Lloyd Richards - Academy of Achievement

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.achievement.org:80/achiever/lloyd-richards/","20181225135540","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1545746140"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"/> <meta name="application-name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"/> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,600,400italic,600italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <title>Lloyd Richards - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content=""I've had to accept the fact: freedom is never won. You are always in the process of winning it. You have to do it again." When Lloyd Richards went to New York to become a professional actor, African American actors were largely confined to stereotypical roles as servants or comedians. Black directors and playwrights were virtually unknown. No single event did more to change that situation than Lloyd Richards's groundbreaking production of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun. For the first time, a Broadway audience saw a contemporary African American family portrayed realistically through the eyes of an African American playwright and brought to the stage by an African American director. The play's leading actors — Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee and Diana Sands -- became stars of theater and film, and Lloyd Richards became first the dean of African American stage directors and ultimately, the Dean of the Yale University School of Drama. In 1984 he staged the first production of a play by an unknown playwright, August Wilson. In all, he would direct the world premieres of six of Wilson's plays. Together, these Pulitzer Prize-winning dramas constitute a moving theatrical panorama of American history. Besides August Wilson, Lloyd Richards nurtured the careers of a host of young playwrights, including Wendy Wasserstein, Christopher Durang, Lee Blessing and David Henry Hwang. Lloyd Richards never confined himself to the work of American playwrights -- he directed classics by Shakespeare, Shaw and Chekhov, among others -- but one of his greatest contributions was the cultivation of new voices in the theater."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Lloyd Richards - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"I've had to accept the fact: freedom is never won. You are always in the process of winning it. You have to do it again."</p> <p class="inputText">When Lloyd Richards went to New York to become a professional actor, African American actors were largely confined to stereotypical roles as servants or comedians. Black directors and playwrights were virtually unknown.</p> <p class="inputText">No single event did more to change that situation than Lloyd Richards's groundbreaking production of Lorraine Hansberry's <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>. For the first time, a Broadway audience saw a contemporary African American family portrayed realistically through the eyes of an African American playwright and brought to the stage by an African American director. The play's leading actors — Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee and Diana Sands -- became stars of theater and film, and Lloyd Richards became first the dean of African American stage directors and ultimately, the Dean of the Yale University School of Drama.</p> <p class="inputText">In 1984 he staged the first production of a play by an unknown playwright, August Wilson. In all, he would direct the world premieres of six of Wilson's plays. Together, these Pulitzer Prize-winning dramas constitute a moving theatrical panorama of American history. Besides August Wilson, Lloyd Richards nurtured the careers of a host of young playwrights, including Wendy Wasserstein, Christopher Durang, Lee Blessing and David Henry Hwang. Lloyd Richards never confined himself to the work of American playwrights -- he directed classics by Shakespeare, Shaw and Chekhov, among others -- but one of his greatest contributions was the cultivation of new voices in the theater.</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/richards-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"I've had to accept the fact: freedom is never won. You are always in the process of winning it. You have to do it again."</p> <p class="inputText">When Lloyd Richards went to New York to become a professional actor, African American actors were largely confined to stereotypical roles as servants or comedians. Black directors and playwrights were virtually unknown.</p> <p class="inputText">No single event did more to change that situation than Lloyd Richards's groundbreaking production of Lorraine Hansberry's <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>. For the first time, a Broadway audience saw a contemporary African American family portrayed realistically through the eyes of an African American playwright and brought to the stage by an African American director. The play's leading actors — Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee and Diana Sands -- became stars of theater and film, and Lloyd Richards became first the dean of African American stage directors and ultimately, the Dean of the Yale University School of Drama.</p> <p class="inputText">In 1984 he staged the first production of a play by an unknown playwright, August Wilson. In all, he would direct the world premieres of six of Wilson's plays. Together, these Pulitzer Prize-winning dramas constitute a moving theatrical panorama of American history. Besides August Wilson, Lloyd Richards nurtured the careers of a host of young playwrights, including Wendy Wasserstein, Christopher Durang, Lee Blessing and David Henry Hwang. Lloyd Richards never confined himself to the work of American playwrights -- he directed classics by Shakespeare, Shaw and Chekhov, among others -- but one of his greatest contributions was the cultivation of new voices in the theater.</p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Lloyd Richards - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/richards-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181225135540\/http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"#website","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181225135540\/http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/","name":"Academy of Achievement","alternateName":"A museum of living 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/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/richards-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120-3.jpg [(max-width:992px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/richards-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120-3-1400x560.jpg"></div> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <figcaption class="feature-area__text ratio-container__text container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Lloyd Richards</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Tony Award-winning Director</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-3023 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-theatrical-director"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="banner clearfix"> <div class="banner--single clearfix"> <div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-2"> <div class="banner__image__container"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <img class="lazyload banner__image" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WhatItTakes_jones-richards-256-190x190.jpg" alt=""/> </figure> </a> </div> <div class="banner__text__container"> <h3 class="serif-3 banner__headline"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> Listen to this achiever on <i>What It Takes</i> </a> </h3> <p class="sans-6 banner__text m-b-0"><i>What It Takes</i> is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">If you aspire at all, you're taking a risk. If you aspire as a young black person to something where there is not a beaten path, you're taking a risk. So risk is nothing new in your life. But then, some risks cost more than others. I never decided to take risks with my life, I just had no choice.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">The Father of Modern American Theater</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 29, 1919 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 29, 2006 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Lloyd Richards was born in Toronto, Canada in 1919. His family moved to Detroit, Michigan not long after he was born. Lloyd Richards was only nine years old when his father died, leaving his mother to raise five children alone in the depths of the Depression. Life became still more difficult for the Richards family when Mrs. Richards became blind. Lloyd, only 13, went to work to help support the struggling family.</p> <figure id="attachment_32306" style="width: 772px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32306 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32306 size-full lazyload" alt="1958: Publicity still of Canadian-American stage director Lloyd Richards (1919-2006). (Photo by John D. Kisch/Separate Cinema Archive/Getty Images)" width="772" height="994" data-sizes="(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817.jpg 772w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817-295x380.jpg 295w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817-590x760.jpg 590w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1958: Publicity still of Canadian-American stage director Lloyd Richards. (John D. Kisch/Separate Cinema Archive)</figcaption></figure><p>The Richards family believed in the importance of education, and despite their difficult circumstances, all the children were encouraged to study hard and go to college. Richards entered Wayne University in Detroit, but his studies were interrupted by World War II. He volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Corps and was in training with the nation’s first unit of black pilots — the Tuskegee Airmen — when the war ended in 1945.</p> <figure id="attachment_32300" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32300 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32300 size-full lazyload" alt="Lloyd Richards in The Decision at the Greenwich Mews Theatre, 1950s. (Courtesy of Lloyd Richards)" width="2280" height="1874" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006.jpg 2280w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006-380x312.jpg 380w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006-760x625.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1950s: Lloyd G. Richards in <i>The Decision </i>at the Greenwich Mews Theatre. Richards studied law at Wayne University where instead he found his way into the theatrical arts after serving in the U.S. Army Air Force. (© Lloyd Richards)</figcaption></figure><p>On returning to Wayne University, Richards pursued his interest in drama, learning all aspects of theater and radio production. After graduation, he started a theater group in Detroit with a handful of friends and classmates. At that time, the American theater was entirely centered in New York City; Richards moved there in 1947 to pursue an acting career. Roles for African American actors were hard to come by, but Richards worked on Broadway in <em>Freight</em> and <em>The Egghead</em> and on radio throughout the 1950s. He also taught acting and directed Off-Broadway.</p> <figure id="attachment_32289" style="width: 1192px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32289 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32289 size-full lazyload" alt="Playwright and activist Lorraine Hansberry wrote A Raisin in the Sun and was the first black playwright and the youngest American to win a New York Critics’ Circle award." width="1192" height="2032" data-sizes="(max-width: 1192px) 100vw, 1192px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun.jpg 1192w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun-223x380.jpg 223w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun-446x760.jpg 446w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Playwright and activist Lorraine Hansberry authored <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i> and was the first black playwright and the youngest American to win a New York Critics’ Circle award. Among Lloyd Richards’ many accomplishments is his staging of the original production of <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>, which debuted on Broadway to standing ovations in 1959.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1958, Richards galvanized Broadway with his production of Lorraine Hansberry’s <em>A Raisin in the Sun</em>. This production, a realistic portrayal of a contemporary black working class family in Chicago, began a new era in the representation of African Americans on the American stage.</p> <p>During the 1960s, he directed the Broadway productions <em>The Long Dream</em>, <em>The Moon Besieged</em>, <em>I Had a Ball</em> and <em>The Yearling</em>.</p> <figure id="attachment_32286" style="width: 1154px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32286 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32286 size-full lazyload" alt="Edward Albee and Richard Barr (both seated at the table, Albee on the left) listen to a question at the first National Playwrights Conference, 1965. Lloyd Richards served as the Artistic Director of the National Playwrights Conference — the O'Neill Center's founding program — for 32 years." width="1154" height="990" data-sizes="(max-width: 1154px) 100vw, 1154px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer.jpg 1154w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer-380x326.jpg 380w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer-760x652.