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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiv_%C3%A7irkl%C9%99nm%C9%99" title="Radioaktiv çirklənmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioaktiv çirklənmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="रेडियोएक्टिव प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियोएक्टिव प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Радиоактивно замърсяване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоактивно замърсяване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_radioactiva" title="Contaminació radioactiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació radioactiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivn%C3%AD_kontaminace" title="Radioaktivní kontaminace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radioaktivní kontaminace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontamination_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" title="Kontamination (Radioaktivität) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kontamination (Radioaktivität)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivne_reostus" title="Radioaktiivne reostus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Radioaktiivne reostus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radioactive contamination" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_radiactiva" title="Contaminación radiactiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación radiactiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradiazio-kutsadura" title="Erradiazio-kutsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erradiazio-kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="آلایش هسته‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلایش هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination_radioactive" title="Contamination radioactive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contamination radioactive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EB%8A%A5_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="방사능 오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사능 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="रेडियोधर्मी प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियोधर्मी प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_radioaktif" title="Pencemaran radioaktif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminazione_radioattiva" title="Contaminazione radioattiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contaminazione radioattiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ആണവമലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണവമലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_radioaktif" title="Pencemaran radioaktif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Цацраг идвэхт бохирдол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цацраг идвэхт бохирдол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="放射能汚染 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射能汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81_%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%90)" title="راديواکتيف ککړتيا (هستوي وړانګې) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راديواکتيف ککړتيا (هستوي وړانګې)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%BCenie_promieniotw%C3%B3rcze" title="Skażenie promieniotwórcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skażenie promieniotwórcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_radioativa" title="Contaminação radioativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contaminação radioativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminare_radioactiv%C4%83" title="Contaminare radioactivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Contaminare radioactivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Радиоактивное загрязнение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоактивное загрязнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विकिरणीयप्रदूषणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विकिरणीयप्रदूषणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_radioaktive" title="Ndotja radioaktive – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja radioaktive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dioakt%C3%ADvne_zamorenie" title="Rádioaktívne zamorenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádioaktívne zamorenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivno_onesna%C5%BEenje" title="Radioaktivno onesnaženje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioaktivno onesnaženje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Нуклеарно загађење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нуклеарно загађење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivna_kontaminacija" title="Radioaktivna kontaminacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radioaktivna kontaminacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கதிரியக்க மாசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிரியக்க மாசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyoaktif_kirlilik" title="Radyoaktif kirlilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyoaktif kirlilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Радіоактивне забруднення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіоактивне забруднення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Ô nhiễm phóng xạ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô nhiễm phóng xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="放射性污染 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放射性污染" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q817114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/300px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/450px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/600px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanford_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanford site (not yet started)">Hanford site</a> represents two-thirds of the United States' <a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_radioactive_waste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-level radioactive waste (not yet started)">high-level radioactive waste</a> by volume. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a> line the riverbank at the Hanford Site along the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> in January 1960.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/330px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg/440px-Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>As of 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a> site remains <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_effects_from_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation effects from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (not yet started)">highly radioactive</a>. About 160,000 people still live in temporary housing. Some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fukushima_disaster_cleanup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fukushima disaster cleanup (not yet started)">difficult cleanup job</a> will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_sts_overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wfm_sts_overview.png/220px-Wfm_sts_overview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wfm_sts_overview.png/330px-Wfm_sts_overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wfm_sts_overview.png/440px-Wfm_sts_overview.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The 18,000 km<sup>2</sup> expanse of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semipalatinsk_Test_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site (not yet started)">Semipalatinsk Test Site</a> (indicated in red), which covers an area <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_size_of_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The size of Wales (not yet started)">the size of Wales</a>. The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk from 1949 until 1989 with little regard for their effect on the local people or environment. The full impact of radiation exposure was hidden for many years by Soviet authorities and has only come to light since the test site closed in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_iso_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/220px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/330px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/440px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2007 ISO <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> danger symbol. The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used in long-term <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> repositories, which might survive into a distant future where other danger symbols may be forgotten or misinterpreted.