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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ground equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_launcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_launcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Satellite launcher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_launcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>APL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pershing_1a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pershing_1a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pershing 1a</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pershing_1a-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pershing 1a subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pershing_1a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launcher_and_support_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launcher_and_support_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Launcher and support equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launcher_and_support_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Further improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pershing_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pershing_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pershing II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pershing_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pershing_missiles_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pershing_missiles_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pershing missiles in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pershing_missiles_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85-31_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="إم جي إم-31 بيرشينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إم جي إم-31 بيرشينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="MGM-31 Пършинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MGM-31 Пършинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing-missil" title="Pershing-missil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pershing-missil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing" title="Pershing – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pershing" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_%ED%8D%BC%EC%8B%B1" title="MGM-31 퍼싱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MGM-31 퍼싱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_(%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C)" title="פרשינג (טיל) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרשינג (טיל)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_(%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB)" title="MGM-31 (ミサイル) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MGM-31 (ミサイル)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31A_Pershing_I" title="MGM-31A Pershing I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MGM-31A Pershing I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3-1%D0%90" title="Першинг-1А – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Першинг-1А" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_(ohjus)" title="Pershing (ohjus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pershing (ohjus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MGM-31 Pershing" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><p> The <b>MGM-31A Pershing</b> was the missile used in the Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a field artillery missile systems.<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fueled</a> <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">two-stage</a> <a href="/wiki/Theater_ballistic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater ballistic missile">theater ballistic missile</a> designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">PGM-11 Redstone</a> missile as the primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and replaced the <a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">MGM-1 Matador</a> cruise missiles operated by the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a>. Pershing later replaced the European-based <a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">MGM-13 Mace</a> cruise missiles deployed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a>. Development began in 1958, with the first test missile fired in 1960, the Pershing 1 system deployed in 1963 and the improved Pershing 1a deployed in 1969. The U.S. Army replaced the Pershing 1a with the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II_Weapon_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing II Weapon System">Pershing II Weapon System</a> in 1983 while the German Air Force retained Pershing 1a until all Pershings were eliminated in 1991. The U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command" title="United States Army Aviation and Missile Command">Missile Command</a> (MICOM) managed the development and improvements while the <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)" title="Field Artillery Branch (United States)">Field Artillery Branch</a> deployed the systems and developed tactical doctrine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pershing_1">Pershing 1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pershing 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Short-range ballistic missile</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Pershing 1<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_1_launch_(Feb_16,_1966).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="missile erect and prepared for launch while missile is launching in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png/200px-Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png/300px-Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png/400px-Pershing_1_launch_%28Feb_16%2C_1966%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="3797" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pershing round 32 launched from Hueco Range, Texas by A Battery, 2nd Battalion, 44th Field Artillery, targeted for <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> on 20 August 1963</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">Short-range ballistic missile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1962–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> 24 launchers</li><li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> 16 launchers</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Martin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Martin Company">The Martin Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1958–1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">The Martin Company <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1960–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">754 MGM-31A missiles</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">10,275 pounds (4,661 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR_3,149-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">34.6 feet (10.5 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">40 inches (1 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Blast yield</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/W50_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W50 (nuclear warhead)">W50</a> nuclear warhead</li><li>60 kilotons of TNT (0.25 PJ)</li><li>200 kilotons of TNT (0.84 PJ)</li><li>400 kilotons of TNT (1.7 PJ)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Engine</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>First stage: <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> TX-174</li><li>25,900 pounds-force (115 kN) 38.3 s</li><li>Second stage: Thiokol TX-175</li><li>19,100 pounds-force (85 kN) 39 s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Operational<br />range</div></th><td class="infobox-data">460 miles (740 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Boost time</th><td class="infobox-data">77.3 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Maximum speed of vehicle or missile">Maximum speed </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mach 8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Guidance<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Instrument_Company" title="Pioneer Instrument Company">Eclipse-Pioneer</a> ST-120 <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial guidance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Steering<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jet vanes, air vanes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data">1,310 feet (400 m) <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">circular error probable</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Launch<br />platform</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M474" class="mw-redirect" title="M474">M474</a> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">transporter erector launcher</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pershing missile next to Redstone missile illustrating the difference in height and range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg/220px-Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg/330px-Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg/440px-Pershing_and_Redstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Pershing missile (34.6 feet length, 460-mile range) and Redstone missile (69.3 feet length, 201-mile range)</figcaption></figure> <p>George Bunker, president of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">the Martin Company</a>, paid a courtesy call on General <a href="/wiki/John_Medaris" class="mw-redirect" title="John Medaris">John Medaris</a>, USA, of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> (ABMA) at <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-harwood_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harwood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medaris noted that it would be helpful to the Army if there was a missile plant near the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Missile_Test_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Missile Test Center">Air Force Missile Test Center</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>) in Florida. The Martin Company subsequently began construction of their Sand Lake facility in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a> which opened in late 1957. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Uhl" title="Edward Uhl">Edward Uhl</a>, the co-inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a>, was the vice-president and general manager of the new factory, which continues to operate today as the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> Missiles and Fire Control facility. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> began studies in 1956 for a ballistic missile with a range of about 500–750 nautical miles (930–1,390 km; 580–860 mi). Later that year, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Charles Erwin Wilson</a> issued the "Wilson Memorandum" that removed from the U.S. Army all missiles with a range of 200 miles (320 km) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-time1956_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1956-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) rescinded the memorandum in 1958 and ABMA began development of the class of ballistic missile. </p><p>The missile was initially called the <b>Redstone-S</b>, where the S meant solid propellant (and the name Redstone came from the <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">Redstone missile</a> it was supposed to replace), but renamed to Pershing in honor of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>. ABMA selected seven companies to develop <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> proposals: <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair Division of General Dynamics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone Corp.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry-Rand Company</a>, and the Martin Company.<sup id="cite_ref-harwood_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harwood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Wilber M. Brucker</a>, the former governor of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> – was apparently under pressure from his home state to award the contract to a company in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-harwood_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harwood-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrysler was the only contractor from Michigan, but Medaris persuaded Brucker to leave the decision entirely in the hands of the ABMA. After a selection process by General Medaris and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph" title="Arthur Rudolph">Arthur Rudolph</a>, the Martin Company (later <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a> after a merger in 1961) was awarded a CPFF (cost-plus-fixed-fee) contract for research, development, and first production of the Pershing system under the technical supervision and concept control of the government. Martin's quality control manager for the Pershing, <a href="/wiki/Philip_B._Crosby" title="Philip B. Crosby">Phil Crosby</a> developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Zero_Defects" title="Zero Defects">Zero Defects</a> that enhanced the production and reliability of the system. </p><p>The first launch of the XM14 <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> Pershing 1 test missile (P-01) was on 25 February 1960. The first launch from the tactical <a href="/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">transporter erector launcher</a> (TEL) was on 26 July 1960 (P-06).