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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusive_economic_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_economic_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Exclusive economic zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_economic_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Coastlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oceanography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_naming_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_naming_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern naming dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_naming_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cities and population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wildlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquatic_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aquatic mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_and_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fish and reefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oil and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Persian Gulf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Перс Псыдахь – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Перс Псыдахь" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiese_Golf" title="Persiese Golf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Persiese Golf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persischer_Golf" title="Persischer Golf – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Persischer Golf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%A4" title="የፋርስ ባህረስላጤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የፋርስ ባህረስላጤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisc_S%C7%A3" title="Persisc Sǣ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Persisc Sǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الخليج العربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخليج العربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܪܩܩܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܩܩܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Պարսից Ծոց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պարսից Ծոց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfu_P%C3%A9rsicu" title="Golfu Pérsicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Golfu Pérsicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapyte_P%C3%A9ysia_pegua" title="Parapyte Péysia pegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Parapyte Péysia pegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_k%C3%B6rf%C9%99zi" title="İran körfəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran körfəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فارس کؤرفزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فارس کؤرفزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celukan_Persia" title="Celukan Persia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Celukan Persia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="পারস্য উপসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারস্য উপসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-su-oan" title="Pho-su-oan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-su-oan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Фарсы ҡултығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фарсы ҡултығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Персідскі заліў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персідскі заліў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пэрсыдзкая затока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрсыдзкая затока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="फारस के खाड़ी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फारस के खाड़ी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_Persiko" title="Golpo Persiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Golpo Persiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Персийски залив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Персийски залив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_zaliv" title="Perzijski zaliv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perzijski zaliv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleg-mor_Persia" title="Pleg-mor Persia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleg-mor Persia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_P%C3%A8rsic" title="Golf Pèrsic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Golf Pèrsic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Перс кӳлмекĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перс кӳлмекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Perský záliv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perský záliv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahwi_re_Perusiya" title="Gahwi re Perusiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gahwi re Perusiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlff_Persia" title="Gwlff Persia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlff Persia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Persiske_Bugt" title="Den Persiske Bugt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Persiske Bugt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persischer_Golf" title="Persischer Golf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persischer Golf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiski_zalew" title="Persiski zalew – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Persiski zalew" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rsia_laht" title="Pärsia laht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärsia laht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Περσικός Κόλπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περσικός Κόλπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_P%C3%A9rsico" title="Golfo Pérsico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golfo Pérsico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_Golfo" title="Persa Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persa Golfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiar_golkoa" title="Persiar golkoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiar golkoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="خلیج فارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلیج فارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Khaarri" title="Persian Khaarri – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Persian Khaarri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_Persique" title="Golfe Persique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Golfe Persique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzyske_Golf" title="Perzyske Golf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Perzyske Golf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murascaill_na_Peirse" title="Murascaill na Peirse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Murascaill na Peirse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_P%C3%A9rsico" title="Golfo Pérsico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Golfo Pérsico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%9A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="فارس ٚ خليج – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فارس ٚ خليج" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-v%C3%A2n" title="Pô-sṳ̂-vân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-sṳ̂-vân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%A7%8C" title="페르시아만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Պարսից ծոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսից ծոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="फ़ारस की खाड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ारस की खाड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiski_zaliw" title="Persiski zaliw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Persiski zaliw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_zaljev" title="Perzijski zaljev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perzijski zaljev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiana_gulfo" title="Persiana gulfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Persiana gulfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_Persiano" title="Golpo Persiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Golpo Persiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Persia" title="Teluk Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teluk Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Персы бакæлæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Персы бакæлæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persafl%C3%B3i" title="Persaflói – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Persaflói" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_Persico" title="Golfo Persico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Golfo Persico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99" title="המפרץ הפרסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפרץ הפרסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempongan_P%C3%A8rsi" title="Lempongan Pèrsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lempongan Pèrsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="სპარსეთის ყურე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსეთის ყურე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Парсы шығанағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парсы шығанағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuba_ya_Uajemi" title="Ghuba ya Uajemi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ghuba ya Uajemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendava_Fars%C3%AA" title="Kendava Farsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kendava Farsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83" title="Парс булуңу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парс булуңу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Persicus" title="Sinus Persicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinus Persicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persijas_l%C4%ABcis" title="Persijas līcis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Persijas līcis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persesche_Golf" title="Persesche Golf – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Persesche Golf" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persijos_%C4%AFlanka" title="Persijos įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Persijos įlanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzische_Golf" title="Perzische Golf – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perzische Golf" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_Persian" title="Golfo Persian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Golfo Persian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsa-%C3%B6b%C3%B6l" title="Perzsa-öböl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perzsa-öböl" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Персиски Залив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Персиски Залив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoala_Persika" title="Hoala Persika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hoala Persika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="പേർഷ്യൻ ഗൾഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേർഷ്യൻ ഗൾഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इराणचे आखात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणचे आखात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="სპარსეთიშ ჸუჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სპარსეთიშ ჸუჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="الخليج الفارسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الخليج الفارسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%9B_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88" title="فارسٛ هندئو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فارسٛ هندئو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Parsi" title="Teluk Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teluk Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluak_Persia" title="Taluak Persia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taluak Persia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Персийн булан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Персийн булан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzische_Golf" title="Perzische Golf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzische Golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="फारसको खाडी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फारसको खाडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%B9%BE" title="ペルシア湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="ГӀажарийн айма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀажарийн айма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_faan_Persien" title="Golf faan Persien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Golf faan Persien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiabukten" title="Persiabukten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Persiabukten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiabukta" title="Persiabukta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Persiabukta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_Persic" title="Golf Persic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Golf Persic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors_ko%CA%BBrfazi" title="Fors koʻrfazi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fors koʻrfazi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="خلیج فارس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلیج فارس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="عربي خليج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي خليج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Persian