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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War_1846–1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War_1846–1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mexican–American War 1846–1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War_1846–1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacetime_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacetime_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peacetime service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacetime_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_pursuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_pursuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Civilian pursuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_pursuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ohio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Western Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_an_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_an_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Building an army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_an_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General-in-chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General-in-chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>General-in-chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-in-chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsula_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsula_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Peninsula campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsula_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maryland_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryland_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Maryland campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryland_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_South_Mountain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_South_Mountain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Battle of South Mountain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_South_Mountain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Antietam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Antietam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Battle of Antietam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Antietam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1864_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1864_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1864 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1864_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Postwar years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governor of New Jersey</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_New_Jersey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of New Jersey subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1877_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1877_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1877 campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1877_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Term in office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George B. McClellan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج برينتون ماكليلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج برينتون ماكليلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Makklelan" title="Corc Makklelan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Makklelan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86" title="جورج بی مک‌کللن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج بی مک‌کللن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джордж Макклелан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Макклелан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan" title="George Brinton McClellan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan" title="George Brinton McClellan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan" title="George Brinton McClellan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86" title="جورج بی مک‌کللن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج بی مک‌کللن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McClellan" title="George McClellan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George McClellan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%90%EB%9F%B0" title="조지 매클렐런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 매클렐런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज ब मैकक्लेनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज ब मैकक्लेनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McClellan" title="George McClellan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George McClellan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="ג'ורג' מקללן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' מקללן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Brinton_McClellan" title="Georgius Brinton McClellan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Maklelans" title="Džordžs Maklelans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Maklelans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج برينتون ماكليلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج برينتون ماكليلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McClellan" title="George McClellan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George McClellan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ジョージ・マクレラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・マクレラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McClellan" title="George McClellan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George McClellan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Макклеллан, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макклеллан, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan" title="George Brinton McClellan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Џорџ Маклелан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Маклелан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McClellan" title="George McClellan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George McClellan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George B. McClellan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джордж Макклелан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Макклелан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan" title="George Brinton McClellan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Brinton McClellan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%A6" title="乔治·B·麦克莱伦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治·B·麦克莱伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%A6" title="乔治·B·麦克莱伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·B·麦克莱伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American major general (1826–1885)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"George McClellan" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George McClellan (disambiguation)">George McClellan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Little Napoleon" redirects here. For the Confederate general, see <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George B. McClellan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_B_McClellan_-_retouched,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-George_B_McClellan_-_retouched%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, 1861</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 15, 1878 – January 18, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Bedle" title="Joseph D. Bedle">Joseph D. Bedle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Ludlow" title="George C. Ludlow">George C. Ludlow</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the U.S. Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 1, 1861 – March 11, 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Brinton McClellan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1826-12-03</span>)</span>December 3, 1826<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 29, 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-10-29)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Cemetery_(Trenton,_New_Jersey)" title="Riverview Cemetery (Trenton, New Jersey)">Riverview Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ellen Mary Marcy</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 22, 1860">1860</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_(physician)" title="George McClellan (physician)">George McClellan</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_B._Marcy" title="Randolph B. Marcy">Randolph B. Marcy</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan_Jr." title="George B. McClellan Jr.">George B. McClellan Jr.</a> (son and mayor of New York City)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_McClellan_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George B. McClellan's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_McClellan_Signature.svg/128px-George_McClellan_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_McClellan_Signature.svg/192px-George_McClellan_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_McClellan_Signature.svg/256px-George_McClellan_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Little Mac</li> <li>The Young Napoleon<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher371_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher371-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1846–1857</li> <li>1861–1864</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Ohio" title="Department of the Ohio">Department of the Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <small>(observer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain" title="Battle of Rich Mountain">Battle of Rich Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Brinton McClellan</b> (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 24th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">governor of New Jersey</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a> from November 1861 to March 1862. He was also an engineer, and was chief engineer and vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>, and later president of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio and Mississippi Railroad">Ohio and Mississippi Railroad</a> in 1860. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> graduate, McClellan served with distinction during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> before leaving the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> to serve as a railway executive and engineer until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861. Early in the conflict, McClellan was appointed to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> and played an important role in raising the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, which served in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater</a>. </p><p>McClellan organized and led the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> from March through July 1862. It was the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. Making an amphibious clockwise turning movement around the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a> in northern Virginia, McClellan's forces turned west to move up the Virginia Peninsula, between the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a>, landing from <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, with the Confederate capital, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, as their objective. Initially, McClellan was somewhat successful against General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, but the emergence of General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> to command the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> turned the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> into a Union defeat. However, historians note that Lee's victory was in many ways <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic</a> as he failed to destroy the Army of the Potomac and suffered a bloody repulse at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a>. </p><p>McClellan and President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> developed a mutual distrust, and McClellan was privately derisive of Lincoln. He was removed from command in November, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1862_United_States_elections" title="1862 United States elections">1862 midterm elections</a>. A major contributing factor in this decision was McClellan's failure to pursue Lee's army following the tactically inconclusive but strategic Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Sharpsburg,_Maryland" title="Sharpsburg, Maryland">Sharpsburg, Maryland</a>. He never received another field command and went on to become the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 presidential election</a> against the Republican Lincoln. The effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when McClellan repudiated his party's platform, which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the Confederacy. He served as the governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881; in McClellan's later writings, he vigorously defended his Civil War conduct. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/220px-Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/330px-Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/440px-Julian_Scott_-_George_Brinton_McClellan_-_NPG.65.35_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Julian_Scott" title="Julian Scott">Julian Scott</a> portrait of McClellan in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan was born in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on December 3, 1826, the son of a prominent surgeon, <a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_(physician)" title="George McClellan (physician)">George McClellan</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Jefferson Medical College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appletons_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appletons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's family was of Scottish and English heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-wL02N_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wL02N-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was Elizabeth Sophia Steinmetz Brinton McClellan (1800–1889), daughter of a leading Pennsylvania family, a woman noted for her "considerable grace and refinement." Her father was of English origin, while her mother was <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2RIm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2RIm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had five children: Frederica, John, George, Arthur, and Mary. One of McClellan's great-grandfathers was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_McClellan" title="Samuel McClellan">Samuel McClellan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Connecticut" title="Woodstock, Connecticut">Woodstock, Connecticut</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> who served during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dAssB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dAssB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan initially intended to follow his father into the medical profession, and attended a private academy, which was followed by enrollment in a private preparatory school for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began attending the university in 1840, when he was 14 years old, resigning himself to the study of law after his family decided that medical educations for both McClellan and his older brother John were too expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two years at the university, he changed his goal to military service. With the assistance of his father's letter to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, McClellan was accepted at the United States Military Academy in 1842 at the age of 15, with the academy waiving its usual minimum age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-dBI0b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dBI0b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At West Point, he was an energetic and ambitious cadet, deeply interested in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hart_Mahan" title="Dennis Hart Mahan">Dennis Hart Mahan</a> and the theoretical strategic principles of <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>. His closest friends were aristocratic southerners including <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dabney_Maury" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabney Maury">Dabney Maury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_Wilcox" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmus Wilcox">Cadmus Wilcox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a>. These associations gave McClellan what he considered to be an appreciation of the southern mind and an understanding of the political and military implications of the sectional differences in the United States that led to the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-DPK2u_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPK2u-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated at age 19 in 1846, second in his class of 59 cadets, losing the top position to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seaforth_Stewart" title="Charles Seaforth Stewart">Charles Seaforth Stewart</a> only because of inferior drawing skills.<sup id="cite_ref-PcZIe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PcZIe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher371_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher371-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War_1846–1848"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War_1846.E2.80.931848"></span>Mexican–American War 1846–1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War 1846–1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McClellan's first assignment was with a company of engineers formed at West Point, but he quickly received orders to sail for the Mexican War. He arrived near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in October 1846, well prepared for action with a double-barreled shotgun, two pistols, a saber, a dress sword, and a <a href="/wiki/Bowie_knife" title="Bowie knife">Bowie knife</a>. He complained that he had arrived too late to take any part in the American victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Monterrey</a> in September. During a temporary armistice in which the forces of Gen. <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> awaited action, McClellan was stricken with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, which kept him in the hospital for nearly a month. Malaria would recur in later years; he called it his "Mexican disease."<sup id="cite_ref-UHeh4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHeh4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as an engineering officer during the war, was frequently subject to enemy fire, and was appointed a brevet <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> for his services at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a><sup id="cite_ref-ZZECN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZECN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ciy8T_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciy8T-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">captain</a> for his service at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher371_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher371-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed reconnaissance missions for Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, a close friend of McClellan's father.<sup id="cite_ref-Sa644_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sa644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan's experiences in the war would shape his military and political life. He learned that flanking movements (used by Scott at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</a>) were often better than frontal assaults, and the value of siege operations (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Veracruz</a>). He witnessed Scott's success in balancing political with military affairs and his good relations with the civil population as he invaded, enforcing strict discipline on his soldiers to minimize damage to property. McClellan also developed a disdain for volunteer soldiers and officers, particularly politicians who cared nothing for discipline and training.<sup id="cite_ref-nNVLt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nNVLt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacetime_service">Peacetime service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peacetime service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McClellan returned to West Point to command his engineering company, which was attached to the academy for the purpose of training cadets in engineering activities. He chafed at the boredom of peacetime garrison service, although he greatly enjoyed the social life. In June 1851, he was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Delaware" title="Fort Delaware">Fort Delaware</a>, a masonry work under construction on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>, forty miles (65 km) downriver from Philadelphia. In March 1852, he was ordered to report to Capt. <a href="/wiki/Randolph_B._Marcy" title="Randolph B. Marcy">Randolph B. Marcy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas" title="Fort Smith, Arkansas">Fort Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, to serve as second-in-command on an expedition to discover the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>. By June the expedition reached the source of the north fork of the river and Marcy named a small tributary <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Creek" title="McClellan Creek">McClellan's Creek</a>. Upon their arrival on July 28, they were astonished to find that they had been given up for dead. A sensational story had reached the press that the expedition had been ambushed by 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanches</a> and killed to the last man. McClellan blamed the story on "a set of scoundrels, who seek to keep up agitation on the frontier in order to get employment from the Govt. in one way or other."