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relatively restricted set of phenomena. The definitive book on the subject (Cowie 2009) includes chapters on some of the dictionaries included below: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a></li> <li>pronunciations</li> <li>names (place names and personal names)</li> <li>phrases and <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a></li> <li>dialect terms</li> <li>slang</li> <li>quotations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">rhymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a></li></ul> <p>Dictionaries of idioms and slang are common in most cultures. Examples include (of French) the <i>Dictionnaire des expressions et locutions</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Rey" title="Alain Rey">Alain Rey</a> (Paris: Le Robert 2006), and (of English) <a href="/wiki/Eric_Partridge" title="Eric Partridge">Eric Partridge</a>'s <i>Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</i> (8th edition, London: Routledge 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area of <a href="/wiki/Second_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language acquisition">language learning</a>, there are specialized dictionaries for aspects of language which tend to be ordinary for <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother-tongue</a> speakers but may cause difficulty for learners. These include dictionaries of <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">phrasal verbs</a>, such as the <i>Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary</i> (2nd edition, Oxford University Press: 2006), and dictionaries of <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocation</a>, such as <i>Macmillan Collocations Dictionary</i> (Oxford: Macmillan 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most common types of specialized dictionary is what is often referred to in English as a technical dictionary and in German as a Fachwörterbuch. These dictionaries cover the <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a> of a particular subject field or discipline. As described in Nielsen (1994), dictionaries of this type can be classified in various ways. A dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a <a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">multi-field dictionary</a>; one that covers one subject field is called a <a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">single-field dictionary</a>; and one that covers a limited part of a subject field is called a <a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">sub-field dictionary</a>. A technical dictionary that attempts to cover as much of the relevant terminology as possible is called a maximizing dictionary, whereas one that attempts to cover only a limited part of the relevant terminology is called a minimizing dictionary. </p><p>Specialized dictionaries can have various functions, i.e. they can help users in different types of situation. Monolingual dictionaries can help users understand and produce texts, whereas bilingual dictionaries can help users understand texts, translate texts and produce texts, as described in e.g. Nielsen (1994) and Nielsen (2010). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialized_dictionary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexigraf" title="Lexigraf">Lexigraf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialized_dictionary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEric_Partridge" class="citation web cs1">Eric Partridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partridge-slang.co.uk/">"<i>The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Partridge+Dictionary+of+Slang+and+Unconventional+English&rft.au=Eric+Partridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.partridge-slang.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecialized+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Rundell" class="citation web cs1">Michael Rundell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/features/how-dictionaries-are-written/macmillan-collocations-dictionary/">"Macmillan Collocations Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Collocations+Dictionary&rft.au=Michael+Rundell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionaries.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-dictionaries-are-written%2Fmacmillan-collocations-dictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecialized+dictionary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialized_dictionary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cowie, A.P. (ed.) (2009): <i>The Oxford History of English Lexicography: Volume II Specialized Dictionaries</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Henning Bergenholtz/Sven Tarp (eds.) (1995): <i>Manual of Specialised Lexicography</i>. Benjamins.</li> <li>Sandro Nielsen (1994): <i>The Bilingual LSP Dictionary</i>. Gunter Narr.</li> <li>Sandro Nielsen (2010): "Specialised Translation Dictionaries for Learners". In: P. A. Fuertes-Olivera (ed): <i>Specialised Dictionaries for Learners</i>. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 69–82.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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