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Edward Albee and Richard Barr, both seated at the table, listen to a question at the first National Playwrights Conference, 1965. Lloyd Richards served as the Artistic Director of the National Playwrights Conference — the O’Neill Center’s founding program — for 32 years. Richards championed several generations of young playwrights.</figcaption></figure><p>Lloyd Richards became head of the actor training program at New York University’s School of the Arts, in 1966. He was Professor of Theater and Cinema at Hunter College in New York City before he was tapped, in 1979, to become Dean of the prestigious Yale University School of Drama. At the same time he became Artistic Director of the highly influential Yale Repertory Theatre.</p> <figure id="attachment_32288" style="width: 1857px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32288 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32288 size-full lazyload" alt="Mr. Richards's most notable partnership, forged in the 1980s, was with August Wilson, who wrote a 10-play cycle about black life in the United States before his death in 2005. Wilson was a theater novice in 1982 when Mr. Richards selected his play Ma Rainey's Black Bottom for a reading at the playwrights' conference at the O'Neill Theater. Mr. Richards, who led the summer workshop for 32 years, later premiered Wilson's play at the Yale Repertory Theatre and directed its Broadway debut in Fall 1984. In the ensuing years, he directed five more of Wilson's plays, including Fences, which earned Mr. Richards a Tony Award for best director in 1987." width="1857" height="1405" data-sizes="(max-width: 1857px) 100vw, 1857px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2.jpg 1857w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2-380x288.jpg 380w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2-760x575.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Lloyd Richards’ most notable partnership, forged in the 1980s, was with August Wilson, who wrote a 10-part cycle on the African-American experience in the 20th century, before his death in 2005. Wilson was a theater novice in 1982 when Richards selected his play <i>Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom</i> for a reading at the playwrights’ conference at the O’Neill Theater. Richards, who led the summer workshop for 32 years, later premiered August Wilson’s play at the Yale Repertory Theatre and directed its Broadway debut in fall 1984. In the ensuing years, he directed five more of Wilson’s plays, including <i>The Piano Lesson </i>and<i> Fences</i>, which earned Richards a 1987 Tony Award for Best Director.</figcaption></figure><figure id="attachment_32292" style="width: 736px" class="wp-caption alignright"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32292 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32292 size-full lazyload" alt="James Earl Jones in Fences by August Wilson. Directed by Lloyd Richards, 1985." width="736" height="1089" data-sizes="(max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985.jpg 736w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985-257x380.jpg 257w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985-514x760.jpg 514w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1985: James Earl Jones in <i>Fences</i> by playwright August Wilson, directed by Lloyd Richards. <em>Fences</em> explores the evolving African-American experience and examines race relations through a promising Negro Baseball League player who is now a garbage man and how his bitterness affects his loved ones. The play won both the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 1987 Tony Award for Best Play.</figcaption></figure><p>Throughout his career, Lloyd Richards sought to discover and develop new plays and playwrights, as a member of the Playwrights’ selection committee of the Rockefeller Foundation and of the New American Plays program of the Ford Foundation, and as Artistic Director of the National Playwrights Conference at the Eugene O’Neill Memorial Theatre Center from 1968 to 1999. Richards’s long search for a major new American playwright bore fruit with the 1984 production of <em>Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom</em> by August Wilson. Throughout the 1980s and into the ’90s, Richards directed the Yale Rep and New York productions of the successive installments of August Wilson’s multi-part chronicle of African American life. The plays in this cycle include <em>Fences</em>, <em>Joe Turner’s Come and Gone</em>, <em>The Piano Lesson</em>, <em>Two Trains Running</em> and <em>Seven Guitars</em>. Lloyd Richards’s productions for television included segments of <em>Roots: The Next Generation</em>, <em>Bill Moyers’ Journal</em> and <em>Robeson</em>, a presentation on the life of the African American actor and activist Paul Robeson, who was an early inspiration for the young Lloyd Richards. Richards also dealt with Robeson’s life and legacy in the 1977 theatrical production <em>Paul Robeson</em>. Lloyd Richards was the recipient of the Pioneer Award of AUDELCO, the Frederick Douglass Award and, in 1993, was awarded the National Medal of the Arts. He also served as President of the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers.</p> <figure id="attachment_32298" style="width: 1162px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32298 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32298 size-full lazyload" alt="Richards served as Dean of the Yale School of Drama and as Artistic Director of the Yale Repertory Theatre from 1979 to 1991." width="1162" height="1500" data-sizes="(max-width: 1162px) 100vw, 1162px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1.jpg 1162w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1-294x380.jpg 294w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1-589x760.jpg 589w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Lloyd Richards served as Dean of the Yale School of Drama and Artistic Director of the Yale Repertory Theatre from 1979 to 1991, where he “discovered, taught and nurtured some of the most significant playwrights of his time.” Though he was a writer’s director, Richards avoided a “conspicuous directorial thumbprint on his productions. His mark on the dramatic landscape was tremendous. Lloyd Richards and August Wilson would form one of the most successful artistic partnerships in the history of American theater.” He earned the National Medal of Arts in 1993.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1991, Lloyd Richards retired from his posts as Dean of the Yale University School of Drama and as Artistic Director of Yale Rep. He continued to serve as Artistic Director of the Playwrights Conference at the O’Neill Center until 1999. He died in 2006, on his 87th birthday.</p> </body></html> <div class="clearfix"> <figure class="achiever__video-block"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/amhs5hHUIFE?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Wilson-August-1988-Bio-Page.00_00_34_26.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Wilson-August-1988-Bio-Page.00_00_34_26.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video__copy m-t-1"> <p><strong>Lloyd Richards discovered the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright August Wilson. Wilson discusses his work at the 1988 Academy Summit in Nashville, Tennessee.</strong></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 1987 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.theatrical-director">Theatrical Director</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 29, 1919 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 29, 2006 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">“I’ve had to accept the fact: freedom is never won. You are always in the process of winning it. You have to do it again.”</p> <p class="inputText">When Lloyd Richards went to New York to become a professional actor, African American actors were largely confined to stereotypical roles as servants or comedians. Black directors and playwrights were virtually unknown.</p> <p class="inputText">No single event did more to change that situation than Lloyd Richards’s groundbreaking production of Lorraine Hansberry’s <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>. For the first time, a Broadway audience saw a contemporary African American family portrayed realistically through the eyes of an African American playwright and brought to the stage by an African American director. The play’s leading actors — Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee and Diana Sands — became stars of theater and film, and Lloyd Richards became first the dean of African American stage directors and ultimately, the Dean of the Yale University School of Drama.</p> <p class="inputText">In 1984 he staged the first production of a play by an unknown playwright, August Wilson. In all, he would direct the world premieres of six of Wilson’s plays. Together, these Pulitzer Prize-winning dramas constitute a moving theatrical panorama of American history. Besides August Wilson, Lloyd Richards nurtured the careers of a host of young playwrights, including Wendy Wasserstein, Christopher Durang, Lee Blessing and David Henry Hwang. Lloyd Richards never confined himself to the work of American playwrights — he directed classics by Shakespeare, Shaw and Chekhov, among others — but one of his greatest contributions was the cultivation of new voices in the theater.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Y9tUIfSGbs?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=4586&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_19_59_04.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_19_59_04.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">The Father of Modern American Theater</h2> <div class="sans-2">New Haven, Connecticut</div> <div class="sans-2">February 15, 1991</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>You’ve had such an extraordinary career, directing the original production of <em>Raisin in the Sun</em> and the first plays of August Wilson. None of these were safe choices at the time. It sounds to me like taking chances, risk, is built into your life and your profession. How important is that?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/UE_i-5HK2Hs?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_02_09_06.Still014-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_02_09_06.Still014-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/courage/">Courage</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: It’s built into your life. If you aspire at all, you’re taking a risk. If you aspire as a young black person to something where there is not a beaten path, you’re taking a risk. So risk is nothing new in your life. But then, some risks cost more than others, and I guess those are the ones that you recognize as risks. But all of life is a risk. You try and achieve whatever you as an individual human being can achieve. To make that attempt is a risk. I guess I never decided to take risks with my life, I just had no choice. You take risks, whether they be small ones or whether they be large ones.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_32290" style="width: 750px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32290 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32290 size-full lazyload" alt="A Raisin in the Sun, a play by Lorraine Hansberry, directed by Lloyd Richards, starring Claudia McNeil, Ruby Dee, Louis Gossett, and Diana Sands." width="750" height="1125" data-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in.jpg 750w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in-507x760.jpg 507w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>, a play by Lorraine Hansberry, directed by Lloyd Richards, starring Claudia McNeil, Ruby Dee, Louis Gossett, and Diana Sands. The play debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem <em>Harlem</em> by Langston Hughes. The story tells of a black family’s experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago’s Woodlawn neighborhood as they attempt to “better themselves” with an insurance payout following the death of the father. <em>A Raisin in the Sun</em> was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, as well as the first with a black director, Lloyd Richards. In 1960, it was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Play.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Was <em>A Raisin in the Sun</em> a risk? Was that taking a chance?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q63ldGkDeRM?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_27_29_20.Still005-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_27_29_20.Still005-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: <em>Raisin in the Sun</em> was a big risk. Not necessarily for me; it was for a lot of other people. Of course, I was putting a lot on the line. <em>Raisin in the Sun</em> happened in a strange way. As a struggling actor, you meet many other struggling actors. I do remember Sidney Poitier as an actor you meet making the rounds, when you’re both quite broke. I recall sharing a hot dog with Sidney, because neither one of us could afford to have a whole one by yourself. He had come to study for a while where I was teaching. I was teaching with Paul Mann at his actor’s workshop. I assisted him for quite a while, and then began to teach with him and Sidney came. He said to me one day, “If I ever do a major Broadway show, I want you to direct it.” That’s something said in the middle of the night — which would have been over a beer if you could afford one, but it only was fantasy or an aspect of a dream. And some dreams come true. I remember getting a call from Sidney, which was at a time when Sidney had begun to make it, he was making films. That’s the difference between Sidney and I. Sidney was six feet-something tall — a thin, attractive man. He could play leading roles. I was always a character man and had to accept the fact that my future was in the future, that I would probably get to do some of the roles that I had done in college when I got to be 62 or 70 years old, or whatever. I was short. I wouldn’t say that I was unattractive, no one would say that. I guess I had a certain amount of charm. But there were no roles for young character black people at that time. Sidney had gone ahead and made it, and I was teaching and doing what I could do to stay alive in the theater. That’s what I found. I have to stay alive in it. That’s why I went back to directing, and I did all the other things that I could do, as well as act Off-Broadway.