 629–648. doi:10.1080/09557570601003361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/21/world/excerpts-from-begin-speech-at-national-defense-college.html">EXCERPTS FROM BEGIN SPEECH AT NATIONAL DEFENSE COLLEGE</a>. <i>New York Times.</i> Aug. 21, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutawi2002p95-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mutawi2002p95_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSamir_A._Mutawi2002" class="citation book cs1">Samir A. Mutawi (18 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94"><i>Jordan in the 1967 War</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52858-0</bdi></a>. <q>On 26 May he declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+in+the+1967+War&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52858-0&rft.au=Samir+A.+Mutawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9bBJusRJIMC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixi-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixi_91-0">90.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixi_91-1">90.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixi_91-2">90.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39960461">1967 war: Six days that changed the Middle East</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixlie-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixlie_92-0">91.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixlie_92-1">91.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2017/06/05/a-50-year-occupation-israels-six-day-war-started-with-a-lie/">A 50-Year Occupation: Israel’s Six-Day War Started With a Lie</a>. <i>The Intercept.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/26+Statement+to+the+General+Assembly+by+Foreign+Mi.htm">Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixii-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixii_94-0">93.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixii_94-1">93.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sixii_94-2">93.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10619929/six-day-war-shaping-the-modern-middle-east">Six Day War: Shaping the Modern Middle East</a>. <i>NPR.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War" class="extiw" title="wp:Six-Day War" rel="nofollow">Six-Day War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixpale-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sixpale_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/six-day-war-was-totally-devastating-for-palestinians/a-39060548">Six-Day War was 'totally devastating' for Palestinians</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-israel-quietly-demolished-the-western-walls-muslim-neighborhood-1.5478700">How a Small Group of Israelis Made the Western Wall Jewish Again</a>. <i>Haaretz.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorenberg, Gershom (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-466-80054-0. p 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plo-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-plo_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080054/palestinian-liberation-organization-israel-conflict">What is the Palestinian Liberation Organization? How about Fatah and the Palestinian Authority?</a> <i>Vox.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Silke, Andrew (2004). <i>Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures.</i> Routledge. p. 149 (256 pp.). ISBN 978-0-7146-8273-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Munich massacre" rel="nofollow">Munich massacre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" class="extiw" title="wp:Khartoum Resolution" rel="nofollow">Khartoum Resolution</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition" class="extiw" title="wp:War of Attrition" rel="nofollow">War of Attrition</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yki-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yki_104-0">103.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-yki_104-1">103.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/10/arab-israeli-war-of-1973-what-happened-171005105247349.html">The October Arab-Israeli War of 1973: What happened?</a> <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ykii-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ykii_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24402464">Legacy of 1973 Arab-Israeli war reverberates 40 years on</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ykiii-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ykiii_106-0">105.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ykiii_106-1">105.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Yom-Kippur-War">Yom Kippur War.</a>] <i>Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo">Oil Embargo, 1973–1974</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bregman, Ahron (2002). A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-67631-8. p. 171–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david">Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process</a>. US State Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_Peace_Treaty" class="extiw" title="wp:Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty" rel="nofollow">Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecourier.com.au/story/915535/israeli-concern-for-peace-partner/">Israeli concern for peace partner</a>. <i>The Courier.