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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" width="40" height="40" 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<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a 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Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources.</span> <small><i>(February 2012)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, related reading or <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(February 2012)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em;"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="n" style="text-align: center; font-size: 132%;"><span class="fn">Comte de Villèle</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vill%C3%A8le.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Villèle.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg/220px-Vill%C3%A8le.jpg" width="220" height="242" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="250"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">6th <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br/> 14 December 1821 – 4 January 1828</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Monarch</th> <td><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu" class="mw-redirect">Duc de Richelieu</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Gaye,_Vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean-Baptiste Gaye, Vicomte de Martignac" class="mw-redirect">Vicomte de Martignac</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1773-04-14</span>)</span>14 April 1773<br/> <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td>13 March 1854<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1854-03-13</span>)</span> (aged 80)<br/> Toulouse</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Political party</th> <td><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Royalists" title="Ultra-Royalists" class="mw-redirect">Ultra-Royalists</a></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin, comte de Villèle</b> (14 April 1773 – 13 March 1854), better known simply as <b>Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</b> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'v' in 'vie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">v</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɛ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>, was a French statesman. Several time Prime minister, he was a leader of the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a> faction during the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Youth"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Bourbon_Restoration_.281815.E2.80.931830.29"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Youth">Youth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>He was born in <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France and brought up to go into the navy. He joined the "Bayonnaise" at <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in July 1788. He served in the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies" class="mw-redirect">East Indies</a>. Arrested in the Isle of Bourbon (now <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>) under the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Terror</a>, he was freed by the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> (July 1794). He acquired some property in the island, and in 1799 he married the daughter of M. Desbassyns de Richemont, whose estates he had managed. His apprenticeship to politics was served in the Colonial Assembly of Bourbon, where he fought successfully to preserve the colony from the consequences of perpetual interference from the authorities in <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France" title="Paris, France" class="mw-redirect">Paris</a>, and on the other hand to prevent local malcontents from appealing to the English for protection.</p> <p>The arrival of General <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Isidore_Decaen" title="Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen">Decaen</a>, appointed by <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1802, restored security to the island, and five years later Villèle, who had now accumulated a large fortune, returned to France. He was mayor of his commune, and a member of the council of the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a> under the Empire.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Bourbon_Restoration_.281815.E2.80.931830.29">The Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>At the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</a> of 1814 he at once declared for the royalist principles. He was mayor of Toulouse in 1814–15 and deputy for the Haute-Garonne in the ultra-royalist <i><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_introuvable" title="Chambre introuvable">Chambre introuvable</a></i> of 1815.</p> <p>Villèle, who before the promulgation of the charter had written some <i>Observations sur le projet de constitution</i>, opposing it as too democratic in character, naturally took his place on the extreme right with the ultra-royalists. In the new Chamber of 1816 Villèle's party was in a minority, but his personal authority nevertheless increased. He was looked on by the ministerialists as the least unreasonable of his party, and by the "ultras" as the safest of their leaders.</p> <p>Under the electoral law of 1817 the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a>, who was popularly supposed to have voted for the death of <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a> in the Convention, was admitted to the Chamber of Deputies. The Conservative party gained strength from the alarm raised by this incident and still more from the shock caused by the assassination of the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_duc_de_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry" class="mw-redirect">duc de Berry</a>. The <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu" class="mw-redirect">duc de Richelieu</a> was compelled to admit to the cabinet two of the chiefs of the "ultras", Villèle and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques-Joseph Corbière">Corbière</a>. Villèle resigned within a year, but on the fall of Richelieu at the end of 1821 he became the real chief of the new cabinet, in which he was minister of finance.