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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Early development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Maritime trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_trade_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_trade_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Visible trade routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_trade_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_trade_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_trade_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Historic trade routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_trade_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combined_land_and_waterway_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_land_and_waterway_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Combined land and waterway routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_land_and_waterway_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incense_Route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incense_Route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Incense Route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incense_Route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.2 Pre-Columbian trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predominantly_overland_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predominantly_overland_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Predominantly overland routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predominantly_overland_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.1 Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Trunk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Trunk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.2 Grand Trunk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Trunk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amber_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amber_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.3 Amber Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amber_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Via_Maris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_Maris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.4 Via Maris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_Maris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans_Saharan_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans_Saharan_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.5 Trans Saharan trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans_Saharan_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predominantly_maritime_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predominantly_maritime_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Predominantly maritime routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predominantly_maritime_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.1 Austronesian maritime trade network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman-India_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman-India_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.2 Roman-India routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-India_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanseatic_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanseatic_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.3 Hanseatic trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanseatic_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Varangians_to_the_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Varangians_to_the_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.4 From the Varangians to the Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Varangians_to_the_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_republics'_Mediterranean_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_republics'_Mediterranean_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.5 Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_republics'_Mediterranean_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spice_Route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spice_Route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.6 Spice Route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spice_Route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_Jade_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_Jade_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.7 Maritime Jade Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_Jade_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3.8 Maritime Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Modern routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wagonway_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wagonway_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Wagonway routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wagonway_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Railway routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_road_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_road_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Modern road networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_road_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_maritime_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_maritime_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Modern maritime routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_maritime_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Free trade areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 Air routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 Pipeline networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trade route</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طريق تجاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طريق تجاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticar%C9%99t_yolu" title="Ticarət yolu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ticarət yolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Гандлёвы шлях – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гандлёвы шлях" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_comercial" title="Ruta comercial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruta comercial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%AD_cesty" title="Obchodní cesty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obchodní cesty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsstra%C3%9Fe" title="Handelsstraße – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handelsstraße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%AA" title="ވިޔަފާރި މަގު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޔަފާރި މަގު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubatee" title="Kaubatee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaubatee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_comercial" title="Ruta comercial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruta comercial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerca_vojo" title="Komerca vojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komerca vojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مسیر تجاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیر تجاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_commerciale" title="Route commerciale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Route commerciale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%EB%A1%9C" title="무역로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무역로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="व्यापार मार्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यापार मार्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_perdagangan" title="Jalur perdagangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalur perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslunarlei%C3%B0" title="Verslunarleið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verslunarleið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8" title="נתיב סחר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נתיב סחר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_commercii" title="Via commercii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Via commercii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekybinis_kelias" title="Prekybinis kelias – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekybinis kelias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsroute" title="Handelsroute – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handelsroute" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF" title="交易路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交易路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA-%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Йохк-эцаран некъаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йохк-эцаран некъаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سوداګريزه لاره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوداګريزه لاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlak_handlowy" title="Szlak handlowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szlak handlowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_de_com%C3%A9rcio" title="Rota de comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rota de comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Торговый путь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торговый путь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trade route" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="واپاري رستا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واپاري رستا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%A1_cesta" title="Obchodná cesta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obchodná cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovska_pot" title="Trgovska pot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trgovska pot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgova%C4%8Dka_ruta" title="Trgovačka ruta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Trgovačka ruta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgova%C4%8Dka_ruta" title="Trgovačka ruta 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Path used to transport goods</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements,_von_Richthofen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png/350px-Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png/525px-Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png/700px-Map_of_Central_Asia_with_trade_routes_and_movements%2C_von_Richthofen.png 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Map of Central Asia with its trade routes and movements between 128 BC to 150 AD</figcaption></figure> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Toicon-icon-stone-transport.svg/70px-Toicon-icon-stone-transport.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Transportation_plane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Transportation_plane.svg/35px-Transportation_plane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Transportation_plane.svg/53px-Transportation_plane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Transportation_plane.svg/70px-Transportation_plane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0f0e0"> Distribution methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution centers">Distribution centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_processing" title="Order processing">Order processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">Trade routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_fulfillment" title="Order fulfillment">Order fulfillment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-docking" title="Cross-docking">Cross-docking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_distribution" title="Sustainable distribution">Sustainable distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">Commercial vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_resource_planning" title="Distribution resource planning">Distribution resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_logistics" title="Third-party logistics">Third-party logistics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0f0e0"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_business_management" title="Outline of business management">Management systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_management_system" title="Warehouse management system">Warehouse management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">Delivery (commerce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_turnover" title="Inventory turnover">Inventory turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_keeping_unit" title="Stock keeping unit">Stock keeping unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0f0e0"> <a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Industry classification</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_logistics" title="Template:Business logistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_logistics" title="Template talk:Business logistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_logistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business logistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A trade route is a <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical network</a> identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over land or water.