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="extiw" title="wp:Coastal Road massacre" rel="nofollow">Coastal Road massacre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/litani-operation-1978">Litani Operation (1978)</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, William L. (1999). <i>A history of the modern Middle East.</i> Westview Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8133-3489-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" class="extiw" title="wp:Jerusalem Law" rel="nofollow">Jerusalem Law</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14724842">Golan Heights profile</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7381364.stm">1982 Lebanon invasion</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" class="extiw" title="wp:1982 Lebanon War" rel="nofollow">1982 Lebanon War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessler, Mark A. (1994). <i>A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.</i> Indiana University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bregman, Ahron (2002). A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-67631-8. p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords" class="extiw" title="wp:Oslo Accords" rel="nofollow">Oslo Accords</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return" class="extiw" title="wp:Law of Return" rel="nofollow">Law of Return</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/06/rememberingrabin">Remembering Rabin</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/12/oslo-israel-reneged-colonial-palestine">It's now clear: the Oslo peace accords were wrecked by Netanyahu's bad faith</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200704-area-c-the-chunk-of-the-west-bank-the-israeli-right-has-long-coveted">Area C, the chunk of the West Bank the Israeli right has long coveted</a>. <i>France24.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-temple-mount-tumult-the-who-what-and-why-of-its-waqf-rulers/">Amid Temple Mount tumult, the who, what and why of its Waqf rulers</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelvin, James L. (2005). <i>The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</i>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Intifada" class="extiw" title="wp:Al-Aqsa Intifada" rel="nofollow">Al-Aqsa Intifada</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="extiw" title="wp:Israeli West Bank barrier" rel="nofollow">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-second-lebanon-war-failures-lessons-learned-and-the-future">The Second Lebanon War: Failures, Lessons Learned and the Future</a>. <i>Small Wars Journal.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13331522">Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" class="extiw" title="wp:Gaza War (2008–2009)" rel="nofollow">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/25/rain-fire/israels-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza">Rain of Fire: Israel’s Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="extiw" title="wp:2014 Israel–Gaza conflict" rel="nofollow">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIGaza/A_HRC_CRP_4.doc">"Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/04/gaza-israeli-soldiers-shoot-and-kill-fleeing-civilians">Gaza: Israeli Soldiers Shoot and Kill Fleeing Civilians</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McZO0MC9gwA">Israel Gaza conflict: 'Most of our shooting was random... we didn't think about civilian casualties'</a>. YouTube video on the 2014 Gaza War uploaded by The Guardian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chamber.org.il/38991/39012/israels-trade-agreements/">Israel's Trade Agreements</a>. <i>Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2007/Pages/Israel%20signs%20free%20trade%20agreement%20with%20MERCOSUR%2018-Dec-2007.aspx">Israel signs free trade agreement with MERCOSUR</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-foreign-minister-relations-israel-peace-deal">Saudi Arabia to 'upgrade' relations with Israel after peace deal is reached, says minister</a>. <i>Middle East Eye.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vox-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vox_141-0">140.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vox_141-1">140.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/5/14/17340798/jerusalem-embassy-israel-palestinians-us-trump">The controversial US Jerusalem embassy opening, explained</a>. <i>Vox.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54151712">Five reasons why Israel's peace deals with the UAE and Bahrain matter</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-peace-deals-israel-uae-bahrain-are-shams-they-boost-ncna1240085">Trump 'peace' deals for Israel, UAE and Bahrain are shams. They boost oppression, not amity.</a> Noura Erakat. <i>NBC News.</i> Opinion piece.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/23/927183083/sudan-and-israel-agree-to-normalize-relations-in-u-s-brokered-deal">Sudan And Israel Agree To Normalize Relations In U.S.-Brokered Deal</a>. <i>NPR.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-religion-2ba6f064df3964ceafb6e2ff02303d41">Palestinians fear loss of family homes as evictions loom</a>. <i>Associated Press.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/10/dozens-injured-in-clashes-over-israeli-settlements-ahead-of-jerusalem-day-march">Israeli police storm al-Aqsa mosque ahead of Jerusalem Day march</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/violence-erupts-al-aqsa-mosque-israel-marks-jerusalem-day-2021-05-10/ Jerusalem violence leads to rockets, air strikes]. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/death-toll-rises-violence-rocks-gaza-israel-west-bank-2021-05-14/">Gaza conflict rages as Israeli PM says air strikes will continue</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-israel-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-government-and-politics-abd641af1607fbae7f49e1cce7dbc49e">Blinken hasn’t seen any evidence on AP Gaza building strike</a>. <i>Associated Press.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/19/deaths-injuries-as-israeli-forces-raid-jenin">Five Palestinians killed as Israeli forces raid West Bank camp</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/18/israel/palestine-videos-hamas-led-attacks-verifiedIsrael/Palestine:">Videos of Hamas-Led Attacks Verified</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2023/11/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/">Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza conflict</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/24/middleeast/israel-hamas-hostage-release-deal-intl/index.html">First group of Israelis and Palestinians freed under breakthrough Israel-Hamas truce</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-africa-to-take-israel-to-top-un-court-on-genocide-claim-in-gaza-/7427539.html">South Africa to Take Israel to Top UN Court on Genocide Claim in Gaza</a>. <i>Voice of America.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/27/global-shock-after-israeli-airstrike-kills-dozens-in-rafah-tent-camp">Global shock after Israeli airstrike kills dozens in Rafah tent camp</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i> 27 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/22/can-palestinians-expect-changes-after-icj-ruling-on-israels-occupation">"Can Palestinians expect changes after ICJ ruling on Israel’s occupation?" Al Jazeera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/19/world-court-finds-israel-responsible-apartheid">"World Court Finds Israel Responsible for Apartheid," Human Rights Watch, 19 July 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/top-un-court-says-israels-presence-in-occupied-palestinian-territories-is-illegal-and-should-end-as-rapidly-as-possible">"Top UN court says Israel’s presence in occupied Palestinian territories is ‘illegal’ and should end as rapidly as possible," Mike Corder, PBS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juancole.com/2024/07/responsible-palestinian-territories.html">"World Court Finds Israel Responsible for Apartheid, says its Presence in Palestinian Territories is Illegal," Human Rights Watch via Informed Consent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/icj-opinion-declaring-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories-unlawful-is-historic-vindication-of-palestinians-rights/">"ICJ opinion declaring Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories unlawful is historic vindication of Palestinians’ rights," Amnesty International</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/israel-s-democracy-systemic-problem">Israel’s democracy: A Systemic Problem</a>. <i>The Interpreter.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/justice-minister-unveils-plan-to-shackle-the-high-court-overhaul-israels-judiciary/">https://www.timesofisrael.com/justice-minister-unveils-plan-to-shackle-the-high-court-overhaul-israels-judiciary/</a> Justice minister unveils plan to shackle the High Court, overhaul Israel’s judiciary ]. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/120-israeli-academics-express-support-for-governments-judicial-overhaul-plan/">https://www.timesofisrael.com/120-israeli-academics-express-support-for-governments-judicial-overhaul-plan/</a> 120 Israeli academics express support for government’s judicial overhaul plan ]. <i>Times of Israel</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/state-attorney-ben-gvirs-administrative-detention-bill-a-threat-to-democracy/">State attorney: Ben Gvir’s administrative detention bill a threat to democracy</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/2/27/21075868/israeli-democracy-war-netanyahu">The war on Israeli democracy</a>. <i>Vox.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-democratic-crisis-deepens/">Israel’s democratic crisis deepens</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iswbvote-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iswbvote_168-0">166.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iswbvote_168-1">166.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/17/israeli-palestinian-elections-democracy-polls-palestinians">The Israeli and Palestinian elections offend democracy – each in their own way</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pocc-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pocc_169-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2019/02/08/democrats-end-right-ariel-sharon-israeli-occupation-palestine/">Democrats Echo Israel’s Far-Right by Refusing to Even Use the Word “Occupation”</a>. <i>The Intercept.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/25/netanyahu-announces-new-settlements-days-before-israeli-election">Netanyahu announces new settlements days before Israeli election</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnepal-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnepal_171-0">169.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnepal_171-1">169.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/01/chapter-1-background/">THE ISRAELI OCCUPATION</a>. <i>Amnesty International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palgazam-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-palgazam_172-0">170.