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_32297" style="width: 1270px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32297 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32297 size-full lazyload" alt="1959: Lorraine Hansberry, author of the Broadway dramatic hit A Raisin in the Sun. Miss Hansberry was the first black woman to have a play presented on Broadway. The 28-year-old playwright said she first had the intention of being a painter, but decided that she just "didn't have it." So, she said, "I just told myself that I was a playwright and began working at it." (Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS)" width="1270" height="1600" data-sizes="(max-width: 1270px) 100vw, 1270px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry.jpg 1270w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry-302x380.jpg 302w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry-603x760.jpg 603w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1959: Lorraine Hansberry, author of the Broadway dramatic hit <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>. Hansberry was the first black woman to have a play presented on Broadway. The 28-year-old playwright said she first had the intention of being a painter, but decided that she just “didn’t have it.” So, Hansberry said, “I just told myself that I was a playwright.”</figcaption></figure></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/t3NAWrNegaQ?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_48_00_17.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_48_00_17.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: I did get the call from Sidney. He said he had read a wonderful play, which had been submitted to him that he wanted to do. And he wanted to suggest me to direct it. He sent me a copy of the script, which was <em>A Raisin in the Sun.</em> My wife and I read it that night, and we howled, and we cried; we had a wonderful time reading it. I told him I was interested. He said, “I’ll arrange for you to meet the producer,” which I did, Phil Rose. We hit it off. He arranged for me to meet the playwright, Lorraine Hansberry, and that was a wonderful experience, we hit it off. We decided, okay, let’s do it. Well, that was an adventure. It certainly was an adventure, because that was not a good investment for anyone to make. We started out to try and do <em>A Raisin in the Sun.</em> Lorraine and I were rewriting the play, so we met once a week and talked about it, and Lorraine would work on it. I would challenge her to things, and she would top me in what she wrote. It was a wonderful year in that respect. It took that long to work on it. We weren’t working on it simply because we wanted to work on it, we just could not get the money to produce it.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/MUg-kwyKYR8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_44_22_06.Still012-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_44_22_06.Still012-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: I remember spending hours and hours sitting in the anterooms of the Shubert Organization, trying to get a theater. There were no theaters. Investors did not consider that a play about a black family was something that would return its investment. In the time which began in about November through that whole spring and into the summer, we had been unable to raise the money, or a small portion of the money, and Phil Rose thought he was going to have to give up the show because suddenly there appeared a white producer, another white producer, who was an experienced one, but he wanted to take over the show. Now that meant that our working relationship with Phil, which had been excellent, would be interrupted by somebody else coming in with the most money and taking control. I was conscious of the fact that it jeopardized my possibility as a director. I’m an unknown; who was I to be directing this show? And I recall a moment with Phil, when he was deeply disturbed about his possibly losing the show. And if he did cut me in as a secondary producer, would we still retain our relationship with him? Of course we would do that, we had a wonderful working relationship. If I remained, the relationship would remain. Phil finally turned that producer away — couldn’t accept that. We went on, having backers’ auditions, trying to raise some money. Producing a show like that is like going to the top of a toboggan slide; you can resist up to a certain point, but once you go over that first hump, you’re going to the bottom, one way or another, whether you smash up in a tree or turn over. You are going all the way, once you make that commitment. Well, there were some contracts that had been signed. Sidney had been signed, and had to be paid starting at a certain point. In September, when we were supposed to go into rehearsal, we couldn’t go into rehearsal. Sidney was working on a film. He was supposed to be through, but we got the call that the set had burned down, and they were going to have a delay in the film. So we were going to have to delay. We very quietly rejoiced about that, because it gave more time to raise money, which eventually we did.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_32299" style="width: 2216px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32299 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32299 size-full lazyload" alt="A Raisin in the Sun with Diana Sands, Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee." width="2216" height="2680" data-sizes="(max-width: 2216px) 100vw, 2216px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7.jpg 2216w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7-314x380.jpg 314w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7-628x760.jpg 628w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><i>A Raisin in the Sun</i> with Diana Sands, Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee; it earned Poitier a Golden Globe nomination.</figcaption></figure><p>That show probably had more backers than any show previously produced on Broadway. We ended up a year later, in December, going into rehearsal, just having made enough. We had scheduled four days in New Haven, a week in Philadelphia, and had nothing past that. So the possibility was that we would go into rehearsal, we would open in New Haven, get to Philadelphia, and then have to close, because we had no theater. We didn’t have the money to stay alive. So, we went to rehearsal. Had a wonderful rehearsal, had a great cast, a wonderful group of people. Sidney, Ruby Dee, Diana Sands, excellent actors were involved in that play.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/5q-fvitqQXI?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_40_36_04.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_40_36_04.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: We did a lot of work on the play in rehearsal. Cut 45 minutes out, cut one character out, and we went to New Haven. I think the word started to float back to New York that possibly there was something that had some value there. We got to Philadelphia, opened to a little bit more than half a house, and by the fourth day, we were a sell-out. The Shuberts came and saw the show in Philadelphia, and said they did not have a theater for us in New York, but if we would go to Chicago for eight weeks, they would underwrite the show against loss, and they would have a theater for us in New York, the Barrymore.</p> <p>I was just to the Barrymore, and saw another show there. It was wonderful to walk in the Barrymore, because some of the ushers, or some of the people who worked in the theater who’d been to the Barrymore a few times, they’d come up to you, and they’d say, “Oh, you’re back.” There is a family in the theater, and “How wonderful to have you back.” It was wonderful to be in that theater again, because there is so much history in those theaters. It was an adventure.</p> <p>Well, in Chicago, for those eight weeks, Lorraine could only be there for opening. She was from Chicago. Her father was a real estate broker in Chicago, and evidently a very good one, a militant one, and he had taken the first restrictive covenant case to the Supreme Court, and won it. So all of the real estate interests in Chicago were against him. It was Lorraine’s sense that actually that pressure had killed him, and she resented those interests for that. And of course, (she) inherited some property when he died. Well, when they found Lorraine was in town, there were all of these warrants that started to appear, and she had to leave town. We did our work on that play over the phone for eight weeks. I would work on the play, it would perform at night, and I would talk to Lorraine, make suggestions. She never saw that work, during that period, until we got back to New York. When we opened in New York, it was quite an exhilarating opening.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_32296" style="width: 1087px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32296 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32296 size-full lazyload" alt="1987: Playwright August Wilson and director Lloyd Richards for Wilson's The Piano Lesson, which premiered at the Yale Repertory Theatre. (Gerry Goodstein)" width="1087" height="1296" data-sizes="(max-width: 1087px) 100vw, 1087px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04.jpg 1087w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04-319x380.jpg 319w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04-637x760.jpg 637w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1987: August Wilson and Lloyd Richards, working on <i>The Piano Lesson</i>, which premiered at the Yale Repertory.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Can you describe what that felt like, opening in New York?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/d3E0KgYjzFM?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_10_22_10.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_10_22_10.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: Oh, I can recall Sidney calling Lorraine and I to the stage at the end of the show. And there was a large ovation. I remember going to Sardi’s afterward, walking into Sardi’s and suddenly hearing applause. I looked around to see who the applause was for. And it was for me. Your peers acknowledging your work. And that was an accolade, a very moving experience.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p><strong>At that time, did you see <em>A Raisin in the Sun</em> as, one, a significant breakthrough, and two, as this monumental work in the American theater?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: No, you don’t look at it that way. It is people later who recall it or make it history. It’s just work. A good play, and you get good people to do it. You do the best you can, and it has nothing to do with making history, it has to do with making the work… work. Creating a piece that works for you, works for me. All of the other things that happen from that are surprises to me. My real fun is in the rehearsal hall. That’s when the creative experience is happening. That’s when I am close to what is going on, stimulating and affecting others to make the work shape up into something that you want it to be, or that you envision for it. History is something else.</p> <figure id="attachment_32291" style="width: 1500px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32291 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32291 size-full lazyload" alt="Lloyd Richards and August Wilson would form one of the most successful artistic partnerships in American theater, as Mr. Richards directed and collaborated on five other plays by Mr. Wilson — Fences, Joe Turner's Come and Gone, The Piano Lesson, Two Trains Running and Seven Guitars. The two refined and developed them in a long pre-Broadway tryout process at nonprofit theaters around the country, which was a trademark of their creative process. Mr. Richards won the 1987 Tony Award for Best Director for Fences." width="1500" height="2213" data-sizes="(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences.jpg 1500w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-258x380.jpg 258w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-515x760.jpg 515w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Lloyd Richards and August Wilson would form one of the most successful artistic partnerships in American theater, as Mr. Richards directed and collaborated on five other plays by Mr. Wilson — <i>Fences</i>, <i>Joe Turner’s Come and Gone</i>, <i>The Piano Lesson</i>, <i>Two Trains Running</i> and <i>Seven Guitars</i>. The two refined and developed the plays in a long pre-Broadway tryout at nonprofit theaters around the country, which was a trademark of their creative process.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Is there a scene, is there something in <em>A Raisin in the Sun,</em> or any of the other plays that you have directed, that is special to you? That stands out for any reason?