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class="dezambiguizare"> Pagina „Manuscript” trimite aici.<i> </i>Pentru revista românească de literatură vedeți <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscriptum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Manuscriptum — pagină inexistentă">Manuscriptum</a>. </div> <p>Un <b>manuscris</b>, într-o formă mai veche și <b>manuscript</b>, reprezintă în sens general orice <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Text?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Text">text</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scriere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scriere">scris</a> de mână. Termenul provine din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">limba latină</a>, din <i>manus</i> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A2n%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mână">mână</a>) și <i>scriptus</i> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scriere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scriere">scris</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-de-l-n_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de-l-n-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Un <b>manuscris</b> (abreviat <b>MS</b> pentru singular și <b>MSS</b> pentru plural) era, în mod tradițional, orice document scris de mână sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mașină de scris">dactilografiat</a>, spre deosebire de cel <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tip%C4%83rire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tipărire">tipărit</a> mecanic sau reprodus într-un mod indirect sau automat. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai recent, termenul a ajuns să fie înțeles ca include în continuare <i>orice</i> copie scrisă, dactilografiată sau prelucrată prin text a operei unui autor, prin deosebire de redarea ca versiune tipărită a acesteia. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Înainte de sosirea tipăriturilor, toate documentele și cărțile erau manuscrise. Manuscrisele nu sunt definite de conținutul lor, care poate combina scrierea cu calcule matematice, hărți, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nota%C8%9Bie_muzical%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Notație muzicală">notații muzicale</a>, figuri explicative sau ilustrații.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg/220px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg/330px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg/440px-Codex_Bruchsal_1_68r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="2404"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantocrator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pantocrator">Hristos Pantocrator</a> așezat într-un „U” majuscul într-un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anluminur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anluminură">manuscris iluminat</a> de la Badische Landesbibliothek, Germania (din <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span> ). </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Cuprins</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%8En%C8%9Belesul_istoric"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Înțelesul istoric</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Accep%C8%9Bia_modern%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Accepția modernă</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C4%83r%C8%9Bi_din_care_este_format"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Părți din care este format</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Materiale"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Materiale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Elemente_paleografice"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Elemente paleografice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pergamentul"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pergamentul</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tipuri_de_scriere"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Tipuri de scriere</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genuri"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Genuri</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biblic"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Biblic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cartea_orelor"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Cartea orelor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#C%C4%83r%C8%9Bi_%C8%99i_calendare_liturgice"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Cărți și calendare liturgice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Variante_moderne"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Variante moderne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conservare"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Conservare</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Referin%C8%9Be"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Referințe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografie"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vezi_%C8%99i"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Vezi și</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Înțelesul_istoric"><span id=".C3.8En.C8.9Belesul_istoric"></span>Înțelesul istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Înțelesul istoric" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare"> Vezi și: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List%C4%83_de_manuscrise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listă de manuscrise">Listă de manuscrise</a>. </div> <p>O semnificație mai specifică a termenului este aceea de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte">carte</a> scrisă înainte de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inven%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invenție">inventarea</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tipar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipar">tiparului</a> ori în lipsa acestuia, sau o copie de mână (executată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copist">copiști</a>) a unei asemenea cărți.<sup id="cite_ref-de-l-n_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de-l-n-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suportul folosit pentru cele mai vechi manuscrise cunoscute este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papirus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papirus">papirusul</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Grecia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roma_antic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antică">Roma</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antichitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichitate">antică</a> exista obiceiul legării printr-un cotor și curele a mai multor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=T%C4%83bli%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tăbliță — pagină inexistentă">tăblițe de lemn</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cear%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceară">cerate</a>; mai târziu, se folosește ca suport foaia de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pergament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pergament">pergament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de-a-c_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de-a-c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primele „cărți” (secolele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_al_III-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secolul al III-lea">III</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secolul al IV-lea">IV</a>) astfel construite din manuscrise diverse legate poartă denumirea