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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرار مورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرار مورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="জেৰাৰ্ড মৌৰো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জেৰাৰ্ড মৌৰো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="জেরার মুরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরার মুরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жэрар Муру – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жэрар Муру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жерар Муру – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жерар Муру" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ζεράρ Μουρού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζεράρ Μουρού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ژرار مورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرار مورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AC%B4%EB%A3%A8" title="제라르 무루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제라르 무루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ժերար Մուրու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժերար Մուրու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ז'ראר מורו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ראר מורו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A" title="ಗೆರಾರ್ಡ್ ಮೌರೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೆರಾರ್ಡ್ ಮೌರೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mourou" title="Gerardus Mourou – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gerardus Mourou" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жерар Муру – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жерар Муру" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81" title="ഷെറാദ് മൊറു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെറാദ് മൊറു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جيرار مورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرار مورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ژرار مورو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژرار مورو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB" title="ジェラール・ムル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェラール・ムル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Муру, Жерар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муру, Жерар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жерар Муру – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жерар Муру" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="செரார் மூரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செரார் மூரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жерар Муру – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Жерар Муру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жерар Муру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жерар Муру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gérard Mourou" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E8%83%A1" title="穆胡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆胡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81" title="热拉尔·穆鲁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French physicist (born 1944)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gérard Mourou</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9rard_Mourou,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/330px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/440px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3703" data-file-height="5554" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mourou in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gérard Albert Mourou</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1944-06-22</span>) </span>22 June 1944<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 80)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied France">Occupied France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Grenoble_Alpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Grenoble Alpes">University of Grenoble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._W._Wood_Prize" title="R. W. Wood Prize">R. W. Wood Prize</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École polytechnique</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">ENSTA ParisTech</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod">N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gérard Albert Mourou</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒeʁaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>muʁu]</a></span>; born 22 June 1944)<sup id="cite_ref-Lindinger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindinger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a French scientist and pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasers">lasers</a>. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 2018, along with <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a>, for the invention of <a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">chirped pulse amplification</a>, a technique later used to create ultrashort-pulse, very high-intensity (<a href="/wiki/Petawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Petawatt">petawatt</a>) laser pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_Profile_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan_Profile-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Mourou and his team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> discovered that the balance between the self-focusing refraction (see <a href="/wiki/Kerr_effect" title="Kerr effect">Kerr effect</a>) and self-attenuating <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities in the atmosphere creates "filaments" that act as <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguides</a> for the beam, thus preventing divergence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mourou has been director of the Laboratoire d'optique appliquée at the <a href="/wiki/ENSTA" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA">ENSTA</a> from 2005 to 2009. He is a professor and member of Haut Collège at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École polytechnique</a> and A. D. Moore Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> where he has taught for over 16 years. He was the founding director of the Center for Ultrafast Optical Science at the University of Michigan in 1990. He had previously led a research group on ultrafast sciences at Laboratoire d'optique appliquée of ENSTA and École polytechnique, after obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a> in 1973. He then went to the United States and became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> in 1977, where he and his then student <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> produced their Nobel prize-winning work in the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">Laboratory for Laser Energetics</a> at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair co-invented <a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">chirped pulse amplification</a>, a "method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strickland's doctoral thesis was on "development of an ultra-bright laser and an application to multi-photon ionization".