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-palgazam_172-1">170.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/">ISRAEL AND OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES</a>. <i>Amnesty International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/the-haredi-parties-impact-on-israels-religious-life-under-netanyahu-670690">"The haredi parties' impact on Israel's religious life under Netanyahu," Jeremy Sharon, Jerusalem Post</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haredilife-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredilife_174-0">172.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredilife_174-1">172.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/01/israel-conscription-taxes-netanyahu-resentments-behind-crisis">How anger over taxes and conscription is widening split among Israel’s Jews</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-religion-jerusalem-israel-29fa429e432e87bdb2f62f7a5a1d95d7">Israel’s Haredi voters drift hard right in leadership vacuum</a>. <i>Associated Press.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsSales" class="citation web cs1">Adkins, Laura E.; Sales, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-kids-are-all-right-wing-why-israels-younger-voters-are-more-conservative/">"The kids are all right-wing: Why Israel's younger voters are more conservative"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=The+kids+are+all+right-wing%3A+Why+Israel%E2%80%99s+younger+voters+are+more+conservative&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Laura+E.&rft.au=Sales%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-kids-are-all-right-wing-why-israels-younger-voters-are-more-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haredexmp-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredexmp_177-0">175.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredexmp_177-1">175.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUK111751449920120706">Pressure mounts to end draft exemption for Israel’s ultra-Orthodox</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52622720101102">Israeli students incensed by ultra-Orthodox benefit</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haredavid-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredavid_179-0">177.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredavid_179-1">177.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredavid_179-2">177.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredavid_179-3">177.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-under-threat-by-lack-of-basic-education-for-ultra-orthodox-607396">Israel ‘under threat’ by lack of basic education for ultra-Orthodox children</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haredempl-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredempl_180-0">178.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haredempl_180-1">178.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-ultraorthodox-economy/jobless-ultra-orthodox-weigh-on-israels-economy-idUSTRE73D25W20110414">Jobless ultra-Orthodox weigh on Israel's economy</a>. <i>Reuters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/haredim-not-arabs-or-iran-are-the-biggest-threat-to-israel-opinion-672968">"Haredim, not Arabs or Iran, are the biggest threat to Israel - opinion," Dan Perry, Jerusalem Post</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-for-years-israeli-city-failed-to-remove-modesty-signs-court-now-gave-it-120-days-1.9968159">"For Years, This City Failed to Remove 'Modesty' Signs. Israel's Top Court Now Gave It 120 Days," Netael Bendel, Haaretz</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkiJKUR9d">"The madness of Israel's ultra-Orthodox parties," Nahum Barnea, YNet News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/haredi-demonstrators-harass-women-of-wall-worshipers-tear-their-prayer-books/">"Haredi demonstrators harass Women of Wall worshipers, tear their prayer books," Toi Staff, Times of Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/06/25/g-s1-6116/israeli-supreme-court-rules-that-the-military-must-begin-drafting-ultra-orthodox-men">"Israeli Supreme Court rules that the military must begin drafting ultra-Orthodox men," NPR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/pictures/hundreds-ultra-orthodox-israelis-clash-with-police-over-conscription-order-2024-08-21/">"Hundreds of ultra-Orthodox Israelis clash with police over conscription order," Reuters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240821-ultra-orthodox-jews-clash-with-israel-police-near-armys-recruitment-office/">"Ultra-Orthodox Jews clash with Israel police near army's recruitment office," Middle East Monitor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imeu.org/article/netanyahu-putting-an-end-to-the-oslo-accords-the-two-state-solution">Benjamin Netanyahu: Putting “an End to the Oslo Accords” & the Two-State Solution</a>. <i>Institute for Middle East Understanding.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pareas-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pareas_189-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/map-of-palestinian-autonomy">Map of Palestinian Autonomy</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4780153,00.html">The IDF in the West Bank</a>. <i>Ynet.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osloarc-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osloarc_191-0">189.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osloarc_191-1">189.