CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914cf9033a944a35',cH: 'bUeRDpyfUk2Ji92ysxxeebl3cdpohbOP.hLfaLCpqQ0-1740038528-1.2.1.1-Toj9cCxpyEOCR3gXEXMmkR3S2ArPUYhl8c7HB0AY9pabHKUOu9KPHyjssve7e7lD',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Richard%20Dale&__cf_chl_tk=h.Ev6_BVwD.amBBCJfakGHFt58xLQCfJxhzuSWXEhmU-1740038528-1.0.1.1-MyZvTPb0QyQGrz41ywsbJwKoEg4fo8n0utUj_OUaGyE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740038528',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Richard%20Dale&__cf_chl_f_tk=h.Ev6_BVwD.amBBCJfakGHFt58xLQCfJxhzuSWXEhmU-1740038528-1.0.1.1-MyZvTPb0QyQGrz41ywsbJwKoEg4fo8n0utUj_OUaGyE",md: "5a5dOgaCn0nh9.vaCKXD_OuGI35Una47BzPDSDIhUCA-1740038528-1.2.1.1-_uausQ.FuKunUbDajZHSKyyNtpOssqLiqb1oQ8tiAGIKYaGwM8MH67oNFRdNoUVXNtakwkeyW0znre1pz2C.Sk1T1leLZo3AEHowwNycY1O52PBDh9dUUtr3uKzjSumbBXg6w2GEd9.VKxJxwFJhuDofwe_QTKFMoN8Vr45dw2q6JZZrSqVRpUx5VVEjj9sew2aPdFOD9VV3tLNVJhvfVr9YloSTi7UBtCR14f2gqntrst2TuCabUOlFmdn5mPyy0XWUhtMPiQliTufTcAVHD_61FCiu1fS4d.7G.plzyc9CX5cbKW3ZQXqOF3SktwxBsaw48XrpkgVFV9qDkGxXax.xee6Vs8.Wq_5Bzi4u59_AXS01ltfDPLylPvu8_E.5eNM.sLBKgRuvEJ6tIOgXPJZ_gRpFMCwZgbS1UUvn_4nE09vV99RfGTBjRV9CQVhMyQJE3bIsqwvwYwxvCaNwjw9dnS8M9dMKt78IPxRSOStK7hQQ.KFakRMlGGrrwFKTzNykSXid2sdvY.ZzjPC0C_Ux9tisOj5dod2MoMq4tacEhbsUiQGvW.m227mOYM7wMfKsxP7vAgurbZ_g8ZFUM4tnYgSJS1SKok2KuVrWn4lmVwxshoRRGnOXRXur8V4usQXlzu5hNhJkFpo5LklWI1xOzsIqU2.fit4ECSLfXHYHG_oycusJTpZJN.VzAlYVpreGQkuF9x9evQnST_MpbO7LGrXDDecmBEfiH5o98SYwS5dowbFx5ITK7vbGgX6fNDPbpkJhKP.GdG0nyVLUyiEzRCsgjO6qYnN9IcpFW.GIu682PcLSsA.yOSJAhkvocs1fmTcfTqbvmQbompazYfa2mGtkEAClikVIJGB2yYkpyMeWDqhjbjhc9x4TGFjxIatJ3sb4tvwTDmfA3_zTFJUcJrn1Nojh4Mn0e8zJNQpnk5YnnbWqI_zzllUEl6DXOOLsb8Jiu9iXCT2goSflgj9G9XkbkrkdVd1ux6F9MB41AWk0YLQWenb.FiFJxHIL4e5mERfnSch3v_zVlfjQhRU_ySx8H.6qEXbKEZ7WN3XLieufcPSzlYPicU.vnSmbBWkQTem9OFJE7zuw0ikhfnJZ4Jkgo4u9q_duA_syXPpjbPygBg2SS8WwaDl4K09EDlv2.486tc10hM60esO3sab.CjjeFU7CfNUs2K8N.7YFAnlriYiB07OzVLOG.8dTFk1F4R9MBMmf4HBOTskz5T3A6qNG96ZoX0VXtEThjDNzbc444TFXYKqAMnpWmv_AEbrRrRFZWwqUyaOOeWWxh0fNhX3zJpl2zoFYvOgVt5jSUHi_5bgWBBhEWaVKKXL7NyT0AqfJK3Yhj7hhHP3ZjQtKjTgi37emHOmkb_Z9GzOGNr6GcZxHZYnJ9TRPKxGep4tDa0wXSTZ.2gJJOu68G8LJ2N2bz71oXXK1ON84tLj.Y5VyyzfZ_lE7wMEdryId_gJEgAVcMct_JyKc0t.XxKXU1szBbY7OCE9PCndCSIYbrZiw6mHGpQyOIC9jMJNyixhFbSSiH.5rWO7dYgkNZN26ZrPyueE1uFKa4E0eweW5tF1MusMQN_4uWnKSIhlb..KUU16orF05knGRidW5FXMqfd_8.ofdvmEZjEhNn.NRxdDy_zs6bf3ZUMWGCrDoHsftvk7ctthz9fll6.7fYhEQzfB9j_CNyk_GqfFzKtMqiqVs9.Pw37ZtU8TUj40fGYFxW2SIUDKv1x4tEcho0J890Zd8p7JHZ96qWriMciImhosNdvOUOKgQ6.sH7ZQ5C0pwb3AvUeYLePf4yESds2EqiYD9GdtyhJvbF2HHVwMxEkAZEzjOiKpjMppcfqr5MWxlFFkRF.L9Q4JB7qzyXTDjVmQqV1gxmwEcwRiOhykdFr3lyJEAn0wYwEgHdpWjf26JM2Oif9XrxvjJbYBL7VZHKktj_PR4NBGO7qxEf54",mdrd: "ypOrxsnnQMU20rUZf2TyzzlafcIfm0Joxr9sF_1Iylg-1740038528-1.2.1.1-W.IsH6cqWSXrb3Gv2W5KdbzYmRMku9dEEI08xLVzkIUNBO85TS.Miu1uhV8cHZFR_3KP15Eb8s36fRRBEpykO_MxK2s32N69bCaDXbgX8X6FcWCEBU7aF8cRcynxWNU2zgyx6ZOWIgLyGsuQNZVyERL_jr4e5ExzxoBmR63fbCT7LphrWqeObPh1IvqMZADfk0w92W1xGhve0ocElXKMZnaCOdYDYEtP3DTwMpvdE9o2JWJTmziDjaniqFefWQyeP1pOFnnaqwepT1z32NUedXUHg_B054WhMx._3iUwFxTzgg33gRkUlxH_q8wMeuy_TjFANLtNOdz_Zx7P_GfT2HRVSBwQ2YOvNpNy9Jwe5mkdLiQb.A.5MiWGuB1LUcTavANSjXrYpG8RlKyegPF1HU2zsHJMEts4rYNqQOX.PWicK7RVNFv8bTdQqg0dKbpRpTtqfy2JYs3k8T0p8QroYDHIgbFqIA4Ub.ZzG3.SksQzyLZE.Ay_Gpzf1Mg4fbAKy_0Gy6hL21C0fpcr4baVe4s_CDCJCXU_ieLrdfGPxihkvVo8Skr335Yx33AzgeuXAaEMyyD11XOAY9y75HRiJmxQGi1sOQ5PLte7E7MhC_pkjDsvg_ZjWBfpvKXaNB3xvWZtPAzjlDxuJOOs2zuHYuOHZpSfL40F49EaHPDGvsIxZ_ybzjW5r_fSkqXCxyDxogNxEWvbleUWGOgia3B8nZ84WYk10A2hcIsFZGoCrvMMl2VmNY5L3gYUYyTzhmyjp2Vo83FITqmfvtm7L8QRdZjqUXBFmOehqP3XVNsbJZsAOcrQBh2sUt7EUJxJ.vzqxSu1m0UdkQ.M4b3sWVB_fAdCB4xCxpu6DUNjtGxkrgjUnEbzg37w8ZIFpghj0Nn1zKMrPaaWyqq9IN39rTBKH6x7sczQASqUUsZj8Rrt6sYyXOxoMAnmdrpsFDaCLr4v0xDfo_BXv4GEUZaE97fUp74eiotL16IS2EZyJ.F8gZD5.70.qG7_TYsJ_XeeYqTQHGI6YYVSpGEiPy6yhcG3BIQ69VQ4BpsA7ZryXOVwBDUV5tAyrHsJKaWHFzD4MjIKj7VKPg_18C3hh5QPZYFWnsZk8gEEFA1FEIlcdDe.IE_lORrvqAvECEXdvMnrB.Flzb94eQn2vFVzutnjIthVV4QrVQgkLMk8nhOB6P19F_EQAZgIbxBXabC79NkWRbN6ElurKcROZud.hdNYv5p2wpmecm6b0fGku9wJSJvzOksny0ji67m5PQ4QJ70UnQrx6neW38e2S.HrdcguReR2aBVZPeqiKjXSK5OggUAfwvRpdaMym1dp05dhvmj6LKsh6Y4bPRRGGGZXc2T9wuBeX1RNrcscgKkJVL0.cmx9rHXgHaibPjjz.T.WFjutRDn_QhMP7GkQyhOXMSBKrOgoz8sPYLT0eXyZLjk0EcaChaodt8_6w5wCj.M6IKOV3gKLNOKXTo.zdgWktR6WQGTsxg8KVcF9rjT1KODfeSHVfIK8JKsE0anQLfdaRhw79XEqOi6jbPhlmQi91CqpT5acVOJcgD40E81ja5pj79AsY4wK5B7Ddy8_gIAbxYjYMrnURaAg09Vz5TghyoLgHOJIzSXZxVcgt8PkCzo.H.kM6FlfmNHpZaZsJQGdQ6tM.1l8V6QLg4YMuIxTLL9D0nfprZ0yf0.qg9kGSiiiBCZpbfovHbrfkMFq7Y7RZpiNYY69BKWgoMUF662eupeQ6A4Y.MxwotpeyG.vtJ.R_Eiq2L3A1t.3KL4Deh9uQIqTQtWs.fHNuJpLQYZbB6.GZ9j049cFIXrVCcP_uJ_uXBiuOVpXsFPqR90NljkACWT3wYx6NCsGueMZ4io5XETAaRIyw7EhViw_WjDqD95QQq6YPMR3gjPXDlU0K1KIveSahNvoVGgVmB9kn8CNW73i_09Dx_IlVpKkkYkqBBapRtjLWhevk8vGX5I5qqy5Dm9_rNWi"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914cf9033a944a35';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Richard%20Dale&__cf_chl_rt_tk=h.Ev6_BVwD.amBBCJfakGHFt58xLQCfJxhzuSWXEhmU-1740038528-1.0.1.1-MyZvTPb0QyQGrz41ywsbJwKoEg4fo8n0utUj_OUaGyE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>