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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The tomb of Payava</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Payava,_a_Lykian_aristocrat,_about_375-360_BC,_from_Xanthos,_British_Museum_(9504934234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/220px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/330px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg/440px-The_tomb_of_Payava%2C_a_Lykian_aristocrat%2C_about_375-360_BC%2C_from_Xanthos%2C_British_Museum_%289504934234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Upper part of Payava's tomb in the British Museum</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_f5b534c8e76b7b5cc9b4294895ba1eeada660310"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tomb_of_Payava&revid=1228200289&groups=_f5b534c8e76b7b5cc9b4294895ba1eeada660310" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tomb_of_Payava&revid=1228200289&groups=_f5b534c8e76b7b5cc9b4294895ba1eeada660310 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Originally <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k,_Ka%C5%9F" title="Kınık, Kaş">Kınık, Kaş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>; now <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, Room 20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Barrel-vaulted sarcophagus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Stone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">3.5 metres (11 ft), originally 7.85 metres (25.8 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-GAS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data">375-360 BC</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tomb of Payava</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> tall rectangular free-standing barrel-vaulted stone <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, and one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">tombs of Xanthos</a>. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDusinberre2013196_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDusinberre2013196-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Payava, who was probably the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>, Lycia (modern-day <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k,_Ka%C5%9F" title="Kınık, Kaş">Kınık, Kaş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) at the time, in around 360 BC. The tomb was discovered in 1838 and brought to England in 1844 by the explorer <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Fellows">Sir Charles Fellows</a>. He described it as a 'Gothic-formed Horse Tomb'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Melanie Michailidis, though bearing a "Greek appearance", the Tomb of Payava, the <a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a> were built according to the main <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> criteria "by being composed of thick stone, raised on plinths off the ground, and having single windowless chambers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichailidis2009253_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichailidis2009253-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_tomb">The tomb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Payava, who is named in the inscriptions, is only known from this tomb. The tomb is a particularly fine example<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a common Lycian style, carved from stone but accurately depicting a wooden structure.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the four tiers of the tomb are currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> where they dominate the centre of room 20, the lowest tier was left in Turkey and is in a poor state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displayed with the tomb are other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> objects from 400 to 325 BC. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture,_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction drawing of the Payava tomb by Viollet-le-Duc."><img alt="Reconstruction drawing of the Payava tomb by Viollet-le-Duc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg/87px-Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg/130px-Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg/174px-Sarcophagus_of_Payava_from_Xanthos_from_the_Entretiens_sur_l%27Architecture%2C_Atlas_by_Viollet-le-Duc_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Reconstruction drawing of the Payava tomb by <a href="/wiki/Viollet-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a>.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (front view).[8]"><img alt="Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (front view).[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg/120px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg/180px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg/240px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_5275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (front view).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (back view).[9]"><img alt="Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (back view).[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg/80px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg/120px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg/160px-Xanthos_Pillar_tomb_and_tombs_on_hill_4430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original base of the Payava sarcophagus (back view).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Side view of the tomb."><img alt="Side view of the tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG/120px-Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG/180px-Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG/240px-Payava%27s_tomb_xanthos_british_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side view of the tomb.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rock-cut equivalent from Lycia."><img alt="A rock-cut equivalent from Lycia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg/83px-Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg/125px-Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg/167px-Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rock-cut equivalent from Lycia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Similar Lycian tomb in Kaş."><img alt="Similar Lycian tomb in Kaş." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg/82px-Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg/124px-Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg/165px-Lycian_tomb_Kas_IMGP8941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Similar Lycian tomb in <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9F" title="Kaş">Kaş</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliefs">Reliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg/220px-Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg/330px-Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg/440px-Tomb_Payava_south_BM_950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Carving from the south side of the second tier of the tomb showing two men in military dress, wearing a cuirass with pendant leather straps, a cloak and <a href="/wiki/Greave" title="Greave">greaves</a>. 375-360 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reliefs contain illustrations of various events of the life of Payava.