<sup id="cite_ref-wade_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For training there was an inert Pershing 1 missile designated XM19. In June 1963, the XM14 and XM19 Pershing missiles were redesignated as XMGM-31A and XMTM-31B, respectively. The production version of the tactical missile was later designated as MGM-31A and the XMTM-31B designation was dropped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment">Deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a> viewed the Pershing missile when he visited Cape Canaveral on 11 February 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-uin1960-02-11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uin1960-02-11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> on 5 May 1960 as part of Project MAN (Modern Army Needs).<sup id="cite_ref-wss009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wss009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uin1960-5-5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uin1960-5-5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> viewed Pershing three times: as part of the inaugural parade in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-jfk1960-1-20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfk1960-1-20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ap1960_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1960-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Fort Bragg on 12 October 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-loengard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loengard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-wsmr_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsmr_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans were for the organization of ten missile battalions: one at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>, one in Korea and eight in West Germany; this was eventually reduced to one battalion at Fort Sill and three in West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-lemmer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemmer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each missile battalion organized at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> for deployment. The first tactical Pershing unit was the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_44th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Missile_Battalion,_41st_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment">4th Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment</a> deployed to <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Missile_Battalion,_81st_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Missile Battalion, 81st Artillery">1st Missile Battalion, 81st Artillery</a> to McCully Barracks in <a href="/wiki/Wackernheim" title="Wackernheim">Wackernheim</a>. Each missile battalion had four launchers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_79th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment</a> formed for deployment to South Korea in February 1964. The deployment was placed on hold and the battalion supported the <a href="/wiki/56th_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Artillery Group">56th Artillery Group</a> and the German Air Force missile wings when they launched missiles from White Sands Missile Range. The <a href="/wiki/85th_U.S._Army_Field_Artillery_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="85th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment">85th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment</a> was organized in Fort Sill in November 1966 and attached to 2/79th Artillery. The deployment to Korea was canceled and the 2/79th Artillery was deactivated. </p><p>The Secretary of Defense assigned the Pershing weapon system to a <a href="/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert">Quick Reaction Alert</a> (QRA) role in 1964 after a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a> study showed that the Pershing would be superior to tactical aircraft for the QRA mission. The <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> began training at Fort Sill. Each missile battalion was then authorized six launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-mckenney_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckenney-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965 this increased to eight launchers, two per firing battery. By 1965, three U.S. Army battalions and two German Air Force wings were operational in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/579th_Ordnance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="579th Ordnance Company">579th Ordnance Company</a> was tasked with maintenance and logistical general support for the Pershing artillery units in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missile">Missile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Missile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_1A_destruction,_1989.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG/220px-Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG/330px-Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG/440px-Pershing_1A_destruction%2C_1989.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> solid-propellant motor</figcaption></figure> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> solid-propellant motors powered the Pershing 1 missile. Since a solid-propellant motor cannot be turned off, the missile used <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">thrust reversal</a> and case venting for a selective range. Splice bands and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener" title="Pyrotechnic fastener">explosive bolts</a> attached the rocket motors. The missile was controlled by an analog guidance computer using a <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-disk_integrator" title="Ball-and-disk integrator">ball-and-disk integrator</a> and a control computer. As directed by the onboard computers, the bolts exploded and ejected the splice band. Another <a href="/wiki/Squib_(explosive)" title="Squib (explosive)">squib</a> would open the thrust reversal ports in the forward end of the stage and ignite the propellant in the forward end, causing the motor to reverse direction. Testing found that the second stage would <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">draft</a> behind the warhead and cause it to drift off course, so explosive charges on the side of the motor opened the case and vented the propellant. The range could be graduated but the maximum was 740 kilometres (400 nmi). Jet vanes in the motor nozzles and air vanes on the motor case steered the missile. The onboard analog guidance computer and the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Instrument_Company" title="Pioneer Instrument Company">Eclipse-Pioneer</a> ST-120 (Stable Table-120) <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> provided guidance. The warhead could be conventional explosive or a <a href="/wiki/W50_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W50 (nuclear warhead)">W50</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> with three yield options— the Y1 with 60 kiloton yield, Y2 with 200 kiloton yield and Y3 with 400 kiloton yield; the conventional warhead was never deployed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_equipment">Ground equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ground equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pershing 1 firing platoon consisted of four <a href="/wiki/M474" class="mw-redirect" title="M474">M474</a> tracked-vehicles manufactured by <a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC Corporation</a>— by comparison, Redstone needed twenty vehicles. The transporter erector launcher (TEL) transported the two stages and the guidance section as an assembly and provided the launch platform after the warhead was mated. It used a removable erector launcher manufactured by Unidynamics. The warhead carrier transported the <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warhead</a>, the missile fins and the <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> laying set used to position the missile. The PTS/PS carrier transported the programmer test station (PTS) and power station (PS). A fourth vehicle transported the Radio Terminal Set. The four vehicles were known as the land train. </p><p>The PTS featured rapid missile checkout and countdowns, with complete computer control, and automatic self-test and malfunction isolation. Additionally, the PTS would perform tests that simulated airborne missile operation, programmed the trajectory of the missile and controlled the firing sequence. Plug-in micromodules increased maintainability and allowed the PTS operator to perform 80% of all repairs at the firing position. A turbine driven Power Station mounted behind the PTS, provided the primary electrical and pneumatic power and conditioned air for the missile and ground support equipment at the firing position. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Collins" title="Rockwell Collins">Collins Radio Company</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/AN/TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set">AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set</a> specifically for the Pershing system. The "Track 80" used an inflatable <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">dish antenna</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_scatter" title="Tropospheric scatter">tropospheric-scatter</a> voice and <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> communications between missile firing units and higher headquarters. The erector-launcher, PTS, PS and RTS could be removed from the carriers and air-transported in fourteen <a href="/wiki/CH-47_Chinook" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-47 Chinook">CH-47 Chinook</a> loads.<sup id="cite_ref-tupper_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tupper-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientation">Orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The missile was positioned or laid in on a pre-surveyed site with a system of two <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolites</a> and a target card. Directional control passed from one theodolite to the one next to the missile. The missile then oriented to north by an operator using a horizontal laying theodolite aimed at a window in the guidance section of the missile. Using a control box, the ST-120 inertial navigation system in the guidance section rotated into alignment and the north direction programmed into the computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_launcher">Satellite launcher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Satellite launcher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus (satellite)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Northrop Grumman Pegasus</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegasus_(Topping_model).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="satellite rocket on launcher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png/220px-Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png/330px-Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png/440px-Pegasus_%28Topping_model%29.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Pegasus satellite launcher system</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, Martin proposed a satellite launch system based on the Pershing. Named <b>Pegasus</b>, it would have had a lighter, simplified guidance section and a short third stage booster.<sup id="cite_ref-ineravia1961-7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ineravia1961-7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 60-pound (27 kg) payload could be boosted to a 210-mile (340 km) circular <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, or to an elliptical orbit with a 700-mile (1,130 km) <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apogee</a>. Pegasus would have used the Pershing erector-launcher and could be placed in any open area. Martin seems to have targeted the nascent European space program, but this system was never developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL">APL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: APL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, the Army contracted with the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (APL) of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> to develop and implement a test and evaluation program.