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Manuel de la Peña y Peña - Wikipedia
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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="José Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%88%84%EC%97%98_%EB%8D%B0_%EB%9D%BC_%ED%8E%98%EB%83%90_%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8E%98%EB%83%90" title="마누엘 데 라 페냐 이 페냐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마누엘 데 라 페냐 이 페냐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანუელ დე ლა პენია ი პენია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანუელ დე ლა პენია ი პენია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B0_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مانويل دى لا بينيا ذ بينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانويل دى لا بينيا ذ بينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D0%B8-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пенья-и-Пенья, Мануэль де ла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенья-и-Пенья, Мануэль де ла" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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searchaux" style="display:none">18th President of Mexico in 1847 and 1848 (1789–1850)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manuel de la Pena" redirects here. For the 17th century Spanish politician in the Philippines, see <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_Bonifaz" title="Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz">Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz</a>.</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> de la Peña</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Peña</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Manuel de la Peña y Peña</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/245px-Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/368px-Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg/490px-Retrato_de_Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><small> <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting#Oil_on_canvas" title="Oil painting">Oil on canvas</a> portrait of Peña y Peña, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia" title="Museo Nacional de Historia">Museo Nacional de Historia</a>.</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 September – 13 November 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 January – 3 June 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pedro María de Anaya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1789-03-10</span>)</span>10 March 1789<br /><a href="/wiki/Tacubaya" title="Tacubaya">Tacubaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 January 1850<span style="display:none">(1850-01-02)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Pante%C3%B3n_de_Dolores" title="Panteón de Dolores">Panteón de Dolores</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José Manuel de la Peña y Peña</b> (10 March 1789 – 2 January 1850) was a Mexican lawyer and judge, who served two non-consecutive, but closely following terms as the president of Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American War">Mexican American War</a>. In contrast to many other nineteenth century Mexican presidents, he never served in the military, instead coming from a distinguished legal background. </p><p>He was foreign minister and a member of the peace party whom under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jose_Joaquin_Herrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Joaquin Herrera">Jose Joaquin Herrera</a> sought to avoid a war with the United States at a time of rising tensions. After hardliners overthrew Herrera and war broke out with disastrous consequences for Mexico, he was elected president twice to two non-consecutive terms in the final months of the war as peace negotiations were being made. Under his administration the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> was negotiated and ratified. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peña y Peña was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Tacuba,_Mexico_City" title="Tacuba, Mexico City">Tacuba</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on 10 March 1789<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bicentenario_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bicentenario-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a poor family. Upon finishing his primary education he entered the Tridentine Seminary and received high marks and various awards from the departments of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, and civil and canonical jurisprudence, winning a scholarship along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Posada_y_Gardu%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Posada y Garduño (page does not exist)">Manuel Posada y Garduño</a>, the future archbishop of Mexico. He was well distinguished in the practice of jurisprudence, and his teacher Jose Gonzales Retana assured him a promising career.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was admitted to the bar on 16 December 1811 during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, and two years later was named attorney general for the Mexico City Ayuntamiento, a task that he carried out with such notability for the royal government that in 1820 he was awarded with a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Audencia of Quito</a>, but Peña y Peña wished to stay in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and appealed to be granted a seat in one of the Novo-Hispanic Audencias. While this matter was being resolved, Mexico won its independence in September 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 19, the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> was established with <a href="/wiki/Agustin_Iturbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustin Iturbide">Agustin Iturbide</a> as Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_career">Judicial career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judicial career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peña y Peña assumed a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Real Audiencia of Mexico</a> handling both civil and criminal cases, and remained in that post until 21 October 1822 when already being a member of the council of state, was named by Emperor Iturbide minister plenipotentiary to Colombia. He was also awarded the Cross of the Order of Guadalupe. He was never able to occupy that post due to the fall of the Empire in early 1823. The subsequent government, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a> placed him back on the Audencia until Peña y Peña was elected by a majority of the state legislatures to the Supreme Court and made a member of that body on 25 December 1824. He would remain at that post intermittently until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a>, he was named Minister of the Interior by President <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a> in 1837 and the following year he was named to the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Supreme Moderating Power</a>, an executive council that was meant to be above even the president. In this post his sought to counter the tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">federalists</a> who were backed by part of the military and counted upon considerable public support. He gave a detailed report on constitutional reform, and played a role in reforming the law for punishing robbery. Peña y Peña was also professor of public law at the University of Mexico and towards the end of 1841 he was given the task of writing the civil code and civil procedure and named a member of the legislative junta which wrote a new constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Bases_Org%C3%A1nicas" title="Bases Orgánicas">Bases Orgánicas</a>. In 1843 he was named to the council of state and also elected to the senate being reelected, in November 