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Allowing <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics and accounting)">goods</a> to reach distant <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a>, a single trade route contains long-distance <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arteries</a>, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime trade">Maritime trade</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice Route</a> became prominent during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern times</a>, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> to newer routes between modern <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a>. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free-trade</a> agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2-4">[4]</a> Innovative transportation of modern times includes <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline transport</a> and the relatively well-known trade involving <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">rail routes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">cargo airlines</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_early_routes">Development of early routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of early routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_development">Early development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early development">edit</a>]</div> Long-distance trade routes were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period. The period from the middle of the 2nd millennium <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> saw societies in Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, China, and the Indian subcontinent develop major transportation networks for trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000274-5">[5]</a> One of the vital instruments which facilitated long-distance trade was <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> and the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">beasts of burden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark7-6">[6]</a> Organized caravans, visible by the 2nd millennium BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Denemark8-7">[7]</a> could carry goods across a large distance as fodder was mostly available along the way.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark7-6">[6]</a> The domestication of <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian">Arabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomads</a> to control the long-distance trade in <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Caravans were useful in long-distance trade largely for carrying luxury goods, the transportation of cheaper goods across large distances was not profitable for caravan operators.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark9-9">[9]</a> With productive developments in iron and bronze technologies, newer trade routes – dispensing innovations of civilizations – began to rise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModelski200039-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime_trade">Maritime trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maritime trade">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam,_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg/220px-A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg/330px-A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg/440px-A_Bantenese_or_Javanese_jong_in_Gezicht_op_de_stad_Bantam%2C_RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Javanese_jong" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese jong">Javanese jong</a>, a large Javanese vessel from the 11th−17th century. Shown with the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sail</a> of Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dhow.jpg/220px-Dhow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dhow.jpg/330px-Dhow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dhow.jpg/440px-Dhow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanites</a>' <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a>.</figcaption></figure> Navigation was known in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark8-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> had trade routes through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, importing spices from the "<a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>" (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>) and from Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In Asia, the earliest evidence of maritime trade was the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> trade networks of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> among which is the <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> industry of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and peninsular <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. It also included the long-distance routes of Austronesian traders from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> since approximately 500 BCE. It facilitated the spread of Southeast Asian spices and Chinese goods to the west, as well as the spread of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to the east. This route would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>, although that is a misnomer, since spices, rather than silk, were traded along this route. Many Austronesian technologies like the <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>, as well as Austronesian ship terminologies, still persist in many of the coastal cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellina-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-14">[14]</a> Maritime trade began with safer coastal trade and evolved with the manipulation of the monsoon winds, soon resulting in trade crossing boundaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark3-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> had multiple maritime trade routes which connected it to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, thereby making the control of one route resulting in maritime monopoly difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark3-15">[15]</a> Indian connections to various Southeast Asian states buffered it from blockages on other routes.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark3-15">[15]</a> By making use of the maritime trade routes, <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Commercial_infrastructure" title="Roman commerce">bulk commodity trade</a> became possible for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a> in the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Toutain1-16">[16]</a> A Roman trading vessel could span the Mediterranean in a month at <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">one-sixtieth the cost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Land_routes" title="Roman commerce">over-land routes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visible_trade_routes">Visible trade routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visible trade routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadevol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roadevol.svg/220px-Roadevol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roadevol.svg/330px-Roadevol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roadevol.svg/440px-Roadevol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal times</a>, Inset A shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre-<a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Mauryan</a> routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1st century CE, and E: the Z-shaped region of developed roads.</figcaption></figure> The peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> lay on the commercial land routes to Europe from Asia as well as the sea route from the Mediterranean to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Streans1-18">[18]</a> Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> merchant colony at <a href="/wiki/Kanesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanesh">Kanesh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> (now in modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Streans1-18">[18]</a> Trading networks of the Old World included the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> of India and the <a href="/wiki/Incense_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense Route">Incense Road</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000274-5">[5]</a> A transportation network consisting of hard-surfaced highways, using concrete made from volcanic ash and lime, was built by the Romans as early as 312 BCE, during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a> <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus" title="Appius Claudius Caecus">Appius Claudius Caecus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBRome-19">[19]</a> Parts of the Mediterranean world, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Euphrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris-Euphrates">Tigris-Euphrates</a> river system and North Africa fell under the reach of this network at some point of their history.<a href="#cite_note-EBRome-19">[19]</a> According to Andrew Sherratt: <blockquote> "The spread of urban trading networks, and their extension along the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and eastern Mediterranean, created a complex molecular structure of regional foci so that as well as the zonation of core and periphery (originally created around <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>) there was a series of interacting civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley</a>; then also <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, central Anatolia (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Minoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaeans">Mycenaeans</a>). Beyond this was a margin which included not only <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> areas such as Europe, but the dry <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> corridor of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a>. This was truly a world system, even though it occupied only a restricted portion of the western Old World. Whilst each civilization emphasized its ideological autonomy, all were identifiably part of a common world of interacting components."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherratt2000124-20">[20]</a> </blockquote> These routes – spreading <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, trade and technology – have historically been vital to the growth of urban civilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherratt2000126-21">[21]</a> The extent of development of cities, and the level of their integration into a larger world system, has often been attributed to their position in various active transport networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000273-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_trade_routes">Historic trade routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historic trade routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combined_land_and_waterway_routes">Combined land and waterway routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combined land and waterway routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Incense_Route">Incense Route</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incense Route">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incense_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense route">Incense route</a></div> The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of Indian, Arabian and East Asian goods.<a href="#cite_note-Yemen1-23">[23]</a> The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the Mediterranean between roughly the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1-24">[24]</a> This trade was crucial to the economy of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> trees were seen as a source of wealth by its rulers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, may have forged an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyanites</a> in order to secure the incense route at <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Dedan</a>, thereby rerouting the incense trade from Dedan to the coast along the Red Sea to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">I. E. S. Edwards</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War" title="Syro-Ephraimite War">Syro-Ephraimite War</a> to the desire of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> to control the northern end of the Incense route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerrha" title="Gerrha">Gerrha</a> – inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> exiles from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> – controlled the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of <a href="/wiki/Aromatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatics">aromatics</a> to Babylon in the 1st century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a> exercised control over the routes along the Incense Route, and their hold was challenged – without success – by <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus Cyclops">Antigonus Cyclops</a>, emperor of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Eckenstein1-29">[29]</a> The Nabatean control over trade further increased and spread in many directions.