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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Natural environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homo_erectus_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homo_erectus_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Homo erectus</i> presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homo_erectus_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_arrival_of_modern_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_arrival_of_modern_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>After the arrival of modern humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_arrival_of_modern_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu–Buddhist_kingdoms_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu–Buddhist_kingdoms_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu–Buddhist_kingdoms_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Islam_and_rise_of_Islamic_sultanates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Islam_and_rise_of_Islamic_sultanates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Islam_and_rise_of_Islamic_sultanates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Colonial periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demographic profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Population development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ethnicity and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Java</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawo%C3%AB" title="Jawoë – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jawoë" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(eiland)" title="Java (eiland) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Java (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8B%8B" title="ጃዋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃዋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9" title="جاوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chava" title="Chava – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chava" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xava" title="Xava – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xava" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yava" title="Yava – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yava" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="জাভা দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাভা দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" title="Pulau Jawa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulau Jawa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_nin_Haba" title="Isla nin Haba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isla nin Haba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8D" title="ཇ་ཝ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཇ་ཝ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(ostrvo)" title="Java (ostrvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Java (ostrvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(pulo_sa_Indonesya)" title="Java (pulo sa Indonesya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Java (pulo sa Indonesya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1va" title="Jáva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jáva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%C3%B8)" title="Java (ø) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Java (ø)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(Insel)" title="Java (Insel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Java (Insel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaava" title="Jaava – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaava" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Ιάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(isla)" title="Java (isla) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Java (isla)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javo" title="Javo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Javo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(uhartea)" title="Java (uhartea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Java (uhartea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87" title="جاوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%C3%AEle)" title="Java (île) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Java (île)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(eil%C3%A2n)" title="Java (eilân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Java (eilân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1va" title="Iáva – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iáva" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0bha" title="Diàbha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diàbha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xava" title="Xava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE_(%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81)" title="જાવા (ટાપુ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાવા (ટાપુ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%EC%84%AC" title="자와섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Ճավա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճավա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA)" title="जावा (द्वीप) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावा (द्वीप)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(otok)" title="Java (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Java (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Явæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Явæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giava" title="Giava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="ג'אווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE_(%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA)" title="ಜಾವಾ (ದ್ವೀಪ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾವಾ (ದ್ವೀಪ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="იავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava" title="Cava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жава аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жава аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djava_(isola)" title="Djava (isola) – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djava (isola)" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2_(%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0)" title="ຈາວາ (ເກາະ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈາວາ (ເກາະ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iava" title="Iava – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iava" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(sala)" title="Java (sala) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Java (sala)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(sala)" title="Java (sala) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Java (sala)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giava" title="Giava – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giava" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1va" title="Jáva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jáva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C3%A2b%C3%A2" title="Jhâbâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jhâbâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5_(%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D)" title="ജാവ (ദ്വീപ്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവ (ദ്വീപ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="जावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87" title="جاوه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاوه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жава – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жава" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျားဗားကျွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျားဗားကျွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(eiland)" title="Java (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Java (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="जावा द्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जावा द्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="जावा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जावा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E5%B3%B6" title="ジャワ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaawa" title="Jaawa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaawa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%C3%B8y)" title="Java (øy) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Java (øy)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜାଭା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାଭା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(orol)" title="Java (orol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Java (orol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਜਾਵਾ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਵਾ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جاوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6" title="កោះជ្វា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោះជ្វា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giava" title="Giava – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giava" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yava" title="Yava – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yava" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Java" title="Insula Java – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Java" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_wat%27a" title="Hawa wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawa wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="यवद्वीप – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यवद्वीप" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_(%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF)" title="ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱫᱤᱯ) – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱫᱤᱯ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(Ailound)" title="Java (Ailound) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Java (Ailound)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhava" title="Xhava – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhava" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giava" title="Giava – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giava" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD" title="ජාවා දූපත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාවා දූපත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جاوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1va_(ostrov)" title="Jáva (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jáva (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="جاڤا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاڤا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(otok)" title="Java (otok) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Java (otok)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Jawa" title="Pulo Jawa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulo Jawa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaava" title="Jaava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(pulo)" title="Java (pulo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Java (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81)" title="சாவகம் (தீவு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவகம் (தீவு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ява – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ява" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="జావా దీవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జావా దీవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="เกาะชวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะชวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ҷава – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷава" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava" title="Cava – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cava" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%93" title="ᨍᨓ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨓ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Ява (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ява (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جاوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%B3%B6" title="爪哇島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="爪哇島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Java" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%B2%9B" title="爪哇岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爪哇岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87" title="爪哇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爪哇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%B2%9B" title="爪哇岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爪哇岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Jawa" title="Pulo Jawa – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pulo Jawa" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" title="Pulau Jawa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pulau Jawa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Java&params=7_29_30_S_110_00_16_E_type:isle_region:ID_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°29′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">110°00′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.49167°S 110.00444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.49167; 110.00444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indonesian island. For the programming language, see <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (programming language)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Java_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Java (disambiguation)">Java (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Java</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native">Native name: <div class="nickname"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Jawa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</span><br />ꦗꦮ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>)</span><br />ᮏᮝ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>)</span><br /><i>Jawè</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>)</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Java_Topography.png/260px-Java_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Java_Topography.png/390px-Java_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Java_Topography.png/520px-Java_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1693" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Topography of Java</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Java_Locator.svg/260px-Java_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Java_Locator.svg/390px-Java_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Java_Locator.svg/520px-Java_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Java&params=7_29_30_S_110_00_16_E_type:isle_region:ID_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°29′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">110°00′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.49167°S 110.00444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.49167; 110.00444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">132,011.65 km<sup>2</sup> (50,969.98 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,678 m (12067 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Semeru</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Region of Jakarta</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> (pop. 49,956,890)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">156,391,145 (mid 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,219/km<sup>2</sup> (3157/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirebonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese">Cirebonese</a>), <br /><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a>, Pendalungan),<br /><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>WIB (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/40px-Javanese_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/60px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/80px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains letters from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Javanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Javanese characters.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sunda_Sa.png/40px-Sunda_Sa.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sunda_Sa.png/60px-Sunda_Sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sunda_Sa.png/80px-Sunda_Sa.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Sundanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese alphabet">Sundanese script</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Java</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> to the north. With a population of 156.4 million people, Java is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">most populous island</a>, home to approximately 56% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Indonesian population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, is on Java's northwestern coast. </p><p>Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Java was also the center of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesian struggle for independence</a> during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> world heritage sites are located in Java: <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Borobudur Temple">Borobudur Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prambanan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Prambanan Temple">Prambanan Temple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sangiran_Early_Man_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangiran Early Man Site">Sangiran Early Man Site</a>. </p><p>Java was formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Plate">Sunda Plate</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">13th largest island</a> in the world and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">fifth largest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by landmass, at about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>'s 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi)). A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the island. </p><p>Four main languages are spoken on the island: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> are the most spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic groups native to the island are the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> in the central and eastern parts and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> in the western parts. The <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_salient_of_Java" title="Eastern salient of Java">Eastern salient of Java</a> are migrants from <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">ethnic groups in Indonesia</a>. Most residents are bilingual, speaking <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Java is divided into four administrative provinces: <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, and two special regions, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zabag_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabag kingdom">Zabag kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Wakwak" title="Al-Wakwak">Al-Wakwak</a></div> <p>The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after the <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet"><i>jáwa-wut</i></a> plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other possible sources: the word <i>jaú</i> and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<sup id="cite_ref-Raffles,_Thomas_E._1965._Page_3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raffles,_Thomas_E._1965._Page_3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>yava</i> means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<sup id="cite_ref-Raffles,_Thomas_E._1965._Page_3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raffles,_Thomas_E._1965._Page_3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s earliest epic, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a>, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>'s army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chithalai_Chathanar" title="Chithalai Chathanar">Chithalai Chathanar</a> which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> root word, meaning "home".