<sup id="cite_ref-hA5hO_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hA5hO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fall of 1852, McClellan published a manual on bayonet tactics that he had translated from the original French. He also received an assignment to the Department of Texas, with orders to perform a survey of Texas rivers and harbors. In 1853, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railroad_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Railroad survey">Pacific Railroad surveys</a>, ordered by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, to select an appropriate route for the planned <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>. McClellan surveyed the western portion of the northern corridor along the 47th and 49th parallels from <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. In doing so, he demonstrated a tendency for insubordination toward senior political figures. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stevens" title="Isaac Stevens">Isaac Stevens</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, became dissatisfied with McClellan's performance in his scouting of passes across the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>. </p><p>McClellan selected Yakima Pass (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_B._McClellan&params=47.3365_N_121.4324_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°20′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°25′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.3365°N 121.4324°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.3365; -121.4324</span></span></span></a></span></span>) without a thorough reconnaissance and refused the governor's order to lead a party through it in winter conditions, relying on faulty intelligence about the depth of snowpack in that area. In so doing, he missed three greatly superior passes in the near vicinity, which were eventually used for railroads and interstate highways. The governor ordered McClellan to turn over his expedition logbooks, but McClellan steadfastly refused, most likely because of embarrassing personal comments that he had made throughout his adventures.<sup id="cite_ref-CY569_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CY569-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to the East, McClellan began courting his future wife, Ellen Mary Marcy (1836–1915), the daughter of his former commander. Ellen, or Nelly, refused McClellan's first proposal of marriage, one of nine that she received from a variety of suitors, including his West Point friend, <a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a>. Ellen accepted Hill's proposal in 1856, but her family did not approve and he withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-IjW0d_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IjW0d-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1854, McClellan was sent on a secret reconnaissance mission to Santo Domingo at the behest of Jefferson Davis. McClellan assessed local defensive capabilities for the secretary. (The information was not used until 1870 when President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> unsuccessfully attempted to annex the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.) Davis was beginning to treat McClellan almost as a protégé, and his next assignment was to assess the logistical readiness of various railroads in the United States, once again with an eye toward planning for the transcontinental railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-cH6xJ_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cH6xJ-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1855, McClellan was promoted to captain and assigned to the 1st U.S. Cavalry regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher371_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher371-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to his political connections and his mastery of French, McClellan received the assignment to be an official observer of the European armies in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1855 as part of the Delafield Commission, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Delafield" title="Richard Delafield">Richard Delafield</a>. Traveling widely, and interacting with the highest military commands and royal families, McClellan observed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">siege of Sevastopol</a>. Upon his return to the United States in 1856, he requested an assignment in Philadelphia to prepare his report, which contained a critical analysis of the siege and a lengthy description of the organization of the European armies. He also wrote a manual on <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">cavalry tactics</a> that was based on Russian cavalry regulations. Like other observers, though, McClellan did not appreciate the importance of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">rifled muskets</a> in the Crimean War, and the fundamental changes in warfare tactics it would require.<sup id="cite_ref-Hjps2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hjps2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army adopted McClellan's cavalry manual and also his design for a <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a>, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Saddle" class="mw-redirect" title="McClellan Saddle">McClellan Saddle</a>, which he claimed to have seen used by <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and Hungary. It became standard issue for as long as the U.S. horse cavalry existed and is still used for ceremonies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_pursuits">Civilian pursuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civilian pursuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClellan%2BWife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/McClellan%2BWife.jpg/220px-McClellan%2BWife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/McClellan%2BWife.jpg/330px-McClellan%2BWife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/McClellan%2BWife.jpg/440px-McClellan%2BWife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>McClellan and Ellen Mary "Nelly" (Marcy) McClellan</figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan resigned his commission January 16, 1857, and, capitalizing on his experience with railroad assessment, became chief engineer and vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>, and then president of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio and Mississippi Railroad">Ohio and Mississippi Railroad</a> in 1860. He performed well in both jobs, expanding the Illinois Central toward <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a> and helping the Ohio and Mississippi recover from the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>. Despite his successes and lucrative salary ($10,000 per year), he was frustrated with civilian employment and continued to study classical military strategy assiduously. During the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, he considered rejoining the Army. He also considered service as a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-XcWIh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XcWIh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the outbreak of the Civil War, McClellan became active in politics, supporting the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 election</a>. He claimed to have defeated an attempt at vote fraud by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> by ordering the delay of a train that was carrying men to vote illegally in another county, enabling Douglas to win the county.<sup id="cite_ref-YAAWx_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YAAWx-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1859, McClellan was able to resume his courtship of Ellen Mary; they were married in <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Calvary Church (Manhattan)">Calvary Church</a>, New York City, on May 22, 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FgnlH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FgnlH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohio">Ohio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the Civil War in 1861, McClellan's knowledge of what was called "big war science" and his railroad experience suggested he might excel at military logistics. His old report from his tour in the Crimean war was quickly rushed for publication. This placed him in great demand as the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> mobilized its militia and its armies. The governors of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, the three largest states of the Union, actively pursued him to command their states' militia. McClellan expressed desire to command the state militia of his home state of Pennsylvania, but when the dispatch did not arrive to him as early as he expected it, he departed Illinois for Pennsylvania with the intent of commanding its state militia. On his way there, he stopped at Columbus to discuss the military situation in the Ohio valley with Ohio governor <a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison</a>. Dennison was impressed with McClellan and offered him command of the state militia on the spot, which he accepted. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Pennsylvania's governor</a> had in fact already sent a wire to McClellan offering him command of the Pennsylvania state militia, but he did not receive this until the next day. McClellan was commissioned a major general of volunteers and took command of the Ohio militia on April 23, 1861. Unlike some of his fellow Union officers who came from <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> families, he was opposed to federal interference with slavery. For this reason, some of his Southern colleagues approached him informally about siding with the Confederacy, but he could not accept the concept of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GB5P3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB5P3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 3 McClellan re-entered federal service as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Ohio" title="Department of the Ohio">Department of the Ohio</a>, responsible for the defense of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and, later, western Pennsylvania, western Virginia, and Missouri. On May 14, he was commissioned a major general in the regular army. At age 34, he outranked everyone in the Army except Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief. McClellan's rapid promotion was partly due to his acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> and former Ohio governor and senator.<sup id="cite_ref-MGy5D_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGy5D-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As McClellan scrambled to process the thousands of men who were volunteering for service and to set up training camps, he also applied his mind to grand strategy. He wrote a letter to Gen. Scott on April 27, four days after assuming command in Ohio, that presented the first proposal for a strategy for the war. It contained two alternatives, each envisioning a prominent role for himself as commander. The first would use 80,000 men to invade Virginia through the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha Valley</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>. The second would use the same force to drive south instead, crossing the Ohio River into Kentucky and Tennessee. Scott rejected both plans as logistically unfeasible. Although he complimented McClellan and expressed his "great confidence in your intelligence, zeal, science, and energy", he replied by letter that the 80,000 men would be better used on a river-based expedition to control the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and split the Confederacy, accompanied by a strong <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> of Southern ports. This plan, which would require considerable patience of the Northern public, was derided in newspapers as the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>, but eventually proved to be the outline of the successful prosecution of the war. Relations between the two generals became increasingly strained over the summer and fall.<sup id="cite_ref-JHYTr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHYTr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Virginia">Western Virginia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governor Dennison encouraged and pressured McClellan to conduct offensive operations in Northwestern Virginia, where unionist sentiment was strong and West Virginians were clamoring for secession from east Virginia. Dennison's office was barraged by many letters from northwestern Virginians requesting military occupation of Northwestern Virginia to protect from potential reprisals from secessionists. McClellan's first military operations were to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and subsequently became the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. He had received intelligence reports on May 26 that the critical <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> bridges in that portion of the state were being burned. He quickly implemented plans to invade the region. Confederate general <a href="/wiki/George_A._Porterfield" title="George A. Porterfield">George A. Porterfield</a> was in charge of defending western Virginia with most of the rebel forces based at <a href="/wiki/Grafton,_West_Virginia" title="Grafton, West Virginia">Grafton</a>. McClellan triggered his first serious political controversy by proclaiming to the citizens there that his forces had no intentions of interfering with personal property—including slaves. "Notwithstanding all that has been said by the traitors to induce you to believe that our advent among you will be signalized by interference with your slaves, understand one thing clearly—not only will we abstain from all such interference but we will on the contrary with an iron hand, crush any attempted insurrection on their part." He quickly realized that he had overstepped his bounds and apologized by letter to President Lincoln. The controversy was not that his proclamation was diametrically opposed to the administration's policy at the time, but that he was so bold in stepping beyond his strictly military role.<sup id="cite_ref-73OsU_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73OsU-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his forces moved rapidly into West Virginia across the Beverly-Fairmont turnpike towards <a href="/wiki/Grafton,_West_Virginia" title="Grafton, West Virginia">Grafton</a>, Confederate forces under the command of General Porterfield retreated quickly before McClellan's superior forces towards <a href="/wiki/Philippi,_West_Virginia" title="Philippi, West Virginia">Philippi</a>, where Porterfield ordered his forces into a momentary rest before continuing the retreat. McClellan planned to encircle Porterfield's command at Philippi through a complex plan that required coordination between three separate forces. This coordination failed, and the bombardment of the village commenced with a false signal. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi_(1861)" title="Battle of Philippi (1861)">The Confederates at Philippi were completely routed</a>, but they did not retreat towards a prepared line of Union troops as the plan originally envisioned. This was the first land conflict of the war. McClellan then split his forces up, one column went under the command of general <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Morris" title="Thomas A. Morris">Thomas A. Morris</a>, marched to the Beverly-Fairmont turnpike to attack Confederate troops defending Laurel Mountain, who were under command of Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Garnett" title="Robert S. Garnett">Robert S. Garnett</a>, and secure the northern road leading to the valley east of the mountains. This force beset the rebels at Laurel Mountain on July 7. His first personal command in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rich_Mountain" title="Battle of Rich Mountain">battle was at Rich Mountain</a>, where McClellan was plagued by hesitation and his erroneous idea that he was facing a sizeable Confederate force. McClellan wished to flank the strong Confederate position at Rich Mountain but found no avenue to do so, and ordered his forces into a preliminary siege. A young boy from the Hart family, whose house was on Rich Mountain, behind the Confederate position, a family with unionist sympathies, walked into McClellan's camp and offered to show the Union troops a route through the woods around the Confederate left, this small trail would eventually turn north and link up with the Buckhannon-Beverly pike that cut through Rich Mountain eastwards to the valley, and then to Cheat River. McClellan was pleased and ordered his subordinate, Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a>, to lead a contingent of troops, flank the Confederates and take them by surprise. Due to intense rain, a movement that was originally estimated to take an hour or two at most, took more than 7 hours. </p><p>After a long time without receiving news from Rosecrans, McClellan grew nervous and dispatched an order to call off this attack, but the orders never reached Rosecrans. Finally, after an exhausting march, Rosecrans took up positions south of the Hart home and launched a vigorous attack up the hill to the Hart farm. Confederate troops, who were under the overall command of general <a href="/wiki/John_Pegram_(general)" title="John Pegram (general)">John Pegram</a>, attempted a defense and moved two guns to the road to repulse this attack, which was well east of the main Confederate position on Rich Mountain. Another regiment was ordered out of Beverly to link up with the Confederate position at Rich Mountain, this regiment had arrived too late and found the Union troops had overrun the road, captured a Confederate cannon and were holding the road between Beverly and the Confederate troops west of their position on Rich Mountain (behind the rebel defensive line on the road). McClellan heard the sounds of battle from his headquarters but being hesitant, unsure and nervous, ordered no attack on the mountain. The next day the demoralized Confederate troops retreated from Rich Mountain through trails that took them northwards and then attempted to move eastwards back to Beverly on the Tygart valley. A harrowing pursuit caused several hundred, including Pegram, to surrender next day, and the battle of Rich Mountain ended in a decisive Union victory. Confederate troops 15 km north-west, defending Laurel Mountain on the Beverely-Fairmont turnpike, retreated in great disorder after hearing of the rebel defeat on Rich Mountain. McClellan in his later report severely criticized Morris for his purported late pursuit of the Confederates after their retreat from there, even though he had extensively instructed Morris earlier to be very cautious and wary in his advance against enemy forces. Rosecrans bitterly complained that his attack on Rich Mountain was not reinforced as McClellan had agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-sMJ3X_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sMJ3X-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan was obliged to absorb all credit for the victory at Rich Mountain, and lent no credit to Rosecrans' performance during the battle. These victories propelled McClellan to the status of national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-fSfGg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fSfGg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> entitled an article about him "Gen. McClellan, the Napoleon of the Present War".