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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign_and_Wang_Mang's_aggrandization_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early reign and Wang Mang's aggrandization of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign_and_Wang_Mang's_aggrandization_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lü_Kuan_Incident_and_Wang_Mang's_seizure_of_absolute_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lü_Kuan_Incident_and_Wang_Mang's_seizure_of_absolute_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Lü Kuan Incident and Wang Mang's seizure of absolute power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lü_Kuan_Incident_and_Wang_Mang's_seizure_of_absolute_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor Ping of Han</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="پینق (ایمپیراتور) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پینق (ایمپیراتور)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n_P%C3%AAng-t%C3%A8" title="Hàn Pêng-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn Pêng-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Пин-ди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пин-ди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pingdi" title="Han Pingdi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han Pingdi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Αυτοκράτορας Πινγκ των Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτορας Πινγκ των Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Ping_de_Han" title="Emperador Ping de Han – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador Ping de Han" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتور پینگ هان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور پینگ هان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pingdi" title="Han Pingdi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Han Pingdi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%9C_%ED%8F%89%EC%A0%9C" title="전한 평제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전한 평제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Ping_od_Hana" title="Car Ping od Hana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Car Ping od Hana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Ping_dari_Han" title="Kaisar Ping dari Han – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Ping dari Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امبراطور بينج هان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطور بينج هان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%9D_(%E6%BC%A2)" title="平帝 (漢) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平帝 (漢)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pingdi" title="Han Pingdi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Han Pingdi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pingdi" title="Han Pingdi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Han Pingdi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_de_Han" title="Ping de Han – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ping de Han" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Пин-ди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пин-ди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆر پینگی ھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆر پینگی ھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Ping_od_Hana" title="Car Ping od Hana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Ping od Hana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pingdi" title="Han Pingdi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Han Pingdi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="จักรพรรดิฮั่นผิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฮั่นผิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(Han)" title="Ping (Han) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ping (Han)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Пін-ді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пін-ді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n_B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Hán Bình Đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hán Bình Đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%9D%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="漢孝平皇帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢孝平皇帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%9D" title="汉平帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉平帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E8%A1%8E" title="劉衎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劉衎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%9D" title="汉平帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉平帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7244#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of the Han dynasty from 1 BC to AD 6</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Ping of Han <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">漢平帝</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 1 BC<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 3 February 6 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Emperor Ai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Liu Ying</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">9 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Lunu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Zhongshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Zhongshan">Principality of Zhongshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 6 AD (aged 14)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, Han dynasty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Kang Mausoleum (康陵)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Ping)" title="Empress Wang (Ping)">Empress Xiaoping</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Liu Jizi 劉箕子, later Liu Kan 劉衎</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Yuanshi (元始; 1–5 AD)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Xiaoping (孝平皇帝)<br />"filial and peaceful"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Yuanzong (元宗)<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(later revoked)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Xing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Wei</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emperor Ping of Han</b> (9 BC – 3 February 6 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> personal names <b>Liu Jizi</b> and later <b>Liu Kan</b>, was the eleventh <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, reigning from 1 BC to AD 6. He ascended the throne at the age of eight following the death of his cousin, the childless <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Emperor Ai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> was appointed regent by Grand Empress Dowager <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengjun" title="Wang Zhengjun">Wang Zhengjun</a>. Dissatisfied with his father's dictatorial regency, in AD 3, Wang's son Wang Yu (王宇) conspired with Emperor Ping's maternal uncles of the Wei clan against the regent, but after they were discovered, Wang Mang had not only Wang Yu and the Weis (except Consort Wei) put to death, but also used this opportunity to accuse many actual or potential political enemies as being part of the conspiracy and to execute or exile them. From then onwards, the Han dynasty existed only in name. Furthermore, Wang Mang also designated his daughter as the empress consort to Emperor Ping to codify his legitimacy to power. Emperor Ping was allegedly poisoned by Wang Mang after reigning less than six years because Wang was concerned that he would avenge his uncles, and his successor, the infant <a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Ruzi Ying</a>, would be chosen by none other than Wang Mang himself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background_and_life_as_imperial_prince">Family background and life as imperial prince</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background and life as imperial prince"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu Jizi was born in 9 BC. His father Liu Xing (劉興) was the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Emperor Yuan</a> and a younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Emperor Cheng</a>. His mother was one of Prince Xing's consorts, Consort Wei (衛姬). Prince Jizi had three sisters (whose names are not recorded in history) but no brother. He was born with a heart ailment, which, when afflicting him, causes him to have circulation problems, manifesting itself outwardly as having his lips and appendages turn blue. He was raised by his paternal grandmother Consort <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuan" title="Feng Yuan">Feng Yuan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> of Emperor Yuan, who then had the title princess dowager in Prince Xing's principality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around the time of Prince Jizi's birth, Prince Xing was considered a potential imperial heir, because Emperor Cheng had no heirs, but eventually Emperor Cheng chose his nephew (Prince Jizi's cousin) <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Liu Xin</a> (劉欣), because Emperor Cheng considered Prince Xin to be more capable than Prince Xing, and also wanted to adopt Prince Xin and make him his own son. When Emperor Cheng died in April 7 BC, Prince Xin took the throne as Emperor Ai. </p><p>Also in 7 BC, when Prince Jizi was just 2, Prince Xing died, and Prince Jizi inherited his principality as the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhongshan</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a>, Hebei). He continued to be periodically afflicted with his heart disorder. As a result, his grandmother Princess Dowager Feng hired many physicians and often prayed to the gods. In 6 BC, Emperor Ai, hearing about his cousin's illness, sent imperial physicians along with his attendant Zhang You (張由) to go to Zhongshan to treat Prince Jizi. This, however, would have dire consequences of Princess Dowager Feng.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The imperial attendant Zhang was himself afflicted with a psychiatric condition (probably <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>), and when he got to Zhongshan, he suddenly, in a rage, left there and returned to the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>. Once he did and was ordered to explain his conduct, he made up a false reason—that he had discovered that Princess Dowager Feng was using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ai and his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Consort_Fu_(Yuan)" title="Consort Fu (Yuan)">Empress Dowager Fu</a>. Empress Dowager Fu and Princess Dowager Feng had been romantic rivals when they had been both consorts to Emperor Yuan, and Empress Dowager Fu decided to use this opportunity to strike at Princess Dowager Feng. She sent a eunuch, Shi Li (史立), to serve as investigator, and Shi tortured a good number of Princess Dowager Feng's relations (including her sister Feng Xi (馮習) and her sister-in-law Junzhi (君之)), some to death, but still could not build a solid case against Princess Dowager Feng. Shi Li decided to show Princess Dowager Feng who was actually behind the investigation, by referring to an incident in which then-Consort Feng defended Emperor Yuan against a bear which had broken loose. Princess Dowager Feng, realizing that Empress Dowager Fu was behind the investigation, went back to her palace and committed suicide. In total, 17 members of the Feng clan died as a result of the investigations. Prince Jizi, then still a toddler, was spared. (Princess Dowager Feng's reputation would be restored, and her accusers severely punished, in 1 BC, after the deaths of Emperor Ai and Empress Dowager Fu.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1 BC, Emperor Ai died without an heir. His stepgrandmother, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengjun" title="Wang Zhengjun">Grand Empress Dowager Wang</a>, quickly seized power back from Emperor Ai's male favorite (and probable lover) <a href="/wiki/Dong_Xian" title="Dong Xian">Dong Xian</a>, and recalled her nephew Wang Mang as regent. Wang Mang quickly carried out a wave of retaliation against Dong Xian and Emperor Ai's Fu and Ding (relatives of his mother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empress_Dowager_Ding_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empress Dowager Ding (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Consort Ding</a>) relations, purging them from government. At the same time, he also purged many actual or potential political enemies, while pretending to Grand Empress Dowager Wang to be still loyal to the Han dynasty. Prince Jizi, as the only surviving male descendant of Emperor Yuan (both Emperors Cheng and Ai having died without issue), was considered the logical successor, and he was welcomed to Chang'an to succeed his cousin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign_and_Wang_Mang's_aggrandization_of_power"><span id="Early_reign_and_Wang_Mang.27s_aggrandization_of_power"></span>Early reign and Wang Mang's aggrandization of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign and Wang Mang's aggrandization of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost immediately after Emperor Ping took the throne, Wang Mang began to carry out a regime to return governmental structure to ancient days of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> and the even more ancient <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. He also aggressively pursued a program to build up a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> about