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i> composed around 150 CE in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. <i>Iabadiu</i> is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java<sup id="cite_ref-AncientGeo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientGeo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa). </p><p>The annual news of Songshu and Liangshu (5th century CE) referred to Java as 闍婆 (<i>She-pó</i> or <i>She-bó</i>), He-ling (640–818), then called it She-po again until the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), where they began mentioning 爪哇 (<i>Zhao-Wa</i> or <i>Chao-Wa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>'s book (the <a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenlan</a>), the Chinese called Java Chao-Wa, and the island was called She-po in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi mentioned two notable islands which separated <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: One is the 800 <a href="/wiki/Parasang" title="Parasang">farsakh</a> long Al-Rami, which is identified as Sumatra, and the other is <a href="/wiki/Zabaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaj">Zabaj</a> (Arabic: الزابج, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Sabak), 400 farsakh in length, identified as Java.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Marignolli" title="Giovanni de' Marignolli">John of Marignolli</a> returned from China to <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, he stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Kingdom of Saba</a> for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was led by a <a href="/wiki/Tribhuwana_Wijayatunggadewi" title="Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi">queen</a>; Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó.<i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: xii, 192–194">: xii, 192–194 </span></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasij Nikitin</a>, a merchant from <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> (in Russia), traveled to India in 1466 and described the land of java, which he called шабайте (shabait/šabajte).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Java">Volcanoes of Java</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Bromo_(2012).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG/220px-Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG/330px-Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG/440px-Mount_Bromo_%282012%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Java lies between <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> to the east. <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> lies to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Bali_Strait" title="Bali Strait">Bali Strait</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Madura_Strait" title="Madura Strait">Madura Strait</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount <a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Semeru</a>, 3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a>, 2,930 metres (9,610 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet-rice</a> cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFS_p15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFS_p15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java was the first place where <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coffee production in Indonesia">Indonesian coffee</a> was grown, starting in 1699. Today, <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">coffea arabica</a> is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_weg_van_Buitenzorg_naar_de_Preanger_Regentschappen_TMnr_3728-429c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Parahyangan</a> highland near <a href="/wiki/Buitenzorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Buitenzorg">Buitenzorg</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1865–1872</figcaption></figure> <p>The area of Java is about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including Madura's 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi) and minor offshore islands).<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFS_p15_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFS_p15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> is the 600 km long <a href="/wiki/Solo_River" title="Solo River">Solo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river rises from its source in central Java at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lawu" title="Mount Lawu">Lawu</a> volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. Other major rivers are <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citarum_River" title="Citarum River">Citarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuk_River" title="Manuk River">Cimanuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serayu_River" title="Serayu River">Serayu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Java is wetter than <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The <a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Parahyangan</a> highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_environment">Natural environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg/200px-Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg/300px-Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg/400px-Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbidium_dayanum" title="Cymbidium dayanum">Cymbidium dayanum</a></i> - typical orchid in Java</figcaption></figure> <p>Java is an island with a large amount of biodiversity. The <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> of Java is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, with ecosystems ranging from coastal <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forest on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical forest</a> to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java-1934_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Java-1934_-2.jpg/220px-Java-1934_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Java-1934_-2.jpg/330px-Java-1934_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Java-1934_-2.jpg/440px-Java-1934_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhino</a> shot in 1934 in West Java. Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon</a>; it is the world's rarest rhino.</figcaption></figure><p>Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Javan banteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javan_hawk-eagle" title="Javan hawk-eagle">Javan hawk-eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_peafowl" title="Green peafowl">Javan peafowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvery_gibbon" title="Silvery gibbon">Javan silvery gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Javan_langur" title="East Javan langur">Javan lutung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Javan rusa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Javan_leopard" title="Javan leopard">Javan leopard</a>. With over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several endemic <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Java" title="List of amphibians of Java">amphibian species in Java</a>, including 5 species of <a href="/wiki/Rhacophoridae" title="Rhacophoridae">tree frogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice paddy</a> and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have <a href="/wiki/Javan_tiger" title="Javan tiger">Javan tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephants</a>, but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun-Salak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park">Gede Pangrango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Meru Betiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park" title="Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park">Bromo Tengger Semeru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alas_Purwo_National_Park" title="Alas Purwo National Park">Alas Purwo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homo_erectus_presence"><i>Homo erectus</i> presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Homo erectus presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/220px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/330px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/440px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntype</a> fossils of Java Man (<i>H. e. erectus</i>), at <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg/220px-Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg/330px-Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg/440px-Ngandong_14._Homo_erectus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Cast of Skull XI at the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Human_Origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of Human Origins">Hall of Human Origins</a>, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fossilised remains of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, popularly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>", dating back 1.3 