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/11/what-are-areas-a-b-and-c-of-the-occupied-west-bank">What are areas A, B, and C of the occupied West Bank?</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anera.org/what-are-area-a-area-b-and-area-c-in-the-west-bank/">What are Area A, Area B, and Area C in the West Bank?</a> <i>Anera.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/20/world/middleeast/palestinian-hamlet-embodies-fight-for-the-west-banks-future.html">Palestinian Hamlet Embodies Fight for the West Bank’s Future</a>. <i>New York Times.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unocha-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-unocha_194-0">192.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-unocha_194-1">192.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/area_c_key_humanitarian_concerns.pdf">Area C: Key Humanitarian Concerns</a>. UN OCHA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipci-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ipci_195-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict">Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/rival-palestinian-factions-hamas-and-fatah-reach-unity-plan-after-10-year-split/2017/10/12/f0da54ae-af39-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html">Rival Palestinian factions Hamas and Fatah reach unity plan after 10-year split</a>. <i>Washington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twoone-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-twoone_197-0">195.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-twoone_197-1">195.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080094/what-are-the-two-state-solution-and-the-one-state-solution">What are the “two-state solution” and the “one-state solution”?</a> <i>Vox.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israels-ethnic-cleansing-was-not-historical-exception-palestine-it-happening-today">Israel's ethnic cleansing in Palestine is not history - it's still happening</a>. <i>Middle East Eye.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2016/03/09/ethnic_cleansing_is_shockingly_popular_in_israel_almost_half_of_israeli_jews_want_to_kick_out_arabs_pew_study/">"Ethnic cleansing" is shockingly popular in Israel: Almost half of Israeli Jews want to kick out Arabs — Pew study</a>. <i>Salon.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/1967_and_now.stm">Jerusalem conflict</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4604739/david-friedman-jerusalem-jewish-israel/">Why Jerusalem Isn't Recognized as Israel's Capital</a>. <i>TIME.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastj-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eastj_202-0">200.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eastj_202-1">200.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/israelpalestine/mismanaging-conflict-jerusalem">Mismanaging the Conflict in Jerusalem</a>. <i>International Crisis Group.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/18/449704788/with-violent-clashes-on-the-rise-israel-builds-wall-in-east-jerusalem">With Violent Clashes On The Rise, Israel Builds Wall In East Jerusalem</a>. <i>NPR.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10338374">Guide: Gaza under blockade</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-currblock-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-currblock_205-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/7cc0aa222e1147f1bdab3a17d0662454">Israel's Gaza blockade under scrutiny after latest violence</a>. <i>Associated Press.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0402/Israel-Gaza-tensions-Why-Egypt-helps-maintain-the-blockade">Israel, Gaza tensions: Why Egypt helps maintain the blockade</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazablok-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gazablok_207-0">205.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gazablok_207-1">205.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/timeline-humanitarian-impact-gaza-blockade">Timeline: the humanitarian impact of the Gaza blockade</a>. <i>Oxfam International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-israels-10-year-blockade-brought-gaza-to-the-brink-of-collapse/">How Israel’s 10-Year Blockade Brought Gaza to the Brink of Collapse</a>. <i>The Nation.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/28/gaza-strip-202-unliveable-un-report-did-it-turn-out-that-way">By 2020, the UN said Gaza would be unliveable. Did it turn out that way?</a> <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-palestine-gaza-hamas-protests-hospitals-who-un-a9263406.html">The UN said Gaza would be uninhabitable by 2020. But the truth is that Gaza has long been uninhabitable.</a> <i>The Independent.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/iran-us-israels-40-years-of-hostility-with-no-end-in-sight-analysis-606737">Iran-US-Israel’s 40 years of hostility with no end in sight - analysis</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-when-iran-speaks-of-wiping-out-israel-it-refers-to-regime-not-jews/">‘Not anti-Semitic’: Khamenei defines Iran’s goal of ‘wiping out Israel’</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" class="extiw" title="wp:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists" rel="nofollow">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/02/politics/iran-scientist-israel-assassination-us/index.html">US official says Israel was behind assassination of Iranian scientist</a>. <i>CNN.