1845 in which he once again was named Minister of Foreign Relations, being in agreement with President Herrera's aims in seeking to avoid war with the United States. He was assigned to negotiate an extradition treaty with Spain, and when Herrera was overthrown in December 1846, Peña y Peña returned once again to his post on the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Presidency">First Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/50px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/75px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/100px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">First Presidency of Manuel de la Peña y Peña<sup id="cite_ref-Memoria_de_hacienda_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoria_de_hacienda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td>Relations</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>26 September 1847 – 13 November 1847</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>Justice</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>26 September 1847 – 13 November 1847</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>Treasury</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>26 September 1847 – 13 November 1847</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>War</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>26 September 1847 – 13 November 1847</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He would be in this post when the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American War">Mexican American War</a> broke out in April 1846. A year later, as the Americans approached the capital, President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Anna</a>, to provide against the possibility of being killed or captured, issued a decree on 7 September 1847 appointing his substitutes, which he sent to President of the Supreme Court, Peña y Peña. On 16 September, he held a council of war, and resigned the presidency, decreeing that the presidency should now be vested in a triumvirate led by the President of the Supreme Court. Peña y Peña accepted the presidency but rejected the provision of a triumvirate as unconstitutional. He repaired to <a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a> where he assumed the office of provisional president on September with <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a> heading all four portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He published a manifesto on 13 October 1847, explaining that in spite of his poor health and lack of forces, he was fulfilling a duty prescribed by the constitution, and he assured that he would only be in power shortly, and expounded his principles and sentiments and the conduct he planned to pursue to conclude his presidency with honor and a satisfied conscience. He pleaded with the states to maintain loyalty to the central government and provide arms and funds for the war effort. He promised to protect the public interest, the rights of all classes, and to respect and protect the Catholic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress meanwhile joined him at Querétaro. President Peña y Peña was convinced that the war could not be continued due to a lack of funds,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was now intent on pursuing a policy of peace. He released all American prisoners of war, and took measures against corruption and unauthorized guerilla units. On 9 November, congress elected <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Maria_Anaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Maria Anaya">Pedro Maria Anaya</a> as interim president, with the caveat that his term would expire on 8 January 1848, and that if congress was then not in session, the presidency should pass according to the constitutional order of succession. President Peña y Peña stepped down on 12 November 1847, though he remained in the government as Minister of Relations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Presidency">Second Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/50px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/75px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/100px-Escudo_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">Second Presidency of Manuel de la Peña y Peña<sup id="cite_ref-Memoria_de_hacienda_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoria_de_hacienda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td>Relations</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>9 January 1848 – 3 June 1848</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>Justice</td><th style="font-weight:bold">Jose Maria Duran</th><td>9 January 1848 – 3 June 1848</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>Treasury</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a></th><td>9 January 1848 – 3 June 1848</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td>War</td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></th><td>9 January 1848 – 3 June 1848</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Anaya's interim term expired on 8 January 1848, congress was not in session, and Peña y Peña being next in the line of succession assumed the presidency again. He published a manifesto expounding upon his hopes that congress could meet and urged the state governors to cooperate and help in the matter, and he resolved to prevent the remaining unoccupied state capitals from falling into enemy hands. Luis de La Rosa holding the dual portfolios of Finance and Relations also made efforts to arrange a session of congress. The Peña y Peña administration was hoping that a reunion of congress would stymie the separatist movements that were beginning to flare up throughout the country. The legislature of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> proposed to stop recognizing the federal government at Querétaro over disagreements regarding its peace efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurrections were also found in the states of the north, in the state of Mexico. </p><p>President Peña y Peña recognizing that a large part of the agitation was due to the extraordinary abundance of idle officials ordered that the Ministry of War and military offices be occupied, and published regulations regarding the matter. Meanwhile, he continued negotiating with the government of the United States through the American commissioner <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a>. A peace treaty was finally signed on 2 February 1848 in the villa of Guadalupe. The signing was attended by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_Couto" class="extiw" title="es:José Bernardo Couto">Bernardo Cuoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Gonzaga_Cuevas" title="Luis Gonzaga Cuevas">Luis Gonzaga Cuevas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Atristain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Atristain (page does not exist)">Miguel Atristain</a>. Minister Luis de la Rosa announced to the state governors that the treaty would be submitted for the approval of congress, and that while the deputies gathered there would be an armistice. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty with slight modifications<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the state governors accepted the treaty and the armistice was signed at Querétaro by General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lombardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Lombardini">Manuel Lombardini</a> at the beginning of March. President Peña y Peña then formed a Junta of seven individuals to direct affairs in the Federal District, handling police and financial matters, and another commission was formed to administer the national archives.