million<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> years were found along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Solo_River" title="Solo River">Bengawan Solo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. erectus</i> arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the Java population of <i>H. erectus</i> lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>, but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigofera</a></i>, which are typical of lowland rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man"><i>H. e. soloensis</i></a> was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by <i>H. erectus</i>, beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the date is correct for Solo Man, then they would represent a terminal population of <i>H. erectus</i> which sheltered in the last open-habitat refuges of East Asia before the rainforest takeover. Before the immigration of modern humans, Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia was also home to <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i> endemic to the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, Indonesia, and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i> endemic to the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, the Philippines. Genetic analysis of present-day Southeast Asian populations indicates the widespread dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a> (a species currently recognisable only by their genetic signature) across Southeast Asia, whereupon they interbred with immigrating modern humans 45.7 and 29.8 thousand years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2021 genomic study indicates that, aside from the Denisovans, modern humans never interbred with any of these endemic human species, unless the offspring were <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_incompatibility" title="Hybrid incompatibility">unviable</a> or the hybrid lineages have since died out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Judging by the sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have been a sizeable population of <i>H. e soloensis</i> before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern coastline and estuary of the Bengawan Solo River at that time may have been different from what it is today, due to geological factors such as sedimentation, erosion, and changes in sea level over time. Currently, the estuary of the Bengawan Solo is in the Java Sea, but in prehistoric times, the river flow and estuary location may have changed. Geological and paleogeographic studies are often used to understand these changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_arrival_of_modern_humans">After the arrival of modern humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the arrival of modern humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumbing,_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg/220px-Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg/330px-Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg/440px-Sumbing%2C_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sumbing" title="Mount Sumbing">Mount Sumbing</a> surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history.</figcaption></figure> <p>The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas river</a> and Solo river could provide long-distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFS_p15_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFS_p15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP158751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MET_DP158751.jpg/118px-MET_DP158751.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MET_DP158751.jpg/177px-MET_DP158751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MET_DP158751.jpg/236px-MET_DP158751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg/96px-MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg/144px-MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg/192px-MET_2001_433_526_O2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Standing warrior bronze figures, Java, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC – 300 AD</div></div></div></div><p> The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Aji_Saka" title="Aji Saka">Aji Saka</a> in 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java, the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical sources. Valmiki's <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, made around 500 BC, records that Java already had a governmental organization long before the story:</p><blockquote><p>"Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands, rich in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> called the island Iabadius or Sabadius (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ιαβαδίου or Σαβαδίου</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy said that the name meant the "Island of Barley" and produced a lot of grain and gold, adding that its metropolis was Argyre (Ἀργυρῆ)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning silver in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Chinese record <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">Míng Shǐ</a></i>, the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p>The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old Javanese text. This story tells of events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in the past. At that time, the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka. This story is considered as an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java. Referring to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> information, the Javanese kingdom was divided into two: the pre-Hinduism kingdom and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in 78 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5 and 7">: 5 and 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu–Buddhist_kingdoms_era"><span id="Hindu.E2.80.93Buddhist_kingdoms_era"></span>Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">History of Southeast Asia § Early historical era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg/220px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg/330px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg/440px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="3398" /></a><figcaption>The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> in Central Java</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Taruma</a> kingdom of western Java existed from the 5th to the 7th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1975_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1975-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Heling_kingdom" title="Heling kingdom">Heling kingdom</a> sent embassies to China starting in 640.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53, 79">: 53, 79 </span></sup> However, the first major principality was the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the <a href="/wiki/Dieng_Plateau" title="Dieng Plateau">Dieng Plateau</a>. Around the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Sailendra dynasty</a> rose in <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> and become the patron of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in central Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established by <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Wijaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> and by the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a> (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234">: 234 </span></sup> Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">coming of Islam to Indonesia</a>, Majapahit went into decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241">: 241 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_Islam_and_rise_of_Islamic_sultanates">Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia#Central_and_eastern_Java" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia § Central and eastern Java</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Java" title="Special:EditPage/Java">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten</a> were ascendant. The <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_periods">Colonial periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Thee-kweekbedden_zonder_afdak_Java_TMnr_10011931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Tea plantation in Java during <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial period</a>, in or before 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with <a href="/wiki/Luso-Sundanese_padr%C3%A3o" title="Luso-Sundanese padrão">a treaty</a> between the Sunda kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese in Malacca</a>. After its failure, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonialism_in_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies">Portuguese presence</a> was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company in Indonesia</a>. Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration. </p><p>Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda</a>, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg/220px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg/330px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg/440px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>British Occupation of Java; men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose Dakota transport aircraft crash-landed near the village.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, as did its colony in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. During the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Daendels</a> administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a> was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from <a href="/wiki/Anyer" title="Anyer">Anyer</a> in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1811, Java was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">captured by the British</a>, becoming a possession of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of <a href="/wiki/John_Fendall_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Fendall Jr.">John Fendall</a>, Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> that could sustain populations that could not afford rice.