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carved <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> on the tomb and its roof contain <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> features, showing the mix of influences in Xanthos at that time<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and show: </p> <ul><li>Two long-haired and bearded men clothed in <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirasses</a> and cloaks, one of whom may be Payava (South side). — The <a href="/wiki/Lycian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycian script">Lycian</a> inscription runs: “Payava, son of Ed[...], acquired [this grave] in the sacred [burial] area of the acropolis(?) of <a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">A[rttumba]ra</a> (a Lycian ruler), when Lycia saw(?) S[alas](??) [as governor(?)]. This tomb I [= Payava] made, a 10 year <i>iti</i> (project?), by means of Xanthian <i>ahama</i>s.”.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An athlete and companion dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Greek style</a> (North side).</li> <li>A seated figure, in a Median coat receiving a delegation. Possibly the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> <a href="/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a> receiving Payava (West side).<sup id="cite_ref-GAS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — The Lycian inscription says: "This <i>xruwata</i> [bowl?] gave to him Autophradates (<i>Wataprdata</i>), the Persian satrap, on(?) the acropolis (?) he received the Lycian (and) <i>ma</i>[<i>naxi</i>(?)]"</li> <li>Battle of cavalry and foot soldiers (East side and Upper frieze). — The Lycian inscription says: "Payava the <i>manaxi</i> built this building."</li> <li>A bear being hunted (Upper frieze).</li> <li>Lions (Roof).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinxes</a> (Pediments).</li> <li>Four horses pulling a Greek <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> (Roof). Same inscription as on the east side: "Payava the <i>manaxi</i> built this building."</li> <li>A Persian couple (<a href="/wiki/Gable_end" class="mw-redirect" title="Gable end">Gable ends</a>).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_roof_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, roof relief"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, roof relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_roof_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, roof relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_east_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, east side"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, east side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="1623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, east side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_south_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, south side"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, south side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, south side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_west_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, west side"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, west side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_west_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, west side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_south_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, south end"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, south end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg/102px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg/153px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg/204px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_south_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, south end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_north_side_of_frieze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, north side of frieze"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, north side of frieze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_side_of_frieze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, north side of frieze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_north_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, north end"><img alt="Tomb of Payava, north end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg/92px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg/138px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg/184px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_north_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, north end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava,_east_side_peltasts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Payava, east side. Peltasts fighting Payava on his horse."><img alt="Tomb of Payava, east side. Peltasts fighting Payava on his horse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Payava%2C_east_side_peltasts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Payava, east side. <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltasts</a> fighting Payava on his horse.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_architectural_parallels">Indian architectural parallels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian architectural parallels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_caves_in_India" title="Buddhist caves in India">Buddhist caves in India</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:355px;max-width:355px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/353px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="353" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/530px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/706px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6052" data-file-height="2855" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> Tomb of Payava (left, dated 375-360 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas Rishi">Lomas Rishi</a> cave entrance (right, dated circa 250 BCE).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/131px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/197px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/262px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2754" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a> Cave 9 (dated 1st century BCE)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The similarity of the Payava tomb, and more generally the Lycian barrel-vaulted tombs of the 4th century BCE, with the Indian <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a> architectural design (starting from circa 250 BCE with the <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas Rishi">Lomas Rishi</a> caves in the <a href="/wiki/Barabar_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabar caves">Barabar caves group</a>) has also been remarked on. <a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">James Fergusson</a>, in his <i>" Illustrated Handbook of Architecture"</i>, while describing the very progressive evolution from wooden architecture to stone architecture in various ancient civilizations, has commented that "In India, the form and construction of the older Buddhist temples resemble so singularly these examples in Lycia".