<a href="#cite_note-Eckenstein1-29">[29]</a> The replacement of Greece by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the East and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south.<a href="#cite_note-Lach1-30">[30]</a> According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.<a href="#cite_note-Lach1-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pre-Columbian_trade">Pre-Columbian trade</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Inca road system</a></div> Some similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andean" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean">Andean</a> cultures suggest that the two regions became a part of a wider world system, as a result of trade, by the 1st millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornborg2000252-32">[32]</a> The current academic view is that the flow of goods across the Andean slopes was controlled by institutions distributing locations to local groups, who were then free to access them for trading. This trade across the Andean slopes – described sometimes as "vertical trade" – may have overshadowed the long-distance trade between the people of the Andes and the neighboring forests. The <a href="/wiki/Callawaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Callawaya">Callawaya</a> herbalists traded in tropical plants between 6th and the 10th centuries, while copper was dealt by specialized merchants in the <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> valley of <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Alta" title="Chincha Alta">Chincha</a>. Long-distance trade may have seen local elites resorting to struggle in order for manipulation and control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornborg2000239-33">[33]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> dominance, specialized long-distance merchants provided the highlanders with goods such as gold nuggets, copper hatchets, cocoa, salt etc. for redistribution among the locals, and were key players in the politics of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark6-34">[34]</a> Hatchet shaped copper currency was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian people">Peruvian people</a>, in order to obtain valuables from <a href="/wiki/Pre_Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Columbian">pre Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark6-34">[34]</a> A maritime exchange system stretched from the west coast of Mexico to southernmost Peru, trading mostly in <a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus</a>, which represented rain and fertility and was considered the principal food of the gods by the people of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Inca empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark6-34">[34]</a> Spondylus was used in elite rituals, and the effective redistribution of it had political effect in the Andes during the pre-Hispanic times.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark6-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predominantly_overland_routes">Predominantly overland routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Predominantly overland routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Silk_Road">Silk Road</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png/320px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png/480px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png/640px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Silk Road was one of the first trade routes to join the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western worlds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff1-35">[35]</a> According to Vadime Elisseeff (2000):<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff1-35">[35]</a> <blockquote> "Along the Silk Roads, technology traveled, ideas were exchanged, and friendship and understanding between East and West were experienced for the first time on a large scale. Easterners were exposed to Western ideas and life-styles, and Westerners, too, learned about Eastern culture and its spirituality-oriented cosmology. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as an Eastern religion received international attention through the Silk Roads." </blockquote> Cultural interactions patronized often by powerful emperors, such as <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, led to development of art due to introduction of a rich variety of influences.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff1-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhist missions</a> thrived along the Silk Roads, partly due to the conducive intermixing of trade and cultural values, which created a series of safe stoppages for both the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading">traders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff2-36">[36]</a> The Silk Roads led to the creation of a merchant class urban centers and the growth of trade-based economies. Among the frequented routes of the Silk Route was the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burmese</a> route extending from <a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo</a>, which served as a path for <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s visit to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and Indian Buddhist missions to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monasteries">Buddhist monasteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff3-37">[37]</a> This route – often under the presence of hostile tribes – also finds mention in the works of <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff3-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Grand_Trunk_Road">Grand Trunk Road</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grand Trunk Road">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GTRoad_Ambala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GTRoad_Ambala.jpg/250px-GTRoad_Ambala.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GTRoad_Ambala.jpg/375px-GTRoad_Ambala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GTRoad_Ambala.jpg/500px-GTRoad_Ambala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a> during the days of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></div> The Grand Trunk Road – connecting <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> in Bangladesh to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> in Pakistan – has existed for over two and a half <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff4-38">[38]</a> One of the important trade routes of the world, this road has been a strategic artery with <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortresses</a>, halting posts, <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post offices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">milestones</a> and other facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff4-38">[38]</a> Part of this road through Pakistan also coincided with the Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff4-38">[38]</a> This highway has been associated with emperors <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, the latter became synonymous with this route due to his role in ensuring the safety of the travelers and the upkeep of the road.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff5-39">[39]</a> Emperor Sher Shah widened and realigned the road to other routes, and provided approximately 1700 roadside <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Inns" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">inns</a> through his empire.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff5-39">[39]</a> These inns provided free food and lodgings to the travelers regardless of their status.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff5-39">[39]</a> The British occupation of this road was of special significance for the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff6-40">[40]</a> Bridges, pathways and newer inns were constructed by the British for the first thirty-seven years of their reign since the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff6-40">[40]</a> The British followed roughly the same alignment as the old routes, and at some places the newer routes ran parallel to the older routes.<a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff6-40">[40]</a> Vadime Elisseeff (2000) comments on the Grand Trunk Road:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <blockquote> "Along this road marched not only the mighty armies of conquerors, but also the caravans of traders, scholars, artists, and common folk. Together with people, moved ideas, languages, customs, and cultures, not just in one, but in both directions. At different meeting places – permanent as well as temporary – people of different origins and from different cultural backgrounds, professing different faiths and creeds, eating different foods, wearing different clothes, and speaking different languages and dialects would meet one another peacefully. They would understand one another's food, dress, manner, and etiquette, and even borrow words, phrases, idioms and, at times, whole languages from others." </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Amber_Road">Amber Road</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amber Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a></div> The Amber Road was a European trade route associated with the trade and transport of <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1-1">[1]</a> Amber satisfied the criteria for long-distance trade as it was light in weight and was in high demand for ornamental purposes around the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1-1">[1]</a> Before the establishment of Roman control over areas such as <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, the Amber Road was virtually the only route available for long-distance trade.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1-1">[1]</a> Towns along the Amber Road began to rise steadily during the 1st century CE, despite the troop movements under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Titus Flavius Vespasianus</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Titus Flavius Domitianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Caesar Augustus</a>, the Amber Road was straightened and paved according to the prevailing urban standards.<a href="#cite_note-Burns2-43">[43]</a> Roman towns began to appear along the road, initially founded near the site of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns2-43">[43]</a> The 3rd century saw the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river become the principal artery of trade, eclipsing the Amber Road and other commercial routes.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1-1">[1]</a> The redirection of investment to the Danubian forts saw the towns along the Amber Road growing slowly, though yet retaining their prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The prolonged struggle between the Romans and the barbarians further left its mark on the towns along the Amber Road.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Via_Maris">Via Maris</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Via Maris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Levant_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancient_Levant_routes.png/250px-Ancient_Levant_routes.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancient_Levant_routes.png/375px-Ancient_Levant_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancient_Levant_routes.png/500px-Ancient_Levant_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The Via Maris (purple), <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a> (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a></div> Via Maris, literally <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "the way of the sea",<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> was an ancient highway used by the Romans and the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orlinsky1-47">[47]</a> The states controlling the Via Maris were in a position to grant access for trade to their own citizens and collect tolls from the outsiders to maintain the trade route.<a href="#cite_note-Silver1-48">[48]</a> The name Via Maris is a Latin translation of a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> phrase related to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orlinsky1-47">[47]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> significance of this ancient route, many attempts to find its present-day location have been made by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-Orlinsky1-47">[47]</a> 13th-century traveler and pilgrim Burchard of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a> refers to the Via Maris route as a way leading along the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orlinsky1-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trans_Saharan_trade">Trans Saharan trade</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trans Saharan trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/250px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/500px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> highlighted; <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a>, who exercised influence over the Trans Saharan Trade.