<sup id="cite_ref-Z7uIL_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z7uIL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat of Confederate forces at Rich Mountain and Laurel Mountain, Union troops sharply pursued them eastwards across the <a href="/wiki/Tygart_Valley_River" title="Tygart Valley River">Tygart Valley</a> all the way to <a href="/wiki/Cheat_River" title="Cheat River">Cheat River</a> & <a href="/wiki/Cheat_Mountain" title="Cheat Mountain">Cheat Mountain</a>. Confederate general Garnett was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corrick%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Corrick's Ford">killed in a rearguard action on Cheat River at Corrick's ford by Morris' force</a>, and thus Confederate presence had been completely ejected from West Virginia, although Confederate troops were still present in <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County,_West_Virginia" title="Kanawha County, West Virginia">Kanawha</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John Floyd</a>. McClellan proceeded to bombastically proclaim that secessionist presence in West Virginia has been completely crushed. McClellan organized a defensive network of the region spanning Cheat Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountain</a> all the way to <a href="/wiki/Gauley_Bridge,_West_Virginia" title="Gauley Bridge, West Virginia">Gauley Bridge</a> in Kanawha. McClellan chose Rosecrans as his successor and briefed him on the situation before departing for Washington upon being summoned to reorganize the routed Union Army of Northeastern Virginia after the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">defeat at Bull Run</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_an_army">Building an army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Building an army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the defeat of the Union forces at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Bull Run</a> on July 21, 1861, Lincoln summoned McClellan from western Virginia, where McClellan had given the North the only engagements bearing a semblance of victory. He traveled by special train on the main Pennsylvania line from <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>, and on to <a href="/wiki/Washington_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington City">Washington City</a>, and was greeted by enthusiastic crowds that met his train along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears95_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg/220px-George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg/330px-George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg/440px-George_B._McClellan_Patriotic_Cover_1861.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Patriotic cover honoring the arrival of McClellan in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on July 26, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> wrote, "McClellan was the man of the hour, pointed to by events, and chosen by an overwhelming weight of public and private opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-Sandburg62_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandburg62-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 26, the day he reached the capital, McClellan was appointed commander of the Military Division of the Potomac, the main Union force responsible for the defense of Washington. On August 20, several military units in Virginia were consolidated into his department and he immediately formed the Army of the Potomac, with himself as its first commander.<sup id="cite_ref-W4tpx_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W4tpx-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Army became the primary force in the Union army in the Eastern Theatre that protected the Capital and the North. He reveled in his newly acquired power and influence:<sup id="cite_ref-Sears95_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I find myself in a new and strange position here—Presdt, Cabinet, Genl Scott & all deferring to me—by some strange operation of magic I seem to have become <i>the</i> power of the land. ... I almost think that were I to win some small success now I could become Dictator or anything else that might please me—but nothing of that kind would please me—<i>therefore</i> I <i>won't</i> be Dictator. Admirable self-denial!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George B. McClellan, letter to his wife Ellen, July 26, 1861</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg/220px-GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg/330px-GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg/440px-GeorgeMcClellan1861a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>General George B. McClellan with staff & dignitaries (from left to right): Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Morell" title="George W. Morell">George W. Morell</a>, Lt. Col. A.V. Colburn, Gen. McClellan, Lt. Col. N.B. Sweitzer, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">Prince de Joinville</a> (son of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Phillippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phillippe">Louis Phillippe</a> of France), and on the very right—the prince's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Count de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army, and greatly improved its morale with frequent trips to review and encourage his units. It was a remarkable achievement, in which he came to personify the Army of the Potomac and reaped the adulation of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-RRbjJ_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRbjJ-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created defenses for Washington that were almost impregnable, consisting of 48 forts and strong points, with 480 guns manned by 7,200 artillerists.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army of the Potomac grew in number from 50,000 in July to 168,000 in November, becoming the largest military force the United States had raised until that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandburg62_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandburg62-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this was also a time of tension in the high command, as he continued to quarrel frequently with the government and the general-in-chief, Lt. Gen. Scott, on matters of strategy. McClellan rejected the tenets of Scott's <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>, favoring instead an overwhelming grand battle, in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> style. He proposed that his army should be expanded to 273,000 men and 600 guns and "crush the rebels in one campaign". He favored a war that would impose little impact on civilian populations and require no emancipation of slaves. </p><p>McClellan's antipathy to emancipation added to the pressure on him, as he received bitter criticism from <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-gH6Ea_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gH6Ea-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed slavery as an institution recognized in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, and entitled to federal protection wherever it existed (Lincoln held the same public position until August 1862).<sup id="cite_ref-Tried122_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tried122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan's writings after the war were typical of many Northerners: "I confess to a prejudice in favor of my own race, & can't learn to like the odor of either Billy goats or niggers."<sup id="cite_ref-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in November 1861, he wrote to his wife, "I will, if successful, throw my sword onto the scale to force an improvement in the condition of those poor blacks." He later wrote that had it been his place to arrange the terms of peace, he would have insisted on gradual emancipation, guarding the rights of both slaves and masters, as part of any settlement. But he made no secret of his opposition to the Radical Republicans. He told Ellen, "I will not fight for the abolitionists." This put him in opposition with officials of the administration who believed he was attempting to implement the policies of the opposition party.<sup id="cite_ref-16vqn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16vqn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immediate problem with McClellan's war strategy was that he was convinced the Confederates were ready to attack him with overwhelming numbers. On August 8, believing that the Confederacy had over 100,000 troops facing him (in contrast to the 35,000 they had actually deployed at Bull Run a few weeks earlier), he declared a state of emergency in the capital. By August 19, he estimated 150,000 rebel soldiers on his front. In this, McClellan was perhaps influenced by his questioning of Confederate deserter Edward B. McMurdy, whose testimony was not accepted by Lincoln, Secretary of State Seward, or General-in-Chief Scott, but reaffirmed for McClellan the numbers he had convinced himself of. McClellan's feeling of facing overwhelming odds in subsequent campaigns throughout his tenure as General of the Army of the Potomac were strongly influenced by the overblown enemy strength estimates of his secret service chief, detective <a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a>, but in August 1861, these estimates were entirely McClellan's own.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a level of extreme caution that sapped the initiative of McClellan's army and dismayed the government. Historian and biographer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Stephen W. Sears</a> observed that McClellan's actions would have been "essentially sound" for a commander who was as outnumbered as McClellan thought he was, but McClellan in fact rarely had less than a two-to-one advantage over the armies that opposed him in 1861 and 1862. That fall, for example, Confederate forces ranged from 35,000 to 60,000, whereas the Army of the Potomac in September numbered 122,000 men; in early December 170,000; by year end, 192,000.<sup id="cite_ref-usRf1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usRf1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute with Scott became increasingly personal. Scott (as well as many in the War Department) was outraged that McClellan refused to divulge any details about his strategic planning, or even such basic information as the strengths and dispositions of his units. McClellan claimed he could not trust anyone in the administration to keep his plans secret from the press, and thus the enemy. In the course of a disagreement about defensive forces on the Potomac River, McClellan wrote to his wife on August 10: "Genl Scott is the great obstacle—he will not comprehend the danger & is either a traitor, or an incompetent. I have to fight my way against him."<sup id="cite_ref-coVgw_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coVgw-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott became so disillusioned with the young general that he offered his resignation to President Lincoln, who initially refused to accept it. Rumors traveled through the capital that McClellan might resign, or instigate a military coup, if Scott were not removed. Lincoln's Cabinet met on October 18 and agreed to accept Scott's resignation for “reasons of health”.<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson360_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson360-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the subsequently formed Army of the Potomac had high morale and was extremely proud of their general, some even referring to McClellan as the savior of Washington. He prevented the army's morale from collapsing at least twice, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second</a> Battles of Bull Run. Many historians argue that he was talented in this aspect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General-in-chief">General-in-chief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General-in-chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centreville,_VA,_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/220px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/330px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/440px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6630" data-file-height="5892" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Quaker_gun" title="Quaker gun">Quaker guns</a>" (logs used as ruses to imitate cannons) in former Confederate fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas Junction</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On November 1, 1861, Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general-in-chief of all the Union armies. The president expressed his concern about the "vast labor" involved in the dual role of army commander and general-in-chief, but McClellan responded, "I can do it all."<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson360_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson360-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln, as well as many other leaders and citizens of the northern states, became increasingly impatient with McClellan's slowness to attack the Confederate forces still massed near Washington. The Union defeat at the minor <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff">Battle of Ball's Bluff</a> near <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg</a> in October added to the frustration and indirectly damaged McClellan. In December, the Congress formed a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War</a>, which became a thorn in the side of many generals throughout the war, accusing them of incompetence and, in some cases, treason. McClellan was called as the first witness on December 23, but he contracted <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> and could not attend. Instead, his subordinate officers testified, and their candid admissions that they had no knowledge of specific strategies for advancing against the Confederates raised many calls for McClellan's dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dp7Qn_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dp7Qn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan further damaged his reputation by his insulting insubordination to his commander-in-chief. He privately referred to Lincoln, whom he had known before the war as a lawyer for the Illinois Central, as "nothing more than a well-meaning baboon", a "gorilla", and "ever unworthy of ... his high position".<sup id="cite_ref-12LyN_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12LyN-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 13, he snubbed the president, who had come to visit McClellan's house, by making him wait for 30 minutes, only to be told that the general had gone to bed and could not receive him.<sup id="cite_ref-IgHkI_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IgHkI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 10, 1862, Lincoln met with top generals (McClellan did not attend) and directed them to formulate a plan of attack, expressing his exasperation with General McClellan with the following remark: "If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a time."<sup id="cite_ref-RxnAE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxnAE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 12, 1862, McClellan was summoned to the White House, where the Cabinet demanded to hear his war plans. For the first time, he revealed his intentions to transport the Army of the Potomac by ship to <a href="/wiki/Urbanna,_Virginia" title="Urbanna, Virginia">Urbanna</a>, Virginia, on the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a>, outflanking the Confederate forces near Washington, and proceeding 50 miles (80 km) overland to capture Richmond. He refused to give any specific details of the proposed campaign, even to his friend, newly appointed War Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>. On January 27, Lincoln issued an order that required all of his armies to begin offensive operations by February 22, <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents' Day (United States)">Washington's birthday</a>. On January 31, he issued a supplementary order for the Army of the Potomac to move overland to attack the Confederates at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville</a>. McClellan immediately replied with a 22-page letter objecting in detail to the president's plan and advocating instead his Urbanna plan, which was the first written instance of the plan's details being presented to the president. Although Lincoln believed his plan was superior, he was relieved that McClellan finally agreed to begin moving, and reluctantly approved. On March 8, doubting McClellan's resolve, Lincoln again interfered with the army commander's prerogatives. He called a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> at the White House in which McClellan's subordinates were asked about their confidence in the Urbanna plan. They expressed their confidence to varying degrees. After the meeting, Lincoln issued another order, naming specific officers as corps commanders to report to McClellan (who had been reluctant to do so prior to assessing his division commanders' effectiveness in combat, even though this would have meant his direct supervision of twelve divisions in the field).<sup id="cite_ref-yY1AL_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yY1AL-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more crises would confront McClellan before he could implement his plans. The Confederate forces under General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> withdrew from their positions before Washington, assuming new positions south of the Rappahannock, which completely nullified the Urbanna strategy. McClellan revised his plans to have his troops disembark at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Monroe, Virginia">Fort Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and advance up the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> to Richmond, an operation that would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>. Then, however, McClellan came under extreme criticism in the press and Congress when it was learned that Johnston's forces had not only slipped away unnoticed, but had for months fooled the Union Army with logs painted black to appear as cannons, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Gun">Quaker Guns</a>. Congress's joint committee visited the abandoned Confederate lines and radical Republicans introduced a resolution demanding the dismissal of McClellan, but it was narrowly defeated by a parliamentary maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-kCOI0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kCOI0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second crisis was the emergence of the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a>, which threw Washington into a panic and made naval support operations on the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> seem problematic. </p><p>On March 11, 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan as general-in-chief, leaving him in command of only the Army of the Potomac, ostensibly so that McClellan would be free to devote all his attention to the move on Richmond. Lincoln's order was ambiguous as to whether McClellan might be restored following a successful campaign. In fact, the general-in-chief position was left unfilled. Lincoln, Stanton, and a group of officers who formed the "War Board" directed the strategic actions of the Union armies that spring. Although McClellan was assuaged by supportive comments Lincoln made to him, in time he saw the change of command very differently, describing it as a part of an intrigue "to secure the failure of the approaching campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-JKwUv_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKwUv-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsula_campaign">Peninsula campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peninsula campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png/220px-Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png/330px-Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png/440px-Peninsula_Campaign_March-May_1862.png 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Peninsula Campaign, March–May 1862<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:2px #ff0000 solid;"> </span> Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:2px #0000ff solid;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf/page1-220px-Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf/page1-330px-Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf/page1-440px-Seven_Days_Battles_overview.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Seven Days Battles, June 25 – July 1, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan's army began to sail from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a> on March 17. It was an armada that dwarfed all previous American expeditions, transporting 121,500 men, 44 artillery batteries, 1,150 wagons, over 15,000 horses, and tons of equipment and supplies. An English observer remarked that it was the "stride of a giant".