</p> <p>Although not himself a courtier, he was backed at court by <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sosthene_de_la_Rochefoucauld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosthene de la Rochefoucauld (page does not exist)">Sosthene de la Rochefoucauld</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_du_Cayla" title="Madame du Cayla" class="mw-redirect">Madame du Cayla</a>, and in 1822 <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> gave him the title of count and made him formally prime minister. He immediately proceeded to muzzle opposition by stringent press laws, and the discovery of minor liberal conspiracies afforded an excuse for further repression. Forced against his will into interference in Spain by <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">Mathieu de Montmorency</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a>, he contrived to reap some credit for the monarchy from the successful campaign of 1823.</p> <p>Meanwhile he had consolidated the royal power by persuading Louis XVIII to swamp the liberal majority in the upper house by the nomination of twenty-seven new peers; he availed himself of the temporary popularity of the monarchy after the Spanish campaign to summon a new Chamber of Deputies. This new and obedient legislature, to which only nineteen liberals were returned, made itself into a septennial parliament, thus providing time, it was thought, to restore some part of the ancien regime. Villèle's plans were assisted by the death of Louis XVIII and the accession of his brother, <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, a staunch believer in absolute monarchy. Prudent financial administration since 1815 had made possible the conversion of the state bonds from 5 to 3%. It was proposed to utilize the money set free by this operation to indemnify by a billion francs (<i>Le milliard des émigrés</i>) the émigrés for the loss of their lands at the Revolution; it was also proposed to restore their former privileges to the religious congregations.</p> <p>Both these propositions were, with some restrictions, secured. <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">Sacrilege</a> was made a crime punishable by death with the 1825 <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sacrilege_Act" title="Anti-Sacrilege Act">Anti-Sacrilege Act</a> (<i>Loi contre le blasphème</i>), and the ministry were preparing a law to alter the law of equal inheritance, and thus create anew the great estates. These measures roused violent opposition in the country, which a new and stringent press law, nicknamed the "law of justice and love," failed to put down. The peers rejected the law of inheritance and the press law; it was found necessary to disband the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>; and in November 1827 seventy-six new peers were created, and recourse was had to a general election. The new Chamber proved hostile to Villèle, who resigned to make way for the short-lived moderate ministry of <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Sylvere_Gay,_Vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Sylvere Gay, Vicomte de Martignac" class="mw-redirect">Martignac</a>.</p> <p>The new ministry made Villèle's removal to the upper house a condition of taking office, and he took no further part in public affairs. At the time of his death, he had advanced as far as 1816 with his memoirs, which were completed from his correspondence by his family as <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Mémoires et correspondance du comte de Villèle</span></i> (Paris, 5 vols., 1887–90).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>C de Mazade, <i>L'Opposition royaliste</i> (Paris, 1894)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Guillaume,_baron_Hyde_de_Neuville" title="Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville">JG Hyde de Neuville</a></li> <li><i>Notice sur le comte de Villèle</i> (Paris, 1899)</li> <li>M Chotard, "<i>L'Œuvre financière de M. de Villèle</i>," in <i>Annales des sciences politiques</i> (vol. v., 1890).</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Trarzan_War_of_1825" title="Franco-Trarzan War of 1825">Franco-Trarzan War of 1825</a></li> <li>1825 <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sacrilege_Act" title="Anti-Sacrilege Act">Anti-Sacrilege Act</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalists</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu" class="mw-redirect">Duc de Richelieu</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></b><br/> 1821–1828</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Gaye,_Vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean-Baptiste Gaye, Vicomte de Martignac" class="mw-redirect">Vicomte de Martignac</a></span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Heads_of_government_of_France&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Heads of government</a> of <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">list</a>)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Villèle</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier" title="Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier" class="mw-redirect">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Henri,_comte_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul" class="mw-redirect">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;">Interregnum</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jules_Trochu" title="Louis Jules Trochu" class="mw-redirect">Trochu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" title="William Henry Waddington" class="mw-redirect">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Brinon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br/> Government</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu" title="Template:Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu" title="Template talk:Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu" title="Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu">Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu</a> (20 February 1820 to 12 December 1821)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div>Head of state: King <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">President of the council</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="Etienne Frederic Lignon Portrait of Richelieu.jpeg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg/100px-Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg" width="100" height="138" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg/150px-Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Etienne_Frederic_Lignon_Portrait_of_Richelieu.