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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-聲壓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲壓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>聲壓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲壓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲壓級" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲壓級"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>聲壓級</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲壓級-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與其他聲學物理量的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與其他聲學物理量的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>與其他聲學物理量的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與其他聲學物理量的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">声压</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。33种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ضغط الصوت – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضغط الصوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoidruck" title="Schoidruck – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schoidruck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Звуково налягане – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звуково налягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="শব্দচাপ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দচাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_sonora" title="Pressió sonora – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pressió sonora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustick%C3%BD_tlak" title="Akustický tlak – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akustický tlak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydtryk" title="Lydtryk – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lydtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalldruck" title="Schalldruck – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schalldruck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sound pressure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_sonora" title="Presión sonora – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presión sonora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helir%C3%B5hk" title="Helirõhk – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helirõhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فشار صدا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشار صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nenpaine" title="Äänenpaine – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänenpaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_acoustique" title="Pression acoustique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pression acoustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_sonora" title="Presión sonora – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presión sonora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dni_tlak" title="Zvučni tlak – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvučni tlak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ձայնի ճնշում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնի ճնշում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_bunyi" title="Tekanan bunyi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tekanan bunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPL" title="SPL – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SPL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressione_acustica" title="Pressione acustica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pressione acustica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%A7" title="音圧 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%95" title="음압 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_son%C3%B2ra" title="Pression sonòra – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pression sonòra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluidsdruk" title="Geluidsdruk – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geluidsdruk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydtrykk" title="Lydtrykk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lydtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_akustyczne" title="Ciśnienie akustyczne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciśnienie akustyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_sonora" title="Pressão sonora – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pressão sonora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Звуковое давление – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звуковое давление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvo%C4%8Dni_tlak" title="Zvočni tlak – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvočni tlak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudniv%C3%A5" title="Ljudnivå – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljudnivå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Звуковий тиск – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звуковий тиск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5t_%C3%A2m_thanh" title="Áp suất âm thanh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áp suất âm thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%A3%93" title="聲壓 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲壓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1068172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button 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data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-5f97c608" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccf;padding:0.3em;font-size:125%;">声音的衡量</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.15em 0.5em;text-align: center;">特征</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.15em 0.5em;text-align: center;">符号</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">声压</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>p</i>, SPL,L<sub>PA</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒子速度（页面不存在）">粒子速度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>v</i>, SVL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒子位移（页面不存在）">粒子位移</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>δ</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%BA" title="音强">声强</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>I</i>, SIL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="声功率（页面不存在）">声功率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>P</i>, SWL, L<sub>WA</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%83%BD" title="声能">声能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>W</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="声能密度">声能密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>w</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%B4%E9%9C%B2%E5%A3%B0%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暴露声级（页面不存在）">暴露声级</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>E</i>, SEL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" class="mw-redirect" title="声阻抗">声阻抗</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><i>Z</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E9%A2%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="声频（页面不存在）">声频</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span>AF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;;"><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8D%9F%E8%80%97_(%E7%AE%A1%E9%81%93%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="传输损耗 (管道声学)（页面不存在）">传输损耗</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="padding-left: 0.3em;"> </span>TL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_measurements" title="Template:Sound measurements"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_measurements" title="Template talk:Sound measurements"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Sound_measurements" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Sound measurements"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>中，<b>聲壓</b>（英文：acoustic pressure）是指<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>通過媒質時，由振動所產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>改變量，符號為 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58896141">.mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}</style><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span></span>。聲波作為一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="縱波">縱波</a>，在空氣中傳播時，空氣粒子的疏密程度會隨聲波而改變。因此，該處壓強也會隨之改變，此改變量即為聲壓。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a>中，聲壓的單位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a>（帕，Pa）。 </p><p>如圖所見，在聲波傳播時，不同位置的疏密程度也有所不同，壓強也因而不同。量度一個聲波的聲壓，常以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E6%96%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="均方根">均方根</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>rms</sub></span></span> 作為平均值計算。 </p><p><b>聲壓級</b>（英文：sound pressure level）是指以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E5%B0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="對數尺">對數尺</a>衡量的「有效聲壓」，相對於一個基準值的大小，符號為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SPL</span></span>，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%B2%9D" title="分貝">分貝</a>（dB）作為單位。對於人類的聽覺，於最敏感的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>範圍 2 000 Hz 到 5 000 Hz 中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E9%96%BE" title="聽閾">聽閾</a>約為 2 × 10<sup>-5</sup> Pa，因此通常以此作為聲壓級的基準值。 </p><p>在空氣中，聲壓能以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克風">傳聲器</a>度量；在水中則可使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%90%AC%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="水听器">水聽器</a>度量。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="聲壓"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E5.A3.93"></span>聲壓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：聲壓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound_pressure_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/300px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/450px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/600px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>聲壓示意圖：①無聲 ②可聞音 ③大氣壓 ④瞬時聲壓</figcaption></figure> <p>聲壓 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>通過媒質時，由振動所產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓強</a>改變量。以空氣作為媒質的例子，無聲時的壓強應為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">標準大氣壓力</a> 1 atm （101.325 kPa）。當聲音傳播時，會造成粒子的擾動，引起壓強的改變。這個改變量，就是聲壓。 </p><p>由於粒子的擾動有疏有密，在每點的瞬時聲壓也有所不同，因此我們常以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E6%96%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="均方根">均方根</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>rms</sub></span></span> 作為平均值計算。對於一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%A6" title="正弦">正弦</a>波的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="純音">純音</a>，聲壓峰值 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>peak</sub></span></span> 和均方根值 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>rms</sub></span></span> 有以下關係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {rms} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {peak} }}{\sqrt {2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {rms} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {peak} }}{\sqrt {2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d589da57a931fb289ded65b9d5269797e3c8a45" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:12.823ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {rms} }={\frac {p_{\mathrm {peak} }}{\sqrt {2}}}}"></span> 。</dd></dl> <p>在空氣中，對於人類的聽覺，於最敏感的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>範圍 2 000 Hz 到 5 000 Hz 中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E9%96%BE" title="聽閾">聽閾</a>約為 2 × 10<sup>-5</sup> Pa，記作 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>0</sub></span></span>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{0}=2\times 10^{-5}\,\mathrm {Pa} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{0}=2\times 10^{-5}\,\mathrm {Pa} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28bfd9043983a6e54f55c1bc186547a3b50fe37a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:17.204ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{0}=2\times 10^{-5}\,\mathrm {Pa} }"></span> 。</dd></dl> <p>聲壓和距離的關係，符合反比律，即某點的聲壓 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span></span>，與該點和聲源的距離 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>r</i></span></span> 成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="反比">反比</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\propto {\frac {1}{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\propto {\frac {1}{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ec9054dc12b1e74ca14e8d2041cd4faea9f7fd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.356ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\propto {\frac {1}{r}}}"></span> 。