<sup id="cite_ref-bVoLi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bVoLi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army's advance from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a> up the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> proved to be slow. McClellan's plan for a rapid seizure of <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a> was foiled by the removal of 1st Corps from the Army of the Potomac for the defense of Washington. McClellan had hoped to use the 1st Corps to capture <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Point,_Virginia" title="Gloucester Point, Virginia">Glouchester Point</a> and thus outflank the Confederate position. When he discovered that the Confederates had fortified a line across the Peninsula he hesitated to attack and instead “played it safe”. As Swinton notes "It is possible, however—and there is a considerable volume of evidence bearing upon this point—that General McClellan, during all the earlier portion of the month before Yorktown, had it in his mind, even without McDowell's corps, to undertake the decisive turning movement by the north side of the York. In this event, it would not only be in the direction of his plan to make no attack, but it would play into his hands that his opponent should accumulate his forces on the Peninsula. Yet this halting between two opinions had the result that, when he had abandoned the purpose of making the turning movement, it had become too late for him to make a direct attack." McClellan asked for the opinion of his chief engineer <a href="/wiki/John_G._Barnard" title="John G. Barnard">John G. Barnard</a>, who recommended against an assault. This caused him to decide on a siege of the city, which required considerable preparation. </p><p>McClellan continued to believe intelligence reports that credited the Confederates with two or three times the men they actually had. Early in the campaign, Confederate General <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. "Prince John" Magruder</a> defended the Peninsula against McClellan's advance with a vastly smaller force. He created a false impression of many troops behind the lines and of even more troops arriving. He accomplished this by marching small groups of men repeatedly past places where they could be observed at a distance or were just out of sight, accompanied by great noise and fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Ysg22_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ysg22-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, General Johnston was able to provide Magruder with reinforcements, but even then there were far fewer troops than McClellan believed were opposite him. </p><p>After a month of preparation, just before he was to assault the Confederate works at Yorktown, McClellan learned that Johnston had withdrawn up the Peninsula towards <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>. McClellan was thus required to give chase without any benefit of the heavy artillery so carefully amassed in front of Yorktown. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a> on May 5 is considered a Union victory—McClellan's first—but the Confederate army was not destroyed and most of their troops were successfully moved past Williamsburg to Richmond's outer defenses while the battle was waged and for several days thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-naBsx_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naBsx-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan had also placed hopes on a simultaneous naval approach to Richmond via the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a>. That approach failed following the Union Navy's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drewry%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Drewry's Bluff">Battle of Drewry's Bluff</a>, about 7 miles (11 km) downstream from the Confederate capital, on May 15. Basing artillery on a strategic bluff high above a bend in the river, and sinking boats to create an impassable series of obstacles in the river itself, the Confederates effectively blocked this potential approach to Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-zIGI0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zIGI0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan's army moved towards Richmond over the next three weeks, coming to within four miles (6.4 km) of it. He established a supply base on the <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_River" title="Pamunkey River">Pamunkey River</a> (a navigable tributary of the <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a>) at <a href="/wiki/White_House_Landing,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Landing, Virginia">White House Landing</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_York_River_Railroad" title="Richmond and York River Railroad">Richmond and York River Railroad</a> extending to Richmond crossed, and commandeered the <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a>, transporting <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> and rolling stock to the site by barge.<sup id="cite_ref-OZxGk_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZxGk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 31, as McClellan planned an assault, his army was surprised by a Confederate attack. Johnston saw that the Union army was split in half by the rain-swollen <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a> and hoped to <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeat it in detail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a> and Fair Oaks. McClellan was unable to command the army personally because of a recurrence of malarial fever, but his subordinates were able to repel the attacks. Nevertheless, McClellan received criticism from Washington for not counterattacking, which some believed could have opened the city of Richmond to capture. Johnston was wounded in the battle, and General Robert E. Lee assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. McClellan spent the next three weeks repositioning his troops and waiting for promised reinforcements. As Lee recounted, McClellan was attempting to make "this a battle of posts" which would lock the Confederate army in an attritional battle with superior Union firepower. </p><p>At the end of June, Lee began a series of attacks that became known as the Seven Days Battles. The first major battle, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek" title="Battle of Beaver Dam Creek">Mechanicsville</a>, was poorly coordinated by Lee and his subordinates and resulted in heavy casualties for little tactical gain. However, the battle had a significant impact on McClellan's nerve. The surprise appearance of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>'s troops in the battle (when they had last been reported to be many miles away in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>) convinced McClellan that he was even more outnumbered than he had thought. He reported to Washington that he faced 200,000 Confederates, perhaps due to a false report on the arrival of another Confederate army P.G.T. Beauregard. The number of men McClellan was actually faced varies, with Joseph Harsh in <i>Confederate Tide Rising</i> placing Lee's army at 112,220 men compared with the 105,857 under McClellan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png/220px-Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png/330px-Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png/440px-Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Federal troops under heavy attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gaines's Mill">Battle of Gaines's Mill</a>, sketched by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_R._Waud" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred R. Waud">Alfred R. Waud</a> and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, July 26, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Lee continued his offensive at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gaines's Mill">Gaines's Mill</a> to the east. That night, McClellan decided to withdraw his army to a safer base, well below Richmond, on a portion of the James River that was under control of the Union Navy. In doing so, Lee had assumed that the Union army would withdraw to the east toward its existing supply base and McClellan's move to the south delayed Lee's response for at least 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-SR0wF_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR0wF-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethan Rafuse notes "McClellan's change of base to the James, however, thwarted Lee's attempt to do this. Not only did McClellan's decision allow the Federals to gain control of the time and place for the battles that took place in late June and early July, it enabled them to fight in a way that inflicted terrible beating on the Confederate army....More importantly, by the end of the Seven Days Battles, McClellan had dramatically improved his operational situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Xr7Wg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xr7Wg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But McClellan was also tacitly acknowledging that he would no longer be able to <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">invest</a> Richmond, the object of his campaign; the heavy siege artillery required would be almost impossible to transport without the railroad connections available from his original supply base on the York River. In a telegram to Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, reporting on these events, McClellan blamed the Lincoln administration for his reversals. "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this army."<sup id="cite_ref-ZodO4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZodO4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortunately for McClellan, Lincoln never saw that inflammatory statement (at least at that time) because it was censored by the War Department telegrapher. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/220px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/330px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/440px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption>Wounded men after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Battle of Savage's Station</a>, one of the Seven Days Battles</figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan was also fortunate that the failure of the campaign left his army mostly intact, because he was generally absent from the fighting and neglected to name any second-in-command who might direct his retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-GJIre_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJIre-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military historian Stephen W. Sears wrote, "When he deserted his army on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a> battlefields during the Seven Days, he was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a>. Had the Army of the Potomac been wrecked on either of these fields (at Glendale the possibility had been real), that charge under the Articles of War would likely have been brought against him."<sup id="cite_ref-1ycqP_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1ycqP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the battle of Glendale, McClellan was five miles (8.0 km) away behind Malvern Hill, without telegraph communications and too distant to command his army. In the battle of Malvern Hill, he was on a gunboat, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Galena_(1862)" title="USS Galena (1862)">USS <i>Galena</i></a>, which at one point was ten miles (16 km) away, down the James River.<sup id="cite_ref-KmOQD_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KmOQD-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both battles, effective command of the army fell to his friend and <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> commander Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>. When the public heard about the <i>Galena</i>, it was yet another great embarrassment, comparable to the Quaker Guns at Manassas. Editorial cartoons published in the course of the 1864 presidential campaign lampooned McClellan for having preferred the safety of a ship while a battle was fought in the distance.<sup id="cite_ref-81vyb_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81vyb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan was reunited with his army at Harrison's Landing on the James. Debates were held as to whether the army should be evacuated or attempt to resume an offensive toward Richmond. McClellan maintained his estrangement from Abraham Lincoln with his repeated call for reinforcements and by writing a lengthy letter in which he proposed strategic and political guidance for the war, continuing his opposition to abolition or seizure of slaves as a tactic. He concluded by implying he should be restored as general-in-chief, but Lincoln responded by naming Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a> to the post without consulting, or even informing, McClellan.<sup id="cite_ref-yt1Na_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt1Na-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln and Stanton also offered command of the Army of the Potomac to Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, who refused the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-sK243_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sK243-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in Washington, a reorganization of units created the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>, who was directed to advance toward Richmond from the northeast. McClellan, not wishing to abandon his campaign, delayed the return of the Army of the Potomac from the Peninsula enough so that the reinforcements arrived while the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">northern Virginia campaign</a> was already underway. The Fifth Corps under Porter from the Army of the Potomac would serve with Pope during the campaign. A frustrated McClellan wrote to his wife before the battle, "Pope will be thrashed ... & be disposed of [by Lee]. ... Such a villain as he is ought to bring defeat upon any cause that employs him."<sup id="cite_ref-WEzI7_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEzI7-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee had gambled on removing significant units from the Peninsula to attack Pope, who was beaten decisively at <a href="/wiki/Second_Bull_Run" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Bull Run">Second Bull Run</a> in August. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maryland_campaign">Maryland campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maryland campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClellan_riding_through_Frederick,_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg/220px-McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg/330px-McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg/440px-McClellan_riding_through_Frederick%2C_MD_army.mil-2008-09-10-145411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of McClellan riding through <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, September 12, 1862, from <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf/page1-220px-Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf/page1-330px-Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf/page1-440px-Maryland_Campaign_1862.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Maryland campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat of Pope at Second Bull Run, President Lincoln reluctantly returned to McClellan. On September 2, 1862, Lincoln named McClellan to command "the fortifications of Washington, and all the troops for the defense of the capital". The appointment was controversial in the Cabinet, a majority of whom signed a petition declaring to the president "our deliberate opinion that, at this time, it is not safe to entrust to Major General McClellan the command of any Army of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-FgntF_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FgntF-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president admitted that it was like "curing the bite with the <a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">hair of the dog</a>". But Lincoln told his secretary, John Hay, "We must use what tools we have. There is no man in the Army who can man these fortifications and lick these troops of ours into shape half as well as he. If he can't fight himself, he excels in making others ready to fight."<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey15_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey15-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern fears of a continued offensive by Robert E. Lee were realized when he launched his <a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a> on September 4, hoping to arouse pro-Southern sympathy in the slave state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. McClellan's pursuit began on September 5. He marched toward Maryland with six of his reorganized corps. Numbers vary as to the size of McClellan's force with its paper strength at 87,164. Steven R. Stotelmyer in <i>Too Useful to Sacrifice</i> places it at about 60,000 men, noting that the 87,000 number includes non-combat soldiers and units not immediately available. McClellan left two corps behind to defend Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey15_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey15-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan's reception in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, as he marched towards Lee's army, was described by the correspondent for <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The General rode through the town on a trot, and the street was filled six or eight deep with his staff and guard riding on behind him. The General had his head uncovered, and received gracefully the salutations of the people. Old ladies and men wept for joy, and scores of beautiful ladies waved flags from the balconies of houses upon the street, and their joyousness seemed to overcome every other emotion. When the General came to the corner of the principal street the ladies thronged around him. Bouquets, beautiful and fragrant, in great numbers were thrown at him, and the ladies crowded around him with the warmest good wishes, and many of them were entirely overcome with emotion. I have never witnessed such a scene. The General took the gentle hands which were offered to him with many a kind and pleasing remark, and heard and answered the many remarks and compliments with which the people accosted him. It was a scene which no one could forget—an event of a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-wpw76_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpw76-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lee divided his forces into multiple columns, spread apart widely as he moved into Maryland and also maneuvered to capture the federal arsenal at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>. This was a risky move for a smaller army, but Lee was counting on his knowledge of McClellan's temperament. He told one of his generals, "He is an able general but a very cautious one. His army is in a very demoralized and chaotic condition, and will not be prepared for offensive operations—or he will not think it so—for three or four weeks. Before that time I hope to be on the Susquehanna."<sup id="cite_ref-TSZ0y_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSZ0y-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee's assessment proved to be inaccurate as McClellan reacted quickly, with the Confederate leader remarking that McClellan was "advancing more rapidly than was convenient." Many classic histories have portrayed McClellan's army as moving lethargically, averaging only 6 miles (9.7 km) a day.<sup id="cite_ref-JVW7j_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVW7j-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Union soldiers accidentally found a <a href="/wiki/Special_Order_191" title="Special Order 191">copy of Lee's orders</a> dividing his army, wrapped around a package of cigars in an abandoned camp. Special Order 191 revealed the widely dispersed configuration of Lee's Army, making it vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">destruction in detail</a>. The document was verified at McClellan's headquarters in Frederick on September 13. Upon realizing the intelligence value of this discovery, McClellan threw up his arms and exclaimed, "Now I know what to do!" He waved the order at his old Army friend, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a>, and said, "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home." He telegraphed President Lincoln: "I have the whole rebel force in front of me, but I am confident, and no time shall be lost. I think Lee has made a gross mistake, and that he will be severely punished for it. I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency. ... Will send you trophies."<sup id="cite_ref-aj2ay_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj2ay-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_South_Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of South Mountain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the discovery of the Lost Order, McClellan's Assistant Adjutant General verified the signature and handwriting of the officer who wrote out the order, as he knew him well, so there was no doubt as to its authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within hours of receiving the order, McClellan dispatched some of his cavalry to assess whether the Confederates had moved in accordance with the order.<sup id="cite_ref-murfin162_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murfin162-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, historians—including <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> in <i>Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle Cry of Freedom">The Battle Cry of Freedom</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sears" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Sears">Stephen Sears</a> in <i>Landscape Turned Red</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> in <i>The American Civil War</i>, and James V. Murfin in <i>The Gleam of Bayonets</i>—have provided clear evidence that McClellan, despite his expressed joy upon being given the order, delayed by some 18 hours before reacting to the intelligence coup, resulting in Lee's being able to elude the late-arriving Union forces, and this remains the standard view. However, Gene Thorp in a 2012 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> cited evidence that the vanguard of Army of the Potomac was in motion all day on the 13th due to orders McClellan had issued the previous day.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, McClellan held to the claim that he acted immediately to put his armies on the move.