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/o3XdM0Gmtj4?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_14_16_25.Still003-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_14_16_25.Still003-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: It’s all special. They were all very special experiences, even the ones that didn’t work. It’s like saying which of your children do you love the most? Sometimes you have a special feeling for things that didn’t work. It’s like a child with a deformity, a child that doesn’t quite make it. He is not loved less; he is sometimes even loved more, because you felt you didn’t do enough for him. So, they all stand out. And I don’t try and differentiate between them. People ask me which is my favorite play. Which is your favorite August Wilson play? I have no favorites. They are all my favorites. My work is my favorite.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Will you tell the story about the woman who was waiting in line to buy the ticket?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/fw2xLM8YDKo?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_05_23_02.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.01_05_23_02.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, it really illustrates why I am in the theater, and the kind of thing that keeps you going. It happened when we were doing <em>Raisin in the Sun.</em> We were in Philadelphia. We had opened without anyone really being conscious that we were there. The third day, or the fourth, we began to really have some lines at the box office. I happened to be standing in the lobby, and there was a very small, thin black woman standing in line, and she had a shopping bag. I know what those shopping bags are about. My mother used to carry one. They were the badge of the housekeepers. I used to watch it on Grand River, when I went to school. Grand River (Avenue) was a major artery in Detroit. The buses and streetcars went downtown, and the buses went uptown. In the morning when you approached a corner, you saw the buses going downtown, and they were filled with white persons on their way downtown. On the other side of the street, there was a different group. There was a group of black women, getting on the buses, going out into the suburbs to clean their house or take care of their houses while they went downtown. And it would reverse in the evening. Well, this was obviously one of those women. She got up to the ticket booth, she asked for a ticket, and she put up a dollar. The ticket man told her that will be $4.80. She said, “Four dollars and eighty cents?” Yes. She said, “Why is it $4.80? I can see Sidney Poitier around the corner for 95 cents.” She was obviously referring to the movies. Well, it’s $4.80 here. So she took her $4.80, which I knew was hard earned, she put it out, got her ticket and she started to go into the theater. The door was locked, and she said, “I can’t get in.” The ticket man said, “You have to come back tonight at 8:30. There is only one show in the evening, it’s at 8:30.” So she started to leave, and I stopped her, and I asked her, “Why are you paying $4.80 and coming back tonight to see Sidney Poitier, who you can see around the corner for 95 cents?” And she said, “Well, the word is going around in my neighborhood that there is something going on down here that concerns me, and I had to come find out what it was about.”</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_32301" style="width: 1890px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32301 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32301 size-full lazyload" alt="Tony Award-winning theater director Lloyd Richards." width="1890" height="2718" data-sizes="(max-width: 1890px) 100vw, 1890px" data-srcset="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428.jpg 1890w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428-264x380.jpg 264w, /web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428-528x760.jpg 528w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Tony Award-winning director Lloyd Richards. He received the National Medal of Arts for Lifetime Achievement.</figcaption></figure></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/RtrzAqCHe54?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_30_39_27.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd-1991-MasterEdit.00_30_39_27.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Lloyd Richards: Now, that’s why I’m in the theater. To take those lives, to reveal them. Not just those lives, any life. And that’s what’s important about theater, or should be. It does reflect the lives of a totality of a community that exists out there, and does speak to the totality of that community. Not all at once, but through its own particularness, which is what <em>Raisin</em> did. Other people were able to find themselves in it. I remember when we first did <em>Fences</em> at Yale Rep. My promotional manager, a wonderful woman, she had come to see a run-through, and she sat with me afterwards. She said, “Do you know, I looked at the play, and I looked at that role that James Earl Jones is playing, and I said, ‘you know, that’s the man down the street. I know him, that’s the man down the street.'” A little further into the play, she said, “No, that’s not the man down the street, that’s my brother.” And a little further, “No, not my brother, that’s my father.” At the end of the play, she said, “I said to myself, no, that’s not my father, that’s me.” And it’s that kind of universality that stems from particularity, that makes a work of value that reaches out beyond itself. Not by trying to reach out beyond itself, but by reaching deeper into itself, to its own truth. And that’s what’s wonderful about theater for me.</p> </div> </div>     <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>What were you looking for when you found August Wilson? What was it in August Wilson?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Genius. We were looking for genius. I run a program called the National Playwrights Conference. I’ve run that since 1968. Every year I invite playwrights to submit their work to us. We accept that work, and every year around 1400 scripts. I have readers who read the plays, I read all the reports, and selectors, and I’m a part of that. What are we looking for? I remember talking to a wonderful man who ran the BBC and we were comparing notes. I asked, “What’s your ratio?” He said, “Well, ten percent of everything that I get is worth reading. That’s 100 in 1,000; 10 percent of that is worth doing. That’s ten in 1000. And 10 percent of that is exceptional, which is one in 1000. And the other guy may get it.” So that’s what you are looking for. You are looking for that exceptional, unique voice for the theater. It’s really like looking for a needle in a haystack. Looking for genius. It may be in its rough form, and you may be wrong, but that’s what you are looking for.</p> <p>I know that it’s not easy to find, and it’s not easy to develop even once you find it. It’s hard to try and develop a playwright. You know what it costs? It isn’t a matter of sitting somebody down and having them write something and rewrite it and rewrite it. In order to really understand their work, they have to see it done. What does it cost to get work done? An aspiring playwright, where do they get that from? So our program called the National Playwrights Conference, we invite people to submit. Then we try and select from those that we will work with, in one month of the year.</p> <p><strong>And August Wilson submitted something?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Yes. We take those playwrights who we select, and for one month, we bring them together with very talented directors, talented actors, and we work on their scripts with them. We do a stage screening, and we discuss the work with them. We try and affect their work in that manner.</p> <p>Now August Wilson, he will tell you, he submitted to us — he is a poet who was in the process of teaching himself to become a playwright at the suggestion of some friends. He was rejected by us five times. It was on the fifth try that he was selected. He even tells the story that once he didn’t believe that we had really read his play, so he submitted the same play the next year, and it was also rejected. He thought, maybe these people have a point. But, that is the important part of that is the fact that August Wilson did not arrive full blown. He was a person who did not, in getting rejected, turn around and say, “Aw, there is something wrong with you,” the rejector. He ultimately accepted the fact that he was in process, and there may have been something wrong with what he was doing, and he had to learn more and he had to do more. He did, and he finally got to that point where his work was accepted for work. Finally, that was when he came to the Playwrights Conference and our relationship began.</p> <p><strong>What about directing <em>Fences?</em> What does <em>Fences</em> bring to mind for you? What kind of a challenge did that play present to you?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: August brought us <em>Fences</em> after <em>Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom.</em> <em>Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom</em> was really two short plays that he was trying to put together. One was in the band room, and one was with Ma Rainey. Our work together was really the cementing of those two plays together, making them integral to one another. And so then he wrote <em>Fences.</em> We did it at the O’Neill Center. When we did it at the O’Neill, it was four hours, and 15 or 20 minutes. I say 20, he says 15. Our work on that began to be…to find what the true line of that material was. Because it was material, a lot of wonderful material, and hidden in it was a story or a tale. Our job became one of searching for that line, and putting that line through the material, and lifting it up and see what hung on it, what belonged there, what was essential, what was necessary, finding the core of the life of that man. And we struggled to find that. I think the key moment when we found that it was in a scene that he had in a speech after the death of the woman who he had become involved with, and who had borne his child. When he heard of her death, he used to have a speech to God. And I finally said to August, “That’s wrong. He doesn’t talk to God. This is a man who lives with death. He talked about it in the first scene, that death is his constant companion. Death is the thing that he is doing battle with for his life.” That speech was changed into a conversation with death. Not just a conversation, but taking death to task; death had betrayed him and stepped into his family. There was the essential inner conflict in that play, the thing that held everything else together, the thing that man was dealing with throughout the play. That became one of the core decisions in the play, that began to bring it all together for us. It was hard work. But it was always good work. Good, not in the sense that we did good work, but good in the sense that it was challenging, and it responded, and we responded to it.</p> <p><strong>What inspires a young man in Detroit, a young black man, in the 1930s and ’40s, to pursue this life? Why the theater?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I guess the theater because I couldn’t do anything else. By that, I don’t mean I couldn’t <em>do</em> anything else, I mean I <em>couldn’t</em> do anything else. What inspires or what started it, that’s a question I get very often, and I’m not sure exactly when it began. I do remember certain things. I remember being in school.</p> <p>I remember studying Shakespeare as a young person in school, and I remember an assignment to memorize a soliloquy, which I did. I was asked to stand up in front of the class and do it. I did it and I found myself saying beautiful words, phrases, thoughts that I agreed with, and I found myself expressing myself through someone else’s words. There were people there and they responded; a connection was made. And I guess there was a connection made in me, that I felt something, or received something in that. That was deeply satisfying. That didn’t mean I left the front of that class and went into the theater.</p> <p>In Detroit where I grew up — I was born in Toronto Canada — there was not a theater that I went to. I did not look at that as a way to make a living, or a way to make a life, which is really what it amounts to. I looked at it as an experience. I had a few more of those as time went on. The theater was not a place a young black man aspired to, because you were no images there, you were not reflected there. You were not reflected in pictures around you, or on the stage around you, except occasionally [by actors like] Canada Lee and Paul Robeson.</p> <p>I found myself in college. I was a pre-law student. Why pre-law? Because that was a way not only to make a living, but to secure one’s life. There were certain things that were open where you did that. If you were going to college, you really went for those things. You became a doctor, you became a lawyer; forsaking all that, you became a teacher or a social worker or a minister. That was it. And of the five, I thought law was something I aspired to. So I went to college in pre-law. But I found myself taking what was called in that day speech courses and interpretive reading courses. Gradually, doing things in the theatre, but I was still pre-law until I found I had more speech courses than pre-law courses.