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="聲壓級"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E5.A3.93.E7.B4.9A"></span>聲壓級</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：聲壓級"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>聲壓級 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SPL</span></span> 是另一個量度聲壓大小的常用物理量，指相對於一個基準值，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E5%B0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="對數尺">對數尺</a>衡量的聲壓，定義如下： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPL} =10\log \left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)^{2}\,\mathrm {dB} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPL} =10\log \left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)^{2}\,\mathrm {dB} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55bb3896e7a937456463ebd3ff5e56067fd0d8c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.358ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPL} =10\log \left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)^{2}\,\mathrm {dB} }"></span> ，</dd></dl> <p>其中 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sub>0</sub></span></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E9%96%BE" title="聽閾">聽閾</a>聲壓，在空氣中常取 2 × 10<sup>-5</sup> Pa；在水中則常取 10<sup>-6</sup> Pa。 </p><p>由於聲壓級是對數級數，本身是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9B%A0%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="無因次量">無因次量</a>。為表示它是以基數為 10 的對數級數，常加上<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="貝爾">貝爾</a>（B）作為單位，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%B2%9D" title="分貝">分貝</a>（dB）就是十分之一個貝爾。有需要時，會寫成 dB SPL 或 dB re 20 μPa ，以強調是聲壓級的對數級數。 </p><p>聲壓級 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SPL</span></span> 上升 10 dB ，代表聲壓平方 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sup>2</sup></span></span> 上升 10 倍。聲壓級 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SPL</span></span> 上升 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>x</i></span></span> dB ，則代表代表聲壓平方 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sup>2</sup></span></span> 上升 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">10<sup>x/10</sup></span></span> 倍。由此可見，聲壓級是漸強標度，其數值和聲壓並非<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="線性關係">線性關係</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與其他聲學物理量的關係"><span id=".E8.88.87.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.81.B2.E5.AD.B8.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E9.87.8F.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>與其他聲學物理量的關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：與其他聲學物理量的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>聲壓 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span></span> 和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="声强">聲強</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>I</i></span></span> 是關係密切的物理量。它們符合以下關係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=pv}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=pv}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cec6fe2016c02d73013252b1e6c394893537e8ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.567ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=pv}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {p^{2}}{z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>z</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {p^{2}}{z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb64a52af8744715d2b55b7a686e9f44c0058d1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.33ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {p^{2}}{z}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中： </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span></span> 是粒子速度，單位是米每秒（m s<sup>-1</sup>）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>z</i></span></span> 是媒質的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="聲波阻抗">特徵聲阻</a>，單位為<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="瑞利 (单位)">瑞利</a>（rayl）。</li></ul> <p><br /> 以空氣中的聽閾聲壓 2 × 10<sup>-5</sup> Pa 作換算，取空氣聲阻 400 rayl ，可得聽閾聲強 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>I</i><sub>0</sub></span></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {(2\times 10^{-5})^{2}}{400}}=10^{-12}\,\mathrm {W\,m^{-2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>400</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {(2\times 10^{-5})^{2}}{400}}=10^{-12}\,\mathrm {W\,m^{-2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f545412b2580251903d388f71837a582edf8d0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:33.546ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {(2\times 10^{-5})^{2}}{400}}=10^{-12}\,\mathrm {W\,m^{-2}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>聲強級 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SIL</span></span> 作為對數級數，就是以此值作為基準。因此，給定在空氣聲阻的 400 rayl 的環境下，聲壓級和聲強級的數值相等： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SIL} =\mathrm {SPL} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SIL} =\mathrm {SPL} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d932ffa3deb2a0da31fc100250b2a4b1dd087d57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.012ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SIL} =\mathrm {SPL} }"></span></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E4.BA.9B.E8.81.B2.E5.A3.93.E5.92.8C.E8.81.B2.E5.A3.93.E7.B4.9A.E7.9A.84.E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：一些聲壓和聲壓級的例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>空氣中的聲源</th> <th>聲壓 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span></span><br />(Pa)</th> <th>聲壓級 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">SPL</span></span><br />(dB) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E5%87%BB%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="冲击波">激波</a> (distorted sound waves > 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosphere (unit)（页面不存在）">atm</a>; waveform valleys are clipped at zero pressure)</td> <td align="right">>101,325 Pa</td> <td align="right">>194 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>正常環境<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">氣壓</a>中非失真聲音的理論極限</td> <td align="right">101,325 Pa</td> <td align="right">~194.094 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E5%85%89%E5%BC%B9" title="闪光弹">閃光彈</a></td> <td align="right">6,000–20,000 Pa</td> <td align="right">170–180 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>火箭發射</td> <td align="right">~4000 Pa</td> <td align="right">~165 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simple open-ended <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoacoustics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoacoustics（页面不存在）">thermoacoustic</a> device<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">12,619 Pa</td> <td align="right">176 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>離.30-06 Springfield開火點一米的位置</td> <td align="right">7,265 Pa</td> <td align="right">171 dB（peak） </td></tr> <tr> <td>離<a href="/wiki/M1%E5%8A%A0%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="M1加蘭德步槍">M1加蘭德步槍</a>開火點一米的位置</td> <td align="right">5,023 Pa</td> <td align="right">168 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>30米外的客機引擎</td> <td align="right">632 Pa</td> <td align="right">150 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshold_of_pain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Threshold of pain（页面不存在）">Threshold of pain</a></td> <td align="right">63.2 Pa</td> <td align="right">130 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>離<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%9C%E5%91%9C%E7%A5%96%E6%8B%89" title="呜呜祖拉">嗚嗚祖拉</a>號角一米的位置</td> <td align="right">20 Pa</td> <td align="right">120 dB（A）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_damage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hearing damage（页面不存在）">Hearing damage</a>（possible）</td> <td align="right">20 Pa</td> <td align="right">approx. 