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</li> <li id="toc-List_of_Senate_chaplains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Senate_chaplains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of Senate chaplains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Senate_chaplains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Position in the U.S. Senate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Chaplain of United States Senate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the United States Senate</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Admiral_(lower_half)_Barry_C._Black,_USN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg/225px-Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg/338px-Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg/450px-Rear_Admiral_%28lower_half%29_Barry_C._Black%2C_USN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Barry_Black" title="Barry Black">Barry C. Black</a><br /></div>since July 7, 2003</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Elected by the Senate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">April 25, 1789</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Provoost" title="Samuel Provoost">Samuel Provoost</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cop.senate.gov/reference/office/chaplain.htm">Office of the Senate Chaplain, U.S. Senate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Senate" title="Category:United States Senate">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">History of the United States Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">by class</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">DSCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">NRSC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Women in the Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate of the United States">President of the Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding officer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leadership_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Party leadership of the United States Senate">Party leadership of<br />the United States Senate</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">list</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Senate_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current United States Senate committees">list</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal">Journal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Holds</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Vice presidential tie-breaking votes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Reception_Room" title="United States Senate Reception Room">Senate Reception Room</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Senate office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate" title="Template:United States Senate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senate" title="Template talk:United States Senate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Senate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Senate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>chaplain of the United States Senate</b> opens each session of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> with a prayer, and provides and coordinates religious programs and pastoral care support for senators, their staffs, and their families. The chaplain is appointed by a majority vote of the members of the Senate on a resolution nominating an individual for the position. The three most recent nominations have been submitted based on a bipartisan search committee although that procedure is not required. </p><p>Chaplains are elected as individuals and not as representatives of any religious community, body, or organization. As of 2017, all Senate chaplains have belonged to various denominations of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, though there are no restrictions against members of any religion or faith group. Guest chaplains, recommended by senators to deliver the session's opening prayer in place of the Senate chaplain, have represented "all the world's major religious faiths." </p><p>The current chaplain is <a href="/wiki/Barry_Black" title="Barry Black">Barry C. Black</a>, a retired Navy Rear Admiral and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief of Navy Chaplains</a>. He is the first <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> to hold the position. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties">Duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chaplain of the United States Senate is chosen to "perform ceremonial, symbolic, and pastoral duties."<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These responsibilities include opening Senate sessions with a prayer or coordinating the delivery of the prayer by guest chaplains recommended by members of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-sc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guestchaplains_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guestchaplains-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chaplain's prayer is referred to as "one of the Senate's most enduring traditions" in the official Senate pamphlet "Traditions of the U.S. Senate."<sup id="cite_ref-traditions_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traditions-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate chaplain is also responsible for "hosting" guest chaplains on the day they deliver prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the U.S. Senate website, these guest chaplains have represented "many of the world's major religious faiths,"<sup id="cite_ref-first_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their participation is a sign that the Senate is sensitive to the "increasing religious diversity of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-traditions_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traditions-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Byrd">Robert C. Byrd</a> in his book <i>The Senate: 1789-1989</i>, "The Duties that chaplains perform...are not all written down, but they are numerous and have evolved over the centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His description continues: </p> <blockquote><p>"The Chaplain visits senators when they go to the hospital, represents the Senate in appearances before church groups across the nation, and is host to visiting religious figures who come to the Capitol. On occasion, chaplains of the Senate have led groups of saffron-robed <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> monks on tours of the building."<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg/150px-Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg/225px-Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg/300px-Capitol_Prayer_Room_stained_glass_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in prayer, Capitol Prayer Room</figcaption></figure> <p>The chaplain also provides pastoral care for the senators, their staffs, and their families, and provides or oversees religious programs such as Bible study, reflection groups, and the weekly Senate Prayer Breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-sc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chaplain also often presides over religious ceremonies such as funerals and memorial services for current or past members and participates, offering delivering the invocation or benediction, at many official U.S. ceremonies, including <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-spiritual_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiritual-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Chaplain Barry Black delivered the keynote address at the National Prayer Breakfast held February 2, 2017 before President Trump <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and previously at the "inaugural prayer breakfast" and the benediction at the "inaugural luncheon" for President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a January 2011 post on "On Watch in Washington," the chaplain of the Senate as well as the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">chaplain of the United States House of Representatives</a> were included as part of "Obama's Spiritual Cabinet."