<sup id="cite_ref-Thesis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, Mourou was featured by a French film company in a publicity video for the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Light_Infrastructure" title="Extreme Light Infrastructure">Extreme Light Infrastructure</a> (ELI).<sup id="cite_ref-LeMonde_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMonde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecole_polytechnique_(31183345568).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg/262px-Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg/393px-Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg/524px-Ecole_polytechnique_%2831183345568%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Mourou, speaking in 2018 after being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 October 2018, Mourou and <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for their joint work on <a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">chirped pulse amplification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Nobel_prize_won_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Nobel_prize_won-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared half of the Prize, while the other half was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> for his invention of "optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_(46234161551).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg/262px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg/393px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg/524px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou_EM1B5793_%2846234161551%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2933" /></a><figcaption>Gérard Mourou during Nobel press conference in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, December 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Mourou and Strickland found that stretching a laser out reduced its peak power, which could then be greatly amplified using normal instruments. It could then be compressed to create the short-lived, highly powerful lasers they were after.<sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique, which was described in Strickland's first scientific publication, came to be known as chirped pulse amplification (CPA). They were probably unaware at the time that their tools would make it possible to study natural phenomena in unprecedented ways.<sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CPA could also per definition be used to create a laser pulse that only lasts one attosecond, one-billionth of a billionth of a second. At those timescales, it became possible not only to study chemical reactions, but what happens inside individual atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> provided simplified summaries of the work of Strickland and Mourou: it "paved the way for the shortest, most intense laser beams ever created". "The ultrabrief, ultrasharp beams can be used to make extremely precise cuts so their technique is now used in laser machining and enables doctors to perform millions of corrective" <a href="/wiki/Laser_eye_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser eye surgery">laser eye surgeries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Nobel_prize_won_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Nobel_prize_won-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> acknowledged the achievements of Mourou and Strickland: "Their innovative work can be found in applications including corrective eye surgery, and is expected to have a significant impact on cancer therapy and other physics research in the future".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/R._W._Wood_Prize" title="R. W. Wood Prize">R. W. Wood Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">OSA</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997 – SPIE Harold E. Edgerton Award<sup id="cite_ref-SPIE_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPIE-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> Member</li> <li>2004 – IEEE LEOS <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Society" title="IEEE Photonics Society">Quantum Electronics Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes_Award" title="Charles Hard Townes Award">Charles Hard Townes Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">OSA</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ives_Medal" title="Frederic Ives Medal">Frederic Ives Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Leibinger_Zukunftspreis" title="Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis">Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow_Prize_in_Laser_Science" title="Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science">Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a><sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020 – Honorary Doctorate of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 February 2020 – Honorary Doctorate of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fY5UcvmSS4A&feature=youtu.be">ceremony</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMourou2004" class="citation book cs1">Mourou, Gérard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003101450/http://www2.optics.rochester.edu/~stroud/BookHTML/ChapVI_pdf/VI_53.pdf">"53. The dawn of ultrafast science and technology at the University of Rochester."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Stroud, Carlos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.optics.rochester.edu/~stroud/BookHTML/contents.htm"><i>A Jewel in the Crown: 75th Anniversary Essays of The Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester</i></a>. Rochester, NY: Meliora Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-162-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-162-7"><bdi>978-1-58046-162-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.optics.rochester.edu/~stroud/BookHTML/ChapVI_pdf/VI_53.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=53.+The+dawn+of+ultrafast+science+and+technology+at+the+University+of+Rochester.&rft.btitle=A+Jewel+in+the+Crown%3A+75th+Anniversary+Essays+of+The+Institute+of+Optics+of+the+University+of+Rochester&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Meliora+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-162-7&rft.aulast=Mourou&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.optics.rochester.edu%2F~stroud%2FBookHTML%2FChapVI_pdf%2FVI_53.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lindinger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindinger_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindinger2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindinger, Manfred (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/nobelpreise/physik-nobelpreis-2018-praezisionswerkzeuge-aus-laserlicht-15818493.html">"Eine Zange aus lauter Licht"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engin.umich.edu/research/cuos/ResearchGroups/HFS/Profiles/Gerard_Mourou.