de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Codice">codice</a> (codexuri). În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evul_mediu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Evul mediu">Evul mediu</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mănăstire">mănăstirile</a> reprezintă centrele unde se copiază cele mai multe manuscrise, dar sunt elaborate și cărți noi; copierea și decorarea manuscriselor cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miniatur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miniatură">miniaturi</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ini%C8%9Bial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Inițială — pagină inexistentă">inițiale</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aur">aurite</a> ajunge o îndeletnicire la rangul de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artă">artă</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de-l-n_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de-l-n-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Accepția_modernă"><span id="Accep.C8.9Bia_modern.C4.83"></span>Accepția modernă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Accepția modernă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Dincolo de sensul de document cu un conținut istoric, prin manuscris (însă nu în forma „manuscript”) se mai înțelege prima formă a unei scrieri ce se dorește a fi publicată.<sup id="cite_ref-de-l-n_1-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-de-l-n-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuscrisul poate fi în acest sens, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Autograf&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Autograf — pagină inexistentă">autograf</a> (scris de mână) sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dactilografie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dactilografie">dactilografiat</a> (bătut la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mașină de scris">mașina de scris</a> sau la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer">calculator</a>). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locu%C8%9Biune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Locuțiune">Locuțiunea</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adverb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adverb">adverbială</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjectiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adjectiv">adjectivală</a> „în manuscris” desemnează tocmai această formă sub care se poate prezenta un text.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Părți_din_care_este_format"><span id="P.C4.83r.C8.9Bi_din_care_este_format"></span>Părți din care este format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Părți din care este format" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copert%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copertă">Copertă</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Design_carte&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Design carte — pagină inexistentă">Flyleaf</a> (coală goală)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Colophon_(publishing)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Colophon (publishing) — pagină inexistentă">Colofon</a> (informații despre publicație)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incipit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incipit">incipit</a> (primele cuvinte ale textului) <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG/220px-De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG/220px-De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG/330px-De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG/440px-De_urinarum_differencia_negocium_between_1210_and_1230_..JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Imagine a două pagini în față ale manuscrisului iluminat al lui „Isagoge”, fols. 42b și 43a. În partea de sus a paginii din stânga este o literă iluminată „D” – inițiala „De urinarum differencia negocium” (Chestiunea diferențelor de urină). Înăuntrul scrisorii este o imagine a unui maestru pe bancă, arătând spre un balon ridicat în timp ce ține prelegeri despre „Cartea despre urine” a lui Teofil. Pagina din dreapta este afișată doar parțial. În partea de jos este o litera iluminată „U” – inițiala „Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis” (Urina este filtratul sângelui). În interiorul scrisorii este o imagine a unui maestru care ține în sus un balon în timp ce explică semnificația diagnostică a urinei unui student sau unui pacient. Colecția HMD, MS E 78. </figcaption> </figure></li> <li>decorare; ilustrații</li> <li>dimensiuni</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Shelfmark&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Shelfmark — pagină inexistentă">Marcaj</a> sau semnătură în bibliotecă (spre deosebire de numărul de catalog tipărit)</li> <li>lucrări/compoziții incluse în aceeași ms</li> <li>elemente <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codicologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Codicologie">codicologice</a> : <ul> <li>metoda de stergere: stergere, depășire, puncte deasupra literelor.</li> <li>antete/subsoluri</li> <li>format/aspect de pagină: coloane, text și comentarii/adăugiri/glose înconjurătoare,</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Interpolation_(manuscripts)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Interpolation (manuscripts) — pagină inexistentă">interpolări</a> (pasaj nescris de autorul original)</li> <li>notațiile/corecțiile marginale ale proprietarilor</li> <li>semnăturile proprietarului</li> <li>dedicație/ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epigrafie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epigrafie">inscripție</a></li> <li>cenzură semnăturile</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Collation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Collation — pagină inexistentă">colat</a> (cereri) (comanda obligatorie)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pagination&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pagination — pagină inexistentă">foliare</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Page_numbering&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Page numbering — pagină inexistentă">numerarea paginilor</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bookbinding&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bookbinding — pagină inexistentă">legare</a></li> <li>manuscrise legate împreună într-un singur volum: <ul> <li>convolut: volum care conține diferite manuscrise</li> <li>fascicul: manuscris individual, parte dintr-un contorsionat</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Materiale">Materiale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Materiale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hârtie">hârtie</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pergament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pergament">pergament</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papirus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papirus">papirus</a> pentru a păstra textul</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerneal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerneală">cerneală</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Instrument_de_scris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Instrument de scris">instrument de scris</a> folosit</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creion">creion</a> pentru a ajuta la procesul de scriere</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pastedown&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pastedown — pagină inexistentă">pastedown</a> (hârtie goală pentru coperta interioară)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Elemente_paleografice">Elemente paleografice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Elemente paleografice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>scenariu (unul sau mai multe)</li> <li>întâlnire</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Line_filler&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Line filler — pagină inexistentă">umpluturi de linie</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rubrication&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rubrication — pagină inexistentă">rubricare</a> (text cu cerneală roșie)</li> <li>linii guvernate</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Catchwords&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Catchwords — pagină inexistentă">slogan</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pergamentul">Pergamentul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Pergamentul" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Pergamentul este realizat din piele de animal, de obicei vițel, oaie sau capră, dar și alte animale.