</i> December 2, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2020/0113/How-demise-of-Iranian-nuclear-deal-rekindles-Israel-s-dilemma">How demise of Iranian nuclear deal rekindles Israel’s dilemma</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/03/390250986/netanyahu-to-outline-iran-threats-in-much-anticipated-speech-to-congress">In Speech To Congress, Netanyahu Blasts 'A Very Bad Deal' With Iran</a>. <i>NPR.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/report-iran-prepares-to-confront-israel-in-syria-via-hezbollah-630655">Iran prepares to confront Israel in Syria via Hezbollah - report</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/iran-israel-cyber-war-middle-east-mossad-persian-gulf-port-1.8858292">Iran Struck First. 'Israel' Retaliated Massively. Behind the Cyber War Rattling the Middle East</a>. <i>Haaretz.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/1001/Clues-emerge-about-genesis-of-Stuxnet-worm">Clues emerge about genesis of Stuxnet worm</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" class="extiw" title="wp:Nuclear weapons and Israel" rel="nofollow">Nuclear weapons and Israel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/23/israel-nuclear-capability-strategic-ambiguity">Israel's nuclear capability and policy of strategic ambiguity</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/17/politics/trump-heights-golan-settlement-us-israel-scli-intl/index.html">Israel announces new Golan Heights settlement named 'Trump Heights'</a>. <i>CNN.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/golan-heights-whats-stake-trumps-recognition">The Golan Heights: What’s at Stake With Trump’s Recognition</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_towns_and_villages_depopulated_in_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="extiw" title="wp:Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict" rel="nofollow">Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/03/israel-treatment-palestinians-apartheid-south-africa">I fought South African apartheid. I see the same brutal policies in Israel</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-s-treatment-of-palestinians-like-apartheid-1.5331392">Tutu: Israel's Humiliation of Palestinians 'Familiar to Black South Africans'</a>. <i>Haaretz.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution">[1]</a> Human Rights Watch, April 27, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/fact-sheets/response-to-common-inaccuracy-israel-is-an-apartheid-state">Response To Common Inaccuracy: Israel is an Apartheid State</a>. <i>Anti Defamation League.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152155/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/01/AR2010030102761.html?wpisrc=nl_opinions">Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them</a>. <i>Washington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/israels-nation-state-law-apartheid-is-a-process/136775/">"Israel’s Nation-State Law: Apartheid is a process," 972mag.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-nation-state-law-clear-form-apartheid-says-barenboim">"Israeli 'Nation-State' law a 'clear form of apartheid', says Barenboim," Middle East Eye</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/7/19/israel-passes-controversial-jewish-nation-state-law">"Israel passes controversial ‘Jewish nation-state’ law," Al Jazeera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehava-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lehava_233-0">231.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lehava_233-1">231.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondoweiss.net/2014/08/zionists-wedding-miscegenation">WATCH: Ultra-Zionists protest Muslim-Jewish wedding saying miscegenation is ‘gravest threat to the Jewish people’</a>. <i>Mondoweiss.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-234">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-interest-soars-author-of-banned-jewish-arab-romance-deflects-spotlight/">As interest soars, author of banned Jewish-Arab romance deflects spotlight</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/12075676/Officials-ban-book-depicting-love-story-between-Israeli-and-Palestinian-from-Israeli-classrooms.html">Officials ban book depicting love story between Israeli and Palestinian from Israeli classrooms</a>. <i>The Telegraph.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwi-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrwi_236-0">234.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hrwi_236-1">234.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/israel/palestine">Israel World Report 2020.</a> <i>Human Rights Watch.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Benjamin (2013). "Terrorism, Torture and the Rule of Law". In Clarke, Benjamin; Mooney, T Brian; Imre, Robert (eds.). <i>Responding to Terrorism: Political, Philosophical and Legal Perspectives.</i> Ashgate Publishing. pp. 183–227. ISBN 978-1-409-49867-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/tales-torture-israel-prisons-190121113101325.html">Tales of torture from Israel's prisons</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_239-0">237.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_239-1">237.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_239-2">237.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_239-3">237.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_239-4">237.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/report-israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/">Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories</a>. <i>Amnesty International.