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families’ ability to pay tax and buy goods.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a> claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java,_1945_SE4857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg/220px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg/330px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg/440px-The_Allied_Occupation_of_Java%2C_1945_SE4857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a> in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2003,_p._254_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2003,_p._254-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other sources claimed the Dutch's Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">the struggle to secure the country's independence</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesian independence was recognized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_administration_of_Java" title="Public administration of Java">Public administration of Java</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><div style="position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Java_blank_map.svg/450px-Java_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Java_blank_map.svg/675px-Java_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Java_blank_map.svg/900px-Java_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="318" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:19px; top:22px">Banten</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86px; top:42px">West Java</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:60px">Central Java</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304px; top:82px">East Java</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:76px; top:12px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:90px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:14px; top:102px">1 Jakarta</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:14px; top:122px">2 Yogyakarta</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Java is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces</a> and two special regions:<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, capital: <a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, capital: <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, capital: <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>, capital: <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, capital: <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, (which province also includes <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a>)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province or Special Region </th> <th>Map </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Area<br />km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Area<br />% </th> <th>Population<br /><a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a><br />2000<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2010<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population<br />census<br />2020<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population<br />estimate<br />mid 2023<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population<br />density<br />mid 2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Banten_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_Banten_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Banten_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_Banten_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Banten_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Indonesia_Banten_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Banten_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,352.77 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,098,277 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,632,166 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,904,562 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,307,732 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,316 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Region of Jakarta">Special Region of Jakarta</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Jakarta_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660.98 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,361,079 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,607,787 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,562,088 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,350,328 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_West_Java_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,040.04 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,724,093 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,053,732 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,274,160 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,860,330 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,346 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Western Java <br />(3 areas above)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>47,053.79</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>34.7</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>52,183,449</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>63,293,685</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>70,740,810</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>73,518,390</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>1,563</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Central_Java_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,750.37 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,223,258 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,382,657 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,516,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,608,336 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,114 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Special_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta Special Region">Yogyakarta Special Region</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_Yogyakarta_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,170.65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,121,045 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,457,491 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,668,719 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,736,489 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Central Java Region<br />(2 areas above)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>36,921.02</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>27.7</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>34,344,303</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>35,840,148</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>40,184,754</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>41,344,825</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><i>1,120</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg/150px-Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg/225px-Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg/300px-Indonesia_East_Java_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,036.84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,765,993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,476,757 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,665,696 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,527,930 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">865 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Region Administered as <i>Java</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">132,011.65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,293,745 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">136,610,590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,591,260 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,391,145 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> Island <sup>(1)</sup> of East Java</dd></dl> </td> <td> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,408.45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,230,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,622,763 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,004,564 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,060,713 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">751 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd>Java Island <sup>(2)</sup></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,603.20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">96.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,063,445 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">132,987,827 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">147,586,696 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,330,432 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,203 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>(1) including (all within <a href="/wiki/Sumenep_Regency" title="Sumenep Regency">Sumenep Regency</a>) the neighbouring small archipelagos of the <a href="/wiki/Kangean_Islands" title="Kangean Islands">Kangean Islands</a> (648.55 km<sup>2</sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Sapudi_Islands" title="Sapudi Islands">Sapudi Islands</a> (167.41 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Talango_Island" title="Talango Island">Talango Island</a> (50.278 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Masalembu" class="mw-redirect" title="Masalembu">Masalembu</a> (40.85 km<sup>2</sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gili_Genteng" title="Gili Genteng">Giligenteng Islands</a> (30.32 km<sup>2</sup>).