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a> and others also noted that "Lydian excavated and monolithic tombs at Pinara and Xanthos on the south coast of Asia Minor present some analogy with the early Indian rock-cut caitya-halls", one of many common elements between Early Indian and Western Asiatic art.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designs of the Lycian rock-cut tombs were quite advanced from an early period, and it is likely that they travelled to India from the trade routes,<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that both traditions derived from a common ancestral source.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lycian tombs, dated to the 4th century BCE, are either free-standing or rock-cut barrel-vaulted sarcophagi, placed on a high base, with architectural features carved in stone to imitate wooden structures. There are <a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg" title="File:Lycian rock-cut tombs.jpg">numerous rock-cut equivalents</a> to the free-standing structures. Both Greek and Persian influences can be seen in the reliefs sculpted on the sarcophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structural similarities, down to many architectural details, with the <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a>-type Indian Buddhist temple designs, such as the "same pointed form of roof, with a ridge", are further developed in <i>The cave temples of India</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fergusson went on to suggest an "Indian connection", and some form of cultural transfer across the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the ancient transfer of Lycian designs for rock-cut monuments to India is considered as "quite likely".<sup id="cite_ref-GHA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The known Indian designs for the Chaityas only start from circa 250 BCE with the <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas Rishi">Lomas Rishi</a> caves in the <a href="/wiki/Barabar_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabar caves">Barabar caves group</a>, and therefore postdate the Xanthos barrel-vaulted tombs by at least one century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaemenids occupied the northwestern parts of India from circa 515 BCE to 323 BCE following the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a>, before they were replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Indian campaign of Alexander the Great</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence in the region</a>. </p><p>Anthropologist David Napier has also proposed a reverse relationship, claiming that the Payava tomb was a descendant of an ancient South Asian style, and that Payava may actually have been a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Graeco-Indian</a> named "Pallava".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GAS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GAS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GAS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Jenkins_(curator)" title="Ian Jenkins (curator)">Jenkins, Ian</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekarchitectur00jenk/page/179"><i>Greek architecture and its sculpture</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekarchitectur00jenk/page/179">179–181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02388-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02388-9"><bdi>0-674-02388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+architecture+and+its+sculpture&rft.pages=179-181&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02388-9&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekarchitectur00jenk%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDusinberre2013196-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDusinberre2013196_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDusinberre2013">Dusinberre 2013</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511163651/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/the-tomb-of-payava-a-lykian-aristocrat/WwENKgUb2uNNfg">"The tomb of Payava, a Lykian aristocrat"</a>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/the-tomb-of-payava-a-lykian-aristocrat/WwENKgUb2uNNfg">the original</a> on May 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tomb+of+Payava%2C+a+Lykian+aristocrat&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fculturalinstitute%2Fasset-viewer%2Fthe-tomb-of-payava-a-lykian-aristocrat%2FWwENKgUb2uNNfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichailidis2009253-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichailidis2009253_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichailidis2009">Michailidis 2009</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJona_Lendering2010" class="citation web cs1">Jona Lendering (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/lycian-tombs/">"Lycian Tombs"</a>. <i>LIVIUS, Articles on Ancient History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIVIUS%2C+Articles+on+Ancient+History&rft.atitle=Lycian+Tombs&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.au=Jona+Lendering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fmisc%2Flycian-tombs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Bell_DinsmoorWilliam_James_Anderson1973" class="citation book cs1">William Bell Dinsmoor; William James Anderson (1973). <i>The architecture of ancient Greece: an account of its historic development</i>. Biblo & Tannen. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8196-0283-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8196-0283-3"><bdi>0-8196-0283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+architecture+of+ancient+Greece%3A+an+account+of+its+historic+development&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8196-0283-3&rft.au=William+Bell+Dinsmoor&rft.au=William+James+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreturkey.com/exptur.phtml?id=199">"Lycia :: Xanthos"</a>. <i>exploreTurkey.com</i>. IstanbulNet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exploreTurkey.com&rft.atitle=Lycia+%3A%3A+Xanthos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreturkey.com%2Fexptur.phtml%3Fid%3D199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKızgut2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kızgut, İsa (30 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326089940">"Payava Lahti"</a>. <i>Cedrus</i> (6): 66-67 Fig.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13113%2FCEDRUS%2F201802">10.13113/CEDRUS/201802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240432232">240432232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cedrus&rft.atitle=Payava+Lahti&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=66-67+Fig.1&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13113%2FCEDRUS%2F201802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240432232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1zgut&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326089940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKızgut2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kızgut, İsa (30 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326089940">"Payava Lahti"</a>. <i>Cedrus</i> (6): 66-67 Fig.