</p> <p>Cu toate pieile, calitatea produsului finit se bazează pe cât de multă pregătire și pricepere a fost pusă în transformarea pielii în pergament. Pergamentul făcut din vițel sau oaie era cel mai comun în Europa de Nord, în timp ce civilizațiile din sudul Europei preferau pielea de capră. <sup id="cite_ref-Intro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adesea, dacă pergamentul este alb sau crem și se mai văd venele de la animal, este piele de vițel. Dacă este galben, gras sau în unele cazuri strălucitor, atunci a fost făcut din piele de oaie. <sup id="cite_ref-Intro_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vellum provine din cuvântul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">latin</a> vitulinum care înseamnă „de vițel”/ „făcut din vițel”. Pentru producătorii și caligrafii moderni de pergament, și aparent adesea în trecut, termenii de pergament și pergament sunt folosiți pe baza diferitelor grade de calitate, pregătire și grosime, și nu în funcție de animalul de la care provine pielea și, din această cauză, termenul mai neutru „membrană” este adesea folosit de academicienii moderni, mai ales acolo unde animalul nu a fost stabilit prin testare. <sup id="cite_ref-Intro2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tipuri_de_scriere">Tipuri de scriere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tipuri de scriere" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Merovingian_script&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Merovingian script — pagină inexistentă">Scrierea merovingiană</a>, sau „Luxeuil minuscule”, este numită după o mănăstire din vestul Franței, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Abbey_of_Luxeuil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Abbey of Luxeuil — pagină inexistentă">Luxeuil Abbey</a>, fondată de misionarul irlandez St <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columban_de_Iona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columban de Iona">Columba</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 590</span> . <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caroline_minuscule&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caroline minuscule — pagină inexistentă">Caroline minuscule</a> este o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caligrafie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caligrafie">scriere caligrafică</a> dezvoltată ca standard de scriere în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa,</a> astfel încât <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabetul_latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabetul latin">alfabetul latin</a> să poată fi recunoscut cu ușurință de către clasa alfabetizată din diferite regiuni. A fost folosit în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a> între aproximativ 800 și 1200.</p> <p>Codurile, textele clasice și creștine și materialele educaționale au fost scrise în minuscule carolingiene de-a lungul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea_carolingian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renașterea carolingiană">Renașterii carolingiene</a> . Scenariul s-a dezvoltat în litera neagră și a devenit învechit, deși renașterea sa în renașterea italiană formează baza scenariilor mai recente. <sup id="cite_ref-Intro3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În <i>Introduction to Manuscript Studies</i>, Clemens și Graham asociază începutul acestui text provenind de la Abby of Saint-Martin la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tours">Tours</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-Intro3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Minuscula carolingiană a ajuns în Anglia în a doua jumătate a secolului al X-lea. Adoptarea sa acolo, înlocuind <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insular_script&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Insular script — pagină inexistentă">scrierea insulară</a>, a fost încurajată de importul manuscriselor europene continentale de către Sfinții <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dunstan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dunstan — pagină inexistentă">Dunstan</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwold_de_Winchester&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Æthelwold de Winchester — pagină inexistentă">Aethelwold</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Oswald_of_Worcester&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Oswald of Worcester — pagină inexistentă">Oswald</a> . Acest script s-a răspândit destul de rapid, fiind folosit în multe centre engleze pentru copierea textelor latine.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG/220px-Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1220"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG/220px-Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG/330px-Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG/440px-Lectionary_183_K068971.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lectionary_183&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lectionary 183 — pagină inexistentă">Lecționarul 183</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Scribii englezi au adaptat grafia carolingiană, dându-i proporție și lizibilitate. Această nouă revizuire a minusculei Caroline a fost numită English Protogothic Bookhand. Un alt script care este derivat din Minusculele Caroline a fost Bookhandul protogotic german. A apărut în sudul Germaniei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XII-lea. <sup id="cite_ref-script_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-script-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toate scrisorile individuale sunt Caroline; dar la fel ca și în cazul Bookhand protogotic englezesc a evoluat. <sup id="cite_ref-manu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-manu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multe mai multe scenarii au apărut din Bookhandul protogotic german. După acestea a venit Bastard Anglicana, care este cel mai bine descris ca: <sup id="cite_ref-Intro4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Coexistența în perioada gotică a mâinilor formale folosite pentru copierea cărților și a scripturilor cursive utilizate în scopuri documentare a dus în cele din urmă la fertilizarea încrucișată între aceste două stiluri de scriere fundamental diferite. În special, scribii au început să actualizeze unele dintre scripturile cursive.</p> <p>Un script care a fost astfel formalizat este cunoscut ca un script <i>bastard</i> (în timp ce un scriptor care a avut elemente cursive fuzionate pe el este cunoscut ca un script hibrid). Avantajul unui astfel de scenariu era că putea fi scris mai repede decât un simplu manual de carte; s-a recomandat astfel scriitorilor într-o perioadă în care cererea de cărți era în creștere și autorii aveau tendința de a scrie texte mai lungi. În Anglia, în secolele al XIV-lea și al XV-lea, multe cărți au fost scrise în scenariul cunoscut sub numele de Bastard Anglicana.