<sup id="cite_ref-mentzer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mentzer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APL provided technical support to the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_Operational_Test_Unit" title="Pershing Operational Test Unit">Pershing Operational Test Unit</a> (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-lyman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Pershing 1 land train</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Missile carrier"><img alt="missile carrier with partial missile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pershing_1.png/120px-Pershing_1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pershing_1.png/180px-Pershing_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pershing_1.png/240px-Pershing_1.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Missile carrier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warhead_carrier_(Pershing_1).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Warhead carrier"><img alt="warhead carrier with warhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png/120px-Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png/180px-Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png/240px-Warhead_carrier_%28Pershing_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warhead carrier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PTS_PS_(Pershing_1).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Programmer Test Station and Power station"><img alt="Programmer Test Station and Power station on carrier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png/120px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png/180px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png/240px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Programmer Test Station and Power station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_(Pershing_1).png" class="mw-file-description" title="AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set"><img alt="Radio Terminal Set on carrier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png/119px-AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png/179px-AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png/238px-AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pershing_1a">Pershing 1a</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pershing 1a"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surface-to-surface guided missile</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Pershing 1a </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Pershing_IA_(26_Oct_1976).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="missile launching, missile in foreground prepared for launch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Launch_of_Pershing_IA_%2826_Oct_1976%29.png/200px-Launch_of_Pershing_IA_%2826_Oct_1976%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Launch_of_Pershing_IA_%2826_Oct_1976%29.png/300px-Launch_of_Pershing_IA_%2826_Oct_1976%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Launch_of_Pershing_IA_%2826_Oct_1976%29.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="421" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pershing 1a launched from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, Launch Complex 16 by C Battery, 3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery on 26 October 1976</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Surface-to-surface guided missile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1969–1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> 108 launchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> 72 launchers</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1965–1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Martin Marietta</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">754 MGM-31A missiles</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">10,275 pounds (4,661 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR_3,149-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">34.6 feet (10.5 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">40 inches (1 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Blast yield</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/W50_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W50 (nuclear warhead)">W50</a> nuclear warhead</li><li>60 kilotons of TNT (0.25 PJ)</li><li>200 kilotons of TNT (0.84 PJ)</li><li>400 kilotons of TNT (1.7 PJ)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Engine</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>First stage: <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> TX-174</li><li>25,900 pounds-force (115 kN) 38.3 s</li><li>Second stage: Thiokol TX-175</li><li>19,100 pounds-force (85 kN) 39 s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Operational<br />range</div></th><td class="infobox-data">460 miles (740 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Boost time</th><td class="infobox-data">77.3 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Maximum speed of vehicle or missile">Maximum speed </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mach 8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Guidance<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Instrument_Company" title="Pioneer Instrument Company">Eclipse-Pioneer</a> ST-120 <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial guidance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Steering<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jet vanes, air vanes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data">1,310 feet (400 m) <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">circular error probable</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Launch<br />platform</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M790 (page does not exist)">M790</a> erector launcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Transport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M757" class="mw-redirect" title="M757">M757</a> 5-ton tractor</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_2">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964 a series of operational tests and follow-on tests were performed to determine Pershing reliability. The Secretary of Defense then requested that the Army define the modifications required to make Pershing suitable for the Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) role. The Pershing 1a development program was approved in 1965, the original Pershing renamed to Pershing 1 and Martin Marietta received the Pershing 1a production contract in 1967. Project SWAP replaced all the Pershing equipment in Germany by mid-1970 and the first units quickly achieved QRA status. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> directed that the U.S. Air Force's <a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">MGM-13 Mace</a> missile would be replaced by the Pershing 1a in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-parsch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parsch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pershing 1a was a Quick Reaction Alert system and so had faster vehicles, launch times and newer electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of launchers increased from 8 to 36 per battalion. Production of the Pershing 1a missile ended in 1975 and reopened in 1977 to replace missiles expended in training. </p><p>Pershing 1a was further improved in 1971 with the Pershing Missile and Power Station Development Program. The analog guidance computer and the control computer in the missile were replaced by a single digital guidance and control computer. The main distributor in the missile that routed power and signals was replaced with a new version. The missile used a rotary inverter to convert DC to AC that was replaced by a solid-state static inverter. The power station was improved for accessibility and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldartilleryman1971-8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldartilleryman1971-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further improvements in 1976 allowed the firing of a platoon's three missiles in quick succession and from any site without the need for surveying.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldartilleryjournal1976-5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldartilleryjournal1976-5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Automatic Reference System (ARS) used an optical laser link and a north-seeking gyro with encode to eliminate the need for pre-selected and surveyed points. The Sequential Launch Adapter connected the PTS to three missiles, eliminating the need to cable and uncable each launcher. </p><p>A total of 754 MGM-31A missiles were built.<sup id="cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR_3,149-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment_2">Deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battalions in Europe reorganized under a new <a href="/wiki/Table_of_organization_and_equipment" title="Table of organization and equipment">table of organization and equipment</a> (TOE); an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> was added to provide additional security; and the 56th Artillery Group was reorganized and redesignated the 56th Field Artillery Brigade. Due to the nature of the weapon system, officer positions were increased by one grade: <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> were commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>; battalions were commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> was commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fm611_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fm611-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2-4">: 2-4 </span></sup> </p><p>Pershing 1a was deployed with three U.S. battalions in Europe and two German Air Force wings. Each battalion or wing had 36 mobile launchers. The constitution of West Germany prohibited owning nuclear weapons, thus control of the nuclear warheads remained in the hands of the U.S. Army. During peacetime operations, a portion of the Pershing 1a assets were deployed on the QRA mission. The remainder would be conducting field training or were maintained in <a href="/wiki/Kaserne" title="Kaserne">kasernes</a> awaiting alert. The system was designed to be highly mobile, permitting its dispersal to clandestine sites in times of alert or war and was deployed at distances greater than 100 km behind the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">forward edge of battle area</a> or political border. Owing to its mobility and setback, Pershing was considered one of the most survivable theater nuclear weapons ever deployed in Europe. </p><p>The primary mission in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander, Europe</a> scheduled plan took one of two forms: peacetime or an increased state of readiness called the period of tension. Different levels or techniques of tasking were used for these mission forms. The peacetime Quick Reaction Alert role required that for each battalion or wing, one firing battery or a portion thereof would be combat alert status (CAS) on a permanent hard site, covering assigned targets. </p><p>In peacetime the four batteries of each battalion rotated through four states or conditions of alert readiness, the highest being that of the CAS battery. The purpose of this rotation was to assume the CAS status, to share the burden of CAS responsibility, to provide time for field tactical training and equipment maintenance, and to give ample leave and pass time to personnel without adverse impact on operational requirements. </p><p>During periods of increased tension, the firing batteries of each battalion were deployed to previously unused field tactical sites. At these sites, they assumed responsibility for coverage of all assigned targets. During the transition from the peacetime to full combat status, coverage was maintained on the highest priority targets that were assigned to the peacetime CAS batteries. </p><p>Once all firing batteries were at their field sites, the firing elements of the battalions were deployed by platoons, which were then separated from each other geographically to reduce vulnerability. The platoons then moved to new firing positions on a random schedule to increase survivability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launcher_and_support_equipment">Launcher and support equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Launcher and support equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The M790 erector launcher (EL) was a modified low-boy flat-bed trailer towed by a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> M757 5-ton tractor.<sup id="cite_ref-tm43-001-31_4-286_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm43-001-31_4-286-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The erection booms used a 3,000 psi pneumatic over hydraulic system that could erect the five ton missile from horizontal to vertical in nine seconds. Due to the overall missile length and for security, the warhead was not mated during travel. It was stored in a carrier and mated using a hand-pumped davit after the launcher was emplaced. The EL was pulled by a Ford M757 tractor for U.S. Army units and by a <a href="/wiki/Magirus-Deutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Magirus-Deutz">Magirus-Deutz</a> Jupiter 6×6 for German Air Force units. </p><p>The PTS and PS were mounted on a Ford <a href="/wiki/M656" title="M656">M656</a> truck for U.S. Army units and a Magirus-Deutz or <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN SE</a> for German Air Force units.