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Radioactive contamination</b> or <b>radiological contamination</b> is the contamination of the <a href="/wiki/Environment" title="Environment">environment</a> with <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a> materials, where these materials are not present. Many radioactive substances have very long <a href="/wiki/Half-life_(element)" title="Half-life (element)">half lives</a>; this means that if they are present in the envioroment, they can be dangerous for a very long time. Many <a href="/wiki/Nuclear" class="mw-disambig" title="Nuclear">nuclear</a> power plants produce such substances; usually they are processed to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>. There is little danger that comes from radioactive waste,if it is stored safely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Causes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Causes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incidents in nuclear power plants</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear medicine (not yet started)">Nuclear medicine</a> uses radiation for the treatment of illnesses. Sometimes, there are accidents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">Explosions</a> in nuclear facilities (and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a>) cause <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallouts</a>: This means that nuclear particles are scattered using normal atmospheric phenomena, such as the <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_reprocessing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear reprocessing (not yet started)">Nuclear reprocessing</a> can contaminate water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents">Accidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Accidents" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Accidents"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Incident</th> <th>ARS deaths</th> <th>ARS survivors</th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criticality_accident" title="Criticality accident">criticality</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_K._Daghlian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry K. Daghlian (not yet started)">Harry K. Daghlian</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>criticality</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pajarito_accident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pajarito accident (not yet started)">Pajarito accident</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Slotin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Slotin (not yet started)">Louis Slotin</a>)</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>alleged crime</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Khokhlov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Khokhlov (not yet started)">Nikolay Khokhlov assassination attempt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>Frankfurt, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td>criticality</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Kelley_criticality_accident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Kelley criticality accident (not yet started)">Cecil Kelley criticality accident</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>reactor</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-19 (not yet started)">Soviet submarine K-19</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8</td> <td>many</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, near Southern <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>criticality</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SL-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SL-1 (not yet started)">SL-1 experimental reactor explosion</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reactor_Testing_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Reactor Testing Station (not yet started)">NRTS</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Falls,_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho Falls, Idaho">Idaho Falls, Idaho</a>, United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan_source&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orphan source (not yet started)">orphan source</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_accident_in_Mexico_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation accident in Mexico City (not yet started)">radiation accident in Mexico City</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>reactor</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-27 (not yet started)">Soviet submarine K-27</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>9</td> <td>40</td> <td>near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gremikha_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gremikha Bay (not yet started)">Gremikha Bay</a>, Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>reactor</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-431 (not yet started)">Soviet submarine K-431</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10</td> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chazhma_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chazhma Bay (not yet started)">Chazhma Bay</a> naval facility near <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiotherapy</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therac-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Therac-25 (not yet started)">Therac-25 radiation overdose accidents</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td>orphan source</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_accident_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation accident in Morocco (not yet started)">radiation accident in Morocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lost_Iridium-192_Source_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_Iridium-192_Source-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8</td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammedia (not yet started)">Mohammedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td>reactor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>206 - 209</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant">Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>orphan source</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>radiotherapy</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiotherapy_accident_in_Zaragoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza (not yet started)">radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza</a><sup id="cite_ref-rad_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>11</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>radiotherapy</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiotherapy_accident_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica (not yet started)">radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>7 to 20</td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José, Costa Rica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>criticality</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokaimura_nuclear_accident" title="Tokaimura nuclear accident">Tokaimura nuclear accident</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C5%8Dkai,_Ibaraki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tōkai, Ibaraki (not yet started)">Tōkai, Ibaraki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>orphan source</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samut_Prakan_radiation_accident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samut Prakan radiation accident (not yet started)">Samut Prakan radiation accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-pall_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pall-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3</td> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samut_Prakan_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samut Prakan Province (not yet started)">Samut Prakan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>radiotherapy</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Oncologico_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Oncologico Nacional (not yet started)">Instituto Oncologico Nacional accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnston2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3 to 7</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama_City,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama City, Panama">Panama City, Panama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>crime</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellona_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellona-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>orphan source</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayapuri_radiological_accident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayapuri radiological accident (not yet started)">Mayapuri radiological accident</a><sup id="cite_ref-pall_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pall-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayapuri (not yet started)">Mayapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schiffman2013" class="citation web cs1">Richard Schiffman (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/mar/12/fukushima-nuclear-accident-lessons-for-us">"Two years on, America hasn't learned lessons of Fukushima nuclear disaster"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Two+years+on%2C+America+hasn%27t+learned+lessons+of+Fukushima+nuclear+disaster&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.au=Richard+Schiffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fmar%2F12%2Ffukushima-nuclear-accident-lessons-for-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Fackler2011" class="citation web cs1">Martin Fackler (June 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/asia/02japan.html?_r=1&ref=world">"Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Report+Finds+Japan+Underestimated+Tsunami+Danger&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.au=Martin+Fackler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F02japan.