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Early Muslim writings confirm that the people of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> operated a sophisticated network of trade, usually under the authority of a monarch who levied taxes and provided bureaucratic and military support to his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> Sophisticated mechanisms for the economic and political development of the involved African areas were in place before <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> further strengthened trade, towns and government in western Africa.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> The capital, court and trade of the region find mention in the works of scholar <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%27Ubayd_%27Abd_All%C4%81h_al-Bakr%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī">Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī</a>; the mainstay of the trans <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Saharan</a> trade was gold and salt.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> The powerful Saharan tribes, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> in origin and later adapting to Muslim and Arab cultures, controlled the channels to western Africa by making efficient use of horse-drawn vehicles and pack animals.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> engaged in a struggle against the Sa'di dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> over the control of the trans Saharan trade, resulting in damage on both sides and a weak Moroccan victory, further strengthening the uninvolved Saharan tribes.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> Struggles and disturbances continued till the 14th century, by which the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé</a> merchants were trading with the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> Newer trade routes developed following extension of trade.<a href="#cite_note-EB1-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predominantly_maritime_routes">Predominantly maritime routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Predominantly maritime routes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Austronesian_maritime_trade_network">Austronesian maritime trade network</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Austronesian maritime trade network">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Marshall Islands stick chart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/250px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/375px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/500px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">historic</a> maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Long-distance maritime trade in the Indian Ocean were first established by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sen-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-51">[51]</a> They established trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> as early as 1500 BCE, ushering an exchange of material culture (like <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a>, sewn-plank boats, and <a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigens</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China..<a href="#cite_note-Olivera-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-14">[14]</a> They constituted the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> network. <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, in particular were trading in spices (mainly <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassia_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassia bark">cassia</a>) with <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> using <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> by the first half of the first millennium AD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_route#Date_of_colonisation_of_Madagascar" title="Talk:Trade route">discuss</a>] It continued up to historic times, later becoming the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-57">[57]</a> This trade network also included smaller trade routes within <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> jade network, and the <a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepanging</a> network. In eastern <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>, various traditional maritime trade networks also existed. Among them was the ancient <a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita trade network</a> of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-friedlaender-58">[58]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>;<a href="#cite_note-friedlaender-58">[58]</a> the ancient trading voyages in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> (and possibly also <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-59">[59]</a> and the vast inter-island trade networks of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roman-India_routes">Roman-India routes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roman-India routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade with India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/250px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/375px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/500px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> (305 to 30 BC) had initiated <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> maritime trade contact with India using the Red Sea ports.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw1-61">[61]</a> The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions a vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt, indicating that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from <a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a> to India,<a href="#cite_note-Strabo1-63">[63]</a> trading in a diverse variety of goods.<a href="#cite_note-Periplus1-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a> and Myos Hormos were the principal Roman ports involved in this maritime trading network,<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1-66">[66]</a> while the Indian ports included <a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbaricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Periplus1-64">[64]</a> The Indians were present in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-67">[67]</a> and the Christian and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire,<a href="#cite_note-Curtin1-68">[68]</a> which resulted in Rome's loss of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> ports,<a href="#cite_note-Holl1-69">[69]</a> previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hanseatic_trade">Hanseatic trade</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hanseatic trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/250px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/375px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/500px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League.</figcaption></figure> Shortly before the 12th century the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> played a relatively modest role in the north European trade.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, this was to change with the development of Hanseatic trade, as a result of which German traders became prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI of Denmark</a>, German forces attacked and sacked Denmark, bringing with them artisans and merchants under the new administration which controlled the Hansa regions.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger1-72">[72]</a> During the third quarter of the 14th century the Hanseatic trade faced two major difficulties: economic conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and hostilities with Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2-3">[3]</a> These events led to the formation of an organized association of Hanseatic towns, which replaced the earlier union of German merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2-3">[3]</a> This new Hansa of the towns, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, was prominent for the next hundred and fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2-3">[3]</a> Philippe Dollinger associates the downfall of the Hansa to a new alliance between <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, which outshadowed the older institution.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger3-73">[73]</a> He further sets the date of dissolution of the Hansa at 1630<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger3-73">[73]</a> and concludes that the Hansa was almost entirely forgotten by the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger4-74">[74]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Sartorius" title="Georg Friedrich Sartorius">Georg Friedrich Sartorius</a> published the first <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> regarding the community in the early years of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger4-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="From_the_Varangians_to_the_Greek">From the Varangians to the Greek</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From the Varangians to the Greek">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a></div> The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Путь "из варяг в греки", Put' iz varyag v greki, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Vägen från varjagerna till grekerna, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Εμπορική Οδός Βαράγγων – Ελλήνων, Emporikḗ Odós Varángōn-Ellḗnōn) was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entered the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen, and up the Lovat River. From there, ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper Rapids">rapids</a> and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maritime_republics'_Mediterranean_trade">Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Republics">Maritime Republics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png/250px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png/375px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png/500px-Republik_Venedig_Handelswege01.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> (red) and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> (green) maritime trade routes in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a></figcaption></figure> The economic growth of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> around the year 1000, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, eased the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. The growing independence of some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this commerce: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Republics">Maritime Republics</a>, Italian "Repubbliche Marinare" (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a><a href="#cite_note-sea-75">[75]</a>), developed their own "empires" in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> shores. From the 8th until the 15th century, Venetian and genoese merchants held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Muslim traders – mainly descendants of Arab sailors from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> – controlled maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and shipping for trading emporiums in India, westward to <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, that eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined-land-sea routes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spice_Route">Spice Route</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spice Route">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/250px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/375px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/500px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> and trade routes (blue) since <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s 1498 journey and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila-Acapulco galleons</a> trade routes (white) established in 1568</figcaption></figure> As trade between India and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> increased<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> spices became the main import from India to the Western world,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> bypassing silk and other commodities.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> used Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraf">Siraf</a> as entry ports to India and China.