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="275"/></a><br/> Richelieu</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Interior</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Comte_Sim%C3%A9on" title="Joseph Jérôme, Comte Siméon">Joseph Jérôme, Comte Siméon</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Justice</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_de_Serre" title="Hercule de Serre">Hercule de Serre</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Foreign Affairs</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Étienne-Denis Pasquier</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Finance</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Antoine Roy</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">War</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" title="Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg">Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Navy and Colonies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Portal_d%27Albar%C3%A8des" title="Pierre-Barthélémy Portal d'Albarèdes">Pierre-Barthélémy Portal d'Albarèdes</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">King's Household</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lauriston" title="Jacques Lauriston">Jacques Lauriston</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Without portfolio</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques-Joseph Corbière">Jacques-Joseph Corbière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lain%C3%A9" title="Joseph Lainé">Joseph Lainé</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Template:Ministry of Joseph de Villèle"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Template talk:Ministry of Joseph de Villèle"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Ministry of Joseph de Villèle">Ministry of Joseph de Villèle</a> (14 December 1821 to 6 December 1827)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div>Head of state: King <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a> − <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">President of the council</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><strong class="selflink">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</strong></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vill%C3%A8le.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Villèle.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg/100px-Vill%C3%A8le.jpg" width="100" height="110" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg/150px-Vill%C3%A8le.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vill%C3%A8le.jpg/200px-Vill%C3%A8le.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="250"/></a><br/> Villèle</div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Finance</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Foreign Affairs</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">Mathieu de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Ange Hyacinthe Maxence de Damas</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Interior</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques-Joseph Corbière">Jacques-Joseph Corbière</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Justice</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Denis,_Comte_de_Peyronnet" title="Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet">Pierre-Denis de Peyronnet</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Navy and Colonies</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9,_duc_de_Clermont-Tonnerre" title="Aimé, duc de Clermont-Tonnerre">Aimé, duc de Clermont-Tonnerre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">War</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Claude-Victor Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Ange Hyacinthe Maxence de Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9,_duc_de_Clermont-Tonnerre" title="Aimé, duc de Clermont-Tonnerre">Aimé, duc de Clermont-Tonnerre</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">King's Household</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lauriston" title="Jacques Lauriston">Jacques Lauriston</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise-Polycarpe_de_La_Rochefoucauld" title="Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld">Ambroise-Polycarpe de La Rochefoucauld</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Religious Affairs</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis-Luc_Frayssinous" title="Denis-Luc Frayssinous">Denis-Luc Frayssinous</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Minister of State</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre,_vicomte_Digeon" title="Alexandre, vicomte Digeon">Alexandre, vicomte Digeon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Finance Ministers of France"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of France"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Finances_and_Industry_(France)" title="Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France)">Finance Ministers</a> of <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1561–1661</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Beaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Beaune (page does not exist)">Jacques de Beaune</a>, lord de Semblançay</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Babou" title="Philibert Babou">Philibert Babou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers" title="Jean du Thiers">Jean du Thiers</a>, lord de Beauregard</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_d%27Annebault" title="Claude d'Annebault">Claude d'Annebault</a></li> <li>André Guillart</li> <li>Jean d'Avançon</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artus_de_Coss%C3%A9-Brissac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artus de Cossé-Brissac (page does not exist)">Artus de Cossé-Brissac</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Ongnyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Ongnyes (page does not exist)">Louis d'Ongnyes</a>, comte de Chaulnes</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">René de Birague</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">Pomponne de Bellièvre</a></li> <li>François d'O</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_duc_de_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully" class="mw-redirect">Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin" title="Pierre Jeannin">Pierre Jeannin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg" title="Henri de Schomberg">Henri de Schomberg</a>, comte de Nanteuil</li> <li>Charles, marquis de La Vieuville</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny" title="Jean Bochart de Champigny">Jean Bochart de Champigny</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">Michel de Marillac</a></li> <li>Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion" title="Claude de Bullion">Claude de Bullion</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Claude Bouthillier</a></li> <li>Claude Bouthillier</li> <li>Nicolas de Bailleul and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d%27Avaux" title="Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux">Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">Michel