<sup id="cite_ref-tm43-001-31_4-202_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm43-001-31_4-202-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launch activation was performed from a remote fire box that could be deployed locally or mounted in the battery control central (BCC). One PTS controlled three launchers— when one launch count was complete, ten large cables were unplugged from the PTS and the PTS was moved up and connected to the next launcher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_improvements">Further improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Missile and power station upgrades in 1974 provided easier access to missile components, reduce maintenance and improved reliability. A new digital guidance and control computer combined the functions of the analog control computer and the analog guidance computer into one package. The <a href="/wiki/Mean_time_to_repair" title="Mean time to repair">mean time to repair</a> decreased from 8.7 hours to 3.8 hours and the <a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">mean time between failures</a> increased from 32 hours to 65 hours. </p><p>More modifications in 1976 greatly reduced the launch time. The sequential launch adapter (SLA) was an automatic switching device mounted in a 10-ton trailer that allowed the PTS to remain connected to all three launchers allowing all three missiles to stay hot. The automatic reference system (ARS) eliminated the theodolites previously used to lay and orient the missile. It included a north-seeking gyro and a laser link to the ST-120 that more quickly oriented the missile. </p><p>After the Pershing II explosion in 1985, the Pershing 1a launchers of the German Air Force were retrofitted with ballistic shields. </p><p>In 1987 a joint Army/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> study concluded that it was technically and financially feasible to replace the W50 warhead carried by Pershing 1a with the W85 warhead developed for Pershing II. However, with the signing of the INF Treaty, development on the conversion was terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_2">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_1a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pershing 1a missile system"><img alt="erect missile on launcher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pershing_1a.png/120px-Pershing_1a.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pershing_1a.png/180px-Pershing_1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pershing_1a.png/240px-Pershing_1a.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pershing 1a missile system</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PTS_PS_(Pershing_1a).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Programmer Test Station and Power station"><img alt="Programmer Test Station and Power station on truck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/120px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/180px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/240px-PTS_PS_%28Pershing_1a%29.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Programmer Test Station and Power station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BCC_(Pershing_1a).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Battery Control Central"><img alt="Battery Control Central on truck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/115px-BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/173px-BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/231px-BCC_%28Pershing_1a%29.png 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battery Control Central</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_(Pershing_1a).png" class="mw-file-description" title="AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set"><img alt="AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1a%29.png/120px-AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1a%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/AN_TRC-80_Radio_Terminal_Set_%28Pershing_1a%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Azimuth Reference System"><img alt="soldier aiming Azimuth Reference System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png/98px-Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png/147px-Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png/196px-Pershing_Azimuth_Reference_System.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Azimuth Reference System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West German Erector Launcher with ballistic shields"><img alt="West German Erector Launcher with ballistic shields" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg/82px-Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg/124px-Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg/165px-Pershing_1A_des_FKG_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West German Erector Launcher with ballistic shields</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pershing_II">Pershing II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pershing II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a></div> <p>The Pershing II Weapon System was a <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fueled</a> <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">two-stage</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a> to replace the Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Army replaced the Pershing 1a with the Pershing II in 1983 while the German Air Force retained Pershing 1a until all Pershings were eliminated in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/56th_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Artillery Group">56th Artillery Group</a> (1963–1970), <a href="/wiki/56th_Artillery_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Artillery Brigade">56th Artillery Brigade</a> (1970–1972), <a href="/wiki/56th_Field_Artillery_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Field Artillery Brigade">56th Field Artillery Brigade</a> (1972–1986) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Missile_Battalion,_81st_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Missile Battalion, 81st Artillery Regiment">1st Missile Battalion, 81st Artillery Regiment</a> (1963–1972), <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_81st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment">1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment</a> (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Missile_Battalion,_84th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Missile Battalion, 84th Artillery Regiment">3rd Missile Battalion, 84th Artillery Regiment</a> (1963–1968), <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_84th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment">3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment</a> (1968–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Missile_Battalion,_41st_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment">4th Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment</a> (1963–1971), <a href="/wiki/1st_Missile_Battalion,_41st_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment">1st Missile Battalion, 41st Artillery Regiment</a> (1971–1972), <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_41st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment">1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment</a> (1972–1986)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/214th_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Artillery Group">214th Artillery Group</a> (1958–1972), <a href="/wiki/214th_Field_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Field Artillery Group">214th Field Artillery Group</a> (1972–1979), <a href="/wiki/214th_Field_Artillery_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Field Artillery Brigade">214th Field Artillery Brigade</a> (1979–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_44th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment</a> (1962–1971), <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_9th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment">3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment</a> (1971–1990)</li></ul></li> <li>1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_79th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment</a> (1964–1968)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Wing_1" title="Missile Wing 1">Missile Wing 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergeschwader 1</i>) <ul><li>Missile Group 12 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergruppe 12</i>)</li> <li>Missile Group 13 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergruppe 13</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Wing_2" title="Missile Wing 2">Missile Wing 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergeschwader 2</i>) <ul><li>Missile Group 21 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergruppe 21</i>)</li> <li>Missile Group 22 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Flugkörpergruppe 22</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elimination">Elimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pershing systems were eliminated after the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> on 27 May 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-redstoneelimination_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redstoneelimination-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missiles began to be withdrawn in October 1988 and the last of the missiles were destroyed by the static burn of their motors and subsequently crushed in May 1991 at the <a href="/wiki/Longhorn_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant">Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant</a> near <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake" title="Caddo Lake">Caddo Lake</a>, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not covered by the treaty, West Germany agreed unilaterally to the removal of the Pershing 1a missiles from its inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pershing_missiles_in_fiction">Pershing missiles in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pershing missiles in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_bibliography#Fiction" title="Pershing missile bibliography">Pershing missile bibliography § Fiction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-name-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The original system was simply named Pershing but was renamed Pershing 1 in 1965 when the Pershing 1a was introduced. Military and other documentation is inconsistent in the use of Arabic and Roman numerals and in capitalization, resulting in the use of I, 1, 1a, 1A, 2, II and the like. MGM-31A is the designation of the missile only; the same missile was used in Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MGM-31_Pershing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" class="extiw" title="commons:MGM-31 Pershing"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">MGM-31 Pershing</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OR_3,149-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR_3,149_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/64082269/OR-13-149"><i>Pershing 1a System Description</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Martin Marietta. June 1974. OR 13,149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pershing+1a+System+Description&rft.pub=Martin+Marietta&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F64082269%2FOR-13-149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harwood-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harwood_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harwood_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harwood_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood1993" class="citation book cs1">Harwood, William B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/c/capecanaverallc30.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Cape+Canaveral+LC30&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fc%2Fcapecanaverallc30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uin1960-02-11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uin1960-02-11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675043364_President-Dwight-D-Eisenhower_gantry-crane_speaks-with-officer_launch-pad"><i>President Dwight D Eisenhower Inspects U.S. Army Missile During his Visit at Cape Canaveral, Florida</i></a>. Universal International News. 11 February 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Dwight+D+Eisenhower+Inspects+U.S.