<br /> (2) Other offshore islands are included in this figure, but are comparatively very small in population and area; they include <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Barong" title="Nusa Barong">Nusa Barong</a> (100 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Bawean" title="Bawean">Bawean</a> (196 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa" title="Karimunjawa">Karimunjawa</a> (78 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Kambangan" title="Nusa Kambangan">Nusa Kambangan</a> (121 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Panaitan" title="Panaitan">Panaitan</a> (170 km<sup>2</sup>), and the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Islands Regency">Thousand Islands</a> (8.7 km<sup>2</sup>) – with a combined population of roughly 90,000.</sup> </p><p><sup>(3) Land area of provinces updated in mid 2023 regency/city annual statistics.</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_profile">Demographic profile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographic profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jakarta.jpg/220px-Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jakarta.jpg/330px-Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jakarta.jpg/440px-Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,059,575</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">76,086,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,269,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">107,581,306</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">121,352,608</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,610,590</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">145,013,583</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">151,591,262</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">156,391,145</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Refers to the administrative region (including Madura).<br />Source: <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kemenkesehat_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kemenkesehat-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Basuki_Tjahaja_Purnama" title="Basuki Tjahaja Purnama">Basuki Tjahaja Purnama</a>. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_development">Population development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Population development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_(kelurahan)_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/440px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/660px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg/880px-Population_density_map_of_Java_and_Madura_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Java and Madura by subdistrict as of 2022, with major urban areas shown</figcaption></figure> <p>Java is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">most populous major island in the world</a> and is home to 56% of Indonesia's population, with a combined population of 156.4 million according to the official estimates as at mid 2023 (including Madura's 4.06 million).<sup id="cite_ref-JKTPOS_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKTPOS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At nearly 1,185 people per km<sup>2</sup> in 2023, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi#2006_eruption" title="Mount Merapi">volcanic eruptions</a> during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well. </p><p>The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometre and accounts for most of the population growth of Java.<sup id="cite_ref-JKTPOS_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKTPOS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to three metropolitan areas, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a> (with outlying areas of Greater <a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Serang">Serang</a> and Greater <a href="/wiki/Sukabumi" title="Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandung Metropolitan Area">Greater Bandung</a>, and Greater <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1970s to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">transmigration programs</a> aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline. </p><p>Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_culture">Ethnicity and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Java" title="Music of Java">Music of Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sunda">Music of Sunda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg/220px-Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg/330px-Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg/440px-Three_Betawi_Dancers_20240622_115231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> girl dancers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_(0244).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg/220px-SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg/330px-SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg/440px-SambaSunda_Quintett_in_Cologne_%280244%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SambaSunda" title="SambaSunda">SambaSunda</a> music performance, featuring traditional <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_music" title="Sundanese music">Sundanese music</a> instruments</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramayana_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/220px-Ramayana_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/330px-Ramayana_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ramayana_Java.jpg/440px-Ramayana_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Shinta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> ballet at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>, Java</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>. A third group is the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, who inhabit the island of <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a> off the northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> in large numbers since the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus58_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus58_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth group is the <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi people</a> that speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, they are the descendants of the people living around <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a> from around the 17th century. Betawis are <a href="/wiki/Creole_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole people">creole people</a>, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a>, mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Javanese prose text <a href="/wiki/Tantu_Pagelaran" title="Tantu Pagelaran">Tantu Pagelaran</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15th century</span>) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the <i>pasisir</i> region, the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sunda</a> lands (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ</span>, <i>Tatar</i> <i>Sunda</i>) in the western part of Java and <a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Parahyangan</a> as the heartland, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_salient_of_Java" title="Eastern salient of Java">eastern salient of Java</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Blambangan</a>. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus58_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kejawen of Javanese</i> culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus58_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory from <a href="/wiki/Banyumas_Regency" title="Banyumas Regency">Banyumas</a> in the west through to <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a> in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Periplus58_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the <a href="/wiki/Banyumas_Regency" title="Banyumas Regency">Banyumasan</a> region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the <a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the central Javanese court cities of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> music and <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> puppet shows.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Ken_Arok" title="Ken Arok">Ken Arok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dedes" title="Ken Dedes">Ken Dedes</a></i>, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a> is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_languages.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/220px-Java_languages.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/330px-Java_languages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/440px-Java_languages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white). "Malay" refers to <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, the local dialect as one of Malay creole dialect.