<a href="#cite_note-Donkin3-80">[80]</a> Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> and sandalwood to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ziyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ziyad">Ibn Ziyad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> of Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-Donkin3-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Molucca">Moluccan</a> products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-81">[81]</a> Indian exports of spices find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850 CE), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century).<a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-81">[81]</a> After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, spices were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites.<a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-81">[81]</a> On the orders of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> to sail across the Indian Ocean to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-82">[82]</a> The wealth of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> was now open for the Europeans to explore; the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maritime_Jade_Road">Maritime Jade Road</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Maritime Jade Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Jade_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Jade Road (page does not exist)">Maritime Jade Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingling-o-X3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/220px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/330px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/440px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a> designs from the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Jade_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Jade Road (page does not exist)">Maritime Jade Road</a> was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> by animist <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> and processed mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by animist indigenous Filipinos, especially in <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>. Some were also processed in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, while the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> also participated in the massive animist-led trading network. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in mainland Eurasia or the later <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>. A notable artifact that the trading network made, the <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a> artifacts, were made by artisans around 500 BCE. The network began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-2011-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maritime_Silk_Road">Maritime Silk Road</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Maritime Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG/220px-%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG/330px-%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG/440px-%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E6%9D%BF_%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%99%86%E5%BC%80%E6%8B%93.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></figcaption></figure> The Maritime Silk Road refers to the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">maritime</a> section of historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> that connects <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and all the way to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It flourished between 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> sailors in Southeast Asia, and by <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> traders in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guan-88">[88]</a> The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> networks of <a href="/wiki/Islander_Southeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Islander Southeast Asians">Islander Southeast Asians</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> (established 1000 to 600 BCE), as well as the earlier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Jade_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Jade Road (page does not exist)">Maritime Jade Road</a>, known for <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> artifacts, in Southeast Asia, based in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellina-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-14">[14]</a> For most of its history, Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocracies">thalassocracies</a> controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits">straits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Strait" title="Bangka Strait">Bangka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>; although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization</a> of these regions. Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traders also sailed them.<a href="#cite_note-Guan-88">[88]</a> The route was influential in the early spread of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> China later built its own fleets starting from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">Colonial Era</a> and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guan-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_routes">Modern routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage,_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage,_and_bathymetry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png/250px-Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png/500px-Map_of_the_Arctic_region_showing_the_Northeast_Passage%2C_the_Northern_Sea_Route_and_Northwest_Passage%2C_and_bathymetry.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Arctic region showing the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> within it, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.</figcaption></figure> The modern times saw development of newer means of transport and often controversial free trade agreements, which altered the political and logistical approach prevalent during the Middle Ages. Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-90">[90]</a> The entry of harmful foreign pollutants by the way of trade routes has been a cause of alarm during the modern times.<a href="#cite_note-Schulze1-91">[91]</a> A conservative estimate stresses that future damages from harmful animal and plant diseases may be as high as 134 billion US dollars in the absence of effective measures to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests through various trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-Schulze1-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wagonway_routes">Wagonway routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wagonway routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">Wagonway</a></div> Networks, like the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, became prominent in the United States with <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon trains</a> gaining popularity as a mode of long-distance overland transportation for both people and goods.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>–<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> routes were highly organized with planned rendezvous locations and essential supplies.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> The settlers in the United States used these wagon trains – sometimes made up of 100 of more <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagons</a> – for westward emigration during the 18th and the 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> Among the challenges faced by the wagon route operators were crossing rivers, mountains and hostile <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> Preparations were also made according to the weather and protection of trade and travelers was ensured by a few guards on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> Wagon freighting was also essential to American growth until it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBWagon-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway_routes">Railway routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Railway routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">Railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcontinental_railroad_route.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Transcontinental_railroad_route.png/250px-Transcontinental_railroad_route.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Transcontinental_railroad_route.png/375px-Transcontinental_railroad_route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Transcontinental_railroad_route.png/500px-Transcontinental_railroad_route.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa.</figcaption></figure> The 1844 Railway act of England compelled at least one <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> to a station every day with the third class fares priced at a <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">penny</a> a mile.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Trade benefited as the workers and the lower classes had the ability to travel to other towns frequently.<a href="#cite_note-Seaman1-94">[94]</a> Suburban communities began to develop and towns began to spread outwards.<a href="#cite_note-Seaman1-94">[94]</a> The British constructed a vast railway network in India, but it was considered to serve a strategic purpose in addition to the commercial purpose.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The efficient use of rail routes helped in the unification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Seaman2-96">[96]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a> was completed in 1869. The modern times saw nations struggle for the control of rail routes: The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> was intended to be used by the Russian government for control of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and later China; the German forces wanted to establish <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Baghdad Railway">Berlin-Baghdad Railway</a> in order to influence the Near East; and the Austrian government planned a route from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a> for control of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seaman2-96">[96]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (2002): <blockquote> Railroads reached their maturity in the early 20th century, as trains carried the bulk of land freight and passenger traffic in the <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized countries">industrialized countries</a> of the world. By the mid-20th century, however, they had lost their preeminent position. The private automobile had replaced the railroad for short passenger trips, while the airplane had usurped it for long-distance travel, especially in the United States. Railroads remained effective, however, for transporting people in high-volume situations, such as commuting between the centres of large cities and their suburbs, and medium-distance travel of less than about 300 miles between urban centres. Although railroads have lost much of the general-freight-carrying business to semi-trailer trucks, they remain the best means of transporting large volumes of such bulk commodities as coal, grain, chemicals, and ore over long distances. The development of <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> has made the railroads more effective in handling finished merchandise at relatively high speeds. In addition, the introduction of piggyback flatcars, in which truck trailers are transported long distances on specially-designed cars, has allowed railroads to regain some of the business lost to trucking. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_road_networks">Modern road networks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern road networks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg/250px-Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg/375px-Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg/500px-Los_Angeles_Freeway_Interchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>High-capacity freeway <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> The advent of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicles">motor vehicles</a> created a demand for better use of highways.<a href="#cite_note-automotive-97">[97]</a> Roads evolved into two way roads, <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tollway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollway">tollways</a> during the modern times.<a href="#cite_note-EBroads-98">[98]</a> Existing roads were developed and highways were designed according to intended use.<a href="#cite_note-automotive-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">Trucks</a> came into widespread use in the Western World during World War I, and quickly gained reputation as a means of long-distance transportation of goods.<a href="#cite_note-truck-99">[99]</a> Modern highways, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway_1_(Australia)" title="Highway 1 (Australia)">Highway 1 (Australia)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a> allowed transport of goods and services across great distances. Automobiles continue to play a crucial role in the economies of the Industrialized countries, resulting in rise of businesses such as motor freight operation and truck transportation.