himself, wanting to have himself recognized as a holy regent on the scale of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>. In 1 CE, for example, after having his political allies convincing Grand Empress Dowager Wang of his great faithfulness and great achievements, he was created the Duke of Anhan (安漢公, literally "Duke who made Han secure"), even though there had not been a single duke created in Han history up to that point. Further, to appease both the disaffected nobility and the people, Wang Mang instituted a program to restore marquess titles to descendants of past imperial princes and marquesses, started a pension system for retired officials, and reduced taxes. He also bribed vassal states into making offerings of rare animals, viewed as signs of heavenly blessing, to Han. With all people praising Wang Mang, he managed to persuade Grand Empress Dowager Wang, then already 69 years old, to have him make the important state decisions, rather than have her do so, and Wang Mang immediately became the most powerful figure in the empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To prevent Emperor Ping's Wei relations from becoming powerful potential rivals at court, Wang Mang limited the titles of Emperor Ping's uncles to acting marquesses (關內侯) and his mother Consort Wei to "Princess Xiao of Zhongshan" ("Prince Xiao" being Prince Xing's posthumous name), and only created Emperor Ping's three sisters ladies (君). He also ordered that the Weis, including Consort Wei, and Emperor Ping's sisters not to be allowed to go to Chang'an to see him, but were to remain in Zhongshan. </p><p>In 2 CE, to reduce the burden of the people in <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboo</a>, Emperor Ping's name was changed to Kan (衎), since Ji and Zi were commonly used characters. </p><p>Also in 2 CE, Wang Mang decided to have his <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Ping)" title="Empress Wang (Ping)">daughter</a> married to Emperor Ping to further affirm his position. Initially, he started a selection process of eligible noble young ladies (after declaring, in accordance with ancient customs, that Emperor Ping would have one wife and 11 <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a>). However, then, in an act of false modesty intended to create the opposite result, he petitioned Grand Empress Dowager Wang that his daughter not be considered—and then started a petition drive by the people to have his daughter be selected as empress. The petitioners stormed the outside of the palace, and Grand Empress Dowager Wang, overwhelmed by the display of affection for Wang Mang, ordered that Wang Mang's daughter be made empress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Lü_Kuan_Incident_and_Wang_Mang's_seizure_of_absolute_power"><span id="The_L.C3.BC_Kuan_Incident_and_Wang_Mang.27s_seizure_of_absolute_power"></span>The Lü Kuan Incident and Wang Mang's seizure of absolute power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Lü Kuan Incident and Wang Mang's seizure of absolute power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang Mang's son Wang Yu (王宇) disagreed with his father's dictatorial regime and program to build up his personality cult, afraid that in the future the Wangs would receive a backlash when Emperor Ping was grown. He therefore formed friendships with Emperor Ping's Wei uncles, and told Consort Wei to offer assurances to Wang Mang that she would not act as Emperor Ai's mother and grandmother did, trying to become an empress dowager. Wang Mang still refused to let her visit the capital. </p><p>In 3 CE, Wang Yu formed a <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracies_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conspiracies (political)">conspiracy</a> with his teacher Wu Zhang (吳章), his brother-in-law Lü Kuan (呂寬), and the Weis, to try to see what they can do to break Wang Mang's dictatorial hold. They decided that they would create what appear to be supernatural incidents to make Wang Mang concerned, and then have Wu try to persuade Wang Mang to transfer power to the Weis. Wang Yu told Lü to toss a bottle of blood onto Wang Mang's mansion door to create that effect—but Lü was discovered by Wang Mang's guards. Wang Mang then arrested Wang Yu, who then committed suicide, and his wife (Lü Kuan's sister) Lü Yan (呂焉) was executed. Wang Mang then executed the entire Wei clan, except for Consort Wei. Wu was cut in half and then drawn and quartered. (It is not known what happened to Lü, but it would appear that there would be no way for him to escape death.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wang Mang then took this opportunity to further wipe out potential enemies—by torturing Wang Yu and Lü's coconspirators and then arrest anyone that they mentioned, and then have them either executed or forced them to commit suicide. The victims of this purge included Emperor Yuan's sister Grand Princess<sup id="cite_ref-grand_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jingwu (敬武長公主), Wang Mang's own uncle Wang Li (王立), and his own cousin Wang Ren (王仁). He told Grand Empress Dowager Wang, however, falsely, that they had died of illnesses. Many other officials who were not willing to follow Wang Mang were also victimized in this purge. After this, Wang Mang's hold on power became absolute. </p><p>In 4 CE, Emperor Ping officially married Wang Mang's daughter and created her empress. </p><p>In 5 CE, Wang Mang revived an ancient ceremony intended for those who have made great contributions to the state, and had himself given the <a href="/wiki/Nine_bestowments" title="Nine bestowments">nine bestowments</a>. (The "nine bestowments" would, after Wang Mang, thereafter become a customary step for usurpers to receive before they usurp the throne.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor_Ping_of_Han" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor Ping of Han">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangling_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kangling_1.jpg/250px-Kangling_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kangling_1.jpg/330px-Kangling_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kangling_1.jpg/500px-Kangling_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Kangling (康陵), tomb of Emperor Ping, in <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, Shaanxi</figcaption></figure> <p>Circa 5 AD, Emperor Ping, having grown older, appeared to have grown out of his earlier heart condition, and it became fairly plain that he resented Wang Mang for slaughtering his uncles and not allowing his mother to visit him in Chang'an. Wang Mang therefore resolved to murder the emperor. In winter 5 AD, Wang Mang submitted pepper wine (considered in those days to be capable of chasing away evil spirits) to the 13-year-old emperor, but had the wine spiked with poison. As the