Gulf" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_Gulf" title="Persische Gulf – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Persische Gulf" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatoka_Perska" title="Zatoka Perska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zatoka Perska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_P%C3%A9rsico" title="Golfo Pérsico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golfo Pérsico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golful_Persic" title="Golful Persic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Golful Persic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Персийскый залив – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Персийскый залив" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Персидский залив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидский залив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjiri_Persik" title="Gjiri Persik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjiri Persik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfu_P%C3%A8rsicu" title="Gulfu Pèrsicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gulfu Pèrsicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Persian Gulf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فارس جي نار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فارس جي نار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Perzský záliv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perzský záliv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_zaliv" title="Perzijski zaliv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perzijski zaliv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacanka_Faarsiga" title="Gacanka Faarsiga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gacanka Faarsiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کەنداوی فارس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەنداوی فارس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Персијски залив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијски залив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_zaljev" title="Perzijski zaljev – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perzijski zaljev" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_P%C3%A9rsia" title="Teluk Pérsia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Teluk Pérsia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianlahti" title="Persianlahti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persianlahti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiska_viken" title="Persiska viken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persiska viken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpong_Persiko" title="Golpong Persiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Golpong Persiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="பாரசீக வளைகுடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரசீக வளைகுடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagu_Afarsi" title="Abagu Afarsi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abagu Afarsi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Фарсы култыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фарсы култыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อ่าวเปอร์เซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ่าวเปอร์เซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81" title="Халиҷи Форс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Халиҷи Форс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_K%C3%B6rfezi" title="Basra Körfezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basra Körfezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_a%C3%BDlagy" title="Pars aýlagy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pars aýlagy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ngam_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_Pari%CC%B1si" title="A̱ngam A̱sa̱khwot Pari̱si – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ngam A̱sa̱khwot Pari̱si" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Persian_Gulf&params=26_N_52_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°N</span> <span class="longitude">52°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°N 52°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26; 52</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arm of the Indian Ocean in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the body of water. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Gulf (disambiguation)">Persian Gulf (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arabian Gulf (disambiguation)">Arabian Gulf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gulf Region" redirects here. For the region in Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">Gulf Country</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Persian Gulf</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;">Arabian Gulf</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg/264px-PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg/396px-PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg/528px-PersianGulf_vue_satellite_du_golfe_persique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Persian Gulf from space</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Persian_Gulf&params=26_N_52_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°N</span> <span class="longitude">52°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°N 52°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26; 52</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Gulf</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shatt-al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt-al-Arab">Shatt-al-Arab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">exclave of Musandam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">989 km (615 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">251,000 km<sup>2</sup> (97,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">90 m (300 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">8,780 km<sup>3</sup> (2,100 cu mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg/280px-ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg/420px-ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg/560px-ISS-63_Persian_Gulf_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Persian Gulf at Night from <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>, 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Persian Gulf</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called the <strong>Arabian Gulf</strong>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_seas" title="Mediterranean seas">mediterranean sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. The body of water is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the larger <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> located between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> in the east by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> forms the northwest shoreline. </p><p>The Persian Gulf has many fishing grounds, extensive <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> (mostly rocky, but also <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral</a>), and abundant <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oysters</a>, however its <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> has been damaged by industrialization and <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>. </p><p>The Persian Gulf is in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Basin" title="Persian Gulf Basin">Persian Gulf Basin</a>, which is of <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> origin and related to the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current flooding of the basin started 15,000 years ago due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Iran" title="Southern Iran">Southern Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the Persian Gulf's southern limit as "The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman". This limit is defined as "A line joining Ràs Limah (25°57'N) on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and Ràs al Kuh (25°48'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)".<sup id="cite_ref-IHO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This inland sea of some 251,000 square kilometres (96,912 sq mi) is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> in the east by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>; and its western end is marked by the major <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, which carries the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, this is called "Arvand Rud" (lit. <i>Swift River</i>). Its length is 989 kilometres (615 miles), with Iran covering most of the northern coast and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> most of the southern coast. The Persian Gulf is about 56 km (35 mi) wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. Overall, the waters are very shallow, with a maximum depth of 90 metres (295 feet) and an average depth of 50 metres (164 feet). </p><p>Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from north): Iran; <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam exclave</a>; the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>; Saudi Arabia; <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> off the Saudi coast; <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, an island nation; <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in the northwest. <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Various small islands</a> also lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf">territorial disputes</a> between the states in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_economic_zone">Exclusive economic zone</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zones</a> in the Persian Gulf:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="75">Number </th> <th width="250">Country </th> <th width="100">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></b></td> <td align="center">97,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></b></td> <td align="center">52,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></b></td> <td align="center">33,792 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></b></td> <td align="center">31,819 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></b></td> <td align="center">11,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></b></td> <td align="center">8,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></b></td> <td align="center">3,678 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></b></td> <td align="center">540 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9acdff;"> <th>Total </th> <td><b>Persian Gulf</b></td> <td align="center"><b>240,756</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastlines">Coastlines</h3></div> <p>Countries by <a href="/wiki/Coastline_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline length">coastline length</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="75">Number </th> <th width="250">Country </th> <th width="100">Length (km) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></b></td> <td align="center">1,536 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></b></td> <td align="center">1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></b></td> <td align="center">900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></b></td> <td align="center">563 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></b></td> <td align="center">499 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></b></td> <td align="center">161 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></b></td> <td align="center">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></b></td> <td align="center">58 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9acdff;"> <th>Total </th> <td><b>Persian Gulf</b></td> <td align="center"><b>5,117</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">List of islands in the Persian Gulf</a></div> <p>The Persian Gulf is home to many islands such as Bahrain, an Arab state. Geographically, the biggest island in the Persian Gulf is <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Qeshm island">Qeshm island</a>, belonging to Iran and located in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. Other significant islands in the Persian Gulf include <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tunb">Greater Tunb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Tunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Tunb">Lesser Tunb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish</a> administered by Iran, <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan</a> administered by Kuwait, <a href="/wiki/Tarout" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarout">Tarout</a> administered by Saudi Arabia, and <a href="/wiki/Dalma_(island)" title="Dalma (island)">Dalma</a> administered by UAE. In recent years, there has also been the addition of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial islands</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_World_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Islands">The World Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_Island" title="The Pearl Island">The Pearl Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>. Persian Gulf islands are often also historically significant, having been used in the past by colonial powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> in their trade or as acquisitions for their empires.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2></div> <p>The Persian Gulf is connected to the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2,000 cubic metres (71,000 cu ft) per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180 mm (7.1 in)/year in <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a>. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and rain contributions, there is still a deficit of 416 cubic kilometres (100 cu mi) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference is supplied by currents at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The water from the Persian Gulf has a higher salinity, and therefore exits from the bottom of the Strait, while ocean water with less salinity flows in through the top. Another study revealed the following numbers for water exchanges for the Persian Gulf: evaporation = –1.84 m (6.0 ft)/year, precipitation = 0.08 m (0.26 ft)/year, inflow from the Strait = 33.66 m (110.4 ft)/year, outflow from the Strait = -32.11 m (105.3 ft)/year, and the balance is 0 m (0 ft)/year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from different 3D computational fluid mechanics models, typically with spatial resolution of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and depth each element equal to 1–10 metres (3.3–32.8 ft) are predominantly used in computer models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_names">Historical names</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Persian_Gulf_map.png/300px-Persian_Gulf_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Persian_Gulf_map.png/450px-Persian_Gulf_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Persian_Gulf_map.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Persian Gulf. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> leads to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Detail from <a href="/wiki/File:MiddleEast.png" title="File:MiddleEast.png">larger map of the Middle East</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before being given its present name, the Persian Gulf was called many different names. The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a> called it the "Bitter Sea".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 550 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> established the first ancient empire in <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (<i>Pars</i>, or modern <i><a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a></i>, also known as Persia), in the southwestern region of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the "Persian Gulf".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book of <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> known as <i>Indikê</i> (300 BC), the word "Persikon kolpos" is mentioned for multiple times meaning "Persian gulf".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the Achaemenid Persian Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole part of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, the name of "Persian (<i>Pars</i>) Sea" is widely found in the compiled written texts.<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the Great, which belongs to the fifth century BC:<sup id="cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unstats.un.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Darius says:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I ordered to dig this (<a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">Canal of the Pharaohs</a>) canal from the river that is called Nile (<i>Pirâva</i>) and flows in Egypt (<i>Mudrâyâ</i>), to the sea that begins in Persia (<i>Pârsa</i>). Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, as I had intended.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Darius I, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great%27s_Suez_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions">Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> times, the Persian Gulf was called <i>Pūdīg</i>, which comes from <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <i lang="ae" dir="rtl">Pūitika</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'cleansing', a name mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG/300px-Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG/450px-Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG/600px-Persian-gulf-dubai-mus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>A historical map of the Persian Gulf in <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Saeed_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Saeed House">a Dubai museum</a> with the word <i>Persian</i> removed<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_naming_dispute">Modern naming dispute</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_naming_dispute" title="Persian Gulf naming dispute">Persian Gulf naming dispute</a></div> <p>The body of water is historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab governments</a> refer to it as the Arabian Gulf or The Gulf,<sup id="cite_ref-LINK2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LINK2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other countries and organizations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (December 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> have begun using Arabian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <b>Gulf of Iran</b> (Persian Gulf) is used by the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHO2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute in naming has become especially prevalent since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivalry between Iran and some Arab states, along with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, has seen the name "Arabian Gulf" become predominant in most Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div><p> The region of the Persian Gulf has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (115,000–11,700 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>), due to lowered sea levels (reaching around 125 metres (410 ft) metres below present values during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>) combined with the shallow depth of the Gulf (on average around 35 metres (115 ft) and at max around 100 metres (330 ft) metres depth) most of the Persian Gulf was exposed as dry land,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a flat <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> where a number of rivers converged. This region may have served as an environmental refuge for early humans during periodic hyperarid climate oscillations. The modern marine Gulf was formed when sea level rose during the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, from around 12,000 to 6,000 years ago. The flooding of the Gulf may have stimulated the development of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farming cultures in regions of the Middle East adjacent to the Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE_565ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NE_565ad.jpg/280px-NE_565ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NE_565ad.jpg/420px-NE_565ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NE_565ad.jpg/560px-NE_565ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting extent of early civilizations around the Persian Gulf, including Lackhmids and Sassanids.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/280px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/420px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/560px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian empire</a> in relation to the Persian Gulf.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg/220px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg/330px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg/440px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_by_Charles_Hamilton_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">British Expeditionary Force</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> in 1809.</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's oldest known civilization (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>) developed along the Persian Gulf and southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence in the world for seagoing vessels has been found at <a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a> in Kuwait, dating to the mid-sixth millennium BC, when the Gulf was part of an extensive trade network that involved the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> settlements in Mesopotamia and communities along the entire Gulf coast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the early history of the settlements in the Persian Gulf, the southern shores were ruled by a series of nomadic tribes. During the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth millennium BC">fourth millennium BC</a>, the southern part of the Persian Gulf was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> civilization. For a long time, the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was <a href="/wiki/Gerrha" title="Gerrha">Gerrha</a>. In the second century <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">the Lakhum tribe</a>, who lived in what is now Yemen, migrated north and founded the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmid">Lakhmid Kingdom</a> along the southern coast. Occasional ancient battles took place along the Persian Gulf coastlines, between the Sassanid Persian empire and the Lakhmid Kingdom, the most prominent of which was the invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> against the Lakhmids, leading to Lakhmids' defeat, and advancement into Arabia, along the southern shorelines.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the seventh century the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persian empire</a> conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf, including southern and northern shores. </p><p>Between 625 BC and 226 AD, the northern side was dominated by a succession of Persian empires including the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian empire">Parthian</a> empires. Under the leadership of the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (Darius I), Persian ships found their way to the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persians were not only stationed on islands of the Persian Gulf, but also had ships often of 100 to 200 capacity patrolling empire's various rivers including <a href="/wiki/Shatt-al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt-al-Arab">Shatt-al-Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigris_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris river">Tigris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in the west, as well as Sind waterway, in India.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Achaemenid high naval command had established major naval bases located along Shatt al-Arab river, Bahrain, Oman, and Yemen. The Persian fleet would soon not only be used for peacekeeping purposes along the Shatt al-Arab but would also open the door to trade with India via Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-navy_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the fall of Achaemenid Empire, and after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> ruled the northern half and at times the southern half of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, along with the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, were important trade routes in the Sassanid Empire. Many of the trading ports of the Persian empires were located in or around Persian Gulf. <a href="/wiki/Siraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraf">Siraf</a>, an ancient Sassanid port that was located on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf, located in what is now the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, is an example of such commercial port. Siraf, was also significant in that it had a flourishing commercial trade with China by the fourth century, having first established connection with the far east in 185 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese rule">Portuguese rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_residency_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="British residency of the Persian Gulf">British residency of the Persian Gulf</a></div><p> Portuguese influence in the Persian Gulf lasted for 250 years;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, since the beginning of the 16th century, Portuguese dominance<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contended with the local powers and the Ottoman Empire. Following the arrival of the English and the Dutch, the Safavid Empire allied with the newcomers to contest Portuguese dominance of the seas in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormuz_fort-Correia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hormuz_fort-Correia.png/220px-Hormuz_fort-Correia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hormuz_fort-Correia.png/330px-Hormuz_fort-Correia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hormuz_fort-Correia.png/440px-Hormuz_fort-Correia.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort of Our Lady of the Conception">Portuguese Castle</a> on Hormuz Island (<a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Correia" title="Gaspar Correia">Gaspar Correia</a>. "<i>Lendas da Índia</i>", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1556</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s voyages of exploration saw them battle the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> up the coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Antonio Correia invaded Bahrain</a> to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. On 29 April 1602, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shāh Abbās</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persian Empire">Safavid Persian Empire</a>, expelled the Portuguese from Bahrain,<sup id="cite_ref-j163353_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j163353-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that date is commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_naming_dispute#National_Persian_Gulf_Day" title="Persian Gulf naming dispute">National Persian Gulf day</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the island of <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a> from the Portuguese; much of the trade was diverted to the town of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar 'Abbās</a>, which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened to a flourishing commerce with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and the British merchants, who were granted particular privileges. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> reasserted itself into Eastern Arabia in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Baghdad">Vilayet of Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Al_Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Thani">Al Thani</a> tribe submitted peacefully to Ottoman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogan1199_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogan1199-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans were forced to withdraw from the area with the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the need for troops in various other frontiers.<sup id="cite_ref-diwan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> used Iran as a conduit to transport military and industrial supply to the USSR, through a pathway known historically as the "<a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a>". Britain utilized the Persian Gulf as the entry point for the supply chain in order to make use of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment to Soviet Union against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">piracy in the Persian Gulf</a> was prevalent until the 19th century. Many of the most notable historical instances of piracy were perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> tribe. This led to the British mounting the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a> between the British and the Sheikhs of what was then known as the '<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a>'. From 1763 until 1971, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> maintained varying degrees of political control over some of the Persian Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar through the <a href="/wiki/British_Residency_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="British Residency of the Persian Gulf">British Residency of the Persian Gulf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/220px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/330px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/440px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a>: Tanker convoy No. 12 under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> escort in October 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980–1988 <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, in which each side attacked the other's <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>. It is the namesake of the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. The United States' role in the Persian Gulf grew in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 July 1988, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a> was shot down by the U.S. military (which had mistaken the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> operating the flight for an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">F-14 Tomcat</a>) while it was flying over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people on board.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom maintains a profile in the region; in 2006 alone, over 1 million British nationals visited <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the UK opened a permanent military base, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Naval_Support_Facility" title="United Kingdom Naval Support Facility">HMS <i>Jufair</i></a>, in the Persian Gulf, the first since it withdrew from <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a> in 1971 and is developing a support facility in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_population">Cities and population</h2></div> <p>Eight nations have coasts along the Persian Gulf: <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. The Persian gulf's strategic location has made it an ideal place for human development over time. Today, many major cities of the Middle East are located in this region. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kish island, Iran"><img alt="Kish island, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg/259px-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg/388px-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg/517px-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA1400011322240458522511884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kish_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kish island">Kish island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murthadha.80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuwait City, Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait City, Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Murthadha.80.jpg/277px-Murthadha.80.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Murthadha.80.jpg/415px-Murthadha.80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Murthadha.80.jpg/553px-Murthadha.80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abu Dhabi, UAE"><img alt="Abu Dhabi, UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/328px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/492px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/656px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dubai skyline at night, Dubai, UAE"><img alt="Dubai skyline at night, Dubai, UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg/270px-Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg/405px-Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg/540px-Dubai_skyline_unsplash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dubai skyline at night, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, UAE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandar Abbas, Iran"><img alt="Bandar Abbas, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg/320px-Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg/480px-Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg/640px-Bandarabbashomahotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab,_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasab, Musandam, Oman"><img alt="Khasab, Musandam, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg/405px-Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-Dhow_in_the_fjords_of_Khasab%2C_Oman_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jubail, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Jubail, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/259px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/388px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/517px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/270px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/405px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/540px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a>, Saudi Arabia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doha, Qatar"><img alt="Doha, Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg/271px-West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg/406px-West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg/542px-West_Bay_district_of_Doha_seen_from_the_corniche_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 337.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 335.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manama_Night_(59168542).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manama, Bahrain"><img alt="Manama, Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg/503px-Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="336" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg/755px-Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg/1006px-Manama_Night_%2859168542%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Faw, Iraq"><img alt="Al-Faw, Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg/320px-Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg/480px-Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg/640px-Basrah_faw_shat_alarab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">Al-Faw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman_desert_and_semi-desert" title="Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert">Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert</a></div> <p>The wildlife of the Persian Gulf is diverse, and entirely unique because of the Persian Gulf's geographic distribution and its isolation from the international waters only breached by the narrow <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The Persian Gulf has hosted some of the most magnificent marine fauna and flora, some of which are near <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a> or at serious environmental risk. From corals, to <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, Persian Gulf is a diverse cradle for many species who depend on each other for survival. However, the Persian Gulf is not as biologically diverse as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the wildlife of the Persian Gulf is endangered from both global factors, and regional, local negligence. Most pollution is from ships; land generated pollution counts as the second most common source of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_mammals">Aquatic mammals</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Weasel plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a> information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Such statements should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">clarified or removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_sea_(oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean sea (oceanography)">mediterranean regions</a> of the Arabian Sea, including the Persian Gulf, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marine_National_Park,_Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finless_porpoise" title="Finless porpoise">finless porpoises</a> are the most common marine mammals in the waters, while larger <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> are rarer today.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, whales had been abundant in the Persian Gulf before commercial hunts wiped them out.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales were reduced even further by illegal mass hunts by the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these once common residents can still can be seen in deeper marginal seas such as Gulf of Aden,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel coasts,<sup id="cite_ref-cbd_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbd-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species such as the critically endangered Arabian <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also historically common in Gulf of Aden<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increasingly sighted in the Red Sea since 2006, including in the Gulf of Aqaba),<sup id="cite_ref-cbd_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbd-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">omura's whale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> also swim into the Persian Gulf, while many other large species such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">sei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> were once migrants into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> and off the coasts in deeper waters,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still migrate into the Red Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mainly in deeper waters of outer seas. In 2017, waters of the Persian Gulf along <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> were revealed to hold the world's largest population of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_humpbacked_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin">Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the more unusual marine mammals living in the Persian Gulf is the <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a> (<i>Dugong dugon</i>). Also called "sea cows", for their grazing habits and mild manner resembling livestock, dugongs have a life expectancy similar to that of humans and they can grow up to 3 metres (9.8 feet) in length. These gentle mammals feed on sea grass and are closer relatives of certain land mammals than are <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dugong_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dugong-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their simple grass diet is negatively affected by new developments along the Persian Gulf coastline, particularly the construction of artificial islands by Arab states and pollution from <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">oil spills caused during the "Persian Gulf war"</a> and various other natural and artificial causes. Uncontrolled hunting has also had a negative impact on the survival of dugongs.<sup id="cite_ref-dugong_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dugong-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Australian waters, which are estimated to contain some 80,000 dugong inhabitants, the waters off Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Saudi Arabia make the Persian Gulf the second most important habitat for the species, hosting some 7,500 remaining dugongs. However, the current number of dugongs is dwindling, and it is not clear how many are currently alive or what their reproductive trend is.