+Army+Missile+During+his+Visit+at+Cape+Canaveral%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Universal+International+News&rft.date=1960-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalpast.com%2Fvideo%2F65675043364_President-Dwight-D-Eisenhower_gantry-crane_speaks-with-officer_launch-pad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wss009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wss009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/64073730/WSS-009"><i>Pershing: The Man, the Missile, the Mission</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Martin Company. 1960. WSS 009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pershing%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Missile%2C+the+Mission&rft.pub=The+Martin+Company&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F64073730%2FWSS-009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uin1960-5-5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uin1960-5-5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675051190_Dwight-D-Eisenhower_Fort-Benning_Omar-Bradley_Redeye-missile-launcher"><i>President Eisenhower and Military Officers Review Two Hundred pieces of Weaponry at Fort Benning in Georgia, United States</i></a>. Universal International News. 5 May 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Eisenhower+and+Military+Officers+Review+Two+Hundred+pieces+of+Weaponry+at+Fort+Benning+in+Georgia%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Universal+International+News&rft.date=1960-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalpast.com%2Fvideo%2F65675051190_Dwight-D-Eisenhower_Fort-Benning_Omar-Bradley_Redeye-missile-launcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfk1960-1-20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jfk1960-1-20_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyxANE1lix4"><i>President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Parade</i></a>. Washington, D.C. 20 January 1961. Event occurs at 5:10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GyxANE1lix4">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+Inauguration+Parade&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1961-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGyxANE1lix4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap1960-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap1960_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/files/73393/1111_review_D_x616.jpg">"Pershing Missile Passes in Review; President John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Parade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG)</span>. <i>Technology Review</i>. 20 January 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Pershing+Missile+Passes+in+Review%3B+President+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+Inauguration+Parade&rft.date=1961-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Ffiles%2F73393%2F1111_review_D_x616.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loengard-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loengard_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoengard1961" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Loengard, John (1 October 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allposters.com/-sp/Pres-John-F-Kennedy-W-Gen-Paul-Adams-During-Tour-of-a-Pershing-Missile-at-Fort-Bragg-Posters_i5279478_.htm?UPI=P72X090&PODConfigID=4990704"><i>Photo 53381082: Texas, United States - October 1961: President John F. Kennedy with General Paul Adams, during tour of a Pershing missile at Fort Bragg</i></a>. <i>Life</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+53381082%3A+Texas%2C+United+States+-+October+1961%3A+President+John+F.+Kennedy+with+General+Paul+Adams%2C+during+tour+of+a+Pershing+missile+at+Fort+Bragg&rft.date=1961-10-01&rft.aulast=Loengard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allposters.com%2F-sp%2FPres-John-F-Kennedy-W-Gen-Paul-Adams-During-Tour-of-a-Pershing-Missile-at-Fort-Bragg-Posters_i5279478_.htm%3FUPI%3DP72X090%26PODConfigID%3D4990704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsmr_1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsmr_1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/59354988/JFK-s-Visit-to-White-Sands">"JFK's Visit to White Sands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>White Sands Missile Range</i>. United States Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=White+Sands+Missile+Range&rft.atitle=JFK%27s+Visit+to+White+Sands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F59354988%2FJFK-s-Visit-to-White-Sands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemmer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lemmer_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmer1966" class="citation book cs1">Lemmer, George F. (January 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2011/Mar/22/2001330188/-1/-1/0/AFD-110322-048.pdf"><i>Strengthening USAF General Purpose Forces, 1961-1964</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAF Historical Division Liaison Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://media.defense.gov/2011/Mar/22/2001330188/-1/-1/0/AFD-110322-048.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+USAF+General+Purpose+Forces%2C+1961-1964&rft.pub=USAF+Historical+Division+Liaison+Office&rft.date=1966-01&rft.aulast=Lemmer&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2011%2FMar%2F22%2F2001330188%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-110322-048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckenney-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mckenney_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenney2007" class="citation book cs1">McKenney, Janice E. (2007). "Pershing Missile". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/OH_of_FA/CMH_60-16-1.pdf"><i>Organizational History of Field Artillery 1775 - 2003</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 230–234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/OH_of_FA/CMH_60-16-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pershing+Missile&rft.btitle=Organizational+History+of+Field+Artillery+1775+-+2003.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=230-234&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=Janice+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2FOH_of_FA%2FCMH_60-16-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tupper-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tupper_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTupperHausburg1963" class="citation journal cs1">Tupper, Fred A.; Hausburg, E. E. (January 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1963/JAN_1963/JAN_1963_PAGES_36_40.pdf">"Field Artillery's Newest Missile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Artillery Trends</i>: 36–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1963/JAN_1963/JAN_1963_PAGES_36_40.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artillery+Trends&rft.atitle=Field+Artillery%27s+Newest+Missile&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=1963-01&rft.aulast=Tupper&rft.aufirst=Fred+A.&rft.au=Hausburg%2C+E.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net%2Ffires-bulletin-archive%2F1963%2FJAN_1963%2FJAN_1963_PAGES_36_40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ineravia1961-7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ineravia1961-7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pershingmissile.org/PershingDocuments/manuals/Interavia.pdf">"Pershing Rockets for Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Interavia</i>. July 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pershingmissile.org/PershingDocuments/manuals/Interavia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interavia&rft.atitle=Pershing+Rockets+for+Europe&rft.date=1961-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpershingmissile.org%2FPershingDocuments%2Fmanuals%2FInteravia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mentzer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mentzer_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMentzer_Jr.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mentzer Jr., William R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1904/mentzer.pdf">"Test and Evaluation of Land-Mobile Missile Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest</i>. Johns Hopkins University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1904/mentzer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+APL+Technical+Digest&rft.atitle=Test+and+Evaluation+of+Land-Mobile+Missile+Systems&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mentzer+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhuapl.edu%2Ftechdigest%2Ftd%2Ftd1904%2Fmentzer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lyman_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Lyman, Donald R. (May 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1977/MAY_JUN_1977/MAY_JUN_1977_PAGES_15_17.pdf">"POTU"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Artillery Journal</i>: 15–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1977/MAY_JUN_1977/MAY_JUN_1977_PAGES_15_17.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Artillery+Journal&rft.atitle=POTU&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=1977-05&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net%2Ffires-bulletin-archive%2F1977%2FMAY_JUN_1977%2FMAY_JUN_1977_PAGES_15_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parsch-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parsch_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsch2002" class="citation web cs1">Parsch, Andreas (17 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-13.html">"Martin TM-76/MGM-13/CGM-13 Mace"</a>. <i>Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+U.S.+Military+Rockets+and+Missiles&rft.atitle=Martin+TM-76%2FMGM-13%2FCGM-13+Mace&rft.date=2002-11-17&rft.aulast=Parsch&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designation-systems.net%2Fdusrm%2Fm-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moore_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore_Jr.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Moore Jr., Alan L. (April 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1969/APR_1969/APR_1969_PAGES_49_57.pdf">"A New Look of Pershing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Field Artilleryman</i>: 49–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035620/https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1969/APR_1969/APR_1969_PAGES_49_57.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Field+Artilleryman&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+of+Pershing&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=1969-04&rft.aulast=Moore+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net%2Ffires-bulletin-archive%2F1969%2FAPR_1969%2FAPR_1969_PAGES_49_57.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fieldartilleryman1971-8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fieldartilleryman1971-8_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1971/AUG_1971/AUG_1971_PAGES_75_88.pdf">"Instructional Department Notes: Pershing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Field Artilleryman</i>: 76–78. August 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035628/https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1971/AUG_1971/AUG_1971_PAGES_75_88.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Field+Artilleryman&rft.atitle=Instructional+Department+Notes%3A+Pershing&rft.pages=76-78&rft.date=1971-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net%2Ffires-bulletin-archive%2F1971%2FAUG_1971%2FAUG_1971_PAGES_75_88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fieldartilleryjournal1976-5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fieldartilleryjournal1976-5_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1976/MAY_JUN_1976/MAY_JUN_1976_PAGES_29_32.pdf">"Pershing System Modular Improvement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Artillery Journal</i>: 30. May 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1976/MAY_JUN_1976/MAY_JUN_1976_PAGES_29_32.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Artillery+Journal&rft.atitle=Pershing+System+Modular+Improvement&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1976-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net%2Ffires-bulletin-archive%2F1976%2FMAY_JUN_1976%2FMAY_JUN_1976_PAGES_29_32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm611-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fm611_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/64066494/FM-6-11"><i>Pershing II Firing Battery</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army. March 1985. FM 6-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pershing+II+Firing+Battery&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F64066494%2FFM-6-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tm43-001-31_4-286-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tm43-001-31_4-286_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedsite.info/transport-mike/mike-number-us/m656_series/z-document/doc_001-tm43000131-m757-winch.pdf"><i>Equipment Data Sheets for TACOM Combat & Tactical Equipment</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army. June 1985. pp. 4–286–4–287. TM 43-0001-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedsite.info/transport-mike/mike-number-us/m656_series/z-document/doc_001-tm43000131-m757-winch.