Particelli d'Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Charles_de_La_Porte" title="Armand-Charles de La Porte" class="mw-redirect">Armand-Charles de La Porte</a>, maréchal-duc de La Meilleraye</li> <li>Michel Particelli d'Emery and Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Longueil" title="René de Longueil">René de Longueil</a>, marquis de Maisons</li> <li>Charles, duc de La Vieuville</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Servien" title="Abel Servien">Abel Servien</a> and <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a></li> <li>Nicolas Fouquet</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1661–1791</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a></li> <li>Claude Le Pelletier</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Louis Phélypeaux</a>, comte de Ponchartrain</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Chamillart" title="Michel Chamillart">Michel Chamillart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets" title="Nicolas Desmarets">Nicolas Desmarets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Maurice,_duc_de_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice, duc de Noailles" class="mw-redirect">Adrien Maurice, duc de Noailles</a> (President of the Finances Council)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont" title="Henri Jacques Nompar de Caumont" class="mw-redirect">Henri Jacques Nompar de Caumont</a>, duc de La Force (vice-President of the Finances Council)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652-1721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652-1721)" class="mw-redirect">Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a> (1652-1721; President of the Finances Council)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a></li> <li>Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (Commissioner of Finance)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye" title="Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye">Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye</a></li> <li>Charles Gaspard Dodun</li> <li>Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Orry" title="Philibert Orry">Philibert Orry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Jean Moreau de Séchelles">Jean Moreau de Séchelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras" title="François Marie Peyrenc de Moras">François Marie Peyrenc de Moras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges" title="Jean de Boullonges">Jean de Boullonges</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Silhouette" title="Étienne de Silhouette">Étienne de Silhouette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laverdy" title="Clément Charles François de Laverdy">Clément Charles François de Laverdy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maynon_d%27Invault" title="Étienne Maynon d'Invault">Étienne Maynon d'Invault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Joseph Marie Terray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot" class="mw-redirect">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a></li> <li>Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny</li> <li>Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> (Director-General of Finances)</li> <li>Jean-François Joly de Fleury</li> <li>Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li>Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne</a> (President of the Royal Council of Finances)</li> <li>Jacques Necker (Director-General of Finances)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil</a> (President of the Royal Council of Finances)</li> <li>Jacques Necker (Director-General of Finances)</li> <li>Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1791–1799</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Claude Antoine Valdec de Lessart</li> <li>Louis Hardouin Tarbé</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li>Antoine Duranthon</li> <li>Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu</li> <li>Joseph Delaville-Leroulx</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gr%C3%A9goire_Deschamps_Destournelles" title="Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles">Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles</a></li> <li>none</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Guillaume-Charles Faipoult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1799–1902</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto" title="Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto">Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Antoine Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Antoine Roy</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Antoine Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel" title="Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel">Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Jacques Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Georges Humann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Hippolyte Passy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Georges Humann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout" title="Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout">Antoine, comte d'Argout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanneguy_Duch%C3%A2tel" title="Tanneguy Duchâtel">Tanneguy Duchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Jean Lacave-Laplagne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89lie_Gautier" title="Jean-Élie Gautier">Jean-Élie Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Hippolyte Passy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Pelet de la Lozère">Joseph Pelet de la Lozère</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Georges Humann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Jean Lacave-Laplagne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon" title="Pierre Sylvain Dumon">Pierre Sylvain Dumon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Michel Goudchaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Charles Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Michel Goudchaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouv%C3%A9-Chauvel" title="Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel">Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Hippolyte Passy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Le_B%C3%A8gue_de_Germiny" title="Charles Le Bègue de Germiny">Charles Le Bègue de Germiny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Blondel" title="Antoine Blondel">Antoine Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">François, comte de Casabianca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Jean-Martial Bineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Louis Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Alexis_Segris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)">Émile Alexis Segris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Picard" title="Ernest Picard">Ernest Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Louis Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Augustin Pouyer-Quertier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Goulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène de Goulard (page does not exist)">Eugène de Goulard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Léon Say</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li>Pierre Mathieu-Bodet</li> <li>Léon Say</li> <li>Eugène Caillaux</li> <li>François Dutilleul</li> <li>Léon Say</li> <li>Pierre Magnin</li> <li>François Allain-Targé</li> <li>Léon Say</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a></li> <li>Jean Clamageran</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Marie François Sadi Carnot</a></li> <li>Albert Dauphin</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Maurice Rouvier</a></li> <li>Pierre Tirard</li> <li>Paul Peytral</li> <li>Maurice Rouvier</li> <li>Pierre Tirard</li> <li>Paul Peytral</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau" title="Auguste Burdeau">Auguste Burdeau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Alexandre Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Georges Cochery</a></li> <li>Paul Peytral</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1902–1944</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Maurice Rouvier</li> <li>Pierre Merlou</li> <li>Raymond Poincaré</li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li>Georges Cochery</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Louis-Lucien Klotz</a></li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li>Louis Lucien Klotz</li> <li>Charles Dumont</li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">René Renoult</a></li> <li>Étienne Clémentel</li> <li>Joseph Noullens</li> <li>Alexandre Ribot</li> <li>Joseph Thierry</li> <li>Louis Lucien Klotz</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">Frédéric François-Marsal</a></li> <li>Paul Doumer</li> <li>Charles de Lasteyrie</li> <li>Frédéric François-Marsal</li> <li>Étienne Clementel</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a></li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a></li> <li>Paul Doumer</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Raoul Péret</a></li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li>Anatole de Monzie</li> <li>Raymond Poincaré</li> <li>Henry Chéron</li> <li>Charles Dumont</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Louis Germain-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a></li> <li>Louis Germain-Martin</li> <li>Henry Chéron</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Paul Marchandeau</a></li> <li>Louis Germain-Martin</li> <li>Joseph Caillaux</li> <li>Marcel Régnier</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a></li> <li>Georges Bonnet</li> <li>Paul Marchandeau</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li>Paul Marchandeau</li> <li>Paul Reynaud</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)" title="Lucien Lamoureux (France)">Lucien Lamoureux</a></li> <li>Yves Bouthillier</li> <li>Pierre Cathala</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Free French (1941–1944)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a></li> <li>André Diethelm</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Maurice Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Pierre Mendès France</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1944–2000</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Lepercq" title="Aimé Lepercq">Aimé Lepercq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">André Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">André Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">René Mayer</a></li> <li>Paul Reynaud</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Christian Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Henri Queuille</a></li> <li>Maurice Petsche</li> <li>René Mayer</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Antoine Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li>Edgar Faure</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Robert Buron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pierre Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Robert Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Félix Gaillard</a></li> <li>Pierre Pflimlin</li> <li>Edgar Faure</li> <li>Antoine Pinay</li> <li>Wilfrid Baumgartner</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a></li> <li>Maurice Couve de Murville</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a></li> <li>Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Jean-Pierre Fourcade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">René Monory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a></li> <li>Pierre Bérégovoy</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Michel Sapin</a></li> <li>Edmond Alphandéry</li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Jean Arthuis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Dominique Strauss-Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sautter" title="Christian Sautter">Christian Sautter</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2000–present</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Francis Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Hervé Gaymard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Thierry Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Jean-Louis Borloo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">François Baroin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Pierre Moscovici</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Michel Sapin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></a> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <span id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <i><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Baptiste+de+Vill%C3%A8le&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></p> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Villele, Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, Comte De</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>Prime Minister of France</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>14 April 1773</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150520204413/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>13 March 1854</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Toulouse</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150520204413im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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