</p> <p>After three years of it, when I should have gone to law school, I ended up not going to law school and determining that I would have a life in the theater. I had to decide at that point what security was, what it meant. Was security property? Was security money in the bank? Or was security getting up in the morning and not counting the hours? Having a life, not a job. The theater was something that seemed to satisfy my life-need. I was not concerned about, would I make it, would I not make it, would I be successful, would I not be successful. The opportunity to function in that area was something that compelled me and I ended up in the theater.</p> <p><strong>Was there a moment, an event or episode where the light went on in your head, and you said, “This is what I have to do.”?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: No. I found myself doing it. I was already doing it, and all I had to do was accept what I was doing. I guess the moment was when it was time to go to law school, and I didn’t go to law school. Then events happened after that. But I had made the decision, and I accepted the fact that I had made that decision. That was what it was going to be.</p> <p>Everybody told me I had made the wrong decision. That was not the way to make a life. What would happen to me? I just had to take that, accept it, and go on. I had made my decision.</p> <p><strong>What was the first play you saw that had an impact on you?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Certainly in college I saw the theater. Things that were memorable to me: Paul Robeson in <em>Othello,</em> Canada Lee in <em>The Duchess of Malfi,</em> and as Bigger Thomas in <em>Native Son,</em> and other plays. Those were people who began to inspire me in a very personal way, because they were black and there were very few of them, and they, in their exception, said, “Okay, something is possible.” I determined that, yes, it was going to be a hard job. I may be rejected. There may be many times that I might be rejected, and that was true. But I wouldn’t be rejected because I wasn’t prepared. So, I set about preparing myself.</p> <p>My time in school at Wayne University, which was a grand place to be for that, was used to contribute toward my future, my life. There were the questions of would I teach. When I talked to my advisors at Wayne University because I attended Wayne University, they suggested that they might help me find a place in a black college somewhere to teach. Thanks a lot, but that isn’t what I intended. But Wayne had a wonderful program. It had a speakers bureau where any organization could call the university and get a speaker on any side of any subject; I was a part of that. They had a reader’s bureau where any organization could call and get readings of poetry, and other things on any subject or for any occasion; and I was part of that. You went out on those things, and you [were paid] five dollars, which was very important at that time.</p> <p>I began to work with the radio guild at Wayne. They had a wonderful radio guild, they were very talented people there, most of whom worked in radio in Detroit and nationally. Many people came out of Detroit at that time, and they were our faculty. I was taught by them, got an opportunity to work on radio because we did original radio out of the university. I did everything. I acted, I directed, I did sound, I did all of the things that one does in radio. I was trained in that, and ultimately in theater, but there were very few roles in the university for a young aspiring black actor to play. So there were problems about that, little to do, but one way or another, we found ways to do them.</p> <p><strong>What was life like, growing up in Detroit during the Depression? </strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: My father was a master carpenter. I was born in Canada, of parents with a Jamaican background. Ultimately we came to Detroit because Henry Ford advertised work for five dollars a day, which in the ’20s was a good deal of money. So our father went ahead, and my mother and the flock followed. I grew up on the east side of Detroit, attending school, and finally we moved to the west side, bought a house which we ultimately moved out of, and moved to North Detroit where we bought another house.</p> <p>Father died when I was nine years old, and there was a flock of five and my mother kept us all together. Although how, during the Depression, who knew? There were things like aid to dependent children. There were things like welfare, which we were a part of. But she was determined that those of us who wished to would attend college. I ultimately managed to do that—worked my way through college. Growing up in Detroit was both fun, and tough. Tough in the sense of where is the next meal coming from, where is the next paycheck coming from? My mother took in laundry; I remember the kitchen, filled with large white shirts that she was doing for some businessman living out somewhere. My mother did that, and many other things, so that we could not only survive, but find that way to make a life. A wonderful woman, a very strong human being. I had great, great affection for her. She did the impossible. There were suggestions when my father died that the family be broken up, that this uncle take one, or somebody else take another, but she would have none of that. The family had to stay together, and we did.</p> <p><strong>And how were you affected by that? Did you have to go to work?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Oh, yes, I worked.</p> <p><strong>What did you do?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I worked in a barbershop one time. I sold papers from the time I was eight years old or something like that, which was tough because people didn’t pay you. There you were running down the street delivering papers, and you’d go around on Saturdays to collect the few pence that it was. That was tough because people took advantage of kids. I sold magazines, <em>Ladies Home Journal,</em> and all those other things that one does to make a buck. Then I worked in a barbershop, I shined shoes, cleaned up the barbershop. At college, I ran the elevator. You do all kinds of things. That makes it possible not only to live, because it wasn’t just subsistence that we were concerned with. We were concerned with the future, and making a future possible, by going to school, getting an education, and making a life.</p> <p><strong>What kept you in school? It seems to me it would have been easy enough for you to say, “Look, I’ve got to work, I’ve got to help to support the family.” What kept you going?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, the expectation of the family. The support of the family. My older brother, he went to work, he dropped out of school to work after high school. My younger brother got involved in a training program at Henry Ford’s where he studied engineering, and received payment for it. We expected things of one another. Not only the immediate family, but my uncles and aunts. The family expected that you would do something to better yourself, to better your life. That expectation and support was very important to me. A lot of pride in my family. I remember my old aunt, the head of the family, she would say, “You are a Coote.” That was my mother’s maiden name. “And a Coote does…” And she’d go on. You listened to Aunt May, and you did what she said. All the rest of the family were all very supportive of one another; they were trying to do the same things.</p> <p><strong>What kind of a student were you? </strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, I might be considered a pretty good student. I worked hard.</p> <p><strong>Were there any teachers or books that influenced you when you were a kid in school?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I can’t recall that far back the books that influenced me. I remember a redheaded teacher, when I was in the early grades, maybe first, second, third grade. Mrs. McGinnis, I recall that she was particularly supportive. And other people like that.</p> <p><strong>Could a kid under those circumstances have pastimes? What did you do for fun? What about sports?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, we would play baseball in the street, ride bicycles. I loved swimming, and we’d do that. But of course, you weren’t encouraged in high school, because there were no black kids on the swimming team. The swimming teams practiced in the summer at some country club or were taken places where it was not at that time acceptable to bring a young black person. I did win decathlon medals and things like that—which we did in grade school—for running, jumping and what not, but I was not an athlete.</p> <p><strong>You left Detroit and came to New York. What were you looking for?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I came to New York after the Second World War. I was in the Army during the Second World War. First I came back to Detroit because I hadn’t finished my masters. I re-enrolled in school, but I had to get a job. I looked around for what jobs would be available, and I saw there was a need for social workers. I wasn’t really interested in a job; I applied for that job because I knew I was not qualified. They accepted me. They said, “Can you start tomorrow?” I said, “No, I couldn’t possibly start tomorrow.” And they said, “Well, when can you start?” I said, “Well, maybe in two weeks,” thinking that they would reject me if I said that. They said, “Fine.” So I became a social worker, and went to the office every morning. At that time, in school…</p> <p>In school, I had become involved with other people who were interested in making the theater their life, and we began a theater in Detroit. We got together one summer and formed a company called These Twenty People. There were twenty of us, that’s obvious, isn’t it? We got the city of Detroit let us use a large home in River Rouge Park that had a large living room. We decided to perform in that living room with chairs around it. We could seat, I forget how many people, not a lot. And we put a couple shows into repertory there, we did <em>Hedda Gabler,</em> and I forget what the second show was. But after the summer, we thought we ought to stay together and we formed a group called, the Actors Company. There was Harry Goldstein, who had been a few years ahead of me in college and graduated, and he headed up the company. Then there was a young man who had graduated in law a few years before, and he gave us, I think, a thousand dollars to start a theater. We went to the Michigan Showmen’s Association, who had a large room, an auditorium with no stage. They rented that to us and we built a stage. We put five shows into repertory that year. At the same time, I was doing my job as a social worker. I had gotten a job as a disk jockey on a radio station. I had a program from, I think it was 11:00 to 12:30 at night. What I did at that time, I went to work at 8:00 in the morning, arrived at the office, did my work at the office, went out into the field and did my visitations, then late in the afternoon I’d go to the theater where we rehearsed. I began directing, too at that time as well as acting. We would stay there and perform that evening, [then] I would leave there, go to the radio station, do my disk jockey job, and then either come back to the theater and help build or what not, or come back to the theatre and rehearse. Then I would bring a group of kids over to my place, which my mother loved, and raid the refrigerator. And that was my life for a while… a lot of wonderful people who we were involved with. So I began doing theater that way, in Detroit.</p> <p>We were all aspiring to New York. New York was the place to go. There was no regional theaters such as exist now, where you had choices. It was: go to New York and start making the rounds. Start receiving the rejections, all for yourself, and accept the rejections. And everybody was leaving one by one. I determined that I would go to New York and I told everybody I was going. Nobody believed me; things were going too well. I knew I had to make that break then, or I would begin to feel very comfortable in Detroit. So I got a room at the “Y,” bought myself a footlocker and a suitcase. Nobody still believed it. And I packed up, and I went to New York. Now, everybody thought I’d be back in two weeks. Well, that was forty-some years ago, and I have been back to visit, but never moved back. I got a room at the YMCA, in New York. I knew it was going to be tough. I had been in the Army so I had 20 dollars for 52 weeks. The 52-20 club, if you remember, where all veterans got 20 dollars a week for 52. I thought that would be my base, that would give me a start, that would sustain me. I didn’t pay a lot of rent at the Y, and I could live frugally, which I did. There were a number of people from Detroit who had gone to New York, to try and make it, so there was a kind of Detroit club. There were three of my friends who had gotten an apartment, so we would all gather there, most days of the week for dinner and chip in and make dinner together, and make the rounds together, support one another, emotionally, artistically, however we could.</p> <p><strong>And you pounded the pavement.</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Oh, yes. You pounded the pavement. You went around to offices, you tried to get past secretaries, you offered your picture, you offered yourself. You went to the third floor at NBC — that was a hangout then for out-of-work actors. The third floor of NBC was the place where you could sit around, and the directors passed through. You tried to buttonhole somebody. Working actors also passed through, and you envied them. But it was the place that I learned what New York was about. I was the one looking over your shoulder. By that I mean, you’d be engaged in a conversation with someone on the third floor, and you’d always find that people I was talking to were looking past me, over my shoulder in some respect. They were trying to spot the directors who were passing through, who they might approach about a job. But yes, you pounded the pavement. That was the way you did it.