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equipment+Data+Sheets+for+TACOM+Combat+%26+Tactical+Equipment&rft.pages=4-286-4-287&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedsite.info%2Ftransport-mike%2Fmike-number-us%2Fm656_series%2Fz-document%2Fdoc_001-tm43000131-m757-winch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tm43-001-31_4-202-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tm43-001-31_4-202_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedsite.info/transport-mike/mike-number-us/m656_series/z-document/doc_000-tm43000131-m656.pdf"><i>Equipment Data Sheets for TACOM Combat & Tactical Equipment</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army. June 1985. pp. 4–202–4–203. TM 43-0001-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705224407/http://www.jedsite.info/transport-mike/mike-number-us/m656_series/z-document/doc_000-tm43000131-m656.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equipment+Data+Sheets+for+TACOM+Combat+%26+Tactical+Equipment&rft.pages=4-202-4-203&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jedsite.info%2Ftransport-mike%2Fmike-number-us%2Fm656_series%2Fz-document%2Fdoc_000-tm43000131-m656.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nuclear/NuclearSurety1987.pdf">Nuclear Weapons Surety - Annual Report to the President</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). US Department of Defense and US Department of Energy. 1987. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021212001/http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/nuclear/NuclearSurety1987.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Weapons+Surety+-+Annual+Report+to+the+President&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Defense+and+US+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.theblackvault.com%2Fdocuments%2Fnuclear%2FNuclearSurety1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redstoneelimination-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redstoneelimination_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-pershing.html">"The Pershing Weapon System and Its Elimination"</a>. United States Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pershing+Weapon+System+and+Its+Elimination&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.redstone.army.mil%2Fmiss-pershing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMGM-31+Pershing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/07/06/Pershing-I-A-missile-destroyed/4624615700800/">"Pershing I-A missile destroyed"</a>.</cite><span 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aria-labelledby="Pershing_missile" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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missile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pershing_missile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pershing missile</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_1_Field_Artillery_Missile_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing 1 Field Artillery Missile System">Pershing 1 Field Artillery Missile System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_1a_Field_Artillery_Missile_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System">Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_II_Weapon_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing II Weapon System">Pershing II Weapon System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/56th_Field_Artillery_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Field Artillery Command">56th Field Artillery Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Battalion,_41st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment">4th Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_81st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment">1st Battalion, 81st Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_84th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment">3rd Battalion, 84th Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Regiment (United States)">4th Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_41st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment">1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/266th_Chemical_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="266th Chemical Detachment">266th Chemical Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_Support_Battalion" title="55th Support Battalion">55th Support Battalion</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/9th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="9th Field Artillery Regiment">9th Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/9th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="9th Field Artillery Regiment">9th Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li>4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/9th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="9th Field Artillery Regiment">9th Field Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/193rd_Aviation_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="193rd Aviation Company">193rd Aviation Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Signal_Battalion" title="38th Signal Battalion">38th Signal Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/59th_Ordnance_Brigade" title="59th Ordnance Brigade">59th Ordnance Brigade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ordnance_Battalion" title="3rd Ordnance Battalion">3rd Ordnance Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41st_Ordnance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="41st Ordnance Company">41st Ordnance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/579th_Ordnance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="579th Ordnance Company">579th Ordnance Company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512th_United_States_Army_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="512th United States Army Artillery Group">512th United States Army Artillery Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/74th_U.S._Army_Field_Artillery_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="74th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment">74th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82nd_U.S._Army_Missile_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="82nd U.S. Army Missile Detachment">82nd U.S. Army Missile Detachment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_United_States_Army_Artillery_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="5th United States Army Artillery Group">5th United States Army Artillery Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85th_U.S._Army_Field_Artillery_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="85th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment">85th U.S. Army Field Artillery Detachment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Wing_1" title="Missile Wing 1">Missile Wing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_Wing_2" title="Missile Wing 2">Missile Wing 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/214th_Field_Artillery_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Field Artillery Brigade">214th Field Artillery Brigade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_44th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_9th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment">3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Missile_Battalion,_79th_Artillery_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment">2nd Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/251st_Ordnance_Detachment" class="mw-redirect" title="251st Ordnance Detachment">251st Ordnance Detachment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Missile_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Missile Command">United States Army Missile Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Project_Manager%27s_Office" title="Pershing Project Manager's Office">Pershing Project Manager's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">United States Army Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Operational_Test_Unit" title="Pershing Operational Test Unit">Pershing Operational Test Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Missile_and_Munitions_Center_and_School" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School">United States Army Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Artillery_School" title="United States Army Field Artillery School">United States Army Field Artillery School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AN/TRC-80" title="AN/TRC-80">AN/TRC-80 Radio Terminal Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M474" class="mw-redirect" title="M474">M474</a> Carrier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M656" title="M656">M656</a> Ford Truck</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1001" class="mw-redirect" title="M1001">M1001</a> MAN Truck</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_bibliography" title="Pershing missile bibliography">Pershing missile bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_displays" title="Pershing missile displays">Pershing missile displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_launches" title="Pershing missile launches">Pershing missile launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_models" title="Pershing missile models">Pershing missile models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Professionals_Badge" title="Pershing Professionals Badge">Pershing Professionals Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing tab">Pershing tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_Missileman%27s_Badge" title="Field Artillery Missileman's Badge">Field Artillery Missileman's Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_83" title="Deutschland 83"><i>Deutschland 83</i></a></li> <li>Coleman Aerospace <a href="/wiki/Hera_(rocket)" title="Hera (rocket)">Hera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Army_missile_and_rocket_designations_1948–1963" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_missiles" title="Template:US Army missiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_missiles" title="Template talk:US Army missiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_missiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army missiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Army_missile_and_rocket_designations_1948–1963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> missile and rocket designations 1948–1963</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–1951 missile system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAC_Corporal" title="WAC Corporal">RTV-G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">RTV-G-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RTV-G-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTV-G-4_Bumper" title="RTV-G-4 Bumper">RTV-G-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">CTV-G-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RTV-G-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">SAM-G-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-G-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-G-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RTV-G-10</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">G-11</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse" title="MGM-18 Lacrosse">SSM-G-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-G-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">SSM-G-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-G-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">SSM-G-17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1955 missile system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAC_Corporal" title="WAC Corporal">RV-A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">RV-A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RV-A-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTV-G-4_Bumper" title="RTV-G-4 Bumper">RV-A-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RV-A-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RV-A-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">SAM-A-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RV-A-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-A-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">RV-A-10</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">G-11</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse" title="MGM-18 Lacrosse">SSM-A-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-A-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">SSM-A-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-A-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_program" title="Hermes program">SSM-A-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">SSM-A-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">SAM-A-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM-A-19_Plato" title="SAM-A-19 Plato">SAM-A-19</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-20</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-21</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM-N-2_Lark" title="SAM-N-2 