<sup id="cite_ref-spiritual_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiritual-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the House chaplain, the Senate chaplain is responsible for overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Prayer_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Prayer Room">Capitol Prayer Room</a>, located near the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Rotunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dedicated in 1955, there are no worship services held in the room, nor is it normally open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, as described by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> during the room's dedication, it is a place for members "who want to be alone with their God."<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate chaplain has a staff that includes a Chief-of-Staff, Director of Communications, and Executive Assistant,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and works with a volunteer liaison in each Senate office.<sup id="cite_ref-sc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the annual salary for the first Senate chaplains was $500,<sup id="cite_ref-crs2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the salary is now set as a Level IV position in the Executive Schedule, which is $155,500.00 in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total annual budget for the office, including salaries and expenses, is $415,000 as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guest chaplains have been selected to deliver occasional prayers to open Senate sessions "for many decades."<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 Wilmina Rowland Smith became the first female guest chaplain to deliver the opening prayer,<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1992 <a href="/wiki/Warith_Deen_Mohammed" title="Warith Deen Mohammed">Warith Deen Mohammed</a> was the first Muslim,<sup id="cite_ref-wm_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2007 Rajan Zed was the first <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guestchaplains_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guestchaplains-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2014 <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators are limited regarding the number of recommendations they can make regarding guest chaplains (in the House of Representatives, members are limited to one recommendation per Congress),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although there was originally no limit to the number of times per month a guest chaplain could deliver the prayer in the place of the Senate chaplain, that number is now limited to two.<sup id="cite_ref-byrd_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humanist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_prayer">Opening prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opening prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/150px-Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/225px-Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/300px-Yusuf_Saleem_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Imam Yusuf Saleem delivers opening prayer as Guest Chaplain, October 24, 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/150px-Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/225px-Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/300px-Levi_Shemtov_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Levi_Shemtov" title="Levi Shemtov">Levi Shemtov</a> delivers opening prayer as Guest Chaplain, September 17, 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>The inclusion of a prayer before the opening of each session of both the House and the Senate, traces its origins back to the days of the Continental Congress, and the official recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, June 28, 1787: </p> <blockquote><p>“I have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth: that God Governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid? </p><p>We have been assured, Sir, in the sacred writings, that ‘except the Lord build the House they labour in vain that build it.’ I firmly believe this; and I also believe that without his concurring aid we shall succeed in this political building no better, than the Builders of Babel . . . </p><p> I therefore beg leave to move— that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that Service.”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/150px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/225px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/300px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The Right Reverend Samuel Provoost, first chaplain of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the Senate first convened in April 1789 in New York City, one of its "first orders of business" was to convene a committee to recommend a chaplain, selecting the Right Reverend <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Provoost" title="Samuel Provoost">Samuel Provoost</a>, Episcopal Bishop of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-first_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Senate moved to Philadelphia the next year, the Right Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_White_(Bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="William White (Bishop of Pennsylvania)">William White</a>, that city's Episcopal bishop was selected.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, when the Senate relocated to Washington, D.C., clergymen from various Christian denominations ("mainline Protestant denominations--usually Episcopalians or Presbyterians") continued to be selected, delivering prayers and presiding at funerals and memorial services.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_Congress_prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Continental_Congress_prayer.jpg/300px-Continental_Congress_prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Continental_Congress_prayer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The Rev. Jacob Duche leads the first prayer before the Continental Congress, Philadelphia, September 7, 1774</figcaption></figure> <p>During this early period, chaplains "typically served" for less than a year while concurrently serving in non-congressional positions.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, early Senate and House chaplains, although elected separately by their respected chambers, shared Congressional responsibilities by alternating service in the House and Senate on a weekly basis, also conducting Sunday worship for the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#House_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">House Chamber</a> on an alternating basis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clergymen have served in the official position of Senate Chaplain for all years since the office was created except for the brief period of 1857-1859.<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, the Senate began adding the chaplain's prayer to the Congressional Record.