</p> <p><strong>And what was the first job you got in the theater?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, I got some work Off-Broadway, in Equity Library Theater.</p> <p><strong>And do you remember that first role, that first chance?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: No, I don’t remember the first chance. I remember the first Broadway role. There were various things that I did Off-Broadway. I was in a project, played Peewee in <em>Plant in the Sun,</em> at Equity Library Theater, played Stevedore with some wonderful people at Equity Library Theatre. I know I have a picture and I look at sometimes, and in that picture there was Ossie Davis, George Roy Hill, Jack Warden, Jack Klugman, myself, and others who have gone on to do other things. That was the place where people with some drive, some desire and, I guess, some talent, would function. Agents would come to see it; you were trying to get agents to see you. You were trying to get somebody to see you and change your life. So you did all kinds of things Off-Broadway for very little money. I was involved in a theater called the Greenwich News that I helped to organize. I acted there, and I guess I was for a while a managing director there, because I handled the money and tried to make the little that we made work. The production was in the basement of a church. You worked for anything. I also got some shots in radio. That was a hard place to work in because, as a black actor, there were very few roles.</p> <p><strong>I was going to ask about that—the obstacles you had to overcome as a black actor.</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: You tried to get auditions and when you finally got an audition, they said, “Fine, good, hey, I love your talent, but we don’t have anything for you.” The fact was with there being so few roles, and the fact was, I did not necessarily in radio come over as a black actor. But they would say, “There are things you can play, but I can’t cast you.” Why? “Well, you know there are such things as sponsors, and our programs go into the South, and if it was ever known that you as a black actor were playing something else, then…” So, you ran into that all the time. You weren’t generally told that, but you knew that was behind it.</p> <p>You knew it because there would be exceptions, the people who said, “I want you to do this, you are a talented young person, and you should work.” So, you’d end up with a shot on a show like <em>Helen Trent,</em> or <em>Jungle Jim,</em> or <em>The Greatest Story Ever Told</em> by Henry Denker — wonderful writer, human being. He used to cast me on that for a while. Then I had a running part on a show called <em>Mr. Jolly’s Hotel for Pets.</em> I was one of the major characters. I did play a role that was considered to be a black role, which was the assistant to Mr. Jolly. But I was on that for a while.</p> <p><strong>You have chosen a field, chosen a career that abounds with critics and criticism. How do you handle criticism?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I don’t work for the critics. The critics are something that happens to the work. If I try to guess what the critics might like… I know my producers do that all the time. I’ve been a producer, and I am a producer, but I do the things I like. I do the things that really affect me. I do the things that mean something to me, where something of me is being articulated through the work. I say what I have to say. Now that may be accepted, it may not be accepted. I say it the best I can, and if they don’t accept it, okay.</p> <p>They may control, to a certain extent, my livelihood, but they don’t control my life, and they don’t control my art. They are there, and sometimes unfortunately so. I think that we are in a position now where we don’t have enough critics to balance things out. There used to be a time when there were 15 newspapers in New York. So there were a lot of points of view at work that might be expressed. Now there are very few. So much hangs on so little, and that’s unfortunate. When I think of the investment of time, of energy, of life, that is involved in the creation of a theater piece, it’s sometimes sad what happens to it. That’s why we drive some of our potential artists into an area like television. It’s done before reviews come out. Okay, go on to the next one. That’s what is expected to be. But in the theater, you spend one, two, three years of your life invested in the work, and then you take it and you put it up somewhere, and wham! It’s gone. It’s not easy. I can understand people who work trying to anticipate that. But I don’t find it helps the work any at all.</p> <p><strong>How do you handle the pressures, the responsibilities, investing all of this into something that could be finished in a day or two days? You must feel responsibility to the work itself. You feel responsibility to the investors. You feel responsibility because it’s your life. There has got to be a lot of pressure.</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: There is a lot of pressure. But that’s not what it’s about. The pressure comes for other reasons. The pressure comes from other people who have a financial investment. They bet on you. There used to be tip sheets that used to say, this is so-and-so directing, he’s a three-hit, two-flop man. You were rated like a horse. Fine, good, great. That’s their way of doing things. That’s betting on horses. They’re betting on your past. What’s sad to me, there used to be very wonderful producers who understood the process. But now you can be involved in a project with people who have the money it in, who don’t understand the working process. What they understand is hire and fire. That is what they understand. Why? “Because I don’t see it there today, it is not there.” No, it’s not there today, but it’s coming. Do you see where it started? Do you see the goal? Do you see where it is in relation to that? Do you see the investment in it that can bring it to that? Not a lot of people can do that, not everybody can appreciate that. So strange things happen. And lack of trust, which means a lack of knowledge of both process and talent.</p> <p><strong>I am going to remember that. That hits home in many ways. You’ve probably answered this, but in so many words, what does it take to achieve something in the theater, in drama, in your field?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, beyond talent—that is the indefinable thing that is involved—it takes commitment. One person once said to me, “The theater is a place of survivors, people who have survived all those things you are talking about.” And what makes them survive, I assume, is a real deep belief in themselves… a need to express that, and then having the tools to do it with. I guess I may have some tools. I know in other areas of the arts, I don’t have the tools. I can have a wonderful image, but you put an easel and a brush in my hand, and a palette, and all those colors there, I cannot make that vision, as wonderful as it is, realize itself up on the canvas. I can’t do that. I don’t have the technique, and I may not have the talent for it, but I certainly don’t have the technique. In the theater, I have some technique. And I’m presumptive enough to think that after this length of time, maybe I had a little talent somewhere along the way.</p> <p><strong>What are your hopes for a graduate of the Yale School of Drama? What do you hope for these people who come through here?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: That they’ll make a contribution to the theater. That’s what I hope. We try and prepare them to do that. What I try to do at the Yale School of Drama, or have tried to do, is to create an environment where I can take the pressures off, and put the pressures on. Take the pressures off, in terms of success and failure, and put the pressures on in terms of acquiring knowledge, acquiring skills, acquiring craft, and utilizing that, and taking chances with that. To create that environment and support is my goal. So what do you do? You get the best people you can, in terms of the faculty, in terms of the administrators and staff, and you provide opportunities. You go out and you raise money, you beg and you borrow, and you do whatever you have to do to help to create that environment. Then you get the most talented students, and I think we’ve been able to do that to a great degree. Every year, since I’ve been here, we audition the applicants for the acting program. Over 1,000 applicants a year. We take 15 in the acting program. There are certain questions that we ask ourselves, past talent, having to do with commitment. Having to do with, “Will this person make a contribution to the art, to the theater?” We select in those terms, and we put together a company. We do the same with every other program in it, trying to create here an environment that is stimulating, where the students are stimulating to one another, challenging one another, and have a faculty that is supporting and challenging. That’s what we try to create.</p> <p>Given the kind of expenditure of energy and imagination that exists in a program like this where students begin at eight o’clock in the morning, they go to classes until two o’clock in the afternoon, then everybody goes into rehearsal of some kind at two o’clock in the afternoon, and they work until midnight, and they perform, they support one another, they support the work, and they are studying continually, but what is sad is that the theater is not able to provide the kind of opportunity to utilize that energy, and that imagination to its fullest. We prepare them for that kind of a theater and that kind of experience, so they will take that with them wherever they go. They will be working in terms of that, whatever situation you put them in.</p> <p><strong>That leads me to a question that I know is dear to you, about the place of the arts in America. In light of the NEA controversy, and the debate about the role of government, what place do you see for the arts in this country?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: The arts are a reflection of our society, of its concerns, of its aspirations, of its possibilities. In every respect, it is also a challenge to our society. Those are its roles, and sometimes those roles become crusty. It was Ed Steinmetz who said a good writer is as a second government in his own country, which is why the government generally supports mediocrity rather than real talent. What is he saying? He is saying that the role of the arts is to challenge, is to question. It is not simply to pat on the back and support and wave. There are many, many responsibilities that it has, one of which is to question our society as it exists, and lead it to the possibility of making other choices. Sometimes, it isn’t to say that every artist is correct in his projection, but at least the challenge is there. Answer it again. There are times when you step on a toe, and if that toe is as influential as a few toes were, then you may have a bumpy time. But that does not change the role of the arts. And any true artist will not be changed by it.</p> <p>It may change, which it has, the economic support of the arts in this country, and that’s unfortunate. But what it really affects is the fringe areas in a way where you get less money to support the seedlings, some of which are going to not work. And that’s unfortunate. There has got to be a willingness to accept failure, or to fail. We do it in science. We do it all the time. I’ve seen this marvelous movie, the old development of our space program, where you see the rockets. They are there: they fume, they flop over. We understand that in relation to science; they waste a lot of money. We expend very little on the arts in this country, shamefully little, unfortunately so. There is so much more that could be done, that should be done. But, we will survive it.</p> <p><strong>I was going to ask you another big question, which is race as a theme in your work. How does one best deal with the race issue in America in the arts?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Deal with the race issue? I’d have to clarify that as a question for myself. If you are dealing with the race issue as it exists in this country, you can write about it. There are times when I know in my own history in the theater, when much of the work that it did, when it was of that nature, was something which was confrontational, antagonistic, and the core of the plot was racial attitudes. But that in many respects, past, in the sense that there is no longer an issue of whether I should belong, or whether I shouldn’t belong. There is a general acceptance, he ought to belong. The question is that I must in some respect mute the racism that does exist. It used to be very obtuse, very obvious; it is much less now. What you find now is, we have many minorities in this country, all of whom are contributing to the life of the nation, and all of whom have wonderful cultural aspects of their existence, which are revealed through their own artistry. We very often don’t see that, or understand it. We tend to look at everything tends to be looked at in terms of Western culture, when there are a lot of other cultures involved that have standards, very high standards. I know that one of the nicest things that happened to me, and I’ve had so many, but recently I was in Boston at the Huntington Theater, doing <em>Two Trains Running, </em>August Wilson’s play. We’ve done three plays there. This was the third play at the Huntington and I was at the back of the theater with my assistant, taking notes. When the show ended, I was still giving some notes. As people were going out, a couple stopped in front of me. A white gentleman said, “I want to thank you.” I said, “You’re welcome.” He said, “No, I want to thank you and August Wilson because you have permitted me something that I could not have gotten in any other way and elsewhere. You have permitted me into the lives of black people in this country.” Not into the problem between, but into the lives. Which is what much of August’s work does. Yes, there are all kinds of comments made in the work that stem from a human involvement as black people in the life of this country. But that’s not the core of the play, that’s a very major aspect of what makes people behave the way they do. Just the permission [to enter] into the life, into the music, into the rhythms, into the thoughts, into the attitudes. That opportunity to see that in an ongoing way permitted him something that he had not experienced otherwise.