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rard+Mourou&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engin.umich.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcuos%2FResearchGroups%2FHFS%2FProfiles%2FGerard_Mourou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/rochesters-breakthrough-in-laser-science-earns-nobel-prize-340302/">"Rochester breakthrough in laser science earns Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>University of Rochester</i>. 2 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Optical Society. <q>For contributions to the field of ultrafast optics, in particular for introducing the concept of chirped pulse amplification for laser systems to boost optical power peaks to unprecedented levels</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.+W.+Wood+Prize&rft.pub=The+Optical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org%2Fen-us%2Fawards_and_grants%2Fawards%2Faward_description%2Frwwood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPIE-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPIE_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/about-spie/awards-programs/current-award-winners/spie-harold-e-edgerton-award-in-high-speed-optics?SSO=1">"SPIE Harold E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spie.org&rft.atitle=SPIE+Harold+E.+Edgerton+Award+in+High-Speed+Optics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspie.org%2Fabout-spie%2Fawards-programs%2Fcurrent-award-winners%2Fspie-harold-e-edgerton-award-in-high-speed-optics%3FSSO%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photonicssociety.org/awards/quantum-electronics-award/quantum-electronics-award-award-winners">"Quantum Electronics Award Winners"</a>. <i>IEEE Photonics Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>For pioneering contributions to ultrafast optics including optical sampling and intense fs pulses</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Photonics+Society&rft.atitle=Quantum+Electronics+Award+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.photonicssociety.org%2Fawards%2Fquantum-electronics-award%2Fquantum-electronics-award-award-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607190758/http://lambaward.org/2005/2005-mourou.html">"Gérard Mourou – the 2005 Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics"</a>. <i>www.lambaward.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambaward.org/2005/2005-mourou.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lambaward.org&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9rard+Mourou+%E2%80%93+the+2005+Willis+E.+Lamb+Award+for+Laser+Science+and+Quantum+Optics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambaward.org%2F2005%2F2005-mourou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/gerard-mourou/">"Gérard Mourou"</a>. The Optical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rard+Mourou&rft.pub=The+Optical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osa.org%2Fen-us%2Fhistory%2Fbiographies%2Fgerard-mourou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/content/gerard-mourou-receives-frederic-ives-medal-optical-society-america">"Gérard Mourou receives the Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America"</a>. École Polytechnique. 30 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rard+Mourou+receives+the+Frederic+Ives+Medal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+Polytechnique&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fgerard-mourou-receives-frederic-ives-medal-optical-society-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton2016" class="citation web cs1">Holton, Conard (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laserfocusworld.com/lasers-sources/article/16558914/berthold-leibinger-prizes-awarded-for-applied-laser-technology-future-prize-goes-to-grard-mourou">"Berthold Leibinger prizes awarded for applied laser technology, Future Prize goes to Gérard Mourou"</a>. <i>Laser Focus World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laser+Focus+World&rft.atitle=Berthold+Leibinger+prizes+awarded+for+applied+laser+technology%2C+Future+Prize+goes+to+G%C3%A9rard+Mourou&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Conard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laserfocusworld.com%2Flasers-sources%2Farticle%2F16558914%2Fberthold-leibinger-prizes-awarded-for-applied-laser-technology-future-prize-goes-to-grard-mourou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/schawlow.cfm">"Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science"</a>. <i>APS Physics | APS Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APS+Physics+%26%23124%3B+APS+Home&rft.atitle=Arthur+L.+Schawlow+Prize+in+Laser+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Fprizes%2Fschawlow.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naujienos.vu.lt/nobelio-premijos-laureatui-gerardui-mourou-suteikiamas-vu-garbes-daktaro-vardas/">"Nobel laureate Gérard Mourou is awarded the VU honorary doctorate (in Lithuanian)"</a>. Vilnius university. 3 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+laureate+G%C3%A9rard+Mourou+is+awarded+the+VU+honorary+doctorate+%28in+Lithuanian%29&rft.pub=Vilnius+university&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaujienos.vu.lt%2Fnobelio-premijos-laureatui-gerardui-mourou-suteikiamas-vu-garbes-daktaro-vardas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+Mourou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an <i>author</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q556543" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q556543">Gérard Mourou</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=spudk8gAAAAJ">Gérard Mourou</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loa.ensta.fr/index_gb.html">Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525020429/http://loa.ensta.fr/index_gb.html">Archived</a> 25 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polytechnique.edu/">Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cuos.engin.umich.edu/">Center for Ultrafast Optical Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/961">Gérard Mourou</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556543#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2018 <i>Passion for Extreme Light: for the greatest benefit to human kind</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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Smith</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a> (Poland) (<i>announced in 2019</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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Allison">James P. Allison</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd> <dd><a 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