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970 New Jersey Senator <a href="/wiki/Harrison_A._Williams" title="Harrison A. Williams">Harrison A. Williams</a> "reminded his colleagues of James Madison's strong objection when the post was created in 1793", and "noted the modern fulfillment of another of Madison's warnings, that there would inevitably be discrimination in the appointment of such a chaplain against the (then) smaller denominations such as Catholics and Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams pointed out "that although Catholics have for some time comprised the largest single religious affiliation in both the Senate and the population as a whole, there has been only one Roman Catholic Senate chaplain since 1793, and not a single rabbi." He noted "Only eight denominations have been represented in the office."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of this, Williams put forward Senate Resolution 90 which "resulted in the Senate's decision to appoint a new chaplain annually, rather than let the incumbent serve for life."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment would also "rotate among the nation's three major religious groups."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked by reporters about the question of Constitutionality raised by his citing Madison he replied "If this were tested, I would say that it could go either way. It could be declared unconstitutional. Any taxpayer could question this, but no one ever has."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He held that in places where people were isolated by acts of government, such as people in the armed services, hospitals or prisons that chaplains serving them would be Constitutional, "But, I don't know anybody less isolated than members of Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-Spartanburg_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartanburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In following eras the courts would rule on the constitutionality of the chaplaincy. </p><p>The chaplain of the United States Senate became a full-time position in the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-history_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Senate Historical Office review of the records concerning guest chaplains, it was in 1965 that James Kirkland became the first African-American to open the Senate with prayer. In 1971 Wilmina Rowland became the first woman to do so. Wallace Mohammed was the first Muslim to do so in 1992, and Rajan Zed was the first Hindu to say the opening prayer for the Senate in 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama</a> became the first Buddhist to lead the Senate in prayer, and as of 2014 was the highest religious official to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">chaplain of the United States House of Representatives</a>, who must be elected to a two-year term at "the beginning of each Congress," the Senate chaplain (like other Senate officers) does not have to be reelected.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the House and Senate chaplains are elected as individuals, "not as representatives of any religious body or denominational entity."<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a vacancy occurs, the Senate chooses a new chaplain through a vote on the adoption of a resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 Congressional Research Service congressional report, "The three most recent Senate candidates for chaplain have been nominated by a bipartisan search committee that examined possible applicants. This method has not always been Senate practice and may differ from any future nomination."<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, it is the "leadership" of the Senate that can decide on what names can be put forth as nominations.<sup id="cite_ref-crs2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report also notes that "The post of chaplain to the Senate has generally not been subject to party considerations."<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutionality">Constitutionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitutionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of the constitutionality of the position of the Senate chaplain (as well as that of the House chaplain, and at times, that of military chaplains as well), has been a subject of study and debate over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents have argued that it violates the separation of church-and-state and proponents have argued, among other factors, that the same early legislators who wrote the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, from which the position of "non-establishment" and church and state separation is derived, were the same ones who approved and appointed the chaplains.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> was an example of a leader who ultimately came to think that the positions of Senate and House chaplains could not be constitutionally supported, although whether he always held this view (and to what extent he believed it at various times during his life) is a subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it is clear from his "Detached Memoranda" writings during his retirement that he had come to believe the positions could not be justified: </p> <blockquote><p>Is the appointment of Chaplains to the two Houses of Congress consistent with the Constitution, and with the pure principle of religious freedom?<br /> </p><p>In strictness the answer on both points must be in the negative. The Constitution of the U.S. forbids everything like an establishment of a national religion. The law appointing Chaplains establishes a religious worship for the national representatives, to be performed by Ministers of religion, elected by a majority of them; and these are to be paid out of the national taxes. Does not this involve the principle of a national establishment, applicable to a provision for a religious worship for the Constituent as well as of the representative Body, approved by the majority, and conducted by Ministers of religion paid by the entire nation.<br /> </p><p> The establishment of the chaplainship to Congress is a palpable violation of equal rights, as well as of Constitutional principles: The tenets of the chaplains elected [by the majority] shut the door of worship agst the members whose creeds & consciences forbid a participation in that of the majority. To say nothing of other sects, this is the case with that of Roman Catholics & Quakers who have always had members in one or both of the Legislative branches. Could a Catholic clergyman ever hope to be appointed a Chaplain? To say that his religious principles are obnoxious or that his sect is small, is to lift the evil at once and exhibit in its naked deformity the doctrine that religious truth is to be tested by numbers, or that the major sects have a right to govern the minor.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The constitutionality question has been examined in a number of court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to "House and Senate Chaplains: An Overview," an official 2011 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">CRS report</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> for "Members and Committees of Congress": </p> <blockquote><p>The constitutionality of legislative chaplains was upheld in 1983 by the Supreme Court (<i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Chambers" title="Marsh v. Chambers">Marsh v. Chambers</a></i>, 463 U.S. 783, related to chaplains in the Nebraska Legislature) on the grounds of precedent and tradition. The Court cited the practice going back to the Continental Congress in 1774 and noted that the custom "is deeply embedded in the history and tradition of this country" from colonial times and the founding of the republic. Further, the Court held that the use of prayer "has become part of the fabric of our society," coexisting with "the principles of disestablishment and religious freedom." This decision was cited in <i>Murray v. Buchanan</i>, which challenged the House chaplaincy, the next year. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia dismissed the complaint "for want of a substantial constitutional question." Subsequently, on March 25, 2004, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, citing <i>Marsh v. Chambers</i>, dismissed a suit that challenged the congressional practice of paid chaplains as well as the practice of opening legislative sessions with prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2000, a <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> "public affairs on the web" response to the question of constitutional challenges noted that: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1983, the Supreme Court upheld the practice of having an official chaplain as deeply ingrained in the history and tradition of this country. They stated the ultimate authority for the position lies in the Constitution which states that the House and Senate may each choose their officers, with no restrictions on what kind of officers may be chosen. Using that authority, both chambers have chosen to continue to elect an officer to act as Chaplain.<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/200px-Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg/300px-Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Rajan_Zed_Senate_Guest_Chaplain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The Presiding Officer of the Senate directs that "The Sergeant-at-Arms will restore order in the Senate" when a group of Christian protestors interrupt Guest Chaplain Rajan Zed, the first Senate Hindu guest chaplain, July 12, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to court cases, controversy regarding the chaplain's position included a number of petitions to abolish both the Senate and House chaplains that were submitted as early as the 1850s, for reasons including claims that the positions represented a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> and that the choice of chaplains had become too politicized.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1855-1861,<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the election of chaplains for the House and from 1857-1859,<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the election of chaplains for the Senate were suspended, with local clergy invited to serve on a voluntary basis, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a result of "the difficulty in obtaining volunteer chaplains" and the opportunity for volunteer chaplains to get to know "their flock," Congress returned to the practice of selecting official chaplains for both the House and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-crf_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cspan_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been occasions when actions or decisions of individuals serving in the position have created controversy. For example, in 2007 Senate Chaplain Barry C. Black canceled his scheduled appearance at the "Evangelical conference" "Reclaiming America for Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-cancel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to news reports, "Black reconsidered his appearance after "<a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a>" objected.<sup id="cite_ref-cancel_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black announced he had reconsidered his participation because it would not be appropriate considering the Senate chaplain's "historic tradition of being nonpolitical, nonpartisan, nonsectarian."<sup id="cite_ref-cancel_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black said that he had received a "very generic invitation" to speak, and felt that the information about the event had been "incomplete."<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>, "a professor of philosophy and advocate of secular humanism," sued the government in a case that reached the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> for the right to offer comments in place of the prayer that would normally be delivered by the Senate chaplain or guest chaplain.<sup id="cite_ref-humanist_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court denied his suit on the grounds that no individual has the "right" to address Congress, and that the delivery of the prayer, coordinated by the Senate chaplain, was governed by policies that dealt with "prayers" (not "remarks") which Kurtz did not seem prepared to offer.<sup id="cite_ref-humanist_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the prayer delivered by <a href="/wiki/Rajan_Zed_prayer_protest" title="Rajan Zed prayer protest">Rajan Zed</a>, the first Hindu guest chaplain was briefly interrupted by protestors described by news reports as members of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Right">Christian Right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guestchaplains_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guestchaplains-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists had organized supporters to lobby Congress to stop the delivery of the prayer and failing that action to interrupt the prayer itself.<sup id="cite_ref-guestchaplains_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guestchaplains-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protestors were removed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a>, charged with disrupting Congress, and barred from the Capitol and its grounds for twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_chaplain">Current chaplain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current chaplain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Black" title="Barry Black">Barry Black</a></div> <p>The current chaplain, the 62nd chaplain of the United States Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-first_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry C. Black, is the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> and the first Seventh-day Adventist to serve in the position.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-military_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He previously served as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy</a>, holding the rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-military_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some news reports note that Black is the "first military chaplain" to serve as Senate Chaplain,<sup id="cite_ref-military_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._R._Elson" title="Edward L. R. Elson">Edward L. R. Elson</a>, the 59th chaplain of the United States Senate, served as an Army chaplain during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Senate_chaplains">List of Senate chaplains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of Senate chaplains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The website for the U.S. Senate includes the following list of past and present Senate chaplains:<sup id="cite_ref-first_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr></th> <th>Chaplain</th> <th>Photo</th> <th>Religion</th> <th>Denomination</th> <th>Appointed </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Provoost" title="Samuel Provoost">Samuel Provoost</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/50px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/75px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg/100px-Samuel_Provoost-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>April 25, 1789 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_White_(Bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="William White (Bishop of Pennsylvania)">William White</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg/50px-William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg/75px-William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg/100px-William_White-Bishop_Episcopal_Church_USA-1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 9, 1790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Claggett" title="Thomas John Claggett">Thomas John Claggett</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_john_claggett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_john_claggett.jpg/50px-Thomas_john_claggett.