<sup id="cite_ref-dugong_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dugong-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ambitious and uncalculated construction schemes, political unrest, ever-present international conflict, the most lucrative world supply of oil, and the lack of cooperation between Arab states and Iran, have had a negative impact on the survival of many marine species, including dugongs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3></div> <p>The Persian Gulf is also home to many migratory and local birds. There is great variation in color, size, and type of the bird species that call the Persian Gulf home. Concerns regarding the endangerment of the <i>kalbaensis</i> subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Collared_kingfisher" title="Collared kingfisher">collared kingfishers</a> were raised by conservationists over real estate development by the United Arab Emirates and Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates from 2006 showed that only three viable nesting sites were available for this ancient bird, one located 80 miles (129 km) from Dubai, and two smaller sites in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such real estate expansion could prove devastating to this subspecies. A UN plan to protect the mangroves as a biological reserve was ignored by the emirate of Sharjah, which allowed the dredging of a channel that bisects the wetland and construction of an adjacent concrete walkway.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental watchdogs in Arabia are few, and those that do advocate the wildlife are often silenced or ignored by developers of real estate many of whom have governmental connections.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Real estate development in the Persian Gulf by the United Arab Emirates and Oman also raised concerns that habitats of species such as the <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Booted_warbler" title="Booted warbler">booted warbler</a> may be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dolphins that frequent the Persian Gulf in northern waters around Iran are also at risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">seine fishing</a> nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan">Hormozgan</a> province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_reefs">Fish and reefs</h3></div> <p>The Persian Gulf is home to over 700 species of fish, most of which are native.<sup id="cite_ref-f_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these 700 species, more than 80% are reef associated.<sup id="cite_ref-f_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reefs are primarily rocky, but there are also a few <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. Compared to the Red Sea, the coral reefs in the Persian Gulf are relatively few and far between.<sup id="cite_ref-Debelius1993_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debelius1993-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emery1956_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery1956-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pohl2014_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is primarily connected to the influx of major rivers, especially the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> (Euphrates and Tigris), which carry large amounts of sediment (most reef-building corals require strong light) and causes relatively large variations in temperature and salinity (corals in general are poorly suited to large variations).<sup id="cite_ref-Debelius1993_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debelius1993-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emery1956_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery1956-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pohl2014_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, coral reefs have been found along sections of coast of all countries in the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl2014_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corals are vital ecosystems that support multitude of marine species, and whose health directly reflects the health of the Persian Gulf. Recent years have seen a drastic decline in the coral population in the Persian Gulf, partially owing to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> but mostly to irresponsible dumping by Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain.<sup id="cite_ref-dump_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dump-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction garbage such as tires, cement, and chemical by products have found their way to the Persian Gulf in recent years. Aside from direct damage to the coral, the <a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">construction waste</a> creates "traps" for marine life in which they are trapped and die.<sup id="cite_ref-dump_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dump-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result has been a dwindling population of the coral, and as a result a decrease in number of species that rely on the corals for their survival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div> <p>A great example of this <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a> in the Persian Gulf, which require tidal flow and a combination of fresh and salt water for growth, and act as nurseries for many crabs, small fish, and insects; these fish and insects are the source of food for many of the marine birds that feed on them.<sup id="cite_ref-d_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangroves are a diverse group of shrubs and trees belonging to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora" title="Rhizophora">Rhizophora</a></i> that flourish in the salt water shallows of the Persian Gulf, and are the most important habitats for small crustaceans that dwell in them. They are as crucial an indicator of biological health on the surface of the water, as the corals are to biological health of the Persian Gulf in deeper waters. Mangroves' ability to survive the salt water through intricate molecular mechanisms, their unique reproductive cycle, and their ability to grow in the most oxygen-deprived waters have allowed them extensive growth in hostile areas of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the advent of artificial island development, most of their habitat is destroyed, or occupied by man-made structures. This has had a negative impact on the crustaceans that rely on the mangrove, and in turn on the species that feed on them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dugong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow water"><img alt="Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Dugong.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a> mother and her offspring in shallow water</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HengamDolphins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the southern shore of Iran, around Hengam Island"><img alt="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the southern shore of Iran, around Hengam Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HengamDolphins.jpg/243px-HengamDolphins.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HengamDolphins.jpg/364px-HengamDolphins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HengamDolphins.jpg/486px-HengamDolphins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins</a> off the southern shore of Iran, around <a href="/wiki/Hengam_Island" title="Hengam Island">Hengam Island</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolphins_Oman.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinner dolphins leaping in the Persian Gulf"><img alt="Spinner dolphins leaping in the Persian Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dolphins_Oman.JPG/320px-Dolphins_Oman.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dolphins_Oman.JPG/481px-Dolphins_Oman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dolphins_Oman.JPG/641px-Dolphins_Oman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4067" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">Spinner dolphins</a> <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">leaping</a> in the Persian Gulf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 307.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 305.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Critically endangered Arabian humpback whales (being the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off Dhofar, Oman"><img alt="Critically endangered Arabian humpback whales (being the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off Dhofar, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-458px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-687px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-916px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Critically endangered Arabian <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a> (being the most isolated, and the only resident population in the world) off <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarout Castle on Tarout Island in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia."><img alt="Tarout Castle on Tarout Island in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg/270px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg/405px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg/540px-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tarout_Castle" title="Tarout Castle">Tarout Castle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarout Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> of Saudi Arabia.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_(large).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/220px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/330px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/440px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipelines and fields</figcaption></figure> <p>The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of petroleum,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and related industries dominate the region. <a href="/wiki/Safaniya_Oil_Field" title="Safaniya Oil Field">Safaniya Oil Field</a>, the world's largest offshore <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfield</a>, is located in the Persian Gulf. Large gas finds have also been made, with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; South Pars Field in the Iranian sector). Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) and petrochemical industry. </p><p>In 2002, the Persian Gulf nations of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE produced about 25% of the world's oil, held nearly two-thirds of the world's crude <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">oil reserves</a>, and about 35% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil-rich countries (excluding <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf States</a></i>. Iraq's egress to the Persian Gulf is narrow and easily blockaded, consisting of the marshy river delta of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, which carries the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> rivers, where the east bank is held by Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(prehistoric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (prehistoric)">Deluge (prehistoric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula" title="Musandam Peninsula">Musandam Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates#The_pearling_industry_and_the_Portuguese_empire:_16th_-_18th_century" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">History of the United Arab Emirates#The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_bin_Butti#Perpetual_Maritime_Truce" title="Saeed bin Butti">Saeed bin Butti#Perpetual Maritime Truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Saqr_Al_Qasimi#Perpetual_Maritime_Truce_of_1853" title="Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi">Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi#Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Geography of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of United Arab Emirates">Geography of United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Geography of Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Geography of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Geography of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خلیج فارس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">xalij-e fârs</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a>', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[xæliːdʒe<span class="wrap"> </span>fɒːɾs]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخليج العربي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Persian-Gulf">"Persian Gulf summary | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Persian+Gulf+summary+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FPersian-Gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unstats.un.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstats.un.org_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp61.pdf">Working Paper No. 61</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003154349/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp61.