120 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>100米外的客機引擎</td> <td align="right">6.32 – 200 Pa</td> <td align="right">110 – 140 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>一米外的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E6%8F%90%E9%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手提鑽（页面不存在）">手提鑽</a></td> <td align="right">2 Pa</td> <td align="right">approx. 100 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>10米外的公路</td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−1</sup> – 6.32×10<sup>−1</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">80 – 90 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_damage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hearing damage（页面不存在）">Hearing damage</a>（over long-term exposure, need not be continuous）</td> <td align="right">0.356<sup></sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">85 dB<sup id="cite_ref-Hamby_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10米外的汽車</td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−2</sup> – 2×10<sup>−1</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">60 – 80 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>-identified maximum to protect against hearing loss and other disruptive effects from noise, such as sleep disturbance, stress, learning detriment, etc.</td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">70 dB<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Handheld electric <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixer_(cooking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixer (cooking)（页面不存在）">mixer</a></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">65 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>一米外的電視</td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−2</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">approx. 60 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>洗衣機、洗碗機</td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">50-53 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>正常的談話</td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−3</sup> – 2×10<sup>−2</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">40 – 60 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>非常安靜的房間</td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−4</sup> – 6.32×10<sup>−4</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">20 – 30 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>樹葉聲、安靜的呼吸聲</td> <td align="right">6.32×10<sup>−5</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">10 dB </td></tr> <tr> <td>在1 kHz時的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聽覺極限（页面不存在）">聽覺極限</a></td> <td align="right">2×10<sup>−5</sup> Pa</td> <td align="right">0 dB<sup id="cite_ref-Hamby_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatazawa, M., Sugita, H., Ogawa, T. & Seo, Y.（Jan. 2004），‘Performance of a thermoacoustic sound wave generator driven with waste heat of automobile gasoline engine,’ <i>Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (Part B)</i> Vol. 16, No. 1, 292–299. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143148/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=200407211336MT&q=Performance+of+a+thermoacoustic+sound+wave+generator+driven+with+waste+heat+of+automobile+gasoline+engine&uid=790404233&setcookie=yes">存檔副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-01-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=200407211336MT&q=Performance+of+a+thermoacoustic+sound+wave+generator+driven+with+waste+heat+of+automobile+gasoline+engine&uid=790404233&setcookie=yes">原始内容</a>存档于2012-02-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%AA%94%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DTRD%26recid%3D200407211336MT%26q%3DPerformance%2Bof%2Ba%2Bthermoacoustic%2Bsound%2Bwave%2Bgenerator%2Bdriven%2Bwith%2Bwaste%2Bheat%2Bof%2Bautomobile%2Bgasoline%2Bengine%26uid%3D790404233%26setcookie%3Dyes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Swanepoel, De Wet; Hall III, James W; Koekemoer, Dirk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227152640/http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/samj/v100n2/v100n2a15.pdf">Vuvuzela – good for your team, bad for your ears</a> <span 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South African Medical Journal. 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamby-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamby_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamby_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">William Hamby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5rXlLRYsP?url=http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt">Ultimate Sound Pressure Level Decibel Table</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt">原始内容</a>存档于2010-07-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&rft.au=William+Hamby&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Sound+Pressure+Level+Decibel+Table&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeitlouder.com%2FDecibel%2520Level%2520Chart.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1974" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042836/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history/topics/noise/01.html">EPA Identifies Noise Levels Affecting Health and Welfare</a>, 1974-04-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-01</span>]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/history/topics/noise/01.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-11-02）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B&rft.btitle=EPA+Identifies+Noise+Levels+Affecting+Health+and+Welfare&rft.date=1974-04-02&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Fnoise%2F01.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span 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