<sup id="cite_ref-murfin162_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murfin162-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg/220px-Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg/330px-Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg/440px-Battle_of_South_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Battle of South Mountain by <a href="/wiki/William_Waud" title="William Waud">William Waud</a></figcaption></figure><p> McClellan ordered his units to set out for the South Mountain passes and was able to punch through the defended passes that separated them from Lee. The stubborn Confederate defenses gave Lee enough time to concentrate many of his men at <a href="/wiki/Sharpsburg,_Maryland" title="Sharpsburg, Maryland">Sharpsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. As noted by historians such as Stotelmyer, the significance of the Union victory at South Mountain should not be underestimated. It ruined Lee's plans to invade Pennsylvania and took the initiative away from the Confederate commander. The Battle of South Mountain also presented McClellan with an opportunity for one of the great theatrical moments of his career, as historian Sears describes:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The mountain ahead was wreathed in smoke eddies of battle smoke in which the gun flashes shone like brief hot sparks. The opposing battle lines on the heights were marked by heavier layers of smoke, and columns of Federal troops were visible winding their way up the mountainside, each column ... looking like a 'monstrous, crawling, blue-black snake' ... McClellan posed against this spectacular backdrop, sitting motionless astride his warhorse Dan Webster with his arm extended, pointing Hooker's passing troops toward the battle. The men cheered him until they were hoarse ... and some broke ranks to swarm around the martial figure and indulge in the 'most extravagant demonstrations'.<sup id="cite_ref-qaFQ3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qaFQ3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Union army reached Antietam Creek, to the east of Sharpsburg, on the evening of September 15. A planned attack on September 16 was put off because of early morning fog, allowing Lee to prepare his defenses with an army less than half the size of McClellan's.<sup id="cite_ref-dXxot_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dXxot-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Antietam">Battle of Antietam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Antietam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antietam_Overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antietam_Overview.png/220px-Antietam_Overview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antietam_Overview.png/330px-Antietam_Overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antietam_Overview.png/440px-Antietam_Overview.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the Battle of Antietam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln with McClellan and staff after the Battle of Antietam. Notable figures (from left) are 5. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Alexander S. Webb</a>, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Letterman" title="Jonathan Letterman">Jonathan Letterman</a>; 10. Lincoln; 11. <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>; 12. <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>; 15. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>; 16. Capt. <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, was the single bloodiest day in American military history. The outnumbered Confederate forces fought desperately and well. Despite significant advantages in manpower, McClellan was unable to concentrate his forces effectively, which meant that Lee was able to shift his defenders to parry each of three Union thrusts, launched separately and sequentially against the Confederate left, center, and finally the right. McClellan was also unwilling, due to Porter's opinion, to employ his ample reserve forces to capitalize on localized successes. Historian James M. McPherson has pointed out that the two corps McClellan kept in reserve were in fact larger than Lee's entire force. The reason for McClellan's reluctance was that, as in previous battles, he was convinced he was outnumbered.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln in McClellan's tent after the Battle of Antietam</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle was tactically inconclusive, with the Union suffering a higher overall number of casualties, although Lee technically was defeated because he withdrew first from the battlefield and retreated back to Virginia, and lost a larger percentage of his army than McClellan did. McClellan wired to Washington, "Our victory was complete. The enemy is driven back into Virginia." Yet there was obvious disappointment that McClellan had not crushed Lee, who was fighting with a smaller army with its back to the Potomac River. Although McClellan's subordinates can claim their share of responsibility for delays (such as Ambrose Burnside's misadventures at Burnside Bridge) and blunders (<a href="/wiki/Edwin_V._Sumner" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin V. Sumner">Edwin V. Sumner</a>'s attack without reconnaissance), these were localized problems from which the full army could have recovered. As with the decisive battles in the Seven Days, McClellan's headquarters were too far to the rear to allow his personal control over the battle. He made no use of his cavalry forces for reconnaissance. He did not share his overall battle plans with his corps commanders, which prevented them from using initiative outside of their sectors. And he was far too willing to accept cautious advice about saving his reserves, such as when a significant breakthrough in the center of the Confederate line could have been exploited, but Fitz John Porter is said to have told McClellan, "Remember, General, I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being a tactical draw, Antietam is considered a <a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turning Point of the American Civil War">turning point</a> of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee's strategic campaign (his first invasion of the North) and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Preliminary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> on September 22 and the Final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Although Lincoln had intended to issue the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation earlier, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> advised him to wait until a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation, and Lincoln accepted the advice. The Union victory and Lincoln's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> from recognizing the Confederacy; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan had no prior knowledge that the plans for emancipation rested on his battle performance. </p><p>Because McClellan failed to pursue Lee aggressively after Antietam, Lincoln ordered that he be removed from command on November 5, 1862. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on November 9, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan wrote to his wife, "Those in whose judgment I rely tell me that I fought the battle splendidly and that it was a masterpiece of art.... I feel I have done all that can be asked in twice saving the country. ... I feel some little pride in having, with a beaten & demoralized army, defeated Lee so utterly.... Well, one of these days history will I trust do me justice."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1864_presidential_election">1864 presidential election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1864 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Platform_(1864),_by_Thomas_Nast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/220px-The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/330px-The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png/440px-The_Chicago_Platform_%281864%29%2C_by_Thomas_Nast.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>An anti-McClellan poster from <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, showing rioters assaulting children, slave-catchers chasing runaway slaves, and a woman being sold at a slave auction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/220px-Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/330px-Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/440px-Democratic_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="5209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> print of the McClellan–Pendleton Democratic presidential party ticket, 1864. Lithograph with watercolor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Secretary Stanton ordered McClellan to report to <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, for further orders, although none was issued. As the war progressed, there were various calls to return McClellan to an important command, following the Union defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, as Robert E. Lee moved north at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> threatened Washington in 1864. When Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief, he discussed returning McClellan to an unspecified position. But all of these opportunities were impossible, given the opposition within the administration and the knowledge that McClellan posed a potential political threat. McClellan worked for months on a lengthy report describing his two major campaigns and his successes in organizing the Army, replying to his critics and justifying his actions by accusing the administration of undercutting him and denying him necessary reinforcements. The War Department was reluctant to publish his report because, just after completing it in October 1863, McClellan openly declared his entrance to the political stage as a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-H6Nu7_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H6Nu7-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg/220px-McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg/330px-McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg/440px-McClellan_Gunboat_Candidate_Cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of McClellan used by his political opponents in 1864 presidential campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">Democrats</a> to run against Abraham Lincoln in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1864">1864 U.S. presidential election</a>. Following the example of Winfield Scott, he ran as a U.S. Army general still on active duty; he did not resign his commission until election day, November 8, 1864. McClellan supported continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but not the abolition of slavery, although the party platform, written by <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Clement Vallandigham</a> of Ohio, was opposed to that position. The platform called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. McClellan was forced to repudiate the platform, which made his campaign inconsistent and difficult. He also was not helped by the party's choice for vice president, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, a peace candidate from Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-dPElS_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dPElS-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deep division in the party, the unity of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republicans</a> (running under the label "National Union Party"), the absence of a large portion of the Democrats' base (the South) from the voter pool, and the military successes by Union forces in the fall of 1864, doomed McClellan's candidacy. Lincoln won the election handily, with 212 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> votes to 21, and a popular vote of 2,218,388 to 1,812,807 or 55% to 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sx07R_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sx07R-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all his popularity with the troops, McClellan failed to secure their support and the military vote went to Lincoln nearly 3–1. Lincoln's share of the vote in the Army of the Potomac was 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-xPUgo_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xPUgo-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_years">Postwar years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postwar years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the conclusion of the war (1865) McClellan and his family went to Europe, not returning until 1868; in this period he did not participate in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-RmtMN_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RmtMN-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his return in September 1868, the Democratic Party had expressed some interest in nominating him for president again, but Ulysses S. Grant became the Republican candidate in May 1868, and this interest died.<sup id="cite_ref-ad9Oy_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad9Oy-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan worked on engineering projects in New York City and was offered the position of president of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, which he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-xY3iE_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xY3iE-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg/220px-George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg/330px-George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg/440px-George_B_McClellan_-_c1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>McClellan photographed by William S. Warren, circa 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>McClellan was appointed chief engineer of the New York City Department of Docks in 1870. Beginning in 1872, he also served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_and_Great_Western_Railroad" title="Atlantic and Great Western Railroad">Atlantic and Great Western Railroad</a>. He and his family then embarked on another three-year stay in Europe (1873–75).<sup id="cite_ref-xtfcA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xtfcA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1877, the Governor of New York, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Lucius Robinson</a>, nominated McClellan to serve as the first state <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Public_Works" title="New York State Department of Public Works">Superintendent of Public Works</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59Zc2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59Zc2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> rejected him as "incompetent to fill the position for which he was named".<sup id="cite_ref-PSMe4_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSMe4-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_New_Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Governor of New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1877_campaign">1877 campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1877 campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1877_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1877 New Jersey gubernatorial election">1877 New Jersey gubernatorial election</a></div> <p>McClellan was a resident of <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a> in 1877 when the New Jersey Democratic Party nominated him for governor, an action that took him by surprise because he had not expressed an interest in the position. His nomination was largely an effort by key party members to prevent the leading candidate, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Abbett" title="Leon Abbett">Leon Abbett</a>, from gaining the nomination. After his name was unexpectedly placed into nomination at the state convention, there was a stampede and he was nominated by acclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QARcZ_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QARcZ-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the general election, he faced <a href="/wiki/William_A._Newell" title="William A. Newell">William A. Newell</a>, a Republican former governor who accused McClellan of living in New York, which he easily refuted. McClellan won the election as Democrats gained a majority in both houses of the New Jersey legislature for the first time since 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Term_in_office">Term in office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Term in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most likely due to his personal popularity and celebrity, McClellan's inauguration was held outdoors to accommodate the large crowd. In his inaugural address, he said the most urgent matter before the state was relief from the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>. To that end, he advocated for cautious spending to allow for a state tax cut of fifty percent; by the end of McClellan's term, the state tax on residents was abolished entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after taking office, McClellan fell out of favor with the State Senate over appointments and patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislature also enacted several highly partisan measures designed to ensure Democratic control, including an aggressive <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Assembly">New Jersey Assembly</a> districts and another disenfranchising college students (who tended to vote Republican). Backlash to these measures led to the election of Republican majorities in both houses for the remainder of McClellan's term in office, limiting the scope of his agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan's administration was marked by caution and conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-QARcZ_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QARcZ-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few concrete measures passed and those that did, such as the abolition of the state tax and improvements to the National Guard, were widely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to tax reduction, McClellan's economic agenda included the institution of a Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries and the creation of an agricultural experiment station to modernize growing and farming practices. Both passed the legislature in 1878 and 1880, respectively. His administration stressed the necessity of education in the conversion of unskilled labor to skilled labor and in industrial development generally by expanding the state library and calling for trades training for young men in public schools, as suited for the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan also applied his military experience to improve the discipline, organization, and armament of the New Jersey National Guard. During his administration, two companies were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gatling_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatling guns">Gatling guns</a>, a new battalion was organized, regular rifle practice was instituted, and provisions were made to supply new uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concluding chapter of his political career was his strong support <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">in 1884</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. He was interested in the position of Secretary of War in Cleveland's cabinet, but Senator <a href="/wiki/John_R._McPherson" title="John R. McPherson">John R. McPherson</a>, who had opposed McClellan for governor in 1877, succeeded in blocking his nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-QARcZ_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QARcZ-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClellan devoted his final years to traveling and writing; he produced his memoirs, <i>McClellan's Own Story</i> (published posthumously in 1887), in which he stridently defended his conduct during the war. He died unexpectedly of a heart attack at age 58 at <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange</a>, New Jersey, after suffering from chest pains for a few weeks. His final words, at 3 a.m., October 29, 1885, were, "I feel easy now. Thank you." He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Riverview_Cemetery_(Trenton,_New_Jersey)" title="Riverview Cemetery (Trenton, New Jersey)">Riverview Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52Xck_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52Xck-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McClellan's son, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan_Jr." title="George B. McClellan Jr.">George B. McClellan Jr.</a> (1865–1940), was born in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> during the family's first trip to Europe. Known within the family as Max, he too became a politician, serving as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> (1893–1903) and as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> from 1904 to 1909. McClellan's daughter, Mary ("May") (1861–1945), married a French diplomat and spent much of her life abroad. Both remained childless. </p><p>McClellan's wife, Ellen, died in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in 1915 while visiting Mary at her home "Villa Antietam".