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_john_claggett.jpg/75px-Thomas_john_claggett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_john_claggett.jpg/100px-Thomas_john_claggett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>November 27, 1800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gantt" title="Edward Gantt">Edward Gantt</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 9, 1801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A._T._McCormick" title="A. T. McCormick">A. T. McCormick</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>November 7, 1804 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gantt" title="Edward Gantt">Edward Gantt</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 4, 1805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Johnson_Sayrs" title="John Johnson Sayrs">John Johnson Sayrs</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 3, 1806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A._T._McCormick" title="A. T. McCormick">A. T. McCormick</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>November 10, 1807 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elliott_(chaplin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Elliott (chaplin)">Robert Elliott</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>November 10, 1808 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Jones_Wilmer" title="James Jones Wilmer">James Jones Wilmer</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>May 24, 1809 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bruen_Brown" title="Obadiah Bruen Brown">Obadiah Bruen Brown</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg/50px-Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg/75px-Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg/100px-Obadiah_Bruen_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>December 5, 1809 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dulaney_Addison" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Dulaney Addison">Walter Dulaney Addison</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg/50px-Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg/75px-Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg/100px-Walter_Delaney_Addison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 12, 1810 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Brackenridge,_D.D." class="mw-redirect" title="John Brackenridge, D.D.">John Brackenridge, D.D.</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>November 13, 1811 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lee_(Methodist)" title="Jesse Lee (Methodist)">Jesse Lee</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Lee.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Jesse_Lee.gif/50px-Jesse_Lee.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Jesse_Lee.gif/75px-Jesse_Lee.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Jesse_Lee.gif 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="114" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>September 27, 1814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Glendy" title="John Glendy">John Glendy</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Glendy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/John_Glendy.jpg/50px-John_Glendy.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/John_Glendy.jpg/75px-John_Glendy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/John_Glendy.jpg/100px-John_Glendy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>December 8, 1815 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sereno_Edwards_Dwight" title="Sereno Edwards Dwight">Sereno Edwards Dwight</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a></td> <td>December 16, 1816 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Dickinson_Hawley" title="William Dickinson Hawley">William Dickinson Hawley</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 9, 1817 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_(chaplain)" title="John Clark (chaplain)">John Clark</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>November 19, 1818 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Post" title="Reuben Post">Reuben Post</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>December 9, 1819 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ryland" title="William Ryland">William Ryland</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>November 17, 1820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine" title="Charles Pettit McIlvaine">Charles Pettit McIlvaine</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/50px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/75px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/100px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="4464" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 9, 1822 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Staughton" title="William Staughton">William Staughton</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Staughton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/50px-William_Staughton.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/75px-William_Staughton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/100px-William_Staughton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>December 10, 1823 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine" title="Charles Pettit McIlvaine">Charles Pettit McIlvaine</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/50px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/75px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/100px-Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="4464" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 14, 1824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Staughton" title="William Staughton">William Staughton</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Staughton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/50px-William_Staughton.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/75px-William_Staughton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Staughton.jpg/100px-William_Staughton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>December 12, 1825 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ryland" title="William Ryland">William Ryland</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 8, 1826 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_Dyke_Johns" title="Henry Van Dyke Johns">Henry Van Dyke Johns</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 14, 1829 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Price_Durbin" title="John Price Durbin">John Price Durbin</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Price_Durbin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Price_Durbin.jpg/50px-John_Price_Durbin.