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTogzhan_Kassenova2009" class="citation web cs1">Togzhan Kassenova (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/lasting-toll-semipalatinsks-nuclear-testing">"The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk's nuclear testing"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+lasting+toll+of+Semipalatinsk%27s+nuclear+testing&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.au=Togzhan+Kassenova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Flasting-toll-semipalatinsks-nuclear-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldfarb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldfarb_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldfarb_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfarbLitvinenko2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Goldfarb_(microbiologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist) (not yet started)">Goldfarb, Alex</a>; Litvinenko, Marina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KezxHbHLPnQC"><i>Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB</i></a>. Simon & Schuster UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-0301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-0301-8"><bdi>978-1-4711-0301-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Dissident%3A+The+Poisoning+of+Alexander+Litvinenko+and+the+Return+of+the+KGB&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+UK&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-0301-8&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Litvinenko%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKezxHbHLPnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Wm. Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1961USSR1.html">"K-19 submarine reactor accident, 1961"</a>. <i>Database of radiological incidents and related events</i>. Johnston's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+of+radiological+incidents+and+related+events&rft.atitle=K-19+submarine+reactor+accident%2C+1961&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2F1961USSR1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Wm. Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1968USSR6.html">"K-27 submarine reactor accident, 1968"</a>. <i>Database of radiological incidents and related events</i>. Johnston's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+of+radiological+incidents+and+related+events&rft.atitle=K-27+submarine+reactor+accident%2C+1968&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2F1968USSR6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Wm. Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1985USSR1.html">"K-431 submarine reactor accident, 1985"</a>. <i>Database of radiological incidents and related events</i>. Johnston's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+of+radiological+incidents+and+related+events&rft.atitle=K-431+submarine+reactor+accident%2C+1985&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2F1985USSR1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_Iridium-192_Source-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lost_Iridium-192_Source_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1985/in85057.html">"Lost Iridium-192 Source"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+Iridium-192+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fgen-comm%2Finfo-notices%2F1985%2Fin85057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub815_web.pdf">The Radiological Accident in Goiania</a> p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rad-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rad_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf">Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326181428/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGusevGuskovaMettler2010" class="citation book cs1">Gusev, Igor; Guskova, Angelina; Mettler, Fred A. (12 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6b4qDorN4wC&pg=PA299"><i>Medical Management of Radiation Accidents, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 299–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3719-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-3719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Management+of+Radiation+Accidents%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=299-303&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3719-7&rft.aulast=Gusev&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Guskova%2C+Angelina&rft.au=Mettler%2C+Fred+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6b4qDorN4wC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pall-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pall_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pall_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBagla2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bagla, Pallava (7 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-05-07_328_5979/page/679">"Radiation Accident a 'Wake-Up Call' For India's Scientific Community"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>328</b> (5979): 679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...328..679B">2010Sci...328..679B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.679-a">10.1126/science.328.5979.679-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20448162">20448162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Radiation+Accident+a+%27Wake-Up+Call%27+For+India%27s+Scientific+Community&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=5979&rft.pages=679&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20448162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.679-a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...328..679B&rft.aulast=Bagla&rft.aufirst=Pallava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2010-05-07_328_5979%2Fpage%2F679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Atomic_Energy_Agency" class="citation web cs1">International Atomic Energy Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1114_scr.pdf">"Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+an+accidental+Exposure+of+radiotherapy+patients+in+Panama&rft.au=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FPub1114_scr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-johnston2007_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_Robert2007" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Robert (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radevents1.html">"Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties"</a>. Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deadliest+radiation+accidents+and+other+events+causing+radiation+casualties&rft.pub=Database+of+Radiological+Incidents+and+Related+Events&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2Fradevents1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson_AJ2007" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson AJ (2007). "Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism". <i>Critical Care Medicine</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 953–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.CCM.0000257229.97208.76">10.1097/01.CCM.0000257229.97208.76</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17421087">17421087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ushering+in+the+era+of+nuclear+terrorism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=953-4&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.CCM.0000257229.97208.76&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17421087&rft.au=Patterson+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFActon_JM,_Rogers_MB,_Zimmerman_PDBrooke_RogersZimmerman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Acton JM, Rogers MB, Zimmerman PD; Brooke Rogers; Zimmerman (September 2007). "Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror". <i>Survival</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 151–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396330701564760">10.1080/00396330701564760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154617638">154617638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Dirty+Bomb%3A+Re-thinking+Radiological+Terror&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-168&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00396330701564760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154617638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Acton+JM%2C+Rogers+MB%2C+Zimmerman+PD&rft.au=Brooke+Rogers&rft.au=Zimmerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSixsmith,_Martin2007" class="citation book cs1">Sixsmith, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/litvinenkofileli00sixs"><i>The Litvinenko File: The Life and Death of a Russian Spy</i></a>. True Crime. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/litvinenkofileli00sixs/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37668-0"><bdi>978-0-312-37668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Litvinenko+File%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Russian+Spy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=True+Crime&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37668-0&rft.au=Sixsmith%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flitvinenkofileli00sixs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellona-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellona_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBremer_Mærli" class="citation web cs1">Bremer Mærli, Morten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217152337/http://www.bellona.org/articles/polonium">"Radiological Terrorism: "Soft Killers"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellona_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellona Foundation (not yet started)">Bellona Foundation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellona.org/articles/polonium">the original</a> on 2007-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bellona+Foundation&rft.atitle=Radiological+Terrorism%3A+%22Soft+Killers%22&rft.aulast=Bremer+M%C3%A6rli&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellona.org%2Farticles%2Fpolonium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARadioactive+contamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&oldid=9020644">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_contamination&oldid=9020644</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physics" title="Category:Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_energy" title="Category:Nuclear energy">Nuclear energy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 23 August 2023, at 19:18.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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