<a href="#cite_note-automotive-97">[97]</a> The emission rate for cars using highways has been on a decline between 1975 and 1995 due to regulations and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Unleaded_petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Unleaded petrol">unleaded petrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwela-100">[100]</a> This trend is especially notable since there has been a growth in vehicles and vehicle miles traveled by automobiles using these highways.<a href="#cite_note-Schwela-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_maritime_routes">Modern maritime routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern maritime routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipping_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping lane">Shipping lane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canals_USA_1825.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/250px-Canals_USA_1825.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/375px-Canals_USA_1825.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/500px-Canals_USA_1825.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Canals in the US circa 1825.</figcaption></figure> A consistent shift from land based trade to sea-based trade has been recorded since the last three millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark282-101">[101]</a> The strategic advantages of port cities as trading centers are many: they are both less dependent on vital connections and less vulnerable to blockages.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark283-102">[102]</a> Oceanic ports can help forge trading relationships with other parts of the world easily.<a href="#cite_note-Denemark283-102">[102]</a> Modern maritime trade routes – sometimes in the form of artificial <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> – had visible impact on the economic and political standing of nations.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1-103">[103]</a> The opening of the Suez Canal altered British interactions with the colonies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as the dynamics of transportation, trade and communication had now changed drastically.<a href="#cite_note-Carter1-103">[103]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> played an important role in the histories of many nations.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Inland water transportation remained significantly important even as the advent of railroads and automobiles resulted in a steady decline of canals.<a href="#cite_note-EBcanals-105">[105]</a> Inland water transport is still used for the transportation of bulk commodities e.g. grains, coal, and ore.<a href="#cite_note-EBcanal2-106">[106]</a> Waterway commerce was historically important to Europe, particularly to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-EBcanals-105">[105]</a> According to the Encyclopædia Britannica (2002): "Russia has been a significant beneficiary. Not only have inland waterways opened vast areas of its interior to development, but Moscow – linked to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">Azov</a> seas by canals and rivers – has become a major inland port."<a href="#cite_note-EBcanals-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">Oil spills</a> are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries.<a href="#cite_note-Krech-107">[107]</a> Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.<a href="#cite_note-Krech-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One-belt-one-road.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/250px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/375px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/500px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>21st Century <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a> is a current project of the Chinese government to expand and intensify trade on the maritime <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. This is leading to major investments in ports, traffic routes and other infrastructure in Europe and Africa as well. The maritime silk road essentially runs from the Chinese coast to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India, to the East African <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, from there to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, then via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Mediterranean, there via <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with its international free port and its rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_trade_areas">Free trade areas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Free trade areas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">Free trade area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/250px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/375px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/500px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  European Free Trade Association member states.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Former member states.</div></figcaption></figure> Historically, many governments followed a policy of protection of trade.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2-4">[4]</a> International <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> became visible in 1860 with the Anglo-French commercial treaty, and the trend gained further momentum[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] during the period after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2-4">[4]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, Sixth Edition:<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2-4">[4]</a> <blockquote> "After World War II, strong sentiment developed throughout the world against protection and high tariffs and in favor of freer trade. The results were new organizations and agreements on international trade such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (1948), the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux Economic Union">Benelux Economic Union</a> (1948), the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (Common Market, 1957), the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> (the Southern Cone Common Market, 1991), and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (1995). In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) was approved by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the early 1990s, the nations of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (the successor organization to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Market">Common Market</a>) undertook to remove all barriers to the free movement of trade and employment across their mutual borders." </blockquote> In May 2004 the United States of America signed the American Free trade Agreement with five Central American nations.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_routes">Air routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Air routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedEx_DC10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/FedEx_DC10.jpg/250px-FedEx_DC10.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/FedEx_DC10.jpg/375px-FedEx_DC10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/FedEx_DC10.jpg/500px-FedEx_DC10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> <a href="/wiki/DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-10">DC-10</a>.</figcaption></figure> Air transport has become an indispensable part of modern society.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> People have come to use air transport both for long and middle distances, with the average route length of long distances being 720 kilometers in Europe and 1220 kilometers in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Button1-115">[115]</a> This industry annually carries 1.6 billion passengers worldwide, covers a 15 million kilometer network, and has an annual turnover of 260 billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-Button1-115">[115]</a> This mode of transportation links national, international and global economies, making it vital to many other industries.<a href="#cite_note-Button1-115">[115]</a> Newer trends of <a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalization">liberalization of trade</a> have fostered routes among nations bound by agreements.<a href="#cite_note-Button1-115">[115]</a> One such example, the American <a href="/wiki/Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">Open Skies policy</a>, led to greater openness in many international markets, but some international restrictions have survived even during the present times.<a href="#cite_note-Button1-115">[115]</a> Express delivery through international <a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">cargo airlines</a> touched US$20 billion in 1998 and, according to the World Trade Organization, is expected to triple in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley-116">[116]</a> In 1998, 50 pure cargo-service companies operated internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley-116">[116]</a> Air transport particularly favors light, expensive and small products: electronic media rather than books, for example, and refined drugs rather than bulk food. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pipeline_networks">Pipeline networks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pipeline networks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btc_pipeline_route.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Btc_pipeline_route.png/250px-Btc_pipeline_route.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Btc_pipeline_route.png/375px-Btc_pipeline_route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Btc_pipeline_route.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Route of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline.</figcaption></figure> The economic importance of pipeline transport – responsible for a high percentage of oil and natural gas transportation – is often unrecognized by the general public due to the lack of visibility of this mode.<a href="#cite_note-EBpipeline-117">[117]</a> Generally held to be safer and more economical and reliable than the other modes of transport, this mode has many advantages over rival modes, such as trucks and railways.<a href="#cite_note-EBpipeline-117">[117]</a> Examples of modern pipeline transport include <a href="/wiki/Alashankou-Dushanzi_Crude_Oil_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline">Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran-Armenia_Natural_Gas_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline">Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline</a>. International pipeline transport projects, like the <a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline">Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline</a>, presently connect modern nation states – in this case, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Turkey – through pipeline networks.<a href="#cite_note-bp1-118">[118]</a> In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.<a href="#cite_note-EBpipeline-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burns1-1">^ <a 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=free+trade%3B+The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+Sixth+Edition.+2001%E2%80%9305.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartelby.org%2F65%2Ffr%2Ffreetrad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000274-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000274_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2000274_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth2000">Bosworth 2000</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Denemark7-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark7_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark7_6-1">b</a> Denemark 2000: 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-Denemark8-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark8_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark8_7-1">b</a> Denemark 2000: 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Stearns 2001: 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Denemark9-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Denemark9_9-0">^</a> Denemark 2000: 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModelski200039-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModelski200039_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFModelski2000">Modelski 2000</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Rawlinson 2001: 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellina-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellina_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellina_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellina2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellina, Bérénice (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720">"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road"</a>. 