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Price_Durbin.jpg/75px-John_Price_Durbin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/John_Price_Durbin.jpg/100px-John_Price_Durbin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 19, 1831 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Constantine_Pise" title="Charles Constantine Pise">Charles Constantine Pise</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg/50px-Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg/75px-Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg/100px-Charles_Constantine_Pise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td>December 11, 1832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Hatch" title="Frederick Winslow Hatch">Frederick Winslow Hatch</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 10, 1833 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young_Higbee" title="Edward Young Higbee">Edward Young Higbee</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 23, 1835 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Goodman" title="John Reinhard Goodman">John Reinhard Goodman</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 28, 1836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Henry Slicer</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Slicer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/50px-Henry_Slicer.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/75px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/100px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>September 11, 1837 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grimston_Cookman" title="George Grimston Cookman">George Grimston Cookman</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 31, 1839 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Septimus_Tustin" title="Septimus Tustin">Septimus Tustin</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>June 12, 1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Henry Slicer</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Slicer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/50px-Henry_Slicer.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/75px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/100px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 16, 1846 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clement_Moore_Butler" title="Clement Moore Butler">Clement Moore Butler</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rev._C.M._Butler,_D.D.,_ca._1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg/50px-Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg/75px-Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg/100px-Rev._C.M._Butler%2C_D.D.%2C_ca._1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>January 9, 1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Henry Slicer</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Slicer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/50px-Henry_Slicer.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/75px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Slicer.jpg/100px-Henry_Slicer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 7, 1853 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Dean" title="Henry Clay Dean">Henry Clay Dean</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 4, 1855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Hill" title="Stephen P. Hill">Stephen P. Hill</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_P._Hill,_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg/50px-Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg/75px-Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg/100px-Stephen_P._Hill%2C_Pastor_of_the_First_Baptist_Church%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2003673096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5088" data-file-height="6616" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>December 8, 1856 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley" title="Phineas Densmore Gurley">Phineas Densmore Gurley</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg/50px-Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg/75px-Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg/100px-Phineas_Densmore_Gurley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>December 15, 1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byron_Sunderland" title="Byron Sunderland">Byron Sunderland</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byron_Sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/50px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/75px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/100px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="5918" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>July 10, 1861 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowman_(Methodist_Episcopal_Bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bowman (Methodist Episcopal Bishop)">Thomas Bowman</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Bowman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thomas_Bowman.jpg/50px-Thomas_Bowman.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thomas_Bowman.jpg/75px-Thomas_Bowman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thomas_Bowman.jpg/100px-Thomas_Bowman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>May 11, 1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Harkness_Gray" title="Edgar Harkness Gray">Edgar Harkness Gray</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg/50px-Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg/75px-Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg/100px-Edgar_Harkness_Gray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>March 9, 1865 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Newman" title="John Philip Newman">John Philip Newman</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/50px-John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/75px-John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/100px-John_Philip_Newman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="3944" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>March 8, 1869 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byron_Sunderland" title="Byron Sunderland">Byron Sunderland</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byron_Sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/50px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/75px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byron_Sunderland.jpg/100px-Byron_Sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="5918" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>December 8, 1873 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Bullock" title="Joseph J. Bullock">Joseph J. Bullock</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>March 24, 1879 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elias_DeWitt_Huntley" title="Elias DeWitt Huntley">Elias DeWitt Huntley</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg/50px-Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg/75px-Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Elias_DeWitt_Huntley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="134" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>December 18, 1883 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_George_Butler" title="John George Butler">John George Butler</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_George_Butler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_George_Butler.jpg/50px-John_George_Butler.