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graff, James A. (2015). "Targeting Children: Rights versus Realpolitik". In Kapitan, Tomis (ed.). <i>Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 157–184. ISBN 978-1-317-46285-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesofisrael.com/razing-homes-of-terrorists-families-a-war-crime-rights-group-says/">Razing homes of terrorists’ families a war crime, rights group says</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-242">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/israel-passes-minimum-sentence-stone-throwers-151103141454182.html?utm_content=buffer94289&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer">Israel passes 'minimum sentence' for stone-throwers</a>. <i>Al Jazeera.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/court-okays-demolition-of-100-east-jerusalem-homes-under-palestinian-control/">Court okays demolition of 100 East Jerusalem homes under Palestinian control</a>. <i>Times of Israel.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-244">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-woman-refuses-ultra-orthodox-dictate-to-move-to-back-of-bus-1.402021">"Israeli woman refuses ultra-Orthodox dictate to move to back of bus"</a>, <i>Haaretz</i> 12 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16338376">Shimon Peres urges Israelis to rally against extremism</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-246">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-pass-law-banning-anti-israel-boycott-official-says">BDS: UK to pass law banning anti-Israel boycott, official says</a>. <i>Middle East Eye.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/will-goldbloom/palestine-gay_b_7674492.html">What I Learned About Pride as a Gay Jew in Palestine</a>. <i>Huffington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/06/17/pinkwashing_and_homonationalism_discouraging_gay_travel_to_israel_hurts.html">Why #Pinkwashing Insults Gays and Hurts Palestinians</a>. <i>Slate.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-249">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/12/bezalel-smotrich-israel-far-right-demagogue-drawing-fringe-beliefs-to-centre">Bezalel Smotrich: Israel’s far-right demagogue, drawing fringe beliefs to the centre</a>. <i>The Guardian.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/health-minister-litzman-calls-gays-sinners-as-knesset-votes-down-lgbt-rights-bills-445964">Health Minister Litzman likens gays to sinners as Knesset votes down LGBT rights bills</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-251">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/israeli-education-minster-rafi-peretz-jewish-home-slammed-for-homophobic-interview-1.495389">Israeli education minster Rafi Peretz slammed for ‘homophobic’ interview</a>. <i>The Jewish Chronicle.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-252">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/opinion/israel/147026/pinkwashing-is-not-black-and-white/">Pinkwashing Is Not Black and White</a>. <i>Forward.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-253">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://972mag.com/just-how-liberal-is-israel/17212/">Marriage, gay marriage: Just how liberal is Israel?</a> <i>+972 Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-254">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53511329">Israel: 'Gay conversion' therapy ban bill passed by MPs</a>. <i>BBC News.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-255">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Olims-guy-in-the-city-council-315144">Mr. Seemann goes to Tel Aviv</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-256">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/archive/black-lives-matter-protests-israel">Thousands rally in Israel against racism and police brutality toward Ethiopian Jews</a> by Andrew Freedman (May 03, 2015) <i>Mashable</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/ethiopian-jews-suffer-racism-in-israel/1526782">Ethiopian Jews suffer racism in Israel</a>, Mustafa Devici, <i>AA</i> 9 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-258">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/amp/israel-news/.premium-ethiopian-israeli-women-suffer-racism-discrimination-at-work-study-finds-1.10127230">Ethiopian Israeli Women Suffer Racism, Discrimination at Work, Study Finds</a>, Bar Peleg, <i>Haaretz</i> 19 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-259">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32813056">The plight of Ethiopian Jews in Israel</a>, Prof Yossi Mekelberg, 25 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-260">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janey Mitchell (January 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-16627159">"Protest against discrimination of Ethiopian Jews"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobs-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_261-0">259.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_261-1">259.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-to-tell-when-criticism-of-israel-is-actually-anti-semitism/2018/05/17/cb58bf10-59eb-11e8-b656-a5f8c2a9295d_story.html">How to tell when criticism of Israel is actually anti-Semitism: Calling out human rights violations shouldn’t stray into bias against Jews.</a> by Jill Jacobs (May 18, 2018) <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&oldid=2727373">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&oldid=2727373</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" 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