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The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">the original</a> on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Outrigger+Ages&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_83_1974%2FVolume_83%252C_No._2%2FOutrigger_ages%252C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%252C_p_130-140%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). 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ArtPostAsia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1291765540">1291765540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110906594">110906594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Jade+in+the+Philippines%3A+3%2C000+Years+of+Trade+and+Long-distance+Interaction&rft.pub=ArtPostAsia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1291765540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110906594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hung%2C+Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Lizuka%2C+Yoshiyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAragon2011" class="citation book cs1">Aragon, Lorraine V. (2011). Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2c2QwAACAAJ">Paths of origins : the Austronesian heritage in the collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Völkunde</a>. Manila: ArtPostAsia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719429203" title="Special:BookSources/9789719429203"><bdi>9789719429203</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1499871777">1499871777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+origins+%3A+the+Austronesian+heritage+in+the+collections+of+the+National+Museum+of+the+Philippines%2C+the+Museum+Nasional+Indonesia+and+the+Netherlands+Rijksmuseum+voor+V%C3%B6lkunde&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=ArtPostAsia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1499871777&rft.isbn=9789719429203&rft.aulast=Aragon&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2c2QwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043328/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/">"Maritime Silk Road"</a>. SEAArch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/">the original</a> on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEAArch&rft.atitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southeastasianarchaeology.com%2Ftag%2Fmaritime-silk-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guan-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032342/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf">"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea"</a> (PDF). NSC Working Paper (23): 1–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NSC+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Maritime+Silk+Road%3A+History+of+an+Idea&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Kwa+Chong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iseas.edu.sg%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fnscwps23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century". TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2 (1): 31–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ftrn.2013.15">10.1017/trn.2013.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140665305">140665305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRaNS%3A+Trans-Regional+and+-National+Studies+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Maritime+Southeast+Asia+Between+South+Asia+and+China+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Ftrn.2013.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140665305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-90"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_90-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm">Historic India–China link opens (BBC)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulze1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schulze1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schulze1_91-1">b</a> Schulze & Ursprung 2003: 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-EBWagon-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWagon_92-5">f</a> wagon train (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Seaman 1973: 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaman1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman1_94-1">b</a> Seaman 1973: 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Seaman 1973: 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaman2-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman2_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seaman2_96-1">b</a> Seaman 1973: 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-automotive-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-automotive_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-automotive_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-automotive_97-2">c</a> automotive industry (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-EBroads-98"><a href="#cite_ref-EBroads_98-0">^</a> roads and highways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-truck-99"><a href="#cite_ref-truck_99-0">^</a> truck (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwela-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwela_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwela_100-1">b</a> Schwela & Zali 2003: 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Denemark282-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Denemark282_101-0">^</a> Denemark 2000: 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-Denemark283-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark283_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denemark283_102-1">b</a> Denemark 2000: 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter1-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter1_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter1_103-1">b</a> Carter 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Major 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-EBcanals-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBcanals_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBcanals_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBcanals_105-2">c</a> canal (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-EBcanal2-106"><a href="#cite_ref-EBcanal2_106-0">^</a> canals and inland waterways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-Krech-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krech_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krech_107-1">b</a> Krech et al. 2003: 966 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, pp 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete with the Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Button 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Button1-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Button1_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Button1_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Button1_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Button1_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Button1_115-4">e</a> Button 2004: 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley_116-1">b</a> Hindley 2004: 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-EBpipeline-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBpipeline_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBpipeline_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBpipeline_117-2">c</a> pipeline (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-bp1-118"><a href="#cite_ref-bp1_118-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358">BP Caspian: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (Overview)</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStearnsWilliam_L._Langer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stearns" title="Peter Stearns">Stearns, Peter N.</a>; William L. Langer (2001). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_World_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopedia of World History">The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-65237-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-65237-5"><bdi>0-395-65237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Chronologically+Arranged&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-395-65237-5&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft.au=William+L.+Langer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson1916" class="citation book cs1">Rawlinson, Hugh George (1916). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercourse+Between+India+and+the+Western+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenemarkFriedmanGillsModelski2000" class="citation book cs1">Denemark, Robert Allen; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George, eds. (2000). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7"><bdi>0-415-23276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+System+History%3A+The+Social+Science+of+Long-Term+Change&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-23276-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2000" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Andrew (2000). "14 The evolution of the world city system, 3000 BCE to AD 2000". In Denemark, Robert Allen; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George (eds.). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7"><bdi>0-415-23276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14+The+evolution+of+the+world+city+system%2C+3000+BCE+to+AD+2000&rft.btitle=World+System+History%3A+The+Social+Science+of+Long-Term+Change&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-23276-7&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornborg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hornborg, Alf (2000). "12 Accumulation based on symbolic versus intrinsic 'productivity' Conceptualizing unequal exchange from Spondylus shells to fossil fuels". In Denemark, Robert Allen; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George (eds.). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23276-7"><bdi>0-415-23276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+Accumulation+based+on+symbolic+versus+intrinsic+%E2%80%98productivity%E2%80%99+Conceptualizing+unequal+exchange+from+Spondylus+shells+to+fossil+fuels&rft.btitle=World+System+History%3A+The+Social+Science+of+Long-Term+Change&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-23276-7&rft.aulast=Hornborg&rft.aufirst=Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModelski2000" class="citation book cs1">Modelski, George (2000). "2 World system evolution". 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Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005DQV7Q2">B005DQV7Q2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7591-0190-6&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_Kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Anderson Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson</a> (1994). Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-359-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-359-4"><bdi>0-85323-359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+Ancient+Arabia&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85323-359-4&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsBoardman,_JohnBury,_John_B.Cook,_S.A.1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Bury">Bury, John B.</a>; Cook, S.A. (1969). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8"><bdi>0-521-22717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-22717-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=I.+E.+S.&rft.au=Boardman%2C+John&rft.au=Bury%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Cook%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1983" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelanduseon00curt">Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46906-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46906-9"><bdi>0-226-46906-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+The+Geoarcheology+of+an+Ancient+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-226-46906-9&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelanduseon00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckenstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Eckenstein, Lina (2005). A History of Sinai. Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-95215-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-95215-0"><bdi>0-543-95215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sinai&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-543-95215-0&rft.aulast=Eckenstein&rft.aufirst=Lina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46731-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46731-7"><bdi>0-226-46731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%3A+The+Century+of+Discovery.+Book+1.