<sup id="cite_ref-td4W3_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td4W3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFBmX_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFBmX-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClellan_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/McClellan_Memorial.JPG/220px-McClellan_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/McClellan_Memorial.JPG/330px-McClellan_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/McClellan_Memorial.JPG/440px-McClellan_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Major_General_George_B._McClellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General George B. McClellan">Major General George B. McClellan</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue" title="Connecticut Avenue">Connecticut Avenue</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG/220px-Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG/330px-Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG/440px-Gen_George_B_McClellan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>McClellan statue in front of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The New York <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post"><i>Evening Post</i></a> commented in McClellan's obituary, "Probably no soldier who did so little fighting has ever had his qualities as a commander so minutely, and we may add, so fiercely discussed."<sup id="cite_ref-2mkwm_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2mkwm-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fierce discussion has continued for over a century. McClellan is usually ranked in the lowest tier of Civil War commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the debate over McClellan's ability and talents remains the subject of much controversy among Civil War and military historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been universally praised for his organizational abilities and for his very good relations with his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They referred to him affectionately as "Little Mac";<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others sometimes called him the "Young Napoleon".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruane_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruane-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClellan himself summed up his style of warfare in a draft of his memoirs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has always been my opinion that the true course in conducting military operations, is to make no movement until the preparations are as complete as circumstances permit, & never to fight a battle without some definite object worth the probable loss.<sup id="cite_ref-b7IzB_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7IzB-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Stephen Sears notes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is indeed ample evidence that the terrible stresses of commanding men in battle, especially the beloved men of his beloved Army of the Potomac, left his moral courage in tatters. Under the pressure of his ultimate soldier's responsibility, the will to command deserted him. Glendale and Malvern Hill found him at the peak of his anguish during the Seven Days, and he fled those fields to escape the responsibility. At Antietam, where there was nowhere for him to flee to, he fell into a paralysis of indecision. Seen from a longer perspective, General McClellan could be both comfortable and successful performing as executive officer, and also, if somewhat less successfully, as grand strategist; as battlefield commander, however, he was simply in the wrong profession.<sup id="cite_ref-fvXEP_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fvXEP-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of the reasons that McClellan's reputation has suffered is his own memoirs. Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> wrote, "Students of history must always be grateful McClellan so frankly exposed his own weaknesses in this posthumous book."<sup id="cite_ref-dtQ2L_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtQ2L-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a> writes that a review of his personal correspondence during the war reveals a tendency for self-aggrandizement and unwarranted self-congratulation.<sup id="cite_ref-SPMJ0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPMJ0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His original draft was completed in 1881, but the only copy was destroyed by fire. He began to write another draft of what would be published posthumously, in 1887, as <i>McClellan's Own Story</i>. However, he died before it was half completed and his literary executor, William C. Prime, editor of the pro-McClellan <i>New York Journal of Commerce</i>, included excerpts from some 250 of McClellan's wartime letters to his wife, in which it had been his habit to reveal his innermost feelings and opinions in unbridled fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-d3lJp_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d3lJp-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert E. Lee, on being asked (by his cousin, and recorded by his son) who was the ablest general on the Union side during the late war, replied emphatically: "McClellan, by all odds!"<sup id="cite_ref-i8sYo_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i8sYo-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While McClellan's reputation has suffered over time, especially over the later half of the 20th century, there is a small but intense cadre of Civil War historians who believe that the general has been poorly served in at least four regards. First, McClellan proponents say that because the general was a conservative Democrat with great personal charisma, radical Republicans fearing his political potential deliberately undermined his field operations.<sup id="cite_ref-q7955_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q7955-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, that as the radical Republicans were the true winners coming out of the Civil War, they were able to write its history, placing their principal political rival of the time, McClellan, in the worst possible light.<sup id="cite_ref-00MzZ_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-00MzZ-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, that historians eager to jump on the bandwagon of Lincoln as America's greatest political icon worked to outdo one another in shifting blame for early military failures from Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to McClellan.<sup id="cite_ref-1oYhe_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1oYhe-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And fourth, that Lincoln and Stanton deliberately undermined McClellan because of his conciliatory stance towards the South, which might have resulted in a less destructive end to the war had Richmond fallen as a result of the Peninsula Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-L9t2x_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L9t2x-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of this school claim that McClellan is criticized more for his admittedly abrasive personality than for his actual field performance.<sup id="cite_ref-qC7JP_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qC7JP-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several geographic features and establishments have been named for George B. McClellan. These include <a href="/wiki/Fort_McClellan" title="Fort McClellan">Fort McClellan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Butte" title="McClellan Butte">McClellan Butte</a> and <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Peak" title="McClellan Peak">McClellan Peak</a> in the state of Washington, where he traveled while conducting the Pacific Railroad Survey in 1853, and a bronze <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> honoring General McClellan in Washington, D.C. Another equestrian statue honors him in front of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/McClellan_Gate" title="McClellan Gate">McClellan Gate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> is dedicated to him and displays his name. McClellan Park in <a href="/wiki/Milbridge,_Maine" title="Milbridge, Maine">Milbridge, Maine</a>, was donated to the town by the general's son with the stipulation that it be named for the general.<sup id="cite_ref-dyukk_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyukk-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camp_McClellan_(Iowa)" title="Camp McClellan (Iowa)">Camp McClellan</a>, in Davenport, Iowa is a former <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> camp established in August 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War. The camp was the training grounds for recruits and a hospital for the wounded. McClellan Fitness Center is a United States Army gym located at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eustis" title="Fort Eustis">Fort Eustis</a>, Virginia near his Peninsula Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Jp9CS_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jp9CS-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fire_Department_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Department of New York">Fire Department of New York</a> operated a <a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">fireboat</a> named <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan_(fireboat)" title="George B. McClellan (fireboat)"><i>George B. McClellan</i></a> from 1904 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine1FdnyHistory_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine1FdnyHistory-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this vessel is sometimes said to be named after the General, it was actually named after his son, who was <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, when the vessel was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-AroundManhattan_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AroundManhattan-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 Democratic National Convention</a></b>:<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>George B. McClellan – 203 (90%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour" title="Thomas H. Seymour">Thomas H. Seymour</a> – 38 (17%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> – 12 (5.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(American_politician)" title="Charles O'Conor (American politician)">Charles O'Conor</a> – 1 (0.4%)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a>) – 2,218,388 (55.0%) and 212 electoral votes</li> <li>George B. McClellan/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (Democratic) – 1,812,807 (45.0%) and 21 electoral votes (3 states carried)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">gubernatorial</a> election, 1877</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>George B. McClellan (D) – 97,837 (51.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Newell" class="mw-redirect" title="William Augustus Newell">William Augustus Newell</a> (R) – 85,094 (44.9%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_B._McClellan" title="Special:EditPage/George B. McClellan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Brevet 2nd Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>July 2, 1846 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2nd Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>April 24, 1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">Brevet 1st Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>August 20, 1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Brevet Captain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>September 13, 1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">1st Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>July 1, 1853 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> (resigned January 16, 1857)</td> <td>March 4, 1855 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">Volunteers</a></td> <td>April 23, 1861 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> (resigned November 8, 1864)</td> <td>May 14, 1861 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZF2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">The Mexican War Diary of George B. McClellan</a></i> (William Starr Myers, Editor). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1917.</li> <li><i>Bayonet Exercise, or School of the Infantry Soldier, in the Use of the Musket in Hand-to-Hand Conflicts</i> (translated from the French of Gomard), 1852. Reissued as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">Manual of Bayonet Exercise, Prepared for the Use of the Army of the United States</a></i>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjVFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3">The Report of Captain George B. McClellan, One of the Officers Sent to the Seat of War in Europe, in 1855 and 1856</a></i>, 1857. Reissued as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLgdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3">The Armies of Europe, Comprising Descriptions in Detail of the Military Systems of England, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sardinia</a></i>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1861.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWYDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">European Cavalry, Including Details of the Organization of the Cavalry Service Among the Principal Nations of Europe</a></i>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1861.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbbRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1">Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the Year 1852</a></i> (with Randolph B. Marcy). Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1854.</li> <li><i>Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the United States Cavalry in Time of War</i>, 1861. Reissued as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYy8f0Z4X5AC&pg=PA1">Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the U.S. Cavalry in Time of War</a></i>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1">McClellan's Own Story: The War for the Union, The Soldiers Who Fought It, The Civilians Who Directed It and His Relations to It and to Them</a></i> (William C. Prime, Editor). New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99caPGVgXDYC&pg=PA15">The Life, Campaigns, and Public Services of General George B McClellan</a></i>. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson & Brothers, 1864.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticplatform00mcclrich">The Democratic Platform, General McClellan's Letter of Acceptance</a></i>. New York: Democratic National Committee, 1864.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aa8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA493">The Army of the Potomac, General McClellan's Report of Its Operations While Under His Command</a></i>. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1864.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZUvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">Report of Major General George B McClellan, Upon the Organization of the Army of the Potomac and Its campaigns in Virginia and Maryland</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Courier" title="Boston Courier">Boston Courier</a>, 1864.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0HVRTgGx_QC&pg=PP5">Letter of the Secretary of War by George Brinton McClellan</a></i>. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXlBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">West Point Battle Monument, History of the Project to the Dedication of the Site</a></i> (Oration of Major-General McClellan). New York: Sheldon & Co., 1864.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrat</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eicher371-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher371_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher371_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher371_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher371_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appletons-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appletons_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, James Grant, ed. (1888). "McClellan, Samuel". <i>Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>. Vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=McClellan%2C+Samuel&rft.btitle=Appleton%27s+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wL02N-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wL02N_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/pres_losing_cand/McClellan-NJ-1.pdf">Partial Genealogy of the McClellans</a>, CLP Research</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m2RIm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m2RIm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, <i>Leaders</i>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dAssB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dAssB_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelley_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelley_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Brent (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUe9DaeeVCAC"><i>Famous Figures of the Civil War: George McClellan</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 11–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0273-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0273-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-0273-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Figures+of+the+Civil+War%3A+George+McClellan&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=11-13&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0273-3&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUe9DaeeVCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dBI0b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dBI0b_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 3; Rafuse, pp. 10, 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPK2u-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DPK2u_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, <i>Leaders</i>, p. 260; Rafuse, p. 36. McClellan's friend James Stuart was a South Carolinian killed skirmishing with Indians in 1851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PcZIe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PcZIe_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, <i>Leaders</i>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHeh4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHeh4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZECN-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZECN_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001) pp. 40, 41, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciy8T-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ciy8T_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2001) pp. 50, 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sa644-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sa644_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafuse, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nNVLt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nNVLt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafuse, pp. 47–49; Rowland, <i>Leaders</i>, pp. 260–61; Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hA5hO-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hA5hO_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CY569-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CY569_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IjW0d-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IjW0d_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cH6xJ-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cH6xJ_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hjps2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hjps2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 46–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XcWIh-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XcWIh_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YAAWx-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YAAWx_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FgnlH-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FgnlH_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GB5P3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB5P3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGy5D-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MGy5D_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JHYTr-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JHYTr_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73OsU-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73OsU_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sMJ3X-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sMJ3X_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fSfGg-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fSfGg_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beagle, p. 1274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Z7uIL-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Z7uIL_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears95-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears95_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears95_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandburg62-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandburg62_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandburg62_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandburg, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W4tpx-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W4tpx_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatie, p. 