Lark">RV-A-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSM-A-23_Dart" title="SSM-A-23 Dart">SSM-A-23</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-24</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Hercules" title="Nike Hercules">SAM-A-25</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">A-26</span><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant" title="MGM-29 Sergeant">SSM-A-27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1955–1963 missile system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse" title="MGM-18 Lacrosse">M4</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M5</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Hercules" title="Nike Hercules">M6</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M7</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">M9</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M10</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M11</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M12</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-51_Shillelagh" title="MGM-51 Shillelagh">M13</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant" title="MGM-29 Sergeant">M15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">M16</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">M17</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">M18</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unguided rockets, 1940–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Target_Rocket_M2" title="Anti-Aircraft Target Rocket M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_(rocket)" title="M8 (rocket)">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M9_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M9 (rocket) (page does not exist)">M9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_(rocket)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M12 (rocket) (page does not exist)">M12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_(rocket)" title="M16 (rocket)">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_(rocket)" title="M16 (rocket)">M17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_(rocket)" title="M16 (rocket)">M20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_(rocket)" title="M16 (rocket)">M21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7.2-Inch_Chemical_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7.2-Inch Chemical Rocket (page does not exist)">M25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7.2-Inch_Chemical_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7.2-Inch Chemical Rocket (page does not exist)">M27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">M30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John" title="MGR-1 Honest John">M31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John" title="MGR-3 Little John">M47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John" title="MGR-1 Honest John">M50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John" title="MGR-3 Little John">M51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_(rocket)" title="M55 (rocket)">M55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_(rocket)" title="M55 (rocket)">M60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_(rocket)" title="M55 (rocket)">M61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M202_FLASH" title="M202 FLASH">M74</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undesignated types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_(rocket)" title="Dervish (rocket)">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobber" title="Lobber">Lobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-Pong_(rocket)" title="Ping-Pong (rocket)">Ping-Pong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Not assigned</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Designation uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1963_United_States_Tri-Service_missile_designations,_1963–present" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_missiles" title="Template:US missiles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_missiles" title="Template talk:US missiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_missiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US missiles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1963_United_States_Tri-Service_missile_designations,_1963–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1963_United_States_Tri-Service_rocket_and_guided_missile_designation_system" title="1963 United States Tri-Service rocket and guided missile designation system">1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations</a>, 1963–present</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1–50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">MGM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-2_Terrier" title="RIM-2 Terrier">RIM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax" title="MIM-3 Nike Ajax">MIM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">AIM-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">MGM-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSM-N-8_Regulus" title="SSM-N-8 Regulus">RGM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow" title="AIM-7 Sparrow">AIM-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIM-7_Sea_Sparrow" title="RIM-7 Sea Sparrow">RIM-7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">RIM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc" title="CIM-10 Bomarc">CIM-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">PGM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-12_Bullpup" title="AGM-12 Bullpup">AGM-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">CGM-13/MGM-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Hercules" title="Nike Hercules">MIM-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSM-N-9_Regulus_II" title="SSM-N-9 Regulus II">RGM-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">CGM-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">PGM-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse" title="MGM-18 Lacrosse">MGM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">PGM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">ADM-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS.10" title="SS.10">MGM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS.11" title="SS.11">AGM-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">MIM-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-24_Tartar" title="RIM-24 Tartar">RIM-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGM-25A_Titan_I" title="HGM-25A Titan I">HGM-25A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGM-25C_Titan_II" title="LGM-25C Titan II">LGM-25C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-26_Falcon" title="AIM-26 Falcon">AIM-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">UGM-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-28_Hound_Dog" title="AGM-28 Hound Dog">AGM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant" title="MGM-29 Sergeant">MGM-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">LGM-30</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MGM-31A/B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">MGM-31C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENTAC" title="ENTAC">MGM-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioplane_BTT" title="Radioplane BTT">MQM-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">AQM-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_AQM-35" title="Northrop AQM-35">AQM-35 (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-35_Sentinel" title="LGM-35 Sentinel">LGM-35 (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioplane_BTT" title="Radioplane BTT">MQM-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_AQM-37_Jayhawk" title="Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk">AQM-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_AQM-38" title="Northrop AQM-38">AQM-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-61_Cardinal" title="Beechcraft MQM-61 Cardinal">MQM-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_KD6G_Firefly" title="Globe KD6G Firefly">MQM-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUM-N-2_Petrel" title="AUM-N-2 Petrel">AQM-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_MQM-42" title="North American MQM-42">MQM-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUM-44_SUBROC" title="UUM-44 SUBROC">UUM-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-45_Shrike" title="AGM-45 Shrike">AGM-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-46_Mauler" title="MIM-46 Mauler">MIM-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-47_Falcon" title="AIM-47 Falcon">AIM-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt" title="GAM-87 Skybolt">AGM-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Zeus" title="Nike Zeus">XLIM-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan" title="LIM-49 Spartan">LIM-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-50_Typhon" title="RIM-50 Typhon">RIM-50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">51–100</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MGM-51_Shillelagh" title="MGM-51 Shillelagh">MGM-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-52_Lance" title="MGM-52 Lance">MGM-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-53_Condor" title="AGM-53 Condor">AGM-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-54_Phoenix" title="AIM-54 Phoenix">AIM-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-50_Typhon" title="RIM-50 Typhon">RIM-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_CT41" title="Nord CT41">PQM-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioplane_BTT" title="Radioplane BTT">MQM-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_SD-2_Overseer" title="Aerojet SD-2 Overseer">MQM-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGM-59_Taurus" title="RGM-59 Taurus">RGM-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AQM-60_Kingfisher" title="Lockheed AQM-60 Kingfisher">AQM-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-61_Cardinal" title="Beechcraft MQM-61 Cardinal">MQM-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-62_Walleye" title="AGM-62 Walleye">AGM-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-63" title="AGM-63">AGM-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-64_Hornet" title="AGM-64 Hornet">AGM-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-66_Standard" title="RIM-66 Standard">RIM-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-67_Standard" title="RIM-67 Standard">RIM-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-68_Big_Q" title="AIM-68 Big Q">AIM-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">AGM-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">LEM-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-72_Chaparral" title="MIM-72 Chaparral">MIM-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGM-73_Poseidon" title="UGM-73 Poseidon">UGM-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_BQM-74_Chukar" title="Northrop BQM-74 Chukar">BQM-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGM-75_AICBM" title="BGM-75 AICBM">BGM-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-76_Falcon" title="AGM-76 Falcon">AGM-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M47_Dragon" title="M47 Dragon">FGM-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-78_Standard_ARM" title="AGM-78 Standard ARM">AGM-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-79_Blue_Eye" title="AGM-79 Blue Eye">AGM-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-80_Viper" title="AGM-80 Viper">AGM-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_AQM-37_Jayhawk" title="Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk">AQM-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-82" title="AIM-82">AIM-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-83_Bulldog" title="AGM-83 Bulldog">AGM-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_(missile)" title="Harpoon (missile)">AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGM-84E_Standoff_Land_Attack_Missile" title="AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile">AGM-84E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-84H/K_SLAM-ER" title="AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER">AGM-84H/K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-85" title="RIM-85">RIM-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">AGM-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-87_Focus" title="AGM-87 Focus">AGM-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGM-89_Perseus" title="UGM-89 Perseus">UGM-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BQM-90" title="BQM-90">BQM-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_AQM-91_Firefly" title="Ryan AQM-91 Firefly">AQM-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-to-Air_Stinger" title="Air-to-Air Stinger">"AIM-92"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTV_XQM-93" title="LTV XQM-93">XQM-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_YQM-94_B-Gull" title="Boeing YQM-94 B-Gull">YQM-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-95_Agile" title="AIM-95 Agile">AIM-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGM-96_Trident_I" title="UGM-96 