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 23rd Session, Vienna, 28 March – 4 April 2006. accessed 9 October 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Brief Tectonic History of the Arabian basin. Retrieved from the website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?pageid=133">http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?pageid=133</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917004218/http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?pageid=133">Archived</a> 2018-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21696486-newly-found-species-algae-might-help-corals-survive-warm-water-hot">"A hot survivor"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413090551/http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21696486-newly-found-species-algae-might-help-corals-survive-warm-water-hot">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+hot+survivor&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-and-technology%2F21696486-newly-found-species-algae-might-help-corals-survive-warm-water-hot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHO-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHO_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Cartographic+Section+%28Middle+East+Map%29&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FCartographic%2Fenglish%2Fhtmain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LINK2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LINK2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niusha Boghrati, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm"><i>Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185735/http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2616.cfm">Archived</a> 2007-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Press.com, 28 December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZraick2016" class="citation news cs1">Zraick, Karen (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/world/middleeast/persian-gulf-arabian-gulf-iran-saudi-arabia.html">"Persian (or Arabian) Gulf Is Caught in the Middle of Regional Rivalries"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538446">10.2307/2538446</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538446">2538446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154527123">154527123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Security+Considerations+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154527123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538446&rft.aulast=Eilts&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbedin2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Abedin, Mahan (4 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160521084254/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FL09Ak03.html">"All at Sea over 'the Gulf'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Times Online">Asia Times Online</a></i>. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=All+at+Sea+over+%27the+Gulf%27&rft.date=2004-12-04&rft.aulast=Abedin&rft.aufirst=Mahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FFL09Ak03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_C._Edmund1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. Edmund</a> (1980). "The Nomenclature of the Persian Gulf". In Cottrell, Alvin J. (ed.). <i>The Persian Gulf States: A General Survey</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">xvii–</span>xxxvi. p. xxxiii: <q>Not until the early 1960s does a major new development occur with the adoption by the Arab states bordering on the Persian Gulf of the expression <i>al-Khalij al-Arabi</i> as weapon in the psychological war with Iran for political influence in the Persian Gulf; but the story of these events belongs to a subsequent chapter on modern political and diplomatic history of the Persian Gulf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nomenclature+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+States%3A+A+General+Survey&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exvii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxvi&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Jeffrey I. (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/657397">"New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>51</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">849–</span>883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657397">10.1086/657397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144935980">144935980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+Human+Prehistory+in+the+Arabo-Persian+Gulf+Oasis&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E849-%3C%2Fspan%3E883&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144935980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657397&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F657397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambeck1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lambeck, Kurt (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012821X96000696">"Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>142</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.142...43L">1996E&PSL.142...43L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900069-6">10.1016/0012-821X(96)00069-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Shoreline+reconstructions+for+the+Persian+Gulf+since+the+last+glacial+maximum&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1996-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900069-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996E%26PSL.142...43L&rft.aulast=Lambeck&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0012821X96000696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Jeffrey I. (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/896327">"New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>51</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">849–</span>883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657397">10.1086/657397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144935980">144935980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+Human+Prehistory+in+the+Arabo-Persian+Gulf+Oasis&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E849-%3C%2Fspan%3E883&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144935980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F896327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/boat-remains-and-maritime-trade-in-the-persian-gulf-during-the-sixth-and-fifth-millennia-bc/98224B03E778DE5C9D3EAA806A5ABCF8">"Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>80</b> (307): <span class="nowrap">52–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0009325X">10.1017/S0003598X0009325X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162674282">162674282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Boat+remains+and+maritime+trade+in+the+Persian+Gulf+during+the+sixth+and+fifth+millennia+BC&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=307&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162674282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0009325X&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fboat-remains-and-maritime-trade-in-the-persian-gulf-during-the-sixth-and-fifth-millennia-bc%2F98224B03E778DE5C9D3EAA806A5ABCF8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Th._Houtsma1993" class="citation book cs1">M. Th. Houtsma (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA179"><i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09796-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09796-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09796-4&rft.au=M.+Th.+Houtsma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsP_hVmik-QYC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navy-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navy_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaveh_Farrokh2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaveh Farrokh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7kltwf9yrwC&pg=PA68"><i>Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+desert%3A+ancient+Persia+at+war&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-108-3&rft.au=Kaveh+Farrokh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7kltwf9yrwC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Briant2006" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Briant (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA761"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-120-7&rft.au=Pierre+Briant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26pg%3DPA761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Institute_of_Persian_Studies" class="citation web cs1">British Institute of Persian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bips.ac.uk/sites/siraf">"Siraf"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111330/http://www.bips.ac.uk/sites/siraf">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siraf&rft.au=British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bips.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fsiraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2013" class="citation book cs1">Flannery, John M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz5TO9BNFH8C&q=Portuguese+kong+persian+Gulf+1730&pg=PA108"><i>The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602–1747) Por John M. Flannery</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24382-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+of+the+Portuguese+Augustinians+to+Persia+and+Beyond+%281602%E2%80%931747%29+Por+John+M.+Flannery&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24382-8&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNz5TO9BNFH8C%26q%3DPortuguese%2Bkong%2Bpersian%2BGulf%2B1730%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/11.htm">"THE AGE OF COLONIALISM Persian Gulf States Table of Contents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+AGE+OF+COLONIALISM+Persian+Gulf+States+Table+of+Contents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpersian-gulf-states%2F11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDashti2012" class="citation book cs1">Dashti, Naseer (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&q=Persian+gulf+portuguese+dominance&pg=PA154"><i>The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the fall of Baloch state Por Naseer Dashti</i></a>. Trafford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-5896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-5896-8"><bdi>978-1-4669-5896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baloch+and+Balochistan%3A+A+Historical+Account+from+the+Beginning+to+the+fall+of+Baloch+state+Por+Naseer+Dashti&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8&rft.aulast=Dashti&rft.aufirst=Naseer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIjyLNpusbAC%26q%3DPersian%2Bgulf%2Bportuguese%2Bdominance%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j163353-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j163353_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuan_R._I._Cole1987" class="citation journal cs1">Juan R. I. Cole (1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 177–203 [186]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800031834">10.1017/s0020743800031834</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163353">163353</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162702326">162702326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Rival+Empires+of+Trade+and+Imami+Shiism+in+Eastern+Arabia%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-203+186&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162702326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800031834&rft.au=Juan+R.+I.+Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521171101/http://english.irib.ir/news/political/item/60225-persian-gulf-national-day-in-foreign-ministry">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.irib.ir%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2Fitem%2F60225-persian-gulf-national-day-in-foreign-ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahman 1979, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogan1199-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogan1199_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoganMurpheyMasalhaDurac1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rogan, Eugene; Murphey, Rhoads; Masalha, Nur; Durac, Vincent; Hinnebusch, Raymond (November 1999). "Review of The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar by Frederick F. Anscombe; The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 by Charles E. Davies; The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia and the Gulf, 1745–1900 by Hala Fattah". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530199908705688">10.1080/13530199908705688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/195948">195948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Ottoman+Gulf%3A+The+Creation+of+Kuwait%2C+Saudi+Arabia+and+Qatar+by+Frederick+F.+Anscombe%3B+The+Blood-Red+Arab+Flag%3A+An+Investigation+into+Qasimi+Piracy%2C+1797%E2%80%931820+by+Charles+E.+Davies%3B+The+Politics+of+Regional+Trade+in+Iraq%2C+Arabia+and+the+Gulf%2C+1745%E2%80%931900+by+Hala+Fattah&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530199908705688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F195948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Rhoads&rft.au=Masalha%2C+Nur&rft.au=Durac%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Hinnebusch%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diwan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diwan_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diwan.gov.qa/about-qatar/qatars-rulers/sheikh-abdullah-bin-jassim-al-thani?sc_lang=en">"Shaikh Abdullah Bin Jassim Al Thani – Amiri Diwan"</a>. Amiri Diwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214352/https://www.diwan.gov.qa/about-qatar/qatars-rulers/sheikh-abdullah-bin-jassim-al-thani?sc_lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaikh+Abdullah+Bin+Jassim+Al+Thani+%E2%80%93+Amiri+Diwan&rft.pub=Amiri+Diwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwan.gov.qa%2Fabout-qatar%2Fqatars-rulers%2Fsheikh-abdullah-bin-jassim-al-thani%3Fsc_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_BlumensonRobert_W._CoakleyStetson_ConnByron_Fairchild1960" class="citation book cs1">Martin Blumenson; Robert W. Coakley; Stetson Conn; Byron Fairchild; Richard M. Leighton; Charles V.P. von Luttichau; Martin Blumenson; Robert W. Coakley; Stetson Conn; Byron Fairchild; Richard M. Leighton; Charles V.P. von Luttichau; Charles B. MacDonald; Sidney T. Mathews; Maurice Matloff; Ralph S. Mavrogordato; Leo J. Meyer; John Miller, Jr.; Louis Morton; Forrest C. Pogue; Roland G. Ruppenthal; Robert Ross Smith; Earl F. Ziemke (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIxWWhu9ARoC&pg=PA225"><i>Command Decisions</i></a>. Government Printing Office. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Martin+Blumenson&rft.au=Robert+W.+Coakley&rft.au=Stetson+Conn&rft.au=Byron+Fairchild&rft.au=Richard+M.+Leighton&rft.au=Charles+V.P.+von+Luttichau&rft.au=Martin+Blumenson&rft.au=Robert+W.+Coakley&rft.au=Stetson+Conn&rft.au=Byron+Fairchild&rft.au=Richard+M.+Leighton&rft.au=Charles+V.P.+von+Luttichau&rft.au=Charles+B.+MacDonald&rft.au=Sidney+T.+Mathews&rft.au=Maurice+Matloff&rft.au=Ralph+S.+Mavrogordato&rft.au=Leo+J.+Meyer&rft.au=John+Miller%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Louis+Morton&rft.au=Forrest+C.+Pogue&rft.au=Roland+G.+Ruppenthal&rft.au=Robert+Ross+Smith&rft.au=Earl+F.+Ziemke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIxWWhu9ARoC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._H._Vail_Motter1952" class="citation book cs1">T. H. Vail Motter (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3QGAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Persian Corridor and aid to Russia, Volume 7, Part 1</i></a>. Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Corridor+and+aid+to+Russia%2C+Volume+7%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Dept.+of+the+Army&rft.date=1952&rft.au=T.+H.+Vail+Motter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3QGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/01/sheikh-saqr-bin-mohammed-al-qasimi">"Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed al-Qasimi obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 1 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Saqr+bin+Mohammed+al-Qasimi+obituary&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F01%2Fsheikh-saqr-bin-mohammed-al-qasimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Hawley1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hawley" title="Donald Hawley">Donald Hawley</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnhCBuXmeWYC&pg=PA172"><i>Trucial States</i></a>. Ardent Media. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-953005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-953005-8"><bdi>978-0-04-953005-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trucial+States&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-04-953005-8&rft.au=Donald+Hawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnhCBuXmeWYC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2009" class="citation book cs1">Potter, L. (5 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Persian Gulf in History</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>The case shows how alive the history of British colonial rule still is in the Gulf today</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Classified+document+on+Bahrain+rankles+Britain+decades+later&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-bahrain-britain-diplomacy%2Fclassified-document-on-bahrain-rankles-britain-decades-later-idUKKBN0O61YZ20150521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+Gulf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30355953">"UK to establish £15m permanent Mid East military base"</a>. 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EIA/DOE (Energy Information Administration/Department of Energy). 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/persian_gulf" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/persian gulf">persian gulf</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf#Q34675" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_Gulf" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/articles-from-our-experts">Qatar Digital Library</a> – an online portal providing access to previously undigitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-gulf-i-in-antiquity">Persian Gulf</a> – <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515205629/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/hormuz.html">The Portuguese in the Arabian peninsula and in the Persian Gulf</a> (archived 15 May 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/54272266@N06/6863021370/in/photostream/">32 historical map of Persian gulf</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11771/">Persian Gulf</a> from 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/travel/sharks-in-the-arabian-gulf-1.1679153">Sharks in the Gulf</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/en/newsview/536033">Documents on the Persian Gulf's name the eternal heritage ancient time by Dr.Mohammad Ajam</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Persian_Gulf_region_(Iran_and_Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf)302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian Gulf</a> region (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_naming_dispute" title="Persian Gulf naming dispute">Persian Gulf naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian-Persian_Gulf_Coastal_Plain_Desert" title="Arabian-Persian Gulf Coastal Plain Desert">Arabian-Persian Gulf Coastal Plain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmanshir" title="Bahmanshir">Bahmanshir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Strait_(Iran)" title="Clarence Strait (Iran)">Clarence Strait (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dez_River" title="Dez River">Dez River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bahrain" title="Gulf of Bahrain">Gulf of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman_desert_and_semi-desert" title="Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert">Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salwah" title="Gulf of Salwah">Gulf of Salwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khersan_River" title="Khersan River">Khersan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haffar" title="Haffar">Haffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian plate">Iranian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran_Trench" title="Makran Trench">Makran Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Basin" title="Persian Gulf Basin">Persian Gulf Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadegan_Ponds" title="Shadegan Ponds">Shadegan Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Iran_Nubo%E2%80%93Sindian_desert_and_semi-desert" title="South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert">South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Zagros fold and thrust belt">Zagros fold and thrust belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D_92_road_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="D 92 road (United Arab Emirates)">Al Khaleej Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Gas_Field" title="Ferdowsi Gas Field">Ferdowsi Gas Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nossa_Senhora_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição">Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harireh" title="Harireh">Harireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forests_of_Qeshm" title="Mangrove forests of Qeshm">Mangrove forests of Qeshm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Airport" title="Persian Gulf Airport">Persian Gulf Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Bridge" title="Persian Gulf Bridge">Persian Gulf Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Complex" title="Persian Gulf Complex">Persian Gulf Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeway_7_(Iran)" title="Freeway 7 (Iran)">Persian Gulf Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residential_Complex" title="Persian Gulf Residential Complex">Persian Gulf Residential Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">List of islands in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Dar_Island" title="Al Dar Island">Al Dar Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amwaj_Islands" title="Amwaj Islands">Amwaj Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Island" title="Bahrain Island">Bahrain Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyar_Al_Muharraq" title="Diyar Al Muharraq">Diyar Al Muharraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_Islands" title="Hawar Islands">Hawar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidda_Island" title="Jidda Island">Jidda Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharraq_Island" title="Muharraq Island">Muharraq Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabih_Saleh" title="Nabih Saleh">Nabih Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitra" title="Sitra">Sitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_an_Nasan" title="Umm an Nasan">Umm an Nasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_as_Sabaan" title="Umm as Sabaan">Umm as Sabaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadan_Island" title="Abadan Island">Abadan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buneh" title="Buneh">Buneh Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Island" title="Dara Island">Dara Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsi_Island" title="Farsi Island">Farsi Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendurabi" title="Hendurabi">Hendurabi Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengam_Island" title="Hengam Island">Hengam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazireh-ye_Shif" title="Jazireh-ye Shif">Jazireh-ye Shif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larak_Island" title="Larak Island">Larak Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavan_Island" title="Lavan Island">Lavan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minu_Island" title="Minu Island">Minu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaz_islands" title="Naaz islands">Naaz islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhiloo_Island" title="Nakhiloo Island">Nakhiloo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommolkorm_Island" title="Ommolkorm Island">Ommolkorm Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidvar_Island" title="Shidvar Island">Shidvar Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirri_Island" title="Sirri Island">Sirri Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubbar_Island" title="Kubbar Island">Kubbar Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskan_Island" title="Miskan Island">Miskan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaruh_Island" title="Qaruh Island">Qaruh Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al_Maradim_Island" title="Umm al Maradim Island">Umm al Maradim Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_an_Namil_Island" title="Umm an Namil Island">Umm an Namil Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warbah_Island" title="Warbah Island">Warbah Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quoin_Island_(Persian_Gulf)" title="Quoin Island (Persian Gulf)">Quoin Island (Persian Gulf)</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Island" title="Arabi Island">Arabi Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarout Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al_Abyad" title="Abu al Abyad">Abu al Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aryam_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aryam Island">Al-Aryam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Futaisi" title="Al Futaisi">Al Futaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Lulu_Island" title="Al Lulu Island">Al Lulu Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Maryah_Island" title="Al Maryah Island">Al Maryah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Reem_Island" title="Al Reem Island">Al Reem Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluewaters_Island" title="Bluewaters Island">Bluewaters Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab" title="Burj Al Arab">Burj Al Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalma_(island)" title="Dalma (island)">Dalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Island" title="Das Island">Das Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Islands" title="Dubai Islands">Dubai Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazirat_Badiyah" title="Jazirat Badiyah">Jazirat Badiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marawah_Island" title="Marawah Island">Marawah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Al_Arab" title="Marsa Al Arab">Marsa Al Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Jebel_Ali" title="Palm Jebel Ali">Palm Jebel Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah" title="Palm Jumeirah">Palm Jumeirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadiyat_Island" title="Saadiyat Island">Saadiyat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Abu_Nu%27ayr" title="Sir Abu Nu'ayr">Sir Abu Nu'ayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Bani_Yas" title="Sir Bani Yas">Sir Bani Yas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World (archipelago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yas_Island" title="Yas Island">Yas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirku_Island" title="Zirku Island">Zirku Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyan" title="Liyan">Liyan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bahrain" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bahrain">Bahraini</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Salman" title="Mina Salman">Mina Salman</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Iran" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Iran">Iranian</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvandkenar" title="Arvandkenar">Arvandkenar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Deylam" title="Bandar Deylam">Bandar Deylam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Emam_Khomeyni" title="Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni">Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Khamir" title="Bandar