emperor was suffering the effects of the poison, Wang Mang wrote a secret petition to the gods, in which he offered to substitute his life for Emperor Ping's, and then had the petition locked away. (Historians generally believed that Wang Mang had two motives in doing this—one was, in case Emperor Ping recovered from the poisoning, to use this to try to absolve himself of involvement in the poisoning, and the second was to leave for posterity evidence of his faithfulness.) After a few days of suffering, Emperor Ping died. The throne would lie vacant for the next few years, as although Emperor Ping's <a href="/wiki/Cousin-once-removed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cousin-once-removed">cousin-once-removed</a>, the infant <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ruzi_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ruzi of Han">Emperor Ruzi</a>, would be selected as emperor, he would never actually take the throne. Wang Mang would serve as acting emperor and usurp the Han throne officially in 8 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb">Tomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Ping's burial mound is found in Zhouling district of <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>. The grave sits in a field with only a rudimentary sign and low fence to distinguish it. The latter has not proven effective in discouraging climbers, as there are worn paths leading up and down the hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Era_name">Era name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Era name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Yuanshi</i> (元始): <a href="/wiki/AD_1" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1">AD 1</a> – AD 5</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Ping)" title="Empress Wang (Ping)">Empress Xiaoping</a>, of the Wang clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孝平皇后王氏</span></span>; 4 BC – 23)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Emperor Xuan of Han</a> (91–48 BC)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Emperor Yuan of Han</a> (75–33 BC)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xu_Pingjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Xu Pingjun">Empress Gong'ai</a> (89–71 BC)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">Liu Xing (d. 8 BC)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">Feng Fengshi (d. 39 BC)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Consort_Feng_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort Feng Yuan">Feng Yuan</a> (d. 6 BC)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">Emperor Ping of Han (9 BC – 6)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">Wei Zihao</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">Lady Wei</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of the Han dynasty">Family tree of the Han dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Ping_of_Han&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>xinyou</i> day of the 9th month of the 2nd year of the <i>Yuan'shou</i> era, per vol.35 of <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vol. 36 of <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i> indicated that Emperor Ping died on the <i>bingwu</i> (丙午) day of the 12th month of the 5th year of the <i>Yuan'shi</i> era. However, there is no <i>bingwu</i> day in that month. Bielenstein opined that the correct day should be the <i>bingzi</i> (丙子) day, which corresponds to 3 Feb 6 in the proleptic Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bielenstein (1986), 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grand-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grand_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeeWiles2015" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Lily; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA609"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women</i></a>. Vol. II. Routledge. p. 609. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51562-3"><bdi>978-1-317-51562-3</bdi></a>. <q>An emperor's [...] sister or a favorite daughter was called a <b>grand princess</b> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhang gongzhu</i></span>); and his aunt or grand-aunt was called a princess supreme (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">dazhang gongzhu</i></span>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Women&rft.pages=609&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-51562-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqNsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Ping+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220</i>. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0">0-521-24327-0</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Ping of Han</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">House of Liu</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 9 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 3 February 6</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Emperor Ai of Han</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></i><br />1 BC – 3 Feb 6 AD<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a></i> <i> (1 BC – 5 AD)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Ruzi Ying</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Gaozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Lü</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qianshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Qianshao of Han">Qianshao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Houshao of Han">Houshao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhao of Han">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Liu He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Ai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Ruzi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">漢</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BClin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lülin">Lülin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Chimei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Penzi" title="Liu Penzi">Liu Penzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Guangwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhang of Han">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Beixiang" title="Marquess of Beixiang">Marquess of Beixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Han" title="Emperor Shun of Han">Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chong_of_Han" title="Emperor Chong of Han">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhi_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhi of Han">Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bian" title="Liu Bian">Liu Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. 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