</figcaption></figure> <p>The three major languages spoken on Java are <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>. Other languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> dialect local to the Jakarta region), <a href="/wiki/Osing_language" title="Osing language">Osing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a> (closely related to Javanese), <a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantenese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a> (closely related to Sundanese), <a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangeanese</a> (closely related to Madurese), and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the population also speaks <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, often as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religions</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>151,001,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td>3,551,176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td>1,677,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>755,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>168,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></td> <td>21,855 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td> <td>20,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Overall</b></td> <td><b>157,196,123</b> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 79577.429658068px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12242.415657572px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2607.819721589px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 943.82965149358px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 395.66072694999px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Java (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (96.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (2.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (1.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a> (0.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.013%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Indian</a> influences came first with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Conduit_(spiritualism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit (spiritualism)">conduit</a> for this were the <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetics</a>, called <i>resi</i>, who taught mystical practices. A <i>resi</i> lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> clerics and <i>pudjangga</i> (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> cosmology to their political needs.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> population along the eastern coast nearest <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, especially around the town of <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The coming of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 98 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in Java are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a> with very minority being <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadis">Ahmadis</a> (respectively 1% and 0.2%), on a broad continuum between <i><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">abangan</a></i> (more syncretic) and <i><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">santri</a></i> (more orthodox). Muslim scholars (<i><a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a></i>) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">priesthood</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch colonial government</a> established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese <i><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a></i> (Islamic schools), The <i>Kyai</i> perpetuated the tradition of the <i>resi</i>. Students around him provided his needs, even <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> around the school.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta,_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor"><img alt="A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg/240px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg/361px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg/481px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkartta%2C_Candi_Siliwangi_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> shrine dedicated to <a href="/wiki/King_Siliwangi" title="King Siliwangi">King Siliwangi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta" title="Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta">Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Mendut_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near Mendut temple, Magelang"><img alt="Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near Mendut temple, Magelang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Candi_Mendut_1.jpg/240px-Candi_Mendut_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Candi_Mendut_1.jpg/360px-Candi_Mendut_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Candi_Mendut_1.jpg/480px-Candi_Mendut_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near <a href="/wiki/Mendut" title="Mendut">Mendut</a> temple, <a href="/wiki/Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta, built in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof"><img alt="Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta, built in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg/270px-Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg/405px-Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg/540px-Masjid_Agung_Yogyakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kauman_Great_Mosque" title="Kauman Great Mosque">Masjid Gedhe Kauman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, built in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganjuran_Church,_exterior_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganjuran Church in Bantul, built in traditional Javanese architecture"><img alt="Ganjuran Church in Bantul, built in traditional Javanese architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg/270px-Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg/405px-Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg/540px-Ganjuran_Church%2C_exterior_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ganjuran_Church" title="Ganjuran Church">Ganjuran Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bantul" title="Bantul">Bantul</a>, built in traditional <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese architecture</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around <i>kyais</i>, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">lore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and those who sought to reform Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between <i>santri</i>, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with <i><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">abangan</a></i>, who have mixed pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> communities, mostly in the larger cities, primarily among <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesian</a> and minority <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> even some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesian</a>. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. </p><p>A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, 22 in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and six in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kroef1961_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Javanese_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese beliefs">Kejawen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese beliefs">Sumarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a>, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> religion, its adherents still exist in several villages.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/220px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/330px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/440px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> ploughing <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">rice fields</a> near <a href="/wiki/Salatiga" title="Salatiga">Salatiga</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Sunda" title="Kingdoms of Sunda">Kingdoms of Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also took part in the global trade of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) era.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The VOC set their foothold on <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> in the 17th century and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg/220px-KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg/330px-KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg/440px-KCIC_CIT400AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh</a> high-speed train passing through <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> city</figcaption></figure> <p>Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Java Great Post Road</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daendels" class="mw-redirect" title="Daendels">Daendels</a> in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Road_(Java)" title="North Coast Road (Java)">Java North Coast Road</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"</i>). The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business, trade and services flourished in major cities of Java, such as <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> preserved its royal legacy and has become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around <a href="/wiki/Cilegon" title="Cilegon">Cilegon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karawang" title="Karawang">Karawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidoarjo">Sidoarjo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a> highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>; also the ones in <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Transportation_Network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Java_Transportation_Network.svg/220px-Java_Transportation_Network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Java_Transportation_Network.svg/330px-Java_Transportation_Network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Java_Transportation_Network.svg/440px-Java_Transportation_Network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Java transport network</figcaption></figure><p>Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a> (<i>Badan Pusat Statistik</i>), Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion (int$2.0 trillion, PPP).