CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a6ab99e455f3c',cH: 'lhMroHO8IxmLvcMO2yw7.NKHlHphVVdSnX30t6np0tg-1740011728-1.2.1.1-mE2KF6R.8rEX95W9iGybeIgTHQXx.00xDkApGbBJ.7SGZlXv3400KWSTyhYcO1Ul',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=break%20even%20point&__cf_chl_tk=kWbV8jjxpaE87SziKFJVEbEV4mBalua9vA_4VPsoUYg-1740011728-1.0.1.1-45b9PlA8h7jLFtngtkXQKNaX4r3cFgdc.m_KCBHDn3s",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740011728',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=break%20even%20point&__cf_chl_f_tk=kWbV8jjxpaE87SziKFJVEbEV4mBalua9vA_4VPsoUYg-1740011728-1.0.1.1-45b9PlA8h7jLFtngtkXQKNaX4r3cFgdc.m_KCBHDn3s",md: "AknC9iaVT3NTOIvrD0l4.fzG1JWcHyp0nRP3IfN8jDA-1740011728-1.2.1.1-2KG0j57bpgd6Enu6hzC.VLqd9zUtHmMW6hs7EaYh7p0o5aW4kjSjGCqOlwLMGl.SzX_5BTGxdQtukDu7BcsAgRV6D.u6q0Oe1HcpYurUDTZ1RXaqg2v1yPCnx6nSuhp.ommFpQqcxEbjCzV7bm87NfJ77euTim16nAdHSEhrhH4ETbgx6NNtbkNAwTTkdVm3jmrUU.wdroxTeydRYgsZN0TXhg8zLrSFcFn03.0g1YtfgrG2pJUQWSpA3MtNrsnoyk9vXoeNA2myJrU4uTeB5i9y1kDaO0Q5850t9tMtamh623dkqiIrKjiOdrAkISvuK8vqsqpSnGZEB0tuYWK_B3iEV8ZefcEDlnZv.AFZLDF4jIs0OVD1H3z_h1XjU6a04xRv_g.He1OJwUy1vZ8Jv4.vnJFbrP.1PcrtbPQL8RLKbf7NYQrYrI_YgETeIvh7xQGRNkvdPkOlwKR6oqvaPGbd1Th9W8El56C9cT98Swt36rM_ILCIsG6GKQ_9IWgJSYOxjOUuJp6_p9YMyhWjg5KhlL.cIuBkjlxySxhkJBWlIX6IKIabR5wEU4q1jG3MkSOMBMLuW5gnQc_8xdxm6LCFbBTvDvHf2f.ogZ1o.tc9YeG.SrH_EhOuIj_XJZp6ACTNnTT65VbYwwSPs7jqaTmEQMzmkU.GTDIn0ydqSdFB7_PWlJfczY22gsMvMHbZuNFQqgemgzHKqquEkEYBb.0SzEEEPs_d91_l6lzVaFwFrVIQL6SlTZ5ApuFeT130UZgMBWwdxOEVzIr.Gp4EC2EkQIez3cnxpzfBRUfR2Jjp9OpWY0LSUfM9AMoUiYC4tmGcPLuPE5KkQIm64RiYNp2IpzPDlTjkGAPlBfrpoRwRGjBeu7nUVs_YibIh7WcWd1vFiir.N8843QlrgTFIGtliWIVf05uiURbcQjXe4adzddkXTDjUVHEH1UZlN0ZrJ_rSuhs6mViqhMYxmKceZ3DHA1ISHbwUUFIN1gfCfWgftRg9axFG1iOBAIOtcUg5leXaSOq_GbNtTtBWGjkl7PXHmJ_QkogTBHvLZGFWqVPtBa8qA26kTkx8Xddu5xZXdcmK_0l6ea1YKEJ2lRaP6TCBYJrEdvBhJDWEyoCytp.7pLOdsJdgggvnBI8A5z07oRUmAXdl8DcIJ_BYxNMvHrfClf.CSdkBKy3IxDvbi1oE2rVBQDF1q90WTrwzORIP0ws5S1fDJiOwGLdwOfiD8SYac.161KX.mbcHbP.5u2k3F4Lye7cd3jPvYg1NQnSo_4czbnK5hgjUWOZ.zsmiwOY_gFzDYBmLI7En1ej40hmfS1HifK6lwSOQxwbd9l5Xx4KklQDmq3ggmuXHUC3ngDoGeYORUtxOPyP75b2Ixgt2EJAmNQUtHmv_s9IwfOIHMQbuSjxdov2D_MCcLXdYDcdw3jY2chThuhdVpXlIc8McT1KJKmnqXL.neBTfuexeSGlfeT3ivy5RRtMFX7bD9UKnDeT13dLn3NpgP2uAmKM7W6wSkbBjLbaf5CTQ8WTQcjPeP.lFR.vLMn2c9RYYADkJpT3rYSKfpQ1ZUB9R7BEfd1ca.zbF8LYzhB158Jr3A3MMI2JAgc0ZF3LlbnCy0Tt29WSvrlU7m7c0xqdFP9pQJQSbeiBTzXmZ2uU087RnuE4xg8f0r50l2OjRCCRJFOqQD0mUD3Nw7ZEWTfe_CH25HVv3dFiXcfT4Dbt.1nY3.vIGP8m17S9hB1VmAyKn2_ysAMTGU7oXgPfSzVQ279XFNVFYpRDt48cfxx3Si6NUMOB0ft4.0JMIf31S1Xe42yYGeS5E9.7MVHD8D7xsL0.2FjR0BSsULFdaj7k15xkKn0OZetbzhGzmvR4pDCl1DpLWHloO3JACKmKA18j0xIt_i6avXxzjVvHL_IzYBk1po4VXHHYDWSAyq1k4gWN8GMgaS8LXMEAR5H_cBUHO4GU",mdrd: "OvqUk6Y7WFgQGm75Rm40Rc2udW45awixCqNsr1fBnGc-1740011728-1.2.1.1-qCZpxMOXuVZWlqkibY2ASrDPZ2w_xukvc.HuBPU0.ftfq90yLJOtULuNthwOXvshBDHwOxakHlltFLwT31APy.yQAPm8GfSeNjVfA1Xj.fBjX8TmMGVQLj4Plqt2EQGs5.57a6Uj266qrKouOJdzUTSepgQ71N23FToONnhcvqdqNPjgPxeDsjImm5aWUvJ20bj8DSk8cG.25LAye6xGENDbk8pL1ViSJ_eninn203HzovizxEGDOIHYAB4ns4YmKCIaroh71dgCXVL2m4VuD00.FORhQhzNBCMlzLFqvQaDvs8i6dcPWZ_UQVMRNoXTegd8NM2ce4Yn.9dfWHAAFdUMCNNsm.QZ78qWoXIOAEkH_I2xcWO0YfmtsYOmDM4RsIjDgrO4AzQSy3j_C3I5LQDS0jHcsvVisDrrKF.prW_zdCice9qp2XBtu.f4BKNw5lP2g0fNKqh4D7YycqEZTPk02tMpv6.TpD5eZ_aQrIvXKZKBsNsFvLNfXmNiJXbo2TkAgByjyVfww25gEjnwa0aBfWAfnRopxeyOZWoVLjeTt4gyXjG6hLB9gB8h89Bu.S_UcnsZcXj._82bJjTkmic0nE0iT.xlXJPN3ixDzv3Cv_gRdtlq63xHJKMc4K9UMmDjCKZ35IstRMJvcRNzODHPqrOHMxfQxnaPsWOIMjBcJzjgYFQG1XUL_o0K3LLkYh8qebRzLyuD8O2GWU14innwRXlf.nc77lZiLx.o4XkfCyvY5S6hoEiVh1gDGiWINKDKudOUQ7z7vLrO6EL5qT4L4TgfdEqeQVKb9uUqob0TXCG1ETRiQew5oPntaJLv2_ZL0dClWR8DkgrM7IsLlFJf7Dbmayi9psyT6srEXsdqbgQBHg11exALY9JdUYA2tuex0k02Kb7vxRDYkgLX_4jjDrVnbqP7EROwvdMyodQnFLZpTCPG1rHXoK11R7vep0f7k364lXo6uRoyOUKX6nEANVVOVR_6lE0nBL7xrRikz_0RNDbWuYsRGikPcjOI1cvZ.usRY03_aBmNjeizom.Dsa4X2fQj8R.RqO9h7oIyaFFeX6Emc8Xl7JqPj..x_0LwOM6UU3DTBdEDJIMnCJ4j2TMJTv6_PWIpwYWVyRQCAtcDk_OEvmJt6gXNgBhjjR.6Q8ZZyEM9pHpui_BhuGi64zKBBfo1P.1Shsx7BfWNx6ewSwgGz.hFZe7JSXEIfJG1gGPi1EEdkrSH84yCs6BR_QmWcBBETMaL677rG551GR8RhdovrHz6GMDbXucuS0ZzgAuCnY9rlHhHBjrJhQ36zn.Mox0fHIMED0EYTSDOEQBmB7B_DifLFfIW6s1oX.0YPT7Zu01lZiD3cXMcXnQefZiXI2ndISgN2rUe8hiaqSAx9mQwtu1cr31Zhl2zouOiDpCpK4DDpDNdk9Wze_oqXLy5KMlvlE3sblks8pamriZClaZqo45gqf5Q.7fIC0fGwGxYcuh_ewUHODsQRxR1VVQDgTjZv80qBHeBkzmR.NHdTsYlbO5EdCRTZKsE955eC32JaKBTBH5oYTGHFfBXlLfHwM3qpSIQeyiwX8aDNZwT5_6EW1SvAKDFCOn.R8.PXcJgFFrnGdjQ_mIyUVEdK3XGV3bkH5a.bHd19cpiYEvajArEv8ULjglNiu86yDu9hq46HTACfcWlJ42A0BuxKJEdKiSGuYzfjMG.E6uG0xVTMsrN4wCy8K7yZhM1pYAfP1irjFOXBYurpXu5pQd.ZdDTPDqxzmzf2jIlJYiZux08SU37Hq7fyeaWdgWsajR4RS4yeCz2FtIph3tu6Vq.cPCkMvkoQC7YoLhV2ayUGXsJ32D_hTc3yWXVwx8xT.5NF3K_wsyso8DTpW2w21zPmkMc6STkTKwGrVwP0dnFAO2PXXTSUXnxBptQ_6iJWJ.MLeXUf4ay9VzOQCivQNQJWbjt7Mb_pD2Fsq2KDnC0ni61mgq2Q_thBkJXmNvY_j9W2eZa3VtWlK5K0IBcrg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a6ab99e455f3c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=break%20even%20point&__cf_chl_rt_tk=kWbV8jjxpaE87SziKFJVEbEV4mBalua9vA_4VPsoUYg-1740011728-1.0.1.1-45b9PlA8h7jLFtngtkXQKNaX4r3cFgdc.m_KCBHDn3s" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>