Khamir">Bandar Khamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lengeh" title="Bandar Lengeh">Bandar Lengeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Mahshahr" title="Bandar-e Mahshahr">Bandar-e Mahshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Siraf" title="Bandar Siraf">Bandar Siraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Port" title="Chabahar Port">Chabahar Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargahan" title="Dargahan">Dargahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jask" title="Jask">Jask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish,_Iran" title="Kish, Iran">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laft" title="Laft">Laft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Emam_Khomeyni" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Emam Khomeyni">Port Emam Khomeyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeshm,_Hormozgan" title="Qeshm, Hormozgan">Qeshm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suza,_Iran" title="Suza, Iran">Suza</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Iraq" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Iraq">Iraqi</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Flous_Port" title="Abu Flous Port">Abu Flous Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ba%C5%9Frah_Oil_Terminal" title="Al Başrah Oil Terminal">Al Başrah Oil Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">Al-Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Amaya_Oil_Terminal" title="Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal">Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Qatar" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Qatar">Qatar</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_Port" title="Hamad Port">Hamad Port</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Port" title="King Abdul Aziz Port">King Abdul Aziz Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanajib" title="Tanajib">Tanajib</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Ports and harbours of the United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a> ports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamriya_Port" title="Al Hamriya Port">Al Hamriya Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jebel_Ali" title="Port of Jebel Ali">Port of Jebel Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Saeed" title="Port Saeed">Port Saeed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Portuguese conquest of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Ottoman campaign against Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Siege of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Action of 1 February 1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Hormuz_(1625)" title="Battle off Hormuz (1625)">Battle off Hormuz (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_Omani_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain">1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_conquests_in_the_Persian_Gulf_and_Oman" title="Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman">Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain">Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Naval_Officer,_Persian_Gulf" title="Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf">Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Operation_Arvand" title="Joint Operation Arvand">Joint Operation Arvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_Abu_Musa_and_the_Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanker_war" title="Tanker war">Tanker war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">Gulf War oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iranian_arrest_of_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel">2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf">Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khaleej_FC" title="Al-Khaleej FC">Al-Khaleej FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Gulf_Cup_Football_Federation" title="Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation">Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union">Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_sevens_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby sevens team">Arabian Gulf rugby sevens team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Club_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Club Cup">GCC Club Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Futsal_Cup" title="GCC Futsal Cup">GCC Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan_Club" title="Khor Fakkan Club">Khor Fakkan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Pro_League" title="Persian Gulf Pro League">Persian Gulf Pro League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_League_Cup" title="UAE League Cup">UAE League Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Pro_League" title="UAE Pro League">UAE Pro League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Pro_League_Committee" title="UAE Pro League Committee">UAE Pro League Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Super_Cup" title="UAE Super Cup">UAE Super Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Airlines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Aviation" title="Gulf Aviation">Gulf Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Traveller" title="Gulf Traveller">Gulf Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Air" title="Kish Air">Kish Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Air" title="Qeshm Air">Qeshm Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaudiGulf_Airlines" title="SaudiGulf Airlines">SaudiGulf Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbar_Al_Khaleej" title="Akhbar Al Khaleej">Akhbar Al Khaleej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khaleej_(newspaper)" title="Al Khaleej (newspaper)">Al Khaleej (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Oil_Company" title="Arabian Gulf Oil Company">Arabian Gulf Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_University" title="Arabian Gulf University">Arabian Gulf University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Al_Khaleej" title="Dar Al Khaleej">Dar Al Khaleej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Daily_News" title="Gulf Daily News">Gulf Daily News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Medical_University" title="Gulf Medical University">Gulf Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Today" title="Gulf Today">Gulf Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_University,_Bahrain" title="Gulf University, Bahrain">Gulf University, Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Gulf University for Science and Technology">Gulf University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulftainer" title="Gulftainer">Gulftainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleej_Times" title="Khaleej Times">Khaleej Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_Commercial_Bank" title="Khaleeji Commercial Bank">Khaleeji Commercial Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_International_Education_Center" title="Persian Gulf International Education Center">Persian Gulf International Education Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Online_Organization" title="Persian Gulf Online Organization">Persian Gulf Online Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Studies_Center" title="Persian Gulf Studies Center">Persian Gulf Studies Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_University" title="Persian Gulf University">Persian Gulf University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmin_and_Bijan_Mossavar-Rahmani_Center_for_Iran_and_Persian_Gulf_Studies" title="Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies">Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_carpetshark" title="Arabian carpetshark">Arabian carpetshark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_tope" title="Blacktip tope">Blacktip tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booted_warbler" title="Booted warbler">Booted warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheekspot_blenny" title="Cheekspot blenny">Cheekspot blenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_kingfisher" title="Collared kingfisher">Collared kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_lizardfish" title="Greater lizardfish">Greater lizardfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Hawksbill sea turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">Minke whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">Omura's whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita_skate" title="Pita skate">Pita skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porites_nodifera" title="Porites nodifera">Porites nodifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mucronata" title="Rhizophora mucronata">Rhizophora mucronata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_whiting" title="Slender whiting">Slender whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothtooth_blacktip_shark" title="Smoothtooth blacktip shark">Smoothtooth blacktip shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenisthmus_balius" title="Xenisthmus balius">Xenisthmus balius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Islamic_Solidarity_Games#Suspension_and_cancellation_of_Games" title="2010 Islamic Solidarity Games">2010 Islamic Solidarity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_(port)" title="Bandar (port)">Bandar (port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandari_music" title="Bandari music">Bandari music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eastern_Arabia" title="Christianity in Eastern Arabia">Christianity in Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eastern_Arabia" title="Culture of Eastern Arabia">Culture of Eastern Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargee%27an" title="Gargee'an">Gargee'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Gulf_wars" title="Environmental impact of the Gulf wars">Environmental impact of the Gulf wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Kuwait_Medal" title="Gulf and Kuwait Medal">Gulf and Kuwait Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini Gulf Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Medal" title="Gulf Medal">Gulf Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_rupee" title="Gulf rupee">Gulf rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habb%C4%81n" title="Habbān">Habbān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Historical_Sovereignty_over_the_Tunbs_and_BuMusa_Islands" title="Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands">Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_Khalij-e_Fars" title="IRIS Khalij-e Fars">IRIS Khalij-e Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalij_(album)" title="Khalij (album)">Khalij (album)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment" title="List of Gulf War military equipment">List of Gulf War military equipment</a></li> <li>Map of Iran in Afsharid Era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Media coverage of the Gulf War">Media coverage of the Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ney-anb%C4%81n" title="Ney-anbān">Ney-anbān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_United_States_Naval_Aviation_Units_in_the_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War">Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_(horse)" title="Persian Gulf (horse)">Persian Gulf (horse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_(missile)" title="Persian Gulf (missile)">Persian Gulf (missile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Inferno" title="Persian Gulf Inferno">Persian Gulf Inferno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_National_Day" title="Persian Gulf National Day">Persian Gulf National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Veterans_National_Medal" title="Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal">Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Piracy in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Loghman" title="Project Loghman">Project Loghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Gulf_War" title="Rationale for the Gulf War">Rationale for the Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)#Criticism_and_controversies" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National (Abu Dhabi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry431" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry431" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34675#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/200680658">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244348/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075992-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15345105d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15345105d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629206">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="země Perského zálivu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge987823&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perský záliv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge753385&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perský záliv (oblast)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129101&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=43288">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536485905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/29713">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016576">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046213">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_Gulf&oldid=1278511455">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_Gulf&oldid=1278511455</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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