Trident I">UGM-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-97_Seekbat" title="AIM-97 Seekbat">AIM-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_YQM-98_R-Tern" title="Ryan YQM-98 R-Tern">YQM-98</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIM-99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIM-99 (page does not exist)">LIM-99</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIM-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIM-100 (page does not exist)">LIM-100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">101–150</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIM-101" title="RIM-101">RIM-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">PQM-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Model_147" title="Ryan Model 147">AQM-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_MQM-105_Aquila" title="Lockheed MQM-105 Aquila">MQM-105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BQM-106_Teleplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BQM-106 Teleplane (page does not exist)">BQM-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-107_Streaker" title="Beechcraft MQM-107 Streaker">MQM-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSRDC_BQM-108" title="NSRDC BQM-108">BQM-108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGM-109G_Ground_Launched_Cruise_Missile" title="BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile">BGM-109G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LTV_BGM-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LTV BGM-110 (page does not exist)">BGM-110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BQM-111_Firebrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BQM-111 Firebrand (page does not exist)">BQM-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-15" title="GBU-15">AGM-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-113" title="RIM-113">RIM-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">AGM-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_(missile)" title="Roland (missile)">MIM-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-116_Rolling_Airframe_Missile" title="RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile">RIM-116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FQM-117_RCMAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FQM-117 RCMAT (page does not exist)">FQM-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">LGM-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_(missile)" title="Penguin (missile)">AGM-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CQM-121_Pave_Tiger" title="Boeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger">CQM-121/CGM-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-122_Sidearm" title="AGM-122 Sidearm">AGM-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-123_Skipper_II" title="AGM-123 Skipper II">AGM-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-124_Wasp" title="AGM-124 Wasp">AGM-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUM-125_Sea_Lance" title="UUM-125 Sea Lance">RUM-125/UUM-125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech_BQM-126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beech BQM-126 (page does not exist)">BQM-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQM-127_SLAT" title="AQM-127 SLAT">AQM-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQM-128" title="AQM-128">AQM-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-129_ACM" title="AGM-129 ACM">AGM-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-130" title="AGM-130">AGM-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-131_SRAM_II" title="AGM-131 SRAM II">AGM-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRAAM" title="ASRAAM">AIM-132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II" title="UGM-133 Trident II">UGM-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-134_Midgetman" title="MGM-134 Midgetman">MGM-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASM-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-136_Tacit_Rainbow" title="AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow">AGM-136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-137_TSSAM" title="AGM-137 TSSAM">AGM-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CQM-121_Pave_Tiger" title="Boeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger">CEM-138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUM-139_VL-ASROC" title="RUM-139 VL-ASROC">RUM-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">MGM-140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-141_TALD" title="ADM-141 TALD">ADM-141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popeye_(missile)" title="Popeye (missile)">AGM-142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MQM-143_RPVT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MQM-143 RPVT (page does not exist)">MQM-143</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ADM-144&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADM-144 (page does not exist)">ADM-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BQM-145_Peregrine" title="BQM-145 Peregrine">BQM-145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Anti-Tank_System" title="Air Defense Anti-Tank System">MIM-146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BQM-147_Dragon" title="BQM-147 Dragon">BQM-147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PQM-149_UAV-SR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PQM-149 UAV-SR (page does not exist)">PQM-149</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PQM-150_UAV-SR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PQM-150 UAV-SR (page does not exist)">PQM-150</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">151–200</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroVironment_FQM-151_Pointer" title="AeroVironment FQM-151 Pointer">FQM-151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM-152_AAAM" title="AIM-152 AAAM">AIM-152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-153" title="AGM-153">AGM-153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-154_Joint_Standoff_Weapon" title="AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon">AGM-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAI_RQ-5_Hunter" title="IAI RQ-5 Hunter">BQM-155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-67_Standard" title="RIM-67 Standard">RIM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-157_EFOGM" title="MGM-157 EFOGM">MGM-157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-158_JASSM" title="AGM-158 JASSM">AGM-158A/B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGM-158C_LRASM" title="AGM-158C LRASM">AGM-158C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-159_JASSM" title="AGM-159 JASSM">AGM-159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-160_MALD" title="ADM-160 MALD">ADM-160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">RIM-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-162_ESSM" title="RIM-162 ESSM">RIM-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GQM-163_Coyote" title="GQM-163 Coyote">GQM-163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">MGM-164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-66_Standard" title="RIM-66 Standard">RGM-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-166_LOSAT" title="MGM-166 LOSAT">MGM-166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Engineering_BQM-167_Skeeter" title="Composite Engineering BQM-167 Skeeter">BQM-167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">MGM-168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-169_Joint_Common_Missile" title="AGM-169 Joint Common Missile">AGM-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffon_Aerospace_MQM-170_Outlaw" title="Griffon Aerospace MQM-170 Outlaw">MQM-170</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Griffon_Aerospace_MQM-171_Broadsword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griffon Aerospace MQM-171 Broadsword (page does not exist)">MQM-171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGM-172_SRAW" title="FGM-172 SRAW">FGM-172</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GQM-173_MSST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GQM-173 MSST (page does not exist)">GQM-173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-174_Standard_ERAM" title="RIM-174 Standard ERAM">RIM-174</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIM-174B" title="AIM-174B">AIM-174B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MQM-175&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MQM-175 (page does not exist)">MQM-175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-176_Griffin" title="AGM-176 Griffin">AGM-176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_BQM-177" title="Kratos BQM-177">BQM-177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratos_MQM-178_Firejet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kratos MQM-178 Firejet (page does not exist)">MQM-178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-179_JAGM" title="AGM-179 JAGM">AGM-179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AGM-180_LRSO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AGM-180 LRSO (page does not exist)">AGM-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-181_LRSO" title="AGM-181 LRSO">AGM-181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGM-35_Sentinel" title="LGM-35 Sentinel">LGM-182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-183_ARRW" title="AGM-183 ARRW">AGM-183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Strike_Missile" title="Naval Strike Missile">RGM-184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QinetiQ_Banshee" title="QinetiQ Banshee">MQM-185</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Griffon_Aerospace_MQM-186_RedWing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griffon Aerospace MQM-186 RedWing (page does not exist)">MQM-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGM-179_JAGM" title="AGM-179 JAGM">AGM-187</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">201–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIM-260_JATM" title="AIM-260 JATM">AIM-260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense" title="Terminal High Altitude Area Defense">MIM-401</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Undesignated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Aequare" title="Lockheed Aequare">Aequare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASALM" title="ASALM">ASALM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazo" title="Brazo">Brazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Missile" title="Common Missile">Common Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-Based_Interceptor" title="Ground-Based Interceptor">GBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_Air_Launched_Offensive_Anti-Surface" title="Hypersonic Air Launched Offensive Anti-Surface">HALO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_Attack_Cruise_Missile" title="Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile">HACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_Dash" title="Have Dash">Have Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Strike_Missile" title="Joint Strike Missile">JSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_Energy_Interceptor" title="Kinetic Energy Interceptor">KEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Range_Engagement_Weapon" title="Long-Range Engagement Weapon">LREW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Range_Hypersonic_Weapon" title="Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon">LRHW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MA-31" title="MA-31">MA-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Self-Defense_Missile" title="Miniature Self-Defense Missile">MSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Centric_Airborne_Defense_Element" title="Network Centric Airborne Defense Element">NCADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XM501_Non-Line-of-Sight_Launch_System" title="XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System">NLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Fires">OpFires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Strike_Missile" title="Precision Strike Missile">PrSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Senior_Prom" title="Lockheed Senior Prom">Senior Prom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(missile)" title="Sprint (missile)">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagtail_(missile)" title="Wagtail (missile)">Wagtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M270_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System#GMLRS" title="M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System">M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_Launched_Small_Diameter_Bomb" title="Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb">GLSDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_military_rockets" title="Template:US military rockets"><span class="wrap">United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_unmanned_aircraft" title="Template:US unmanned aircraft">Drones designated in UAV sequence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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