<sup id="cite_ref-bps_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bps-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Jawa</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="id-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈdʒawa]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦗꦮ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su"><span lang="su" style="font-family:'Noto Sans Sundanese', 'Sundanese Unicode 2013'; font-size:;">ᮏᮝ</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Java">"Java"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jakarta : Indonesian Institute of Sciences, : International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies. 2006. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9792624996" title="Special:BookSources/9792624996"><bdi>9792624996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.+P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Jakarta+%3A+Indonesian+Institute+of+Sciences%2C+%3A+International+Center+for+Prehistoric+and+Austronesian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9792624996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahler1981" class="citation book cs1">Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Modern Times</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061967" title="Special:BookSources/9004061967"><bdi>9004061967</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Times&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981-12-31&rft.isbn=9004061967&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNgUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography/Iabadius">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Iabadius</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Tamils_Eighteen_Hundred_Years_Ago/Chapter_2">The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago/Chapter 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notes-on-the-malay-archipelago/page/n7/mode/2up?q=">Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources</a>". Batavia: W. Bruining.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Population+growth+%27good+for+Papua%27&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F08%2F23%2Fpopulation-growth-%25E2%2580%2598good-papua%25E2%2580%2599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/">Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia">Archived</a> 2021-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Periplus58-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus58_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus58_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus58_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus58_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus58_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefner1997" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert (1997). <i>Java</i>. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-244-6"><bdi>978-962-593-244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-593-244-6&rft.aulast=Hefner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/java-and-cambodia/">"Java and Cambodia | Boundless Art History"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Java+and+Cambodia+%7C+Boundless+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-arthistory%2Fchapter%2Fjava-and-cambodia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Theatre-and-dance">"Theatre and dance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theatre+and+dance&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndonesia%2FTheatre-and-dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wallace Stevens's poem "<a href="/wiki/Tea_(poem)" title="Tea (poem)">Tea</a>" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf">Languages of Java and Bali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214336/http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Ethnic-groups">"Ethnic groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndonesia%2FEthnic-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RELIGION-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/">"Visualisasi Data Kependudukan"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. 31 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visualisasi+Data+Kependudukan&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id%2Fpeta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kroef1961-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kroef1961_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1961" class="citation journal cs1">van der Kroef, Justus M. (1961). "New Religious Sects in Java". <i>Far Eastern Survey</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 18–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3024260">10.2307/3024260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024260">3024260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=New+Religious+Sects+in+Java&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18-25&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3024260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3024260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=van+der+Kroef&rft.aufirst=Justus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatty-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beatty_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatty, Andrew, <i>Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account</i>, Cambridge University Press 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62473-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62473-8">0-521-62473-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dcTAQAAMAAJ&q=sunda+wiwitan+religion"><i>Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine</i></a>. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tempo%3A+Indonesia%27s+Weekly+News+Magazine&rft.pub=Arsa+Raya+Perdana&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dcTAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsunda%2Bwiwitan%2Breligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Growth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company">"Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+and+impact+of+the+Dutch+East+India+Company&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndonesia%2FGrowth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-is-coffee-called-a-cup-of-joe#:~:text=When+it+comes+to+the,to+be+known+as+java">"Why Is Coffee Called "A Cup of Joe"? | Wonderopolis"</a>. <i>wonderopolis.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wonderopolis.org&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Coffee+Called+%22A+Cup+of+Joe%22%3F+%26%23124%3B+Wonderopolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwonderopolis.org%2Fwonder%2Fwhy-is-coffee-called-a-cup-of-joe%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhen%2Bit%2Bcomes%2Bto%2Bthe%2Cto%2Bbe%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bjava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2017" class="citation web cs1">says, CheLo (December 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littlecoffeeplace.com/why-is-coffee-called-java">"Why is Coffee Called Java? Colloquial Coffee Synonyms"</a>. <i>www.littlecoffeeplace.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.littlecoffeeplace.com&rft.atitle=Why+is+Coffee+Called+Java%3F+Colloquial+Coffee+Synonyms&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=CheLo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlecoffeeplace.com%2Fwhy-is-coffee-called-java&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeechronicler.com/why-is-coffee-called-java/">"Why is Coffee Called Java? | Coffee Facts & History"</a>. <i>The Coffee Chronicler</i>. July 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Coffee+Chronicler&rft.atitle=Why+is+Coffee+Called+Java%3F+%26%23124%3B+Coffee+Facts+%26+History&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoffeechronicler.com%2Fwhy-is-coffee-called-java%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://driftaway.coffee/coffee-called-java/">"Why is Coffee Called Java?"</a>. April 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+Coffee+Called+Java%3F&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdriftaway.coffee%2Fcoffee-called-java%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bps-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bps_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/171/534/1/-seri-2010-1-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-pengeluaran.html"><i>PDRB Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Pengeluaran (Juta Rupiah), 2021</i></a>. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PDRB+Atas+Dasar+Harga+Berlaku+Menurut+Pengeluaran+%28Juta+Rupiah%29%2C+2021&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Findicator%2F171%2F534%2F1%2F-seri-2010-1-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-pengeluaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10518-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2000" class="citation book cs1">Cribb, Robert (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000crib"><i>Historical Atlas of Indonesia</i></a></span>. London and Honolulu: RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2111-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Indonesia&rft.place=London+and+Honolulu&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon+Press%2C+University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2111-1&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalatlaso0000crib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Padmo, Soegijanto (2000). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/11597-java-and-the-making-op-the-nation-2d30d285.pdf">Java and The Making of The Nation.</a></i> Humaniora Journal, Gadjah Mada University.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Java#Q3757" class="extiw" title="voy:Java">Java</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3757#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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