480. Eicher, pp. 372, 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRbjJ-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RRbjJ_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears,_Young_Napoleon,_p._116_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gH6Ea-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gH6Ea_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tried122-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tried122_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Tried by War</i>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16vqn-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16vqn_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 116–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears (1988), p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usRf1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usRf1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 101–04, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coVgw-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coVgw_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatie, pp. 471–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson360-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson360_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson360_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Battle Cry</i>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dp7Qn-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dp7Qn_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 136–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12LyN-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12LyN_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Battle Cry</i>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IgHkI-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IgHkI_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 132–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RxnAE-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RxnAE_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Tried by War</i>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yY1AL-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yY1AL_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 140–41, 149, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kCOI0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kCOI0_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 168–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JKwUv-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JKwUv_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 164–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bVoLi-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bVoLi_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 167–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ysg22-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ysg22_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Forward to Richmond</i>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naBsx-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naBsx_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Forward to Richmond</i>, pp. 107–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zIGI0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zIGI0_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Forward to Richmond</i>, pp. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OZxGk-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OZxGk_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Gates</i>, pp. 103–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR0wF-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SR0wF_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xr7Wg-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xr7Wg_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafuse, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZodO4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZodO4_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beagle, p. 1275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GJIre-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GJIre_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1ycqP-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1ycqP_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Controversies</i>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KmOQD-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KmOQD_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Gates</i>, pp. 280, 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81vyb-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81vyb_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt1Na-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt1Na_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sK243-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sK243_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEzI7-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEzI7_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Battle Cry</i>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FgntF-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FgntF_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey15-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey15_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey15_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Bloodiest Day</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpw76-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpw76_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harper's Weekly</i>, Saturday, October 4, 1862, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSZ0y-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSZ0y_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Bloodiest Day</i>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVW7j-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVW7j_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Bloodiest Day</i>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj2ay-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aj2ay_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Landscape</i>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (2019) <i>The American Civil War</i> New York: Knopf. p. 167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26343-8">978-0-307-26343-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murfin162-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murfin162_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-murfin162_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murfin, James V. (2004) [1965] <i>The Gleam of Bayonets</i> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 162–63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3020-9">978-0-8071-3020-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorp, Gene (September 7. 2012) "In defense of McClellan at Antietam: A contrarian view" <i>The Washington Post</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qaFQ3-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qaFQ3_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>The Young Napoleon</i>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dXxot-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dXxot_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Bloodiest Day</i>, pp. 61–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Crossroads</i>, pp. 129–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, <i>Bloodiest Day</i>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Crossroads</i>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 238–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Battle Cry</i>, p. 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H6Nu7-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H6Nu7_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 353–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dPElS-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dPElS_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 372–74; John Buescher, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23441">Civil War Peace Offers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091900/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23441">Archived</a> 2010-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org">Teachinghistory.org</a>, accessed September 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sx07R-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sx07R_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, <i>Battle Cry</i>, p. 805.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xPUgo-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xPUgo_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 385–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RmtMN-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RmtMN_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Controversies</i>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad9Oy-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ad9Oy_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsWWBQAAQBAJ"><i>George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (published 2014). p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544391222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544391222"><bdi>978-0544391222</bdi></a>. <q>Initially there was interest among Democrats in running him for the presidency again in 1868, but his support dwindled after the Republicans nominated General Grant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+B.+McClellan%3A+The+Young+Napoleon&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0544391222&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsWWBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xY3iE-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xY3iE_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 388–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xtfcA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xtfcA_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59Zc2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59Zc2_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1877/03/17/79829212.pdf"><i>New York Times</i></a>, March 16, 1877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSMe4-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSMe4_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/01/05/80372669.pdf"><i>New York Times</i></a>, January 5, 1878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJSLbio-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NJSLbio_90-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319073313/http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GMCCL.pdf">"Biography of George B. McClellan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Library" title="New Jersey State Library">New Jersey State Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GMCCL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+George+B.+McClellan&rft.pub=New+Jersey+State+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njstatelib.org%2FNJ_Information%2FDigital_Collections%2FGovernors_of_New_Jersey%2FGMCCL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QARcZ-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QARcZ_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QARcZ_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QARcZ_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 397–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52Xck-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52Xck_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, pp. 400–01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-td4W3-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-td4W3_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFBmX-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFBmX_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsWWBQAAQBAJ"><i>George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (published 2014). p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-39122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-39122-2"><bdi>978-0-544-39122-2</bdi></a>. <q>[Ellen McClellan] died in 1915, at the age of seventy-nine, while visiting her daughter in Nice. May, too, lived abroad much of her life. In 1893 she married Paul Desprez, a French diplomat, and she died, childless, in 1945 at the Villa Antietam, her home in Nice. Max—George B. McClellan, Jr.—achieved a political career of some distinction .... In 1889 he had married Georgianna Heckscher, but like May he had no children.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+B.+McClellan%3A+The+Young+Napoleon&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-544-39122-2&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsWWBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2mkwm-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2mkwm_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2014" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Cody K. (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2014/10/29/20551550/this-week-in-history-mcclellan-becomes-the-army-s-commanding-general#canons-at-antietam-national-battlefield-in-maryland-and-its-known-as-the-bloodiest-one-day-battle-in-american-history-photo-taken-in-june-2014">"This week in history: McClellan becomes the Army's commanding general"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. Salt Lake City, UT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=This+week+in+history%3A+McClellan+becomes+the+Army%27s+commanding+general&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Cody+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2F20551550%2Fthis-week-in-history-mcclellan-becomes-the-army-s-commanding-general%23canons-at-antietam-national-battlefield-in-maryland-and-its-known-as-the-bloodiest-one-day-battle-in-american-history-photo-taken-in-june-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruane-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruane_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuane2011" class="citation news cs1">Ruane, Michael E. (October 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/civil-war-gen-george-mcclellan-deemed-a-savior-then-a-failure/2011/09/21/gIQAfpF6SL_story.html">"Civil War Gen. George McClellan: Deemed a savior, then a failure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Washington, DC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Civil+War+Gen.+George+McClellan%3A+Deemed+a+savior%2C+then+a+failure&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Ruane&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fcivil-war-gen-george-mcclellan-deemed-a-savior-then-a-failure%2F2011%2F09%2F21%2FgIQAfpF6SL_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonekemper2010" class="citation web cs1">Bonekemper, Ed (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/george-mcclellan">"Facts, information and articles about George McClellan"</a>. <i>History Net</i>. Tysons, VA: Historynet LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net&rft.atitle=Facts%2C+information+and+articles+about+George+McClellan&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Bonekemper&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fgeorge-mcclellan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7IzB-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b7IzB_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Young Napoleon</i>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fvXEP-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fvXEP_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Controversies</i>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dtQ2L-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dtQ2L_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins, pp. 294–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPMJ0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPMJ0_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, pp. 378–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d3lJp-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d3lJp_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Controversies</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i8sYo-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i8sYo_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q7955-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-q7955_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckenrode & Conrad, pp. 46–47, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-00MzZ-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-00MzZ_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckenrode & Conrad, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1oYhe-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1oYhe_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, <i>McClellan and Civil War History</i>, pp. 46, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L9t2x-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L9t2x_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckenrode & Conrad, p. 238; Rowland, <i>McClellan and Civil War History</i>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qC7JP-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qC7JP_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, <i>McClellan and Civil War History</i>, pp. 7–8; Rowland, <i>Leaders</i>, pp. 268–70, provides a concise historiography of McClellan's legacy, stating that "McClellan has had few supporters in the literature over the last half-century." Rafuse, pp. 384–96, presents an analysis of McClellan that is more sympathetic than the majority of current works, focusing not only on his military strategy, but how his <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> political heritage affected the way he proposed to wage war in a manner that would promote reconciliation with the South.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyukk-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyukk_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025142/http://www.milbridgehistoricalsociety.org/previous/mcclellan.html">"Milbridge Historical Society Presentation"</a>. <i>milbridgehistoricalsociety.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milbridgehistoricalsociety.org/previous/mcclellan.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=milbridgehistoricalsociety.org&rft.atitle=Milbridge+Historical+Society+Presentation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milbridgehistoricalsociety.org%2Fprevious%2Fmcclellan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jp9CS-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jp9CS_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817213712/http://new.jbleforcesupport.com/fort-eustis-mcclellan-fitness-center/">"Joint Base Langley-Eustis McClellan Fitness Center"</a>. <i>jbleforcesupport.com</i>. March 17, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.jbleforcesupport.com/fort-eustis-mcclellan-fitness-center">the original</a> on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jbleforcesupport.com&rft.atitle=Joint+Base+Langley-Eustis+McClellan+Fitness+Center&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.jbleforcesupport.com%2Ffort-eustis-mcclellan-fitness-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marine1FdnyHistory-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marine1FdnyHistory_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek1954" class="citation web cs1">Meek, Clarence E. (July 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marine1fdny.com/fireboat_history_new.php">"Fireboats Through The Years"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireboats+Through+The+Years&rft.date=1954-07&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=Clarence+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarine1fdny.com%2Ffireboat_history_new.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AroundManhattan-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AroundManhattan_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudahy1997" class="citation news cs1">Cudahy, Brian J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4RTxzui1OG4C&pg=PA88">"Around Manhattan Island and Other Maritime Tales of New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Univ_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordham Univ Press">Fordham Univ Press</a>. pp. 85, 88, 95, 100, 119, 200, 252, 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823217618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823217618"><bdi>978-0823217618</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Around+Manhattan+Island+and+Other+Maritime+Tales+of+New+York&rft.pages=85%2C+88%2C+95%2C+100%2C+119%2C+200%2C+252%2C+249&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0823217618&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4RTxzui1OG4C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Keating. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000930224301/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">"All The Votes...Really"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">the original</a> on September 30, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=All+The+Votes...Really&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fconventions%2Fsan.diego%2Ffacts%2Fweird.facts%2Fvotes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1878" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Edward, ed. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081727277&seq=93"><i>The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1878</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune Association">The Tribune Association</a>. p. 85<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribune+Almanac+and+Political+Register+for+1878&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=The+Tribune+Association&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433081727277%26seq%3D93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+B.+McClellan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4740-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4740-1">0-8094-4740-1</a>.</li> <li>Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>Forward to Richmond: McClellan's Peninsular Campaign</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4720-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4720-7">0-8094-4720-7</a>.</li> <li>Beagle, Jonathan M. "George Brinton McClellan." In <i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X">0-393-04758-X</a>.</li> <li>Beatie, Russel H. <i>Army of the Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861 – February 1862</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81252-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81252-5">0-306-81252-5</a>.</li> <li>Eckenrode, H. J., and Col. Bryan Conrad. <i>George B. McClellan: The Man Who Saved the Union</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-14788-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-14788-7">978-0-548-14788-7</a>.</li> <li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">David J. Eicher</a>. <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3">0-8047-3641-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals" title="Team of Rivals">Team of Rivals</a></i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1">978-0-684-82490-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Lee, Jr.">Lee, Robert E. Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollletters00leerrich"><i>Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee</i></a>. St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934941-13-3">978-1-934941-13-3</a>. First published 1904 by Doubleday, Page & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a></i>. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0">0-19-503863-0</a>.</li> <li>McPherson, James M. <i>Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam, The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513521-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513521-0">0-19-513521-0</a>.</li> <li>McPherson, James M. <i>Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief</i>. New York: Penguin Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-191-2">978-1-59420-191-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. <i>The War for the Union</i>. vol. 1, <i>The Improvised War 1861–1862</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10426-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10426-1">0-684-10426-1</a>.</li> <li>Rafuse, Ethan S. <i>McClellan's War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34532-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34532-4">0-253-34532-4</a>.</li> <li>Rowland, Thomas J. "George Brinton McClellan." In <i>Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary</i>. Edited by Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29560-3">0-313-29560-3</a>.</li> <li>Rowland, Thomas J. <i>George B. McClellan and Civil War History: In the Shadow of Grant and Sherman</i>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-603-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-603-5">0-87338-603-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg, Carl</a>. <i>Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1942. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-1433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-1433-8">978-0-8317-1433-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> <i>Controversies & Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-86760-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-86760-6">0-395-86760-6</a>.</li> <li>Sears, Stephen W. <i>George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80913-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80913-3">0-306-80913-3</a>.</li> <li>Sears, Stephen W. <i>Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-172-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-172-X">0-89919-172-X</a>.</li> <li>Sears, Stephen W. <i>To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign</i>. Ticknor and Fields, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-790-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-790-6">0-89919-790-6</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Gustavus, Woodson. (2001) <i>Company "A" Corps of Engineers, U.S.A., 1846–1848, in the Mexican War.</i> Edited by Leonne M. Hudson, The Kent State University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-707-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-707-4">0-87338-707-4</a></li> <li>Bonekemper, Edward H. <i>McClellan and failure</i>. McFarland & Co, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2894-6">978-0-7864-2894-6</a></li> <li>Stotelmyer, Steven R. <i>Too Useful to Sacrifice: Reconsidering George B. McClellan's Generalship in the Maryland Campaign from South Mountain to Antietam</i>. California: Savas Beatie, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-304-1">978-1-61121-304-1</a></li> <li>Wipperman, Darin. "Caution East of Frederick: George B. McClellan and the Early Part of the Maryland Campaign." <i>The Antietam Journal</i>. Vol. IV, March 2023, pp. 28–55.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beatie, Russel H. <i>Army of the Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861 – February 1862</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81252-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81252-5">0-306-81252-5</a>.</li> <li>Beatie, Russel H. <i>Army of the Potomac: McClellan's First Campaign, March – May 1862</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-25-8">978-1-932714-25-8</a>.</li> <li>Burton, Brian K. <i>Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33963-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33963-4">0-253-33963-4</a>.</li> <li>Cutrer, Thomas W. <i>The Mexican War Diary and Correspondence of George B. McClellan</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3451-1">978-0-8071-3451-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis, Jefferson</a>, and McClellan, George B. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjVFAAAAYAAJ">Report of the Secretary of War Communicating the Report of Captain George B McClellan, One of the Officers Sent to the Seat of War in Europe in 1855 and 1856</a></i>. Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1857.</li> <li>Hearn, Chester G. <i>Lincoln and McClellan at War</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4552-4">978-0-8071-4552-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stillman_Hillard" title="George Stillman Hillard">Hillard, George S.</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcampaign02hillgoog">Life and Campaigns of George B. McClellan, Major-General U.S. Army</a></i>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1864.</li> <li>Leigh, Philip. "Lee's Lost Dispatch and Other Civil War Controversies". Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-226-8">978-1-59416-226-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville, Herman</a>. "The Victor of Antietam" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgZMAAAAcAAJ"><i>Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._McClellan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_B._McClellan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Brinton_McClellan" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Brinton McClellan">George Brinton McClellan</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/McClellan_George_B_1826-1885">George B. McClellan in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/George_McClellan">Georgia's Blue and Gray Trail McClellan timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313150602/http://www.antietamconflict.com/">Lincoln and Lee at Antietam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227080142/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=75&subjectID=3">Mr. Lincoln and New York: George B. McClellan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/gbmcclellan.htm">National Park Service Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1027.html">Harper's Weekly political cartoon, October 27, 1877, "All Quiet on the Hudson", McClellan caricature in the campaign for governor of New Jersey</a></li> <li>Marcy, Randolph B, assisted by McClellan, George B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060329165243/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-6105"><i>Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana, in the year 1852</i></a> hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fultonhistory.com/Process%20small/Newspapers/Newspapers%20%20Out%20of%20NY/Lowell%20Mass%20Courier/Lowell%20Mass%20Courier%201885%20Grayscale/Lowell%20Mass%20Courier%201885%20Grayscale%20-%200244.pdf">McClellan's May 30, 1885 Decoration Day Oration</a> (Lowell <i>Daily Courier</i>, June 5, 1885)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060319073313/http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GMCCL.pdf">Biography of George B. McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Library" title="New Jersey State Library">New Jersey State Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035951/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=f6a82a7b22e89010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD">New Jersey Governor George Brinton McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiright.com/parody/60s/thebeatles779.shtml">"L'il Mac" George McClellan</a> Song parody</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926214415/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20060726-george-mcclellan-civil-war-slavery-battle-of-bull-run-washington-dc-antietam-abraham-lincoln.shtml">American Heritage on George McClellan's appointment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwardiary00mcclrich"><i>The Mexican War diary of George B. McClellan</i> at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?ID=129&CRLI=177">Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202161421/http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?ID=129&CRLI=177">Archived</a> February 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsinhistory.com/feature/after-defeat-first-bull-run-lincoln-turns-mcclellan">Newspaper articles about reaction to Lincoln appointing McClellan head of the Army of the Potomac</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082335/http://www.newsinhistory.com/feature/after-defeat-first-bull-run-lincoln-turns-mcclellan">Archived</a> June 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12709">Works by George B. McClellan</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> </b><br />1861–1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a> </b><br />1861–1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Bedle" title="Joseph D. Bedle">Joseph D. Bedle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for Governor of New Jersey </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1877_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1877 New Jersey gubernatorial election">1877</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Ludlow" title="George C. Ludlow">George C. Ludlow</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Bedle" title="Joseph D. Bedle">Joseph D. Bedle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a> </b><br />1878–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Ludlow" title="George C. Ludlow">George C. Ludlow</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Douglas was nominated by Northern Democrats; Breckinridge was nominated by Southern Democrats.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="Template:Governors of New Jersey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="Template talk:Governors of New Jersey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New Jersey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_New_Jersey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of governors of New Jersey">Governors of New Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Proprietary Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_(colonial_governor)" title="Philip Carteret (colonial governor)">Carteret</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/75px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/113px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/150px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">East New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_(colonial_governor)" title="Philip Carteret (colonial governor)">Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Basse" title="Jeremiah Basse">Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">West New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Byllynge" title="Edward Byllynge">Byllynge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coxe" title="Daniel Coxe">Coxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Basse" title="Jeremiah Basse">Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(1688–89)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Royal governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_3rd_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon">Viscount Cornbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lovelace,_4th_Baron_Lovelace" title="John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace">Baron Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ingoldesby" title="Richard Ingoldesby">Ingoldesby</a> (Lt. Gov.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montgomerie" title="John Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(governor)" title="Lewis Morris (governor)">Morris</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cosby" title="William Cosby">Cosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Anderson (New Jersey politician)">Anderson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hamilton (New Jersey politician)">Hamilton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West,_1st_Earl_De_La_Warr" title="John West, 1st Earl De La Warr">Lord De La Warr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(governor)" title="Lewis Morris (governor)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hamilton (New Jersey politician)">Hamilton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reading_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="John Reading (New Jersey governor)">Reading</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reading_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="John Reading (New Jersey governor)">Reading</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a> (Lt. Gov.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reading_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="John Reading (New Jersey governor)">Reading</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boone_(governor)" title="Thomas Boone (governor)">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Hardy" title="Josiah Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">Franklin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">State</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howell" title="Richard Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bloomfield" title="Joseph Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ogden" title="Aaron Ogden">Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanford_Pennington" title="William Sanford Pennington">W. S. Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">M. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Halstead_Williamson" title="Isaac Halstead Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dumont_Vroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Dumont Vroom">Vroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_P._Seeley" title="Elias P. Seeley">Seeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dumont_Vroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Dumont Vroom">Vroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Dickerson" title="Philemon Dickerson">P. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">W. Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Haines" title="Daniel Haines">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Stratton" title="Charles C. Stratton">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Haines" title="Daniel Haines">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Franklin_Fort" title="George Franklin Fort">G. F. Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodman_M._Price" title="Rodman M. Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Newell" title="William A. Newell">Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Smith_Olden" title="Charles Smith Olden">Olden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)" title="Joel Parker (politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Randolph" title="Theodore F. Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)" title="Joel Parker (politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Bedle" title="Joseph D. Bedle">Bedle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Ludlow" title="George C. Ludlow">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Abbett" title="Leon Abbett">Abbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stockton_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stockton Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Abbett" title="Leon Abbett">Abbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Theodore_Werts" title="George Theodore Werts">Werts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_McGowan_Voorhees" title="Foster McGowan Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Murphy_(governor)" title="Franklin Murphy (governor)">F. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stokes" title="Edward C. Stokes">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Fort" title="John Franklin Fort">J. F. Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fairman_Fielder" title="James Fairman Fielder">Fielder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Edge" title="Walter E. Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_Runyon" title="William Nelson Runyon">Runyon</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I._Edwards" title="Edward I. Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sebastian_Silzer" title="George Sebastian Silzer">Silzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Harry_Moore" title="A. Harry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Foster_Larson" title="Morgan Foster Larson">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Harry_Moore" title="A. Harry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Hoffman" title="Harold G. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Harry_Moore" title="A. Harry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Edge" title="Walter E. Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll" title="Alfred E. Driscoll">Driscoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Meyner" title="Robert B. Meyner">Meyner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Hughes" title="Richard J. Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Cahill" title="William T. Cahill">Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Byrne" title="Brendan Byrne">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean">Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Florio" title="James Florio">Florio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_DiFrancesco" title="Donald DiFrancesco">DiFrancesco</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGreevey" title="Jim McGreevey">McGreevey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Codey" title="Richard Codey">Codey</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Corzine" title="Jon Corzine">Corzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Murphy" title="Phil Murphy">P. Murphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>* Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/2009/title-52/section-52-15/52-15-5/">N.J.S.A. 52:15-5</a> (as amended in 2005), an acting governor serving for 180 continuous days or more is conferred the title of Governor.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer /<br /> Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">← 1860</a>) <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B22222;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovell_Rousseau" title="Lovell Rousseau">Lovell Rousseau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George B. McClellan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour" title="Thomas H. Seymour">Thomas H. Seymour</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George W. Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Augustus C. Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1864 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310192#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5231446">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4619/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4XCgjPkgTwMMGKxpMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118865757">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50014834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153649184">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373115">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1274785">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118865757.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118865757">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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