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Genuri">Genuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Genuri" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>De la texte antice până la hărți medievale, orice scris pentru studiu ar fi fost făcut cu manuscrise. Unele dintre cele mai comune genuri au fost bibliile, comentariile religioase, filozofia, legea și textele guvernamentale.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Biblic">Biblic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biblic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>„ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblia">Biblia</a> a fost cea mai studiată carte a Evului Mediu”. <sup id="cite_ref-beryl_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-beryl-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblia a fost centrul vieții religioase medievale. Alături de Biblie au venit zeci de comentarii. Comentariile au fost scrise în volume, unele concentrându-se doar pe pagini individuale ale scripturilor. În toată Europa, au existat universități care se mândreau cu cunoștințele lor biblice. Alături de universități, anumite orașe au avut și propriile lor celebrități ale cunoștințelor biblice în perioada medievală</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cartea_orelor">Cartea orelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cartea orelor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pentecost_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/220px-Pentecost_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 245px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/220px-Pentecost_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/330px-Pentecost_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/440px-Pentecost_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusalii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusalii">Rusaliile</a>, dintr-un manuscris <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liturghie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liturghie">liturgic</a> catolic iluminat, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310–1320</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>O <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartea_Orelor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartea Orelor">carte de ore</a> este un tip de text devoțional care a fost larg popular în Evul Mediu. Sunt cel mai comun tip de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anluminur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anluminură">manuscrise iluminate</a> medievale care au supraviețuit. Fiecare carte de ore conține o colecție similară de texte, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_prayer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Christian prayer — pagină inexistentă">rugăciuni</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psalmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psalmi">psalmi</a>, dar decorarea poate varia între fiecare exemplu.</p> <p>Multe au iluminare minimă, adesea limitată la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Initials&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Initials — pagină inexistentă">inițiale</a> ornamentate, dar cărțile de ore realizate pentru patronii mai înstăriți pot fi extrem de extravagante cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miniatur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miniatură">miniaturi</a> pe toată pagina. Aceste cărți erau folosite pentru ca proprietarii să recite rugăciunile în mod privat în opt ore sau ore diferite ale zilei. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cărți_și_calendare_liturgice"><span id="C.C4.83r.C8.9Bi_.C8.99i_calendare_liturgice"></span>Cărți și calendare liturgice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cărți și calendare liturgice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>Alături de Biblii, în Biserică au fost primite un număr mare de manuscrise realizate în Evul Mediu . Datorită sistemului bisericesc complex de ritualuri și cult, aceste cărți au fost cele mai elegant scrise și mai fin decorate dintre toate manuscrisele medievale. Cărțile liturgice erau de obicei în două soiuri. Cele folosite la liturghie și cele pentru slujba divină. <sup id="cite_ref-Intro5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Intro5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Majoritatea cărților liturgice au venit cu un calendar în față. Acesta a servit ca punct de referință rapid pentru date importante din viața lui Isus și pentru a le spune oficialilor bisericii care sfinți trebuiau cinstiți și în ce zi.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Variante_moderne">Variante moderne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Variante moderne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <p>În contextul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteconomie_%C8%99i_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Ba_informa%C8%9Biei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteconomie și știința informației">biblioteconomiei</a>, un manuscris este definit ca orice articol scris de mână din colecțiile unei biblioteci sau ale unei arhive. De exemplu, colecția de scrisori sau jurnale scrise de mână a unei biblioteci este considerată o colecție de manuscrise.</p> <p>Astfel de colecții de manuscrise sunt descrise în instrumente de găsire, similare cu un index sau un cuprins al colecției, în conformitate cu standardele naționale și internaționale de conținut, cum ar fi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Describing_Archives:_A_Content_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Describing Archives: A Content Standard — pagină inexistentă">DACS</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISAD(G)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ISAD(G) — pagină inexistentă">ISAD(G)</a> .</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Conservare">Conservare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Conservare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <p>Aproximativ 300.000 de manuscrise latine, 55.000 grecești, 30.000 armene și 12.000 de manuscrise medievale georgiane au supraviețuit. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geographic_(revist%C4%83)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geographic (revistă)">National Geographic</a> estimează că 700.000 de manuscrise africane au supraviețuit la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=University_of_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="University of Timbuktu — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Timbuktu</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mali">Mali</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-Timbuktu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Timbuktu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-de-l-n-1">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de-l-n_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de-l-n_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de-l-n_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de-l-n_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Popa, vol. IV, pag. 253</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018192258/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manuscript">„Definition of MANUSCRIPT”</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manuscript">original</a> la <time datetime="2017-10-18">18 octombrie 2017</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-04-15">15 aprilie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MANUSCRIPT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmanuscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AManuscris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Reference-OED-manuscript">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oed.com/cgi/findword?query_type%3Dword%26find%3DFind%2Bword%26queryword%3Dmanuscript">manuscript</a>". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-de-a-c-4"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-de-a-c_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Popa, vol. I, pag. 416</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-5">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro2-6"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro2_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, Michelle P. (<time datetime="1991">1991</time>). <i>Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780802077288?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780802077288">9780802077288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Manuscripts&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780802077288&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michelle+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AManuscris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Michelle P. <i>A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600</i>. Toronto,1990.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro3-9">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-script-10"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-script_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. "English Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 146–147.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-manu-11"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-manu_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. "German Protogothic Bookhand." In Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008. 149–150.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro4-12"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro4_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-beryl-13"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-beryl_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages. 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1983), xxvii</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528174555/https://www.lesenluminures.com/learn/34/">„Learn: Basic Tutorial”</a>. <i>Les Enluminures</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lesenluminures.com/learn/34/">original</a> la <time datetime="2019-05-28">28 mai 2019</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-05-28">28 mai 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Enluminures&rft.atitle=Learn%3A+Basic+Tutorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesenluminures.com%2Flearn%2F34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AManuscris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro5-15"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Intro5_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coulie, Bernard (<time datetime="2014">2014</time>). „Collections and catalogues of Armenian manuscripts”. În Calzolari, Valentina. <i>Armenian philology in the modern era : from manuscript to digital text</i>. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden: Brill. p. 24. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789004259942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9789004259942">9789004259942</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872222210">872222210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Collections+and+catalogues+of+Armenian+manuscripts&rft.btitle=Armenian+philology+in+the+modern+era+%3A+from+manuscript+to+digital+text&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872222210&rft.isbn=9789004259942&rft.aulast=Coulie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AManuscris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Timbuktu-17"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Timbuktu_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121141630/https://theafricanhistory.com/817">„700,000 ancient African books survived in Timbuktu University, Mali”</a>. <time datetime="2020-07-12">12 iulie 2020</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theafricanhistory.com/817">original</a> la <time datetime="2020-11-21">21 noiembrie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-14">14 martie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=700%2C000+ancient+African+books+survived+in+Timbuktu+University%2C+Mali&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafricanhistory.com%2F817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AManuscris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul> <li>Popa, Marcel D. et al. (1993). <i>Dicționar enciclopedic</i>, vol. I (A-C), Editura Enciclopedică, București. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9734500465?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 973-45-0046-5</a></li> <li>Popa, Marcel D. et al. (2001). <i>Dicționar enciclopedic</i>, vol. IV (L-N), Editura Enciclopedică, București. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9734501437?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 973-45-0143-7</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9734503502?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 973-45-0350-2</a>, vol. IV</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manuscris&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificare</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List%C4%83_de_manuscrise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listă de manuscrise">Listă de manuscrise</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Codice">Codice</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codicologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Codicologie">Codicologie</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papirus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papirus">Papirus</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papirologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papirologie">Papirologie</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scriere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scriere">Scriere</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16786155">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:0 auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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hreflang="azb" data-title="ال یازما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BF%25D1%2582" title="Манускрыпт – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манускрыпт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D1%2581" title="Рукапіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рукапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%258A%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="Ръкопис – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръкопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="পাণ্ডুলিপি – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাণ্ডুলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornskrid" title="Dornskrid – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dornskrid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BB%25C3%25A7%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%2583" title="Алçыру – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алçыру" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawysgrif" title="Llawysgrif – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llawysgrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CF%2581%25CF%258C%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF" title="Χειρόγραφο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χειρόγραφο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manuscript" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskripto" title="Manuskripto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manuskripto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A4sikiri" title="Käsikiri – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsikiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuizkribu" title="Eskuizkribu – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuizkribu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AE%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25DB%258C" title="نسخه خطی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسخه خطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A4sikirjoitus" title="Käsikirjoitus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käsikirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A2nskrift_(dokumint)" title="Hânskrift (dokumint) – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hânskrift (dokumint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25B9%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25A4" title="હસ્તપ્રત – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હસ્તપ્રત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%25AA%25D7%2591_%25D7%2599%25D7%2593_(%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A7)" title="כתב יד (העתק) – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב יד (העתק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="पाण्डुलिपि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाण्डुलिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A9zirat_(dokumentum)" title="Kézirat (dokumentum) – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kézirat (dokumentum)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2581%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AB%25D6%2580" title="Ձեռագիր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձեռագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskripto" title="Manuskripto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manuskripto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handrit" title="Handrit – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Handrit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscritto" title="Manoscritto – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manoscritto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2586%2599%25E6%259C%25AC" title="写本 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="写本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B9%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EB%25B3%25B8" title="사본 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D1%2582" title="Манускрипт – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манускрипт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscriptum" title="Manuscriptum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuscriptum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscrito" title="Manoscrito – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manoscrito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankra%25C5%25A1tis" title="Rankraštis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rankraštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokraksts" title="Rokraksts – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rokraksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora-tanam-piraketana" title="Sora-tanam-piraketana – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sora-tanam-piraketana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2587" title="हस्तलिखिते – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हस्तलिखिते" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskhah" title="Naskhah – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naskhah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manascritto" title="Manascritto – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Manascritto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="पाण्डुलिपि – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाण्डुलिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handschrift_(document)" title="Handschrift (document) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handschrift (document)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskript" title="Manuskript – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuskript" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit" title="Manuscrit – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B9%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25A5_%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2596%25E0%25A8%25A4" title="ਹੱਥ ਲਿਖਤ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੱਥ ਲਿਖਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C4%2599kopis" title="Rękopis – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rękopis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrito" title="Manuscrito – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Рукопись – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рукопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%2583" title="मातृकाग्रन्थः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मातृकाग्रन्थः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588" title="قلمي نسخو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قلمي نسخو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis" title="Rukopis – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rukopis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manuscript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukopis_(star%25C3%25BD_dokument)" title="Rukopis (starý dokument) – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rukopis (starý dokument)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokopis" title="Rokopis – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rokopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor%25C3%25ABshkrimi" title="Dorëshkrimi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dorëshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BA%25D1%259A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0" title="Рукописна књига – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рукописна књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskah" title="Naskah – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Naskah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handskrift" title="Handskrift – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="கையெழுத்துப்படி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கையெழுத்துப்படி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrito" title="Manuskrito – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manuskrito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_yazmas%25C4%25B1" title="El yazması – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El yazması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="Рукопис – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рукопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B7%25DB%2581" title="مخطوطہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مخطوطہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%25CA%25BBlyozma" title="Qoʻlyozma – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻlyozma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25E1%25BB%25A7_b%25E1%25BA%25A3n" title="Thủ bản – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủ bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%25C3%25AEscr%25C3%25AEt" title="Papîscrît – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Papîscrît" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrito" title="Manuskrito – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manuskrito" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2589%258B%25E6%258A%2584%25E6%259C%25AC" title="手抄本 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手抄本" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2589%258B%25E6%258A%2584%25E6%259C%25AC" title="手抄本 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手抄本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 24 octombrie 2024, ora 09:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Conținutul este disponibil 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