</p> <p>Now that is true for every culture that exists in this country. We too rarely get the opportunities to go from our own position, the comfort or discomfort of our own culture into something else, and see the life as we are experiencing it from another point of view. These are characters, these are people who you drive down the street. I worked with Richard Wesley. I did one of his plays; he is a wonderful black writer. Most of his characters came from New Jersey, and we’re in New Jersey. He said, “I’m writing characters and putting them on the stage, that people who were driving through town, when they got to a red light in the district, would roll up their windows and make sure their doors are locked. And I just want them to get out of the car, and really see what’s happening on the corner.” I thought, yes, sure. That’s it. And that’s what must happen. More and more. We have to accept the fact that this society is not just created out of western culture standards, as part of the cultural baggage that came over from Western Europe. And it, too, has value, and that value has to be recognized.Growing up in the theater, I did not grow up in a black theater, because there was no black theater. There were very few writers, and their work was very rarely done. Nor did they get that opportunity to develop. I grew up with Shakespeare, Shaw—Chekhov is one of my favorites—and Ibsen. And I do their work, but I do their work, I believe, with some sensitivity and some knowledge because I grew up with those western cultural standards. I was exposed to and studied and observed the life of, saw it through movies, saw it everywhere it could be depicted. The life that existed in those other cultures. I consider myself very versed in western cultural standards, and very capable in my directing of Chekhov, Shaw, all the rest of them because it’s part of my heritage, as taught to me. There is another heritage that I have that I grew up with and my own spiritual heritage, which I don’t even know about, which reveals itself at times.</p> <p><strong>What is your advice to a young man or woman who comes to you and says: “Dean Richards, I want to make something of my life and my career. What is your advice?”</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I want to make something of my life? Or my life in the theater? Either way it’s the same thing. It’s commitment. Trust. Work. There is no substitute for work. There is no substitute for commitment. You’ve got to commit to something that you love. Invest yourself in it, and trust it.</p> <p><strong>Well, I know I asked you this, but I’ll ask one more time. Any influential books or teachers in your life, and if so, why? Anything that inspired you? Anyone who inspired you?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: I spoke of Paul Robeson, Canada Lee, I think.</p> <p><strong>Why were they influential?</strong></p> <p>Lloyd Richards: Well, you talk about taking chances, my God, Paul took so many chances in his life. What he was striving for, and insisting on, was acceptance as a human being. Not qualified by the fact of his racial origins, or national origin, but that he was a human being in the world, and should be dealt with on that basis and should be permitted to achieve, without those other really debilitating aspects becoming part of it. Canada Lee dared a lot, tried to find a lot in an atmosphere and in a world that did not make it easy. It doesn’t make it easy anyhow; art never does, but made it particularly difficult because of the specifics of this nature of the human being, as a black person, in this culture, in that time. They represented to me a kind of struggle that I was involved with, on whatever level. Whether it be in school, whether it be in terms of being on a swimming team, any of those things. They exemplified both the struggle and the achievement. The fact that achievement is never completely won.</p> <p>I find it now, fighting the same battles, again and again. I’ve had to accept the fact: freedom is never won. You are always in the process of winning it. You have to do it again. The National Endowment for the Arts. What a wonderful piece of legislation that original legislation was. What a commendable thing for our government to have done to have created the National Endowment and the stipulations that were on it, the wisdom to create an area of freedom where the government or the legislature could not interfere into the work. Well, they gradually tore those barriers down, and managed to get into it, and restructure it, so that could create little pork barrels here, little pork barrels there. All of the other things that were done to disseminate the endowment.</p> <p>Okay, you’ve got to go out and fight that battle again. Freedom of expression. Are we still fighting that battle? Yes. Will we go on fighting it? I assume so. Over the number of years that I have lived, those are the things that I have learned, that the most precious things are never totally won. It’s like love. It’s never totally won. It has to be worked at in order to be maintained. It’s not easy. The whole thing of casting, and non-representational casting, I was doing that 40-some years ago. We were having those same discussions, and they will go on. You keep thinking, it’s another generation, they’ve got to learn, too. They’ve got to discover, too. You don’t realize the turnover in generation, the turnover in understanding. Anti-Semitism! Astonishing! I thought we dealt with that in the Second World War! I thought we understood something when we came out of that. But there, you see it cropping up again in the very major ways that it does. We have to do that one again? All right, we will do it again. I guess that’s what life is all about. There are certain eternals, and you have to struggle to keep those eternals fresh, alive, and there for the next generation.</p> <p><strong>I can’t think of a better place to stop. Thank you. It’s been a privilege.</strong></p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Lloyd Richards Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>21 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.85789473684211" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer.jpg" data-image-caption="Edward Albee and Richard Barr (both seated at the table, Albee on the left) listen to a question at the first National Playwrights Conference, 1965. Lloyd Richards served as the Artistic Director of the National Playwrights Conference — the O'Neill Center's founding program — for 32 years." data-image-copyright="2-11-edward-albee-playwright-and-richard-barr-producer" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer-380x326.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2.11-Edward-Albee-Playwright-and-Richard-Barr-Producer-760x652.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.85394736842105" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/9AFBDD9F-0E50-FE7A-42EBCA79B324966A.jpg" data-image-caption="August Wilson, 1994" data-image-copyright="August Wilson, 1994" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/9AFBDD9F-0E50-FE7A-42EBCA79B324966A-380x324.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/9AFBDD9F-0E50-FE7A-42EBCA79B324966A-760x649.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0106382978723" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GettyImages-111839070_master.jpg" data-image-caption="1988: Lloyd Richards, actor, director, and long-time former Dean of the Yale School of Drama, at the Yale University Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut. (Anthony Barboza/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Portrait Of Lloyd Richards" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GettyImages-111839070_master-376x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GettyImages-111839070_master-752x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2881355932203" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817.jpg" data-image-caption="1958: Publicity still of Canadian-American stage director Lloyd Richards (1919-2006). (Photo by John D. Kisch/Separate Cinema Archive/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="153544817" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817-295x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/153544817-590x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75657894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2.jpg" data-image-caption="Mr. Richards's most notable partnership, forged in the 1980s, was with August Wilson, who wrote a 10-play cycle about black life in the United States before his death in 2005. Wilson was a theater novice in 1982 when Mr. Richards selected his play <i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i> for a reading at the playwrights' conference at the O'Neill Theater. Mr. Richards, who led the summer workshop for 32 years, later premiered Wilson's play at the Yale Repertory Theatre and directed its Broadway debut in Fall 1984. In the ensuing years, he directed five more of Wilson's plays, including <i>Fences</i>, which earned Mr. Richards a Tony Award for Best Director in 1987." data-image-copyright="26_august-lloyd-2" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2-380x288.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/26_august-lloyd-2-760x575.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2603648424544" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry.jpg" data-image-caption="1959: Lorraine Hansberry, author of the Broadway dramatic hit <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>. Miss Hansberry was the first black woman to have a play presented on Broadway. The 28-year-old playwright said she first had the intention of being a painter, but decided that she just "didn't have it." So, she said, "I just told myself that I was a playwright and began working at it." (Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="lorraine-hansberry" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry-302x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorraine-Hansberry-603x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.7040358744395" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun.jpg" data-image-caption="Playwright and activist Lorraine Hansberry wrote <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i> and was the first black playwright and the youngest American to win a New York Critics’ Circle award." data-image-copyright="a-raisin-in-the-sun" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun-223x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/a-raisin-in-the-sun-446x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in.jpg" data-image-caption="<i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>, a play by Lorraine Hansberry, directed by Lloyd Richards, starring Claudia McNeil, Ruby Dee, Louis Gossett, and Diana Sands." data-image-copyright="canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-a-raisin-in" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/canvas-painting-portrait-movie-posters-vintage-poster-print-art-modern-decorative-art-scenery-A-Raisin-in-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.82236842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006.jpg" data-image-caption="Lloyd Richards in <i>The Decision</i> at the Greenwich Mews Theatre, 1950s. (Courtesy of Lloyd Richards)" data-image-copyright="richards-lloyd006" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006-380x312.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd006-760x625.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4757281553398" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences.jpg" data-image-caption="Lloyd Richards and August Wilson would form one of the most successful artistic partnerships in American theater, as Mr. Richards directed and collaborated on five other plays by Mr. Wilson — <i>Fences</i>, <i>Joe Turner's Come and Gone</i>, <i>The Piano Lesson</i>, <i>Two Trains Running</i> and <i>Seven Guitars</i>. The two refined and developed them in a long pre-Broadway tryout process at nonprofit theaters around the country, which was a trademark of their creative process. Mr. Richards won the 1987 Tony Award for Best Director for <i>Fences</i>." data-image-copyright="fences" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-258x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-515x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4785992217899" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985.jpg" data-image-caption="James Earl Jones in <i>Fences</i> by August Wilson. Directed by Lloyd Richards, 1985." data-image-copyright="fences-james-earl-jones-1985" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985-257x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fences-james-earl-jones-1985-514x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5286624203822" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/U87198022.jpg" data-image-caption="1987: Lloyd Richards holds up his trophy after winning Best Direction of a Play for <i>Fences</i> during the Tony Awards Ceremony at the Mark Hellinger Theatre. (Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Lloyd Richards Holding Tony Awards" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/U87198022-249x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/U87198022.