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_George_Butler.jpg/75px-John_George_Butler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/John_George_Butler.jpg/100px-John_George_Butler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></td> <td>March 15, 1886 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Milburn" title="William Henry Milburn">William Henry Milburn</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Henry_Milburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Henry_Milburn.jpg/50px-William_Henry_Milburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Henry_Milburn.jpg/75px-William_Henry_Milburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Henry_Milburn.jpg/100px-William_Henry_Milburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>April 6, 1893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/F.J._Prettyman" class="mw-redirect" title="F.J. Prettyman">F.J. Prettyman</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/50px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/75px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/100px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>November 23, 1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1855_EdwardEverettHale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1855_EdwardEverettHale.png/50px-1855_EdwardEverettHale.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1855_EdwardEverettHale.png/75px-1855_EdwardEverettHale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1855_EdwardEverettHale.png/100px-1855_EdwardEverettHale.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></td> <td>December 14, 1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant_Baker_Pierce" title="Ulysses Grant Baker Pierce">Ulysses Grant Baker Pierce</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg/50px-Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg/75px-Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg/100px-Rev._U.G.B._Pierce_seated_LCCN2014684675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></td> <td>June 18, 1909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/F.J._Prettyman" class="mw-redirect" title="F.J. Prettyman">F.J. Prettyman</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/50px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/75px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg/100px-Forrest_Johnston_Prettyman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>March 13, 1913 </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnston_Muir" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Johnston Muir">Joseph Johnston Muir</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_(1847%E2%80%931927).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png/50px-Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png/75px-Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png/100px-Joseph_Johnstone_Muir_%281847%E2%80%931927%29.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></td> <td>January 21, 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZeBarney_Thorne_Phillips" title="ZeBarney Thorne Phillips">ZeBarney Thorne Phillips</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg/50px-ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg/75px-ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg/100px-ZeBarney_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a></td> <td>December 5, 1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brown_Harris" title="Frederick Brown Harris">Frederick Brown Harris</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/50px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/75px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/100px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>October 10, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(preacher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Marshall (preacher)">Peter Marshall</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Marshall.jpg/50px-Peter_Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Marshall.jpg/75px-Peter_Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Peter_Marshall.jpg/100px-Peter_Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="212" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>January 4, 1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brown_Harris" title="Frederick Brown Harris">Frederick Brown Harris</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/50px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/75px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg/100px-Frederick_Brown_Harris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></td> <td>February 3, 1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_L.R._Elson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L.R. Elson">Edward L.R. Elson</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg/50px-Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg/75px-Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg/100px-Edward_L._R._Elson_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>January 9, 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Halverson" title="Richard C. Halverson">Richard C. Halverson</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_C._Halverson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Richard_C._Halverson.jpg/50px-Richard_C._Halverson.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Richard_C._Halverson.jpg/75px-Richard_C._Halverson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Richard_C._Halverson.jpg/100px-Richard_C._Halverson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>February 2, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_John_Ogilvie" title="Lloyd John Ogilvie">Lloyd John Ogilvie</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif/50px-Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif/75px-Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif/100px-Lloyd_John_Ogilvie.gif 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>March 11, 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Black" title="Barry Black">Barry C. Black</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barry_Black.jpg/50px-Barry_Black.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barry_Black.jpg/75px-Barry_Black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barry_Black.jpg/100px-Barry_Black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></td> <td>July 7, 2003 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Senate website focusing on the history of Senate chaplains includes the following information on the religious backgrounds of past and current Senate chaplains:<sup id="cite_ref-first_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Episcopalian</td> <td align="right">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methodist</td> <td align="right">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presbyterian</td> <td align="right">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baptist</td> <td align="right">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unitarian</td> <td align="right">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congregationalist</td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lutheran</td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roman Catholic</td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh-day Adventist</td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th align="right">62 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of these, three of the Episcopalians served two terms; three of the Methodists served twice and one thrice; and one each of the Presbyterians and Baptists served twice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crf_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+visits+Capitol+Hill+and+prays+in+the+Senate%3A+%27May+there+be+joy+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Lowery%2C+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F06%2Fdalai-lama-prays-in-the-senate-may-there-be-joy-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaplain+of+the+United+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancel_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancel_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancel_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kxnet.com/getArticle.asp?s=rss&ArticleId=91586">www.kxnet.