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13113%2FCEDRUS%2F201802">10.13113/CEDRUS/201802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240432232">240432232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cedrus&rft.atitle=Payava+Lahti&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=66-67+Fig.1&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13113%2FCEDRUS%2F201802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240432232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1zgut&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326089940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSMITH1900" class="citation book cs1">SMITH, A. H. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acataloguesculp00magoog"><i>A CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES</i></a>. British Museum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acataloguesculp00magoog/page/n58">46</a>-56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+CATALOGUE+OF+SCULPTURE+IN+THE+DEPARTMENT+OF+GREEK+AND+ROMAN+ANTIQUITIES&rft.pages=46-56&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=SMITH&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facataloguesculp00magoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_CurtisNigel_TallisBéatrice_André-Salvini2005" class="citation book cs1">John Curtis; Nigel Tallis; Béatrice André-Salvini (2005). John Curtis, Nigel Tallis (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenempirew00curt"><i>Forgotten empire: the world of ancient Persia</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenempirew00curt/page/n47">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24731-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24731-0"><bdi>0-520-24731-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+empire%3A+the+world+of+ancient+Persia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24731-0&rft.au=John+Curtis&rft.au=Nigel+Tallis&rft.au=B%C3%A9atrice+Andr%C3%A9-Salvini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenempirew00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürr" class="citation web cs1">Schürr, Diether. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274519945">"Der lykische Dynast Arttumbara und seine Anhänger"</a>. Akademie Verlag<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+lykische+Dynast+Arttumbara+und+seine+Anh%C3%A4nger&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Diether&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274519945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span> = <i>Klio</i> 94/1 (2012) 18-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC"><i>The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and All Countries by James Fergusson</i></a>. J. Murray. 1859. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC/page/n274">212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Handbook+of+Architecture+Being+a+Concise+and+Popular+Account+of+the+Different+Styles+of+Architecture+Prevailing+in+All+Ages+and+All+Countries+by+James+Fergusson&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoomaraswamy1927" class="citation book cs1">Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349"><i>History of Indian and Indonesian art</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Indonesian+art&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.52349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombay1974" class="citation book cs1">Bombay, Asiatic Society of (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NW1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay</i></a>. Asiatic Society of Bombay. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bombay&rft.aufirst=Asiatic+Society+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NW1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Lydian tombs at Pinara and Xanthos, on the south-coast of Asia Minor, were excavated like the early Indian rock-hewn chaitya-hall" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoveau-Dubreuil1976" class="citation book cs1">Joveau-Dubreuil, Gabriel (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YcEtAQAAIAAJ"><i>Vedic antiquites</i></a>. Akshara. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+antiquites&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Akshara&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Joveau-Dubreuil&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcEtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChingJarzombekPrakash2017" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT707"><i>A Global History of Architecture</i></a> (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118981603" title="Special:BookSources/9781118981603"><bdi>9781118981603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781118981603&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.+K.&rft.au=Jarzombek%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Vikramaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPqKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1849" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog"><i>An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture</i></a>. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog/page/n349">316</a>–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+inquiry+into+the+true+principles+of+beauty+in+art%2C+more+especially+with+reference+to+architecture&rft.pages=316-320&rft.pub=London%2C+Longmans%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanhistoricalinq00ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Caygill, The British Museum A-Z compani (London, The British Museum Press, 1999) E. Slatter, Xanthus: travels and discovery (London, Rubicon Press, 1994) A.H. Smith, A catalogue of sculpture in -1, vol. 2 (London, British Museum, 1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergussonBurgess1880" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft"><i>The cave temples of India</i></a>. London : Allen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/page/120">120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cave+temples+of+India&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=London+%3A+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Burgess%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcavetemplesofind00ferguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1849" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog"><i>An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture</i></a>. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog/page/n349">316</a>–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+inquiry+into+the+true+principles+of+beauty+in+art%2C+more+especially+with+reference+to+architecture&rft.pages=316-320&rft.pub=London%2C+Longmans%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanhistoricalinq00ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChingJarzombekPrakash2010" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isuTDpkqdk8C&pg=PA164"><i>A Global History of Architecture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118007396" title="Special:BookSources/9781118007396"><bdi>9781118007396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781118007396&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.+K.