&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-46731-7&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)" title="Ian Shaw (Egyptologist)">Shaw, Ian</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw">The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8"><bdi>0-19-280458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElisseeff2000" class="citation book cs1">Elisseeff, Vadime (2000). The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-221-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-221-0"><bdi>1-57181-221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads%3A+Highways+of+Culture+and+Commerce&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57181-221-0&rft.aulast=Elisseeff&rft.aufirst=Vadime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlinsky1981" class="citation book cs1">Orlinsky, Harry Meyer (1981). Israel Exploration Journal Reader. KTAV Publishing House Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87068-267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87068-267-9"><bdi>0-87068-267-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal+Reader&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87068-267-9&rft.aulast=Orlinsky&rft.aufirst=Harry+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilver1983" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Morris (1983). Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89838-112-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89838-112-6"><bdi>0-89838-112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+Markets%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89838-112-6&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Ball, Warwick</a> (2000). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8"><bdi>0-415-11376-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-11376-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonkin2003" class="citation book cs1">Donkin, Robin A. (2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1"><bdi>0-87169-248-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+East+and+West%3A+The+Moluccas+and+the+Traffic+in+Spices+Up+to+the+Arrival+of+Europeans&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87169-248-1&rft.aulast=Donkin&rft.aufirst=Robin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns2003" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Thomas Samuel (2003). Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7306-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7306-1"><bdi>0-8018-7306-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Barbarians%2C+100+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+400&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8018-7306-1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeaman1973" class="citation book cs1">Seaman, Lewis Charles Bernard (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianengland0000seam_y5f3">Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History 1837-1901</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04576-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04576-2"><bdi>0-415-04576-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+England%3A+Aspects+of+English+and+Imperial+History+1837-1901&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-415-04576-2&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Charles+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianengland0000seam_y5f3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Brian (2004). Trade Liberalization in Aviation Services: Can the Doha Round Free Flight?. American Enterprise Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8447-7171-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8447-7171-6"><bdi>0-8447-7171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+Liberalization+in+Aviation+Services%3A+Can+the+Doha+Round+Free+Flight%3F&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8447-7171-6&rft.aulast=Hindley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDollinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Philippe (1999). The German Hansa. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19072-X"><bdi>0-415-19072-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-19072-X&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"western Africa, history of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=western+Africa%2C+history+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Donald B. (2003). The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet?. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2515-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2515-7"><bdi>0-7735-2515-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Straits+of+Malacca%3A+Gateway+Or+Gauntlet%3F&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7735-2515-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, W S (2006). History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce. Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-94253-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-94253-8"><bdi>0-543-94253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Merchant+Shipping+and+Ancient+Commerce&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-543-94253-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=W+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoll2003" class="citation book cs1">Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003). Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0407-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0407-1"><bdi>0-7391-0407-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnoarchaeology+of+Shuwa-Arab+Settlements&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7391-0407-1&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtinel_al.1984" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, Philip DeArmond; el al. (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8"><bdi>0-521-26931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-26931-8&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Philip+DeArmond&rft.au=el+al.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gary Keith (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3"><bdi>0-415-24219-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade%3A+International+Commerce+and+Imperial+Policy%2C+31+BC%E2%80%93AD+305&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-24219-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gary+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScarre1995" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Chris (1995). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051329-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051329-9"><bdi>0-14-051329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-14-051329-9&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToutain1979" class="citation book cs1">Toutain, Jules (1979). The Economic Life of the Ancient World. Ayer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-11578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-11578-4"><bdi>0-405-11578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Life+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-405-11578-4&rft.aulast=Toutain&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarterHarlow,_Barbara2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3189-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3189-6"><bdi>0-8223-3189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+of+Empire%3A+From+the+East+India+Company+to+the+Suez+Canal&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8223-3189-6&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft.au=Harlow%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajor1993" class="citation book cs1">Major, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521521260">Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52126-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52126-2"><bdi>0-521-52126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prize+Possession%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Panama+Canal%2C+1903%E2%80%931979&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-52126-2&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521521260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Roman road system". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+road+system&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"wagon train". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wagon+train&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"canal". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=canal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"roads and highways". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=roads+and+highways&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"automotive industry". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=automotive+industry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"truck". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=truck&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"canals and inland waterways". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=canals+and+inland+waterways&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"pipeline". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pipeline&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButton2004" class="citation book cs1">Button, Kenneth John (2004). Wings Across Europe: Towards An Efficient European Air Transport System. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4321-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4321-2"><bdi>0-7546-4321-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+Across+Europe%3A+Towards+An+Efficient+European+Air+Transport+System&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7546-4321-2&rft.aulast=Button&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG._SchulzeUrsprung,_Heinrich_W.2003" class="citation book cs1">G. Schulze, Gunther; Ursprung, Heinrich W., eds. (2003). International Environmental Economics: A Survey of the Issues. US: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926111-3"><bdi>0-19-926111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Environmental+Economics%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Issues&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-926111-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrech_IIIMerchantMcNeill2003" class="citation book cs1">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse">Encyclopedia of World Environmental History</a>. US: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93735-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwelaZali,_Olivier1998" class="citation book cs1">Schwela, Dietrich; Zali, Olivier (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbantrafficpoll0000unse">Urban Traffic Pollution</a>. Taylor & Francis, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-419-23720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-419-23720-4"><bdi>978-0-419-23720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Traffic+Pollution&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-419-23720-4&rft.aulast=Schwela&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft.au=Zali%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbantrafficpoll0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKearney2003" class="citation book cs1">Kearney, Milo (2003). The Indian Ocean in World History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31277-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31277-9"><bdi>0-415-31277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+in+World+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-31277-9&rft.aulast=Kearney&rft.aufirst=Milo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+route" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Traderroute, Turkey (2023). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traderroute.com">Turkish import and exporter</a>. İstanbul <a href="/wiki/Trader_Faulkner" title="Trader Faulkner">Trader Faulkner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_route&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archatlas.org/Trade/Trade.php">Trade Routes: The Growth of Global Trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422200348/http://www.archatlas.org/Trade/Trade.php">Archived</a> 22 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/trade/hd_trade.htm">Ancient Trade Routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art </a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_routes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trade routes">Trade routes</a>.</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_route" title="Template:Trade route"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trade_route" title="Template talk:Trade route"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trade_route" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trade route"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_routes16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade routes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_canoe_routes" title="Canadian canoe routes">Canadian canoe routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati%E2%80%93Kamboja_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaravati–Kamboja route">Dvaravati–Kamboja route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6rvejen" title="Hærvejen">Hærvejen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laluan_Penarikan" title="Laluan Penarikan">Penarikan Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Rome-India routes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">Sea lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Siberian Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brouwer_Route" title="Brouwer Route">Brouwer Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road" title="Tea Horse Road">Tea Horse Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a></li> 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