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930153427/http://www.kxnet.com/getArticle.asp?s=rss&ArticleId=91586">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved July 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020101321_pf.html">www.washingtonpost.com</a>, retrieved July 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/55871957/Senate-prayer-protestors-barred-from-returning-to-Capitol-grounds(PEOPLE-andamp-EVENTS)">www.docstoc.com</a>, retrieved July 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breakingchristiannews.com/articles/display_art.html?ID=7904">www.breakingchristiannews.com</a>, retrieved July 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-military_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-military_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-military_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veteransadvantage.com/cms/content/senate-chaplain-barry-black">www.veteransadvantage.com</a>, retrieved July 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/28/obituaries/edward-l-r-elson-dies-at-86-influential-cleric-in-washington.html">www.nytimes.com, obit</a>, retrieved July 28, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-28-mn-28653-story.html">articles.latimes.com, obit</a>, retrieved July 28, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/common/person/barry_black.htm">Current Senate Chaplain - Barry Black</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Template:Chaplains of the United States Senate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Template talk:Chaplains of the United States Senate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chaplains of the United States Senate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplains</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Provoost" title="Samuel Provoost">Provoost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_White_(bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" title="William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Claggett" title="Thomas John Claggett">Claggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._McCormick" title="A. T. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gantt" title="Edward Gantt">Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Johnson_Sayrs" title="John Johnson Sayrs">Sayrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._McCormick" title="A. T. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elliott_(chaplain)" title="Robert Elliott (chaplain)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jones_Wilmer" title="James Jones Wilmer">Wilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bruen_Brown" title="Obadiah Bruen Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dulany_Addison" title="Walter Dulany Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brackenridge_(clergyman)" title="John Brackenridge (clergyman)">Brackenridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lee_(Methodist)" title="Jesse Lee (Methodist)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glendy" title="John Glendy">Glendy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_Edwards_Dwight" title="Sereno Edwards Dwight">Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dickinson_Hawley" title="William Dickinson Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_(chaplain)" title="John Clark (chaplain)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Post" title="Reuben Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryland" title="William Ryland">Ryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine" title="Charles Pettit McIlvaine">McIlvaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Staughton" title="William Staughton">Staughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pettit_McIlvaine" title="Charles Pettit McIlvaine">McIlvaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Staughton" title="William Staughton">Staughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryland" title="William Ryland">Ryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_Dyke_Johns" title="Henry Van Dyke Johns">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Price_Durbin" title="John Price Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Constantine_Pise" title="Charles Constantine Pise">Pise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Hatch" title="Frederick Winslow Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young_Higbee" title="Edward Young Higbee">Higbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reinhard_Goodman" title="John Reinhard Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Slicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grimston_Cookman" title="George Grimston Cookman">Cookman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimus_Tustin" title="Septimus Tustin">Tustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Slicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Moore_Butler" title="Clement Moore Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slicer" title="Henry Slicer">Slicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Dean" title="Henry Clay Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Hill" title="Stephen P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Densmore_Gurley" title="Phineas Densmore Gurley">Gurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Sunderland" title="Byron Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowman_(Methodist_Episcopal_bishop)" title="Thomas Bowman (Methodist Episcopal bishop)">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Harkness_Gray" title="Edgar Harkness Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Newman" title="John Philip Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Sunderland" title="Byron Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Bullock" title="Joseph J. Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_DeWitt_Huntley" title="Elias DeWitt Huntley">Huntley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Butler" title="John George Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Milburn" title="William Henry Milburn">Milburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Prettyman" title="F. J. Prettyman">Prettyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnstone_Muir" title="Joseph Johnstone Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Prettyman" title="F. J. Prettyman">Prettyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant_Baker_Pierce" title="Ulysses Grant Baker Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Prettyman" title="F. J. Prettyman">Prettyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnstone_Muir" title="Joseph Johnstone Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeBarney_Thorne_Phillips" title="ZeBarney Thorne Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brown_Harris" title="Frederick Brown Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(Presbyterian_minister)" title="Peter Marshall (Presbyterian minister)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brown_Harris" title="Frederick Brown Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._R._Elson" title="Edward L. R. Elson">Elson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Halverson" title="Richard C. Halverson">Halverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_John_Ogilvie" title="Lloyd John Ogilvie">Ogilvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Black" title="Barry Black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Listed in chronological order of succession</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=1261447590">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=1261447590</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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