&rft.au=Jarzombek%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Vikramaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisuTDpkqdk8C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to David Napier, author of <i>Masks, Transformation, and Paradox</i>, "In the British Museum we find a Lycian building, the roof of which is clearly the descendant of an ancient South Asian style.", "For this is the so-called "Tomb of Payava" a Graeco-Indian Pallava if ever there was one." in "Masks and metaphysics in the ancient world: an anthropological view" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikArts2001" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Subhash Chandra; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QeCAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mind, Man, and Mask</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173051920" title="Special:BookSources/9788173051920"><bdi>9788173051920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Man%2C+and+Mask&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788173051920&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Subhash+Chandra&rft.au=Arts%2C+Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QeCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span>. David Napier biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-napier-b1905516/?originalSubdomain=uk">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/N/A/au5618237.html">here</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusinberre2013" class="citation book cs1">Dusinberre, Elspeth R.M. (2013). <i>Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107018266" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107018266"><bdi>978-1107018266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Authority%2C+and+Autonomy+in+Achaemenid+Anatolia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107018266&rft.aulast=Dusinberre&rft.aufirst=Elspeth+R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichailidis2009" class="citation book cs1">Michailidis, Melanie (2009). "Empty Graves: The Tomb Towers of Northern Iran". In Gacek, Tomasz; Pstrusińska, Jadwiga (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443815024" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443815024"><bdi>978-1443815024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empty+Graves%3A+The+Tomb+Towers+of+Northern+Iran&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+Conference+of+the+European+Society+for+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1443815024&rft.aulast=Michailidis&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATomb+of+Payava" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>British Museum information board in room 20</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Payava&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tomb_of_Payava" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>L. Allen, The Persian Empire: A History (London, British Museum Press, 2005)</li> <li>M. Caygill, The British Museum A-Z companion (London, The British Museum Press, 1999)</li> <li>E. Slatter, Xanthus: Travels of Discovery in Turkey (London, Rubicon Press, 1994)</li> <li>A.H. Smith, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum Vol. 2 (London, British Museum, 1900)</li></ul> <div style="padding-left: 1.6em;"><i>This article is about an item held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The object reference is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/t/the_tomb_of_payava,_a_lykian_a.aspx">GR 1848.10-20.142 (Sculpture 950)</a>.</i></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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/></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomb of Payava</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Museum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Museum" title="Template:British Museum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Museum" title="Template talk:British Museum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Museum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Museum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Museum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Great Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room" title="British Museum Reading Room">Round Reading Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Departments<br />and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Africa,_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania<br />and Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Kester)" title="Tree of Life (Kester)">Tree of Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt<br />and Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Palette" title="Battlefield Palette">Battlefield Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_quartzite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Amra_clay_model_of_cattle" title="El-Amra clay model of cattle">El-Amra clay model of cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield papyrus">Greenfield papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornedjitef" title="Hornedjitef">Hornedjitef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Palette" title="Min Palette">Min Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Lions" title="Prudhoe Lions">Prudhoe Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Amun_in_the_form_of_a_ram_protecting_King_Taharqa" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphsad_inscription_of_%C4%80dityasena" title="Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena">Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar" title="Ambika Statue from Dhar">Ambika Statue from Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_Buddha_from_Hancui" title="Amitābha Buddha from Hancui">Amitābha Buddha from Hancui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhapad_Hoard" title="Buddhapad Hoard">Buddhapad Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaneswar_Khera_Buddha_image_inscription" title="Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription">Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian_Bronze_Hu" title="Huixian Bronze Hu">Huixian Bronze Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_terrapin_from_Allahabad" title="Jade terrapin from Allahabad">Jade terrapin from Allahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakiemon_elephants_(British_Museum)" title="Kakiemon elephants (British Museum)">Kakiemon elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Hou_gui" title="Kang Hou gui">Kang Hou gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Klang Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_Vase" title="Kulu Vase">Kulu Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece<br />and Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aineta_aryballos" title="Aineta aryballos">Aineta aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Cyrene" title="Apollo of Cyrene">Apollo of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcisate_Treasure" title="Arcisate Treasure">Arcisate Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103">103</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomb of Payava</a></li> <li>Townley collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Vase" title="Townley Vase">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<br />and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable altar (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<br />Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li> <li>Staff <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Museum" title="Category:British Museum">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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