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3523131672598" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HU055095.jpg" data-image-caption="The South African playwright Athol Fugard, circa 1970. Richards's legacy is his discovery and development of the early work of Athol Fugard, John Guare, Lee Blessing, John Patrick Shanley, Derek Wolcott, Wendy Wasserstein and August Wilson, helping give them a voice on the American stage. At Yale Rep, he also championed the work of Athol Fugard and directed several of the South African playwright’s dramas on Broadway, including <i>A Lesson From Aloes</i> (1980), <i>Master Harold ... And the Boys</i> (1982) and <i>Blood Knot</i> (1985). (Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Athol Fugard" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HU055095-281x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HU055095-562x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/images-of-lloyd-richards.jpg" data-image-caption="Sidney Poitier, Paul Mann and Lloyd Richards at the Paul Mann Actors Workshop during <i>Raisin in the Sun</i>. In 1947, Richards moved to New York City. In between Off-Broadway roles, he waited tables and found steady work as an acting teacher, and through these drama workshops he met another struggling actor, Sidney Poitier. Of West Indian descent like Richards, Poitier introduced him to playwright Lorraine Hansberry, and that led to Richards' first-time foray into directing. The play was A Raisin in the Sun , a landmark work in both American theater as well as African-American drama when it opened at Broadway's Ethel Barrymore Theater on March 11, 1959. It was nominated for several Tony Awards, in- cluding Best Director, and gave Richards the distinction of being the first African American ever to direct a play on Broadway." data-image-copyright="images-of-lloyd-richards" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/images-of-lloyd-richards-380x302.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/images-of-lloyd-richards-760x603.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/la-me-august-wilson-20051005.jpg" data-image-caption="<i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i> was Richards's first with playwright August Wilson, and it marked the debut of Wilson's historic 10-play cycle chronicling ten decades in African American life in the twentieth century. <i>Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</i> made its Broadway debut in 1984, directed by Richards. Three years later he won a Tony Award for directing <i>Fences</i>, another play by Wilson. He also directed <i>The Piano Lesson</i>, <i>Two Trains Running</i> and <i>Seven Guitars</i>." data-image-copyright="la-me-august-wilson-20051005" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/la-me-august-wilson-20051005-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/la-me-august-wilson-20051005-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.1930926216641" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04.jpg" data-image-caption="1987: Playwright August Wilson and director Lloyd Richards for Wilson's <i>The Piano Lesson</i>, which premiered at the Yale Repertory Theatre. (Gerry Goodstein)" data-image-copyright="lloyd-richards-04" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04-319x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lloyd-richards-04-637x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2903225806452" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1.jpg" data-image-caption="Richards served as Dean of the Yale School of Drama and as Artistic Director of the Yale Repertory Theatre from 1979 to 1991." data-image-copyright="page_1" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1-294x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/page_1-589x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2101910828025" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7.jpg" data-image-caption="<i>A Raisin in the Sun</i> with Diana Sands, Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee." data-image-copyright="A Raisin in the Sun with Diana Sands, , Sidney Poitier, and Ruby Dee." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7-314x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raisin_in_Sun_1961_7-628x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4393939393939" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428.jpg" data-image-caption="Tony Award-winning theater director Lloyd Richards." data-image-copyright="Tony Award-winning theater director Lloyd Richards." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428-264x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Richards-Lloyd428-528x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.86578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ROSE-obit-jumbo.jpg" data-image-caption="David J. Cogan, Lorraine Hansberry, Lloyd Richards, Philip Rose and Sidney Poitier during <i>Raisin in the Sun</i>. (Newmarket Press)" data-image-copyright="rose-obit-jumbo" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ROSE-obit-jumbo-380x329.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ROSE-obit-jumbo-760x658.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-GettyImages-605265472.jpg" data-image-caption="May 8, 2006: Lloyd Richards and Kelly McCreary attend Barnard College Spring Party and Auction at The Puck Building in New York City. (Will Ragozzino/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Patrick McMullan Archives" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-GettyImages-605265472-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/wp-GettyImages-605265472-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2007</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20181225135540im_/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="find-achiever" id="find-achiever-list"> <div class="form-group"> <input id="find-achiever-input" class="search js-focus" placeholder="Search for an achiever"/> <i class="icon-icon_chevron-down"></i> </div> <ul class="find-achiever-list list m-b-0 list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hank-aaron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hank Aaron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kareem-abdul-jabbar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynsey Addario</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-albee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Albee</span></a> </li> <li> <a 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Carter Brown</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linda-buck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linda Buck, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-burnett/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Burnett</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-h-w-bush/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George H. W. Bush</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/susan-butcher/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Susan Butcher</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-cameron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Cameron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/benjamin-s-carson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benjamin S. Carson, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Carter</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Cash</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-j-clinton/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William J. Clinton</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/denton-a-cooley/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Denton A. Cooley, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-ford-coppola/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis Ford Coppola</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-dalio/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Dalio</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/olivia-de-havilland/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Olivia de Havilland</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-dell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael S. Dell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-dennis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Dennis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joan-didion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joan Didion</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-herbert-donald-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Herbert Donald, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-doubilet/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Doubilet</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rita-dove/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rita Dove</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sylvia Earle, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mohamed ElBaradei</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hilary-swank/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hilary Swank</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/amy-tan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Amy Tan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dame-kiri-te-kanawa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Kiri Te Kanawa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/twyla-tharp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Twyla Tharp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wayne-thiebaud/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wayne Thiebaud</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lt-michael-e-thornton-usn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Michael E. Thornton, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Charles H. Townes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-trimble/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Trimble</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ted-turner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert Edward (Ted) Turner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/desmond-tutu/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Archbishop Desmond Tutu</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-updike/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Updike</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gore-vidal/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gore Vidal</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/antonio-villaraigosa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Antonio Villaraigosa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lech-walesa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lech Walesa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/herschel-walker/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Herschel Walker</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-d-watson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James D. Watson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-weil-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew Weil, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leslie-h-wexner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leslie H. Wexner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elie-wiesel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Elie Wiesel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-o-wilson-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward O. Wilson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oprah-winfrey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oprah Winfrey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tom-wolfe/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tom Wolfe</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-wooden/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Wooden</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bob-woodward/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bob Woodward</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shinya-yamanaka-m-d-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-chuck-yeager/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Chuck Yeager, USAF</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew J. Young</span></a> </li> </ul> <div class="list__close"></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-3"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu-col-1" class="menu list-unstyled"><li class="menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-our-history"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/">Our History</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-about-the-academy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/">About the Academy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-academy-patrons"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/patrons/">Academy Patrons</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-delegate-alumni"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135540/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/alumni/">Delegate Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-directors-our-team"><a 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