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress finally met in May, and at its opening session President Peña y Peña recommended a policy of peace, and ordered the progress that had been made in the fields of order and finances amidst so many challenges. He recounted how as Minister of Foreign Relations under President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a>, he had been against the war. He explained that he did not view this stance as dishonorable as even the strongest and most militarist nations had to face the reality that there were wars which they could not win. He expressed belief that Mexico simply did not have the ability to continue the war, and proclaimed that anyone who viewed such a stance as dishonorable was not worthy of being called honest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Congress at Querétaro now had to negotiate a peace treaty with the invader while also dealing with separatism and anarchy spreading throughout the country. The <a href="/wiki/Caste_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste War">Caste War</a> was ongoing in Yucatán, and the insurgents had occupied the major cities. Many states considered the federal government to be an enemy and refused to pay taxes. Meanwhile, most notably in the Federal District there was a Mexican element advocating annexation of the entire country to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of congress supported the government's peace policy viewing in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Guadalupe">Treaty of Guadalupe</a> nothing but the unfortunate result of a poorly fought war, and viewed under this perspective as a national necessity. A foreign relations commission returned affirmative answers to two questions that congress had directed it to report upon: <i>May the government with the consent of Congress cede a portion of territory? Is it suitable to make peace upon the terms which have been proposed?</i> The first question was resolved based upon the principle that congress was the deposit of the national sovereignty. The second question was resolved upon the consideration that Mexico had never been in full possession of the territories that were about to be ceded, and that most of that land was either not populated, or populated by hostile indigenous tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also taken into account that Mexico could not continue the war without facing certain defeat and risking the loss of the entire country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the commission reported upon its findings, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was approved by congress and President Peña y Peña now worked upon decrees to prevent disorder in the capital once the occupiers left, and for the establishment of a national guard. On 26 May 1848 the government received the comiisioners <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Ambrose Hundley Sevier</a> who were in Mexico to negotiate the treaty after congress had approved it with some slight modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the President had to deal with guerilla warfare throughout the country afflicting both the American occupiers and Mexican merchants. The aim of the guerillas was to disrupt the American supply chain from Veracruz to the capital. This was also leading to indiscriminate American reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the peace treaty was concluded and the occupiers were on the point of leaving the country, congress named <a href="/wiki/Jose_Joaquin_Herrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Joaquin Herrera">Jose Joaquin Herrera</a> to the presidency of the republic, and Peña y Peña left his post as president in exchange for the presidency of the Supreme Court on 3 June 1848. The government left Querétaro and returned to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mexico City,<sup id="cite_ref-bicentenario_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bicentenario-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> less than two years after the conclusion of the war, Peña y Peña died on the evening of 2 January 1850. His funeral was a major public event and he lay in state for three days, in the halls where the Supreme Court met. A procession of prominent individuals made up of clergy, statesmen, and academics accompanied the coffin to the National Cathedral where Peña y Peña was laid to rest.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518193741/http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/secretarios/default.htm">"Los Cancilleres de México a través de su Historia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Secretaria de Relacions Exteriores</a></i> (in Spanish). 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sre.gob.mx/acerca/secretarios/default.ht">the original</a> on 18 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secretaria+de+Relacions+Exteriores&rft.atitle=Los+Cancilleres+de+M%C3%A9xico+a+trav%C3%A9s+de+su+Historia&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sre.gob.mx%2Facerca%2Fsecretarios%2Fdefault.ht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bicentenario-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bicentenario_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bicentenario_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624215547/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=588">"Manuel de la Peña y Peña"</a>. <i>www.bicentenario.gob</i> (in Spanish). 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=588">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bicentenario.gob&rft.atitle=Manuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. 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Aguilar Cruz. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Cambas1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). <i>Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II</i> (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Gobernantes+de+Mexico%3A+Tomo+II&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=J.M.+Aguilar+Cruz&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Rivera+Cambas&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+de+la+Pe%C3%B1a+y+Pe%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> "Peña y Peña, Manuel de la", <i>Enciclopedia de México</i>, v. 11. Mexico City, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56409-016-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56409-016-7">1-56409-016-7</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> García Puron, Manuel, <i>México y sus gobernantes</i>, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Orozco Linares, Fernando, <i>Gobernantes de México</i>. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-38-0260-5" title="Special:BookSources/968-38-0260-5">968-38-0260-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />16 September – 13 November 1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />8 January – 3 June 1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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id="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q561564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q561564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q561564#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000002693948X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45651757">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/97771/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmw8kj9RC6FRYpHcBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1047946